Photo Essay: Art Is a Universal Tool of Human Expression

New Orleans

Ihave been fortunate to travel extensively throughout North America, Europe, and Asia, capturing public works of art in each city I have visited. The collection of photographs featured here speaks to the power of art and its ability to engage us, stir our hearts, provoke our minds, and foster understanding. Some of the pieces I photographed were commissioned and/or sanctioned by a local municipality; others were done independent of bureaucracy, but as a compelled act of communication. Either way, each artist’s expression of their vision not only captured my attention but comforted and inspired me. There can be profound connections in art. Public art, in particular, is special because it is a vital aspect of public space, open communication, access, and community and, I believe, foundational to healthy, democratic, and compassionate cities.

Bangkok

Berlin

Stockholm

Jeju

The Photographer

Cristina Murano’s work is in the areas of education, equity, public governance, and sport, with a focus on youth, women, and 2SLGBTQ+ people. She is originally from Toronto, Canada. Instagram: @profondoluce Twitter: @ cristinamurano

Seoul

Manila Waikiki

Jeong Beom-sik’s Ghost Movies

Whisperings and Topology of Anxiety

Written by Régis Olry

Korean director and writer Jeong Beom-sik’s fi lmography is quite diversifi ed, including the action thriller Th e Man from Nowhere (Ajeossi, 아저씨 ), the historical saga Forbidden Dream (Cheonmun: Haneul-e Mutneunda, 천문: 하늘에 묻는다), the comedy Working Girl (Weokinggeol, 워킹걸), the short movie Th e Escape (Tal-chul, 탈출), which is a segment of the 2013 omnibus fi lm Horror Stories 2 (Mooseowon Iyagi2, 무서운 이야기 2). But two of his masterpieces will today hold our attention: 2007’s Epitaph (Gidam, 기담) on the one hand, and 2018’s Gonjiam: Haunted Asylum (Gonjiam, 곤지암) on the other. Both movies have two interesting common features: Th ey take place in a hospital and make us hear (and see) scary, whispering ghosts.

Epitaph takes place in Ansaeng Hospital (Figure 2) in the early 1940s, while Korea was still under Japanese rule. Aft er a car crash, the young Asako (played by Ko Jooyeon) is sent to this hospital, but her mother, Park Ji-a, unfortunately did not survive. She becomes a ghost, comes back to the hospital to whisper to her frightened daughter that she was not responsible for causing the accident and that she should stop feeling guilty (Figure 3).

Gonjiam: Haunted Asylum belongs to the so-called found-footage movies 1 . It is set in the now-demolished Gonjiam Psychiatric Hospital (actually named Namyang Psychiatric Hospital; see Figure 1), the story of which “reads like a textbook plot or a horror fi lm 2 .” A group of six youngsters decides to do a live broadcast of this supposedly haunted spot by night, but it is not long before scary supernatural phenomena occur. While running away from the abandoned building, two girls from the team, Ji-hyun (Park Ji-hyun) and Charlotte (Moon Ye

Figure 1. Gonjiam Psychiatric Hospital.

won), get lost in the forest surrounding it. Suddenly, Jihyun starts whispering loud, incomprehensible words, possessed by a ghost of the asylum (Figure 4).

Obviously, Ji-hyun’s and Asako’s mothers’ whisperings are very similar, to the point of seeing them as director Jeong Beom-sik’s mark.

Whisperings

In 2019, Canadian researcher Sandra Huber raised a very interesting question: “What do the dead have to say and how do we listen 3 ?” In Korean (and actually Northeast Asian) folklore, ghosts may come forward for many reasons: to express reproach, to ask friends and relatives for more explanations, to confess a secret never disclosed when Figure 2. Ansaeng Hospital. alive, or at worst, to get even with someone. Th e latter can be found in the legend of the young virgin named Arang: “I am the spirit of Arang lingering in this world because my revenge is not yet accomplished 4 .”

But how do ghosts manage to communicate with the living? Th ey may appear in dreams, write letters or even poems 5 , use electromagnetic fi elds (see Yoo Sundong’s 2019 0.0MHz), or other technological media, but according to Konaka Chiaki’s theory 6 , Japanese ghosts should not speak. In his interesting study of Asian ghost movies, David Kalat recognizes this as a feature of Korean ghosts as well when he writes that Choi Ik-hwan’s

2005 Voice (Yeogoedam 4: Moksori, 여고괴담 4: 목소리 ) “establishes a repeating pattern that seems certain to produce an unending cycle of voiceless ghosts 7 .” Th is may explain why, whether it is to scare or to call for help, ghosts can express themselves only by whispering 8,9 . And if director Park Ki-hyung’s 1998 metaphor that corridors are supposed to whisper (Whispering Corridors, Yeogogoedam, 여고괴담), it may be caused, like in Shadows in the Palace (Gungnyeo, 궁녀 ), by ghosts that “prowl inside the wall 10 .”

