INDICATORS FOR SOCIAL INCLUSION IN HOUSING - BITOLA by HFHM analytic

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INDICATORS FOR SOCIAL INCLUSION IN HOUSING

CASE STUDY MUNICIPALITY OF BITOLA

DECEMBER, 2012

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Table of Contents: 1

Summary ...............................................................................

Introduction ...........................................................................

General conditions ................................................................

3.1

Comparative data for general and the Roma population in Macedonia .........................

General data on housing conditions of the Roma in Macedonia .............................................

General data on mechanisms and policies for social inclusion of the Roma in the society .................

General data for mechanisms and policies for social inclusion of the Roma population in the area of housing ....................................................

Housing condition in the Settlement Bair ................................

4.1

Settlement and community description ..........................

4.2

Description of the land ..................................................

4.3

Infrastructure - facility and condition .............................

4.4

Characteristics of the homes ..........................................

Municipality mechanisms for decreasing the social exclusion in housing ...............................................

3.2 3.3 3.4

5.1

Mechanisms for decreasing the social exclusion in the areas of the Decade which influence housing ......

5.1.1 Competences on central level ........................................

5.1.2 Competences on local level ............................................

5.2

Mechanisms for social inclusion in housing.....................

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5.2.1 Competences on central level ........................................

5.2.2 Competences on local level ...........................................

Dominant problem regarding housing in the settlement Bair .............................................................

6.1

Problem analysis/Case study ..........................................

Practical experience ................................................................

7.1

Project Promoting Housing Rights for the Roma .............

7.2

Housing Fund for Roma and marginalized ......................

7.3

Project on Legalization of Housing .................................

7.4

Infrastructure projects of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications ..........................

Project for social housing of the Government of Macedonia ................................................................

Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................

References .............................................................................

10 Annex 1: Detailed review of mechanisms for social inclusion of the Roma in housing .............................

11 Annex 2: Composition of Advisory Council and work groups on the project .............................................

11.1 Advisory Council on the project "Indicators for social inclusion in housing" .......................

11.2 Working group for the Case Study for the Municipality of Shuto Orizari ..............................

11.3 Working group for the Case study for the Municipality of Bitola ..........................................

7.5

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Summary

This case study is an integral part of the project of Habitat for Humanity Macedonia: Development of Indicators for Social Inclusion in Housing which as addition of the project Promoting Housing Rights for the Roma in Republic of Macedonia, aims to provide data, expertise and tools through broadly set platform of stakeholders in addressing the issue of social inclusion of the Roma in Republic of Macedonia, in direction towards strengthening the process of social inclusion in the area of housing, which should represent a matrix for further improvements in education, health care, employment and gender equality. In this project the municipalities of Shuto Orizari and Bitola are chosen as pilot municipalities for selection and evaluation of indicators for social inclusion in housing. The general conclusion for the housing of the Roma in the settlement Bair in municipality of Bitola is that in the settlement there are great disparities of the existing dwellings compared to the housing standards for decent housing. The infrastructure in recent years is undergoing renewal and reconstruction; the municipality of Bitola continually updates the data and documents which refer to renewal and promotion of the social inclusion of the population in the settlement Bair, through financing projects, projects implementation in cooperation with NGOs and organizing actions for cleaning the illegal dumping sites. Regarding housing most of the houses have not been legalized yet and do not have proper address and house number. Requests for legalization are submitted, and the procedures are underway, but the population needs legal and financial aid for completion of the procedures and obtaining legal, safe and decent place to live. Up to the present, apart from the measures taken with the national strategies and plans, many projects in the community are implemented to improve the housing conditions; part of them are directed towards improving housing conditions, and part to legalization of the existing dwellings. Regarding the recommendations to guide efforts for the social inclusion of the population in the settlement Bair in this municipality, we propose several measures, including urbanization; adoption of DUP for the settlement; provision of funds for infrastructure and environmental protection; 5

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and provision of free legal aid and advice to inform the Roma regarding the legalization of illegally constructed buildings, in order to exercise the right to legal, safe and decent home in the community in which they live, work and contribute.

Introduction

This case study is an integral part of the project Development of Indicators for Social Inclusion in Housing which as addition of the project Promoting Housing Rights for the Roma in Republic of Macedonia, aims to provide data, expertise and tools through broadly set platform of stakeholders in addressing the issue of social inclusion of the Roma in Republic of Macedonia, in direction towards strengthening the process of social inclusion in the area of housing, which should represent a matrix for further improvements in education, health care, employment and gender equality. The project, implemented by Habitat for Humanity Macedonia, is part of the mission and vision of the organization, and is developed in collaboration with relevant institutions at central and local level. The municipalities of Shuto Orizari and Bitola are pilot municipalities for which case studies are prepared, but the experiences for preparation of these studies have been used for preparation of Index of Social Inclusion in Housing, which is a tool for assessment, self-evaluation, and comparison of the current conditions and conducted activities, and which, as a useful tool for monitoring and evaluation, should become an integral part of the Strategy for Poverty Reduction and Social Inclusion. This project is in line with the main objectives of the Decade of Roma Inclusion, intended to reduce the difference in living standards and living conditions between the Roma and non-Roma population.

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General conditions

3.1. Comparative data for general and the Roma population in Macedonia According to the 2002 Census, there are 53,879 Roma (i.e. 2.66% from the total number of population) living in the Republic of Macedonia. According to the population projections of the State Statistical Office for 2011, the total population is 2,059,794, i.e. 54,871 Roma (according to the percent of representation of the Roma population in the total population from the 2002 Census).

Table 1:

Comparative demographic statistics of the Roma population with the total population in Macedonia

Popula on - 2002 Census* - Projec on 2011* (31.12.2011) Rate of fer lity (children/woman) Infant mortality (per 1000) Average life expectancy (years) 2010

Na onal parameters Total popula on in Macedonia 2,022,547 2,059,794

Roma popula on Roma popula on in Macedonia 53,879 54,791**

1.46

9.7

12.8

74.54

* Source: State Statistical Office 2012. 2002 Census and Population Projections on 30.06.2011 and 31.12.2011 according to sex and age, by municipalities and statistical regions (available at: http://www.stat.gov.mk). ** Projection on basis of percent of representation of the Roma population in the total population from 2002 Census (2.66%).

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In the same direction, the socio-economic parameters for this ethnic group are continually worse than of the general population.

Table 2:

Specific socio-economic indicators and their disparities regarding the Roma population (2008)1 Indicator

Average monthly income per household (in MKD) S80/S20 (ra o between the total income of the richest and the poorest 20% of popula on) Percentage of popula on that is poor (calculated by income) Percentage of popula on that is poor (calculated by expenditures) Unemployment rate (self-reported) Percentage of children enrolled in primary school* Percentage of children comple ng primary school* Percentage of children enrolled in secondary school*a

Macedonia (na onal average) 9,840

Roma popula on

28%

64%

19%

44%

31% 95%

73% 63.1%

82.6%

44.6%

63%

17.4%

4,920

Adapted from UNDP and SEE (2008) and * State Statistical Office (2007)

The available data suggest that in Macedonia substantially larger part of the Roma population lives below the poverty line compared to the general population; below poverty line according to income, live 14% of the total population, whereas in the Roma population this percentage is 52%; below the poverty line according to the expenditures, live 10% of the total population, and 33% of the Roma population in the state.

Databases of UNDP (2008), South East European University (2008) and the State Statistical Office (2007)

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Table 3:

Review of registered unemployed Roma population according to level of education (condition on 31.08.2011) Level of educa on LSW

SSW

HSW SVE

Total

12,821

291

705

Women

5,698

154

HVE

PhD

Total

599

14,464

262

6,187

(LSW - low skilled worker, SSW - semi-skilled worker, SW - skilled worker, HSW - highly skilled worker, SVE - secondary vocational education, HVE - higher vocational training, UE - university education, MA - Master level of education, PhD - Doctoral level of education) *Source: State Statistical Office 2011.

The home is a basic human need. The home is essential for healthy family, and for normal growth and development of children in the family. The health statistics for 2011 depicts twice as higher fertility rates among the Roma population compared to the general population (3 vs. 1.46 children / woman). More children in the family indicate even more evident need for a comfortable and decent home for healthy generations. The absence of a home that meets the basic requirements for living or home with very poor living conditions has a huge impact, including health status of its residents; infant mortality among the Roma population is nearly one-third higher than the national average (12.8 vs. 9.7 infants per 1,000 live births). At the same time, the average life expectancy of the Roma population is about 10 years shorter than the average life expectancy in the country (74 years vs. 64 years).