Topology of Anxiety 11 Many ghost movies “rely heavily on the background setting to advance the horror narrative 12 .” Even though the leading role of Th ai director Sopon Sukdapisit’s 2017 movie Th e Promise should have been the young girl who committed suicide, it is actually played by the building where this drama took place, the famous, impressive, and supposedly haunted Bangkok Unique Sathorn Tower 13 . But among all types of buildings acknowledged as haunted spots, hospitals are without a doubt lying fi rst. Why?

Of course, hospitals are places of birth and recovery. But they also inspire people with fear: fear of a bad diagnosis, fear of suff ering, fear of losing one’s mind, and fi nally, the fear of the so-called “malemort 14 ” or “bad death 15 ”, a universal concept in Asian folklore. Now, as untimely death is the best way to become a ghost, it is then not a surprise to hear that many hospitals are haunted, especially if they are about to close under strange circumstances (see Kong Su-chang’s 2006 series Coma, 코마), or if they have been abandoned for a long time, such as with the Old Changi

Figure 4. Park Ji-hyun’s scary whispering.

Hospital in Singapore 16 (the setting of Andrew Lau’s 2010 movie Haunted Changi). But the most frightening hospitals are, of course, the abandoned psychiatric asylums, which combine disrepair, death, and madness. Hence the success of Gonjiam: Haunted Asylum.

Footnotes

1 Ancuta, Katarzyna. (2015). Lost and found: Th e found footage phenomenon and Southeast Asian supernatural horror fi lm.

Plaridel, 12(2), 149–177. 2 Yoon, Min-sik. (2018, March 21). Navigating the dark corners of a haunted asylum. “Gonjiam: Haunted asylum” is typical foundfootage horror fi lm, but tells a legitimately scary story. Th e Korean

Herald. 3 Huber, Sandra. (2019). Villains, ghosts, and roses, or, how to speak with the dead? Open Cultural Studies, 3, 15–25. 4 Faurot, Jeannette. (1995). Asian-Pacifi c folktales and legends (p. 174).

Touchstone. 5 Marchand, Sandrine. (2017). Poèmes de femmes, poèmes de revenants sous la dynastie Qing (1644–1911). In Fantômes dans l’Extrême-Orient d’hier et d’aujourd’hui. Vol. 1. Presses de l’Inalco. http://books.openedition.org/presseinalco/1720 6 du Mesnildot, Stéphane. (2011). Fantômes du cinéma japonais (pp. 56–58). Rouge Profond. 7 Kalat, David. (2007). J-horror: Th e defi nitive guide to Th e Ring, Th e

Grudge, and beyond (p. 211). Vertical. 8 Murphy, Fiona. (2018). Th e whisperings of ghosts: Loss, longing, and the return in stolen generations stories. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 29(3), 332–347. 9 Knee, Adam. (2007). Th e transnational whisperings of contemporary

Asian horror. Journal of Communications Art (Th ailand), 25(4). 10 Hwang, Yun-mi. (2013) Heritage of horrors: Reclaiming the female ghost in Shadows in the Palace. In A. Peirse & D. Martin (Eds.),

Korean horror cinema (p. 83). Edinburgh University Press. 11 In this paper, we will not draw on the Lacanian distinction between anxiety and fear. 12 Hwang, Yun-mi. (2013). Op. cit., p. 76. 13 Pohl, Lucas. (2020). Object-disoriented geographies: Th e Ghost

Tower of Bangkok and the topology of anxiety. Cultural Geographies, 27, 71–74. 14 Baptandier, Brigitte (Ed.). (2001). De la malemort en quelques pays d’Asie. Karthala. 15 Formoso, Bernard. (1998). Bad death and malevolent spirits among the Tai peoples. Anthropos, 93, 3–17. 16 Zakaria, Falzah. (2019, November). Old Changi Hospital. Singapore

Infopedia.

The Author

Régis Olry, M.D. (France), is professor of anatomy at the University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres (Canada). In the early 1990s, he worked in Germany with Gunther von Hagens, the inventor of plastination and the BodyWorld exhibitions. He currently studies the concept of Asian ghosts in collaboration with his wife who is a painter (see www.gedupont.com).