3.2. General data on housing conditions of the Roma in Macedonia The issue of social inclusion of the Roma in Macedonia is addressed and elaborated in several documents, beginning with the signing of the

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Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015, and thereof making commitments for inclusion of this marginalized population in all spheres of the society.2 However, after the elapse of the first half of the Decade, the priority area of housing, because of a range objective, but also subjective circumstances, lags in the realization of the set goals. There are still a large number of Roma families living in inadequate conditions in terms of standards of urban living without access to basic living conditions, such as adequate shelter, adequate access to drinking water and sanitation, and other necessary infrastructure (road, electricity, healthcare, etc.). The lack of data and precise indicators to measure the implementation of the activities further affects this process, and as a result, it is difficult to influence the dynamics and scope of meeting the objectives of the Decade in this priority area. The available information in the most part is still generated through individual localized researches of NGOs or from the records of the units of local self-government. These data, although limited in scope, offer basis for concluding that the living conditions of the Roma community have not been significantly improved, but also that it is necessary to develop matrixes for monitoring the activities and specific indicators for evaluation of the achieved results. From the available information, most of the Roma in Macedonia live in urban or settlements that gravitate to urban areas (95%), dominantly concentrated in poorer or suburban areas, mostly in very poor conditions, often below the level of accepted standards of appropriate housing. In terms of population by area, the largest number of Roma households (48%) is located in the Skopje development region, followed by the Pelagonia and Eastern development region (14% in each), Kumanovo development region (10%) and the Polog development region (9%). According to the data from the 2002 Census, the majority of the Roma with officially registered residence (about 45%) live in only 10 municipalities: Bitola, Vinica, Gostivar, Debar, Kumanovo, Kichevo, Kochani, Prilep, Tetovo and Shtip. In terms of the regional distribution of the population, it is important to emphasize that almost the same number lives on the territory of the city of Skopje (43.06%), out of which half in Shuto Orizari, 2

The detailed review is provided in the References section, at the end of this document

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while the remaining 12% of the Roma population live in other municipalities.3 According to the 2002 Census, about 5% of the Roma live in municipality of Bitola. According to some estimates, about 70% of the Roma population has no ownership documents for their dwelling. In terms of residence, only 2% live in apartment blocks, 15% in new houses which are in good condition, and 46% in older houses that are in relatively good condition, 36% in ruined houses or substandard dwellings and 2% in unfinished dwellings. About 45% of the surveyed families believe that hunger is a real threat.4 The Roma families often live in poorly constructed substandard homes, without an adequate supply of safe drinking water and sanitation. The data from the Institute for Public Health of the Republic of Macedonia, generated for 7 Roma communities on the territory of the city of Skopje (excluding the largest one in Shuto Orizari) show that 63% of the Roma population in these communities live in buildings of solid construction, 7.25% of the families live in improvised houses made of non-construction material (cardboard, nylon, aluminum parts, plastic, etc.) and 29.5% live in ruined and prefabricated buildings. The homes of the Roma families are small, adjusted to providing only the basic living necessities, with more than 50% of the population having a living space of less than 5 square meters per family member. About 40% of the families live in collective houses or in homes shared with another family. Only 16% of the Roma homes in these 7 Roma communities have toilet and bathroom inside the house; 77% of families have a sanitary facility (or latrines) in the yard, and 58% use tap water outside the home. But still, almost 10% of the Roma population does not have any drinking water and daily hygiene supply, and it is estimated that about 50% of these families do not have a solution for draining wastewater from their homes.5

3 Habitat for Humanity Macedonia (2011). Poor Population Housing - Focus on the Roma Population in Republic of Macedonia (in Macedonian) [Домувањето на сиромашното население - фокус на Ромите во Република Македонија] 4 The listed data originate from the data which were reference basis for writing of the Report in Millennium Development Goals, Government of the Republic of Macedonia, June 2005 5

Habitat for Humanity Macedonia (2011). Poor Population Housing - Focus on the Roma Population in Republic of Macedonia (in Macedonian) [Домувањето на сиромашното население - фокус на Ромите во Република Македонија]

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3.3. General data on mechanisms and policies for social inclusion of the Roma in the society With accession to the Decade of Roma Inclusion, the issue of social inclusion of the Roma community has become very current on the policy agenda, and the civil society sector, expert community, central and local governments took active part in addressing this issue. In a short period of time, several significant and sustained documents were adopted with strategic goals and objectives that guarantee improvement of the living standard and status of the Roma population in the social life. Most of these documents, as can be seen in Figure 1 below, have a time frame that coincides with the time frames of the Decade, and hence, it is very important that these documents are analyzed in terms of their complementarities, both in terms of activities and in terms of expected outcomes.

Figure 1:

Time frame of documents adopted by the Government of RM related to the Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015*

*Note: Due to clarity of presentation, Figure 1 does not display the Local Action Plans. The detailed list of all documents with their official titles can be found in the References section at the end of this document.

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All documents related to the Decade list as a primary objective - the social inclusion of the Roma, through interventions in 4 main priority areas (housing, education, employment and health) and 3 cross-cutting issues: discrimination, gender equality and poverty.6 The complexity of the issue of social inclusion implies the need for such number and scope of documents, but also of institutions and bodies responsible for implementation, monitoring and evaluation, i.e. audit of the same. There are also other documents which address the social exclusion, but which are not directly targeting the Roma population; in other words, the poverty and social marginalization are not necessarily in correlation with the ethnicity - in this case - Roma ethnicity. Hence, regarding the Roma community, it can be concluded that there are direct and indirect mechanisms for social inclusion, i.e. general policies and policies with affirmative action towards this population. The diversity of mechanisms and policies for social inclusion and their connectedness require a different focus and it is subject to other analyses, which comprehensively deal with social inclusion. In this case study, the focus is directed on housing, and hence, below is a review on specific mechanisms and policies for social inclusion in or related to the area of housing.

3.4. General data for mechanisms and policies for social inclusion of the Roma population in the area of housing As in other priority areas of the Decade, Macedonia has adopted strategic documents in the priority area housing, which in many aspects and with interdisciplinary approach, address this issue in terms of reducing the social exclusion of the Roma population. In this segment, also, there are policies and mechanisms that directly and indirectly refer to the Roma community, but, given the socio-economic indicators in recent years, most of the policies are directed to the general population. Figure 2 is a review of the time frame of the strategic documents in relation to the social inclusion in the area of housing. 6 The documents are available on the website of the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia: http://mtsp.gov.mk/?ItemID=6FC822BBA79A61429117F41943673AE4

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Figure 2:

Time frame of documents adopted by the Government of RM in terms of social inclusion in the area of housing*

*Note: Due to clarity of presentation, the document titles are not given in full. The full titles can be found in the References section at the end of this document.

The foreseen activities to address the established objectives are mainly focused on: - Improvement of legislation regarding the social exclusion in housing; - Measures and activities to urbanize the Roma settlements; - Measures and activities to improve the living quality by facilitating access to assets and funds to address the housing issue of the Roma population; and - Education of the population for the above mentioned measures and activities, i.e. facilitating access to information for realization of housing rights. As a result of a consultative process of stakeholders, these documents provide numerous system level activities that address the issue of housing - such as improvement of access to drinking water or sanitation, construction of storm water drainage, etc. But among them, also, are listed mechanisms to improve the social inclusion of the Roma that are established to facilitate access to assets and activities at individual level, i.e. possibilities 14

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through which the citizens can individually solve their problems regarding housing, and these mechanisms are presented in Table 4 below.

Table 4:

Review of mechanisms for social inclusion of the Roma in the area of housing

Mechanism

Characteris cs

Target group

Social apartments Subsidized housing loan

Alloca on of social apartments Approval of subsidized loan to buy an apartment

Socially vulnerable persons

Legaliza on of illegally constructed buildings

Exemp on from fees for administra ve taxes and fees for obtaining documents required for the legaliza on of the illegally constructed buildings Gran ng loan with favorable terms for ďŹ nancing the legaliza on fees

Financial aid for legaliza on of illegally constructed buildings Legal aid for legaliza on of illegally constructed buildings

OďŹ&#x20AC;ering legal support and legal assistance

Achieved result (by June 2012) 68 apartments

Families with low income (up to 900 EUR) which have not alienated property in the last 6 months; Limi ng the amount of the loan and the price of the apartment (per m2)* Socially vulnerable persons

Total of 50 loans approved in May 2012

Socially vulnerable persons

Habitat: 114 approved loan requests for applicants from the Roma community NRC: total of 1,519 submi ed requests for legal advice and legal aid

Socially vulnerable persons

Total of 333,652 legaliza on requests

* The detailed description of mechanisms is provided in Annex 1 of this document.

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Housing condition in the settlement Bair

4.1. Settlement and community description The settlement Bair is part of the city of Bitola, on the territory of the municipality of Bitola, which is located in the southwestern part of Macedonia, neighbouring with the municipalities of Resen, Demir Hisar, Mogila and Novaci. Municipality of Bitola was established on 28 June 1955 with the Law on areas of the districts and municipalities of the People's Republic of Macedonia.7 With the territorial division from 2004, the municipality acquires new boundaries that include territorial and municipal administrative coverage of the municipalities of Bistrica, Kukurechani and Capari.8 Bitola is the largest urban center within the largest and fertile valley of Pelagonia and the second largest city in Macedonia. Bitola is located in the southwestern part of the country, at the foot of Baba Mountain close to the border with the southern neighbor Greece, which is 13 km away. On the north, Bitola is surrounded by a wreath of four hills with elevation of 640 to 890 m, called Bair, which are part of the Oblakovsko-snegovska mountain region (1,430m). According to the 2002 Census, 95,385 inhabitants had been registered in the municipality of Bitola. This municipality extends on an area of 794.53 km2 with a population density of 788 inhabitants/km2. The city of Bitola lays on an area of 26.37 km2, and the settlement Bair on area of 0.82 km2. In the municipality of Bitola, in the 2002 Census 2,613 Roma were registered, and from the available documentation can be concluded that almost the entire Roma population of the municipality lives in the settlement Bair.

Official Gazette of Republic of Macedonia, 29th June, 1955.

Law on Territorial Organization of the Local Self-Government in Republic of Macedonia (Official Gazette of R. Macedonia No. 55/04 from 16.08.2004)

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Table 5:

Structure of population according to ethnicity (source: 2002 Census) Total RM

Municipality of Bitola

Total

2,022,547

95,385

Macedonians

1,297,981

64.18

84,616

88.7

Albanians

509,083

25.17

4,164

4.36

Turks

77,959

3.85

1,610

1.68

Roma

53,879

2.66

2,613

2.74

Vlachs

9,695

0.48

1,270

1.33

Serbs

35,939

1.78

541

0.56

Bosniaks

17,018

0.84

0.02

Other

20,993

1.04

550

0.57

Table 6:

Gender structure of population in Macedonia and in the municipality of Bitola (source: 2002 Census) Total

Male

Female

2,022,547

1,015,377

1,007,170

50.20

49.80

53,879

27,105

26,774

Total number of popula on (2002)

95,385

46,969

48,416

Roma popula on (2002)

2,613

Republic of Macedonia Total number of popula on (2002) % Roma popula on (2002)

Municipality of Bitola

* ND - no data

The settlement Bair is located on the left bank of the river Dragor, and spreads over three hills that actually represent the three parts of the settlement Bair: Smilevski Bair, Centralen Bair and illegal settlement Petochna 17

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Voda. Some findings show that these three and several other hills were the location of the medieval Bitola, when it is considered that the largest percentage of the Roma population migrated to these areas. According to the projections made by the Unit of Local-Self Government (ULSG) of Bitola, the settlement Bair is home to about 2,000 residents, of which in the project for profiling of the community, 85% delcared themselves as Roma, 8% as Macedonians, 8% as Turks, 3% as Albanians and 0.1% as Egyptians.9

Table 7:

Unemployment structure according to nationality in the municipality of Bitola (source: Employment Service Agency of Macedonia, Employment Center, Bitola) Popula on

Municipality of Bitola (unemployment)* Total Roma

13,901 502

3.61

Unemployment â&#x20AC;&#x201C; total number of popula on (municipality of Bitola) Total number of popula on ** Unemployed

95,385 13,901

14.57

Unemployment â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Roma popula on (municipality of Bitola) Total number of Roma ** Unemployed

2,613 502

19.21

*The unemployment data are until 31.10.2012 ** Source: 2002 Census

From a socio-economic point of view, the biggest problem emphasized by the citizens of this settlement, which at the same time according to them is the most urgent, is the unemployment, the low levels of education and lack of appropriate qualifications, which makes the Roma population 9

During the planning of the Program for Development of Communities the target group was the population living on the following street addresses: Ljubojno, Debarska, Kozjak, Karaorman, Mukos, Titovo Uzice, Negotinska and Jordan Piperkata.

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uncompetitive on the labor market. This means that the population is engaged in performing hard physical work and minor service activities. According to ULSG Bitola, in the recent years, a greater percentage of the population is engaged in trading of textile on makeshift stalls, and this activity, although representing gray economy is tolerated by the state, because alternatives for providing adequate employment for these citizens cannot be offered.10 The lack of opportunity for employment in the official labor market represents additional burden to the state, which provides social welfare to 65% of the population in this settlement, which in 65% of the cases ranges between 1,700 and 2,500 MKD per month.11

Table 8:

Beneficiaries of Intermunicipal Center for Social Work - Bitola (Data as of: 31.12.2011)

Service descrip on Money transfers Social welfare (number of households) Single financial assistance Permanent financial aid Money allowance for assistance and care Child benefit Health care Other social services Assistance and equipment for newborn Entrus ng a child from illegi mate community, regula on of family rela ons, contacts, travel document Peaceful se lements of issue (divorces) Adop ons Family violence Reported on SOS phone Working with vic ms Sheltering center Assistance in resolving housing problems

Profile of the Municipality of Bitola, 2012

No. of beneﬁciaries

No. of Roma beneﬁciaries

1,108 393 198 1,194 914 306

435 90 66 115 118 80

449 119

14 40

141 4

8 1

/ 150 1 /

/ 9 / /

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4.2. Description of the land Although located on the territory of the second largest urban center in the country, the settlement Bair has extremely unfavorable living conditions for its population. Almost 70% of the houses in the settlement Bair are made of solid construction and meet certain housing standards, i.e. connection to drinking water, sanitation and electricity. The remaining 30% of the dwellings, of which up to 90% in illegal settlement Petochna Voda are improvised and made of cardboard and tin or covered with nylon. Needless to say, these homes are without safe drinking water supply, sanitation and proper electricity connection. On the other hand, the problem of the improvised part called Petocna Voda must be emphasized, where about 300 households (1,500 people) live in substandard living conditions, or in houses built of cardboard and tin covered with nylon. This population does not have the basic conditions for normal living, i.e.: - Access to safe drinking water in sufficient amounts; - Fecal and storm water drainage; - Appropriate treatment of waste produced by these households; and - Legal access to electricity.12 As particularly large problem in terms of infrastructure is the illegal connection to the energy system causing frequent incidents and accidents which sometimes lead to severe consequences and even human victims. Despite the claim that energy means life, for the residents in the settlement Bair the energy sometimes costs a life. In terms of the utility infrastructure in the settlement, there is a lack of an established system for collection and treatment of municipal waste, which, together with the lack of access to water and sewage system has a 12

Mapping of possibilities and necessities for opening Health Counseling Center in the Roma Community in the Municipality of Bitola, ROMA S.O.S. - Prilep, July, 2011

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major impact on establishing and maintaining healthy hygiene habits, which in turn brings great risks of disease within the population, and particularly among the youngest. Since the settlement Bair is spread on the hills surrounding the city of Bitola, an attempt was made to build a channel for accepting storm water. But what is evident in the current situation is that this channel is filled with waste and thus disfunctional, causing flooding of the houses during heavy rains. This problem is further deepened by cutting trees from forests that are used for heating in winter, leading to increased intensity of the soil erosion.13 Another problem is the immediate vicinity of the regional road Prilep Resen, which is not secured and is easily accessible by residents of the nearby, improvised dwellings. As a result, accidents happen in which most often the children are affected. Such conditions inevitably entail the fact that the environment is not appropriate for a healthy living and developing healthy lifestyles; apart from the unfavorable closeness of the regional road, there are no pedestrian and recreational trails, sport grounds and children's playgrounds and other recreational facilities.

4.3. Infrastructure - facility and condition In terms of the infrastructure of this settlement the following condition can be concluded: - 75% of the streets are paved; - 25% (250 households in the illegal settlement Petochna Voda) of the population have no sanitation and access to clean drinking water; - 25% (250 households in the illegal settlement Petochna Voda) have no legal electricity connection; and

Mapping of possibilities and necessities for opening Health Counseling Center in the Roma Community in the Municipality of Bitola, ROMA S.O.S. - Prilep, July, 2011

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- 60% of the population does not pay electricity bills.14 The children from the settlement Bair study at the primary school "Gjorgji Sugarev" which for part of the Roma children is up to two kilometers away, representing a major problem for their regular attendance of school classes, especially in autumn and winter. The low level of education and the small percentage of children who complete primary education is the main problem that affects all other areas of socio-economic inclusion in the society. A very small percentage of children complete primary education and even fewer are enrolled in secondary education. Very rare are the cases of Roma who are enrolled in or who completed higher (university level) education. In 2004, NGO "Bairska Svetlina" - Bitola conducted a survey for community assessment in the settlement Bair, which showed that in the settlement there is a basic adult literacy in reading and writing. About 15% of it comes down to recognizing letters and writing of basic short words and sentences, or writing their own name and surname. This indicates the necessity for organizing education on the level of literacy for the adult Roma population. However, the trend of enrollment of the Roma children in primary education has seen a rise in the past three years and, at the same time reduced number of drop-out Roma children from school, as presented in the table below.

Table 9:

Number of pupils in Primary School "Gjorgji Sugarev" from I to VIII grade15 2007/2008

2008/2009

2009/2010

Total number of children

887

865

798

Enrolled Roma children

479

492

Droped-out Roma children

105

Action Plan for the Settlement Bair, 2004

Primary School "Gjorgj Sugarev", Bitola, 2011

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The above data shows the still low involvement of the Roma in the education process; in addition to that, the lack of information about the importance of the education, as well as its impact on other areas of life retains high level among the population. In terms of health care, within the Bair community there is a private general medicine practice, where most of the population gets access to primary health care services. However, due to poor hygienic conditions in the settlement, there is a tendency of persisting infectious diseases, not typical for the disease structure on national level. According to the Institute of Epidemiology in Bitola, in 2003 about 250 households (or 25% of the population in the settlement Bair) were identified with one or more members of the family suffering from jaundice (infectious hepatitis). From the total number of infected persons, about 200 were children, which is a reason more for this problem to get special attention, in order to find solutions to improve the infrastructure conditions in the community as well as the health education of the population.16

4.4. Characteristics of the homes The housing as one of the basic urban functions is an important component of the overall socio-economic development, spatial and urban planning. One of the primary objectives of spatial and urban planning is to provide humane conditions for people's life and work, which is accomplished through successful planning of settlements with utility, functional and environmental landscaping. The basic indicators of the housing standard are the average size of the dwelling, the average housing area per capita and the average number of residents per dwelling.

Mapping of possibilities and necessities for opening Health Counseling Center in the Roma Community in the Municipality of Bitola, ROMA S.O.S. - Prilep, July, 2011

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Table 10:

Basic indicators for the housing standard in the municipality of Bitola (source: 2002 Census) Average area of dwelling (m2)

Average housing area /resident (m2)

Average no. of residents/ dwelling

Republic of Macedonia

71.14

24.55

3.58

Municipality of Bitola

67.79

22.60

3.29

Se lement Bair *ND - no data

Unfortunately, there are no specific data on the average size of the dwellings in the settlement Bair, as well as on the average number of members per household, which could be used to determine whether the conditions for sufficient living spaces are satisfactory. According to the quality of construction, the housing conditions of the inhabitants of the settlement Bair do not differ much from the overall housing situation in the Roma communities throughout the territory of the country. The housing conditions are inadequate for a healthy life with appropriate quality and maintaining of physical and mental health of all household members. Although most of the homes (70%) are of solid construction, there is high percentage (30%) of homes from non-construction material and without access to basic infrastructure conditions (water, sewage, legal electricity connection). As can be expected, there is no centralized heating system in the settlement, making the electricity and the firewood the primary source for heating.

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Municipality mechanisms for decreasing the social exclusion in housing

5.1. Mechanisms for decreasing the social exclusion in the areas of the Decade which influence housing The progress in the socio-economic life of the Roma population, after the first half of the Decade of Roma Inclusion is still limited and far from the desired comprehensive social inclusion. The high unemployment rate (73% according to the unofficial projections)17 and the poverty (according to some sources as high as 72.2% of the Roma have monthly income sufficient to cover only food expenditures),18 lead to insecure housing and unstable living conditions, poor health and insufficient school attendance, which points to the fact that the poverty cycle is still active and that the social exclusion perpetuates; the Roma population remains to be the most vulnerable group in the society.19

5.1.1.Competences on central level The prepared and adopted strategic documents (National Action Plans (NAPs) for the Decade priority areas: housing, education, employment and health, as well as the specific Acion plan to improve the social situation of the Roma women, etc.), incorporate a large number of activities 17

Report of Open Society Institute, June 2010. "No data - no progress, gathering data in participants countries in the Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005 - 2015" (in Macedonian) [Нема податоци - нема напредок, прибирање на податоци во земјите учеснички во Декадата за вклучување на Ромите 2005-2015, p. 40] 18

Progress Institute (2012). Social Image of the Republic of Macedonia in 2012. Why we are the first in the world in misery and how to help the citizens? (in Macedonian) [Социјална слика на Република Македонија во 2012. Зошто сме на прво место во светот по мизерија и како да им се помогне грачѓаните?] 19

Report on the condition of the Implementation of the Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Siniti within the OSCE area (in Macedonian) [Извештај за состојбата со Спроведувањето на Акциониот план за подобрување на состојбата на Ромите и Синтите во областа на дејствување на ОБСЕ], available at: http://www.mtsp.gov.mk

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that are interdependent forming the big picture towards the complete social integration of the Roma population in the social and economic life. The Roma issue and the commitment for affirmative action towards its resolution are an integral part of the National Strategy for Poverty Reduction and Social Inclusion in the Republic of Macedonia 2010-2020, in which the Roma have been identified as a vulnerable group in more priority areas (health, education, employment).20 Macedonia had both the responsibility and the honor to chair the Decade from 1st July 2011 to 30th June 2012, during which period many analyzes and summaries were made on the completed activities and achieved results in terms of the goals, and broadly, of the general purpose for full social inclusion of the Roma, presented through good results achieved in education, adequate housing and health, decent employment, as well as in obtaining personal identification documents and enjoyment of equal rights and life without discrimination.21

5.1.2.Competences on local level With the 2004 territorial organization and fiscal decentralization, like the other units of local self-government, the municipality of Bitola had also acquired the same competences from the central government. According to the legislation regulating this field, 22 each municipality has the following competences that are in immediate or indirect relation to the improvement of the social inclusion in the area of housing: - Urban (urban and rural) planning, issuing approval for construction of buildings of local significance established by law, spatial planning and planning of construction plot areas; - Protection of environment and nature - measures for protection and prevention of the water, air and land pollution, nature protection, protection from noise and non-ionizing radiation; 20

National Strategy for Poverty Reduction and Social Exclusion in RM 2010-2020, available at: http://mtsp.gov.mk/WBStorage/Files/SocialExclusion%20Starategy%20MK%20final%20wor d.doc

Republic of Macedonia, Program for the Presidency of the Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015

Law on Local Self-Government. Official Gazette of RM no. 5/2002

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- Local economic development - planning of local economic development; establishment of developmental and structural priorities; management of local economic policy; support of the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and entrepreneurship on local level and in that context, participation in the establishment and development of local network of institutions and agencies and promotion of partnership; - Public utilities - drinking water supply; industrial water supply; drainage and wastewater treatment; street lighting; drainage and treatment of storm water; maintaining public cleanliness and hygiene; collection, transport and treatment of communal solid and industrial waste; arrangement and organization of local public passenger transport; natural gas and heating energy supply; maintenance of cemeteries, crematoriums and provision of funeral services; construction, maintenance, reconstruction and protection of local roads, streets and other infrastructure facilities; regulating traffic; construction and maintenance of street traffic signalization; construction and maintenance of public parking space; removal of improperly parked vehicles; removal of damaged vehicles from public areas; construction and maintenance of markets; chimney sweeping; maintenance and use of parks, greeneries, national parks and recreational areas; regulation, maintenance and management of river basins in urbanized areas; determination of the names of the streets, squares, bridges and other infrastructure facilities; - Culture - institutional and financial support of cultural institutions and projects; nurturing folklore, customs, old crafts and similar cultural values; organization of cultural events; stimulation of different specific forms of creation; - Sport and recreation - development of mass sport and recreational activities; organization of sports events and manifestations; maintenance and construction of sport facilities; support of sport associations; - Social protection and protection of children - kindergartens and homes for elderly (ownership, funding, investment and maintenance); provision of social protection for persons with disabilities; orphans and parental care; children with educational and social 27

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problems; children with special needs; children of single-parent families; street children; persons at social risk; persons affected by drug and alcohol abuse; raising awareness of the population; housing people at social risk; realization of the right to education and education of preschool children. The implementation of these competences is in accordance with the National Program for Development of the Social Protection; - Education - establishment, financing and administration of primary and secondary schools, in cooperation with the central government, in accordance with the law, organizing transportation and food for pupils and their accommodation in dormitories; - Healthcare - management of the network of public health institutions and primary healthcare facilities that require representation of the local self-government in all boards of all publicly-owned health care institutions; health education; health promotion; preventive activities; occupational health and safety at workplace; environmental health monitoring; monitoring and surveillance for communicable diseases; assistance to patients with special needs (such as mental health, child abuse, etc) and other areas that shall be determined by the law; - Implementation of Preparedness guidelines and taking adequate measures for protection and rescue of citizens and goods from man-made and war-time, natural disasters and other accidents and the consequences thereof; - Firefighting activities performed by the local fire brigades; - Supervision on the affairs in its competence; and - Other issues stipulated by law.

In addition to this, and in accordance with the Law on Housing,23 the units of the local self-government within their competences, and in line with the legal regulations and the National strategy on housing, monitor and plan the housing needs on their territory for which they adopt annual pro23

Law on Housing. Official Gazette of RM No. 99/09 and 57/10

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gram and undertake measures and activities for its implementation.24 This annual program is adopted by the Council of the Municipality and the Council of the city of Skopje, and in particular should contain: 1. Scope, location and dynamics of building of owned and rental housing; 2. Measures to stimulate construction and renovation of apartments and more appropriate use of the current housing fund of the municipalities, the municipalities on the territory of the city of Skopje and the city of Skopje; 3. Housing measures (architectural and construction) to provide appropriate housing for persons with disabilities; 4. Provision of necessary assistance for use of the apartment; and 5. Method for provision of appropriate forms of aid through founding and operation of nonprofit housing organizations.25 The same law in detail establishes the measures and activities in competence of the local self-government in the area of housing, and the possible funding sources. To implement the annual program, the units of local self-government undertake measures and activities that are related to: - Provision of communal infrastructure necessary for adequate housing; - Provision of funding and assets for construction and rental of apartments on a non-profit basis, i.e. subsidized renting intended as temporary housing for persons at social risk, with area not exceeding 45 m2 without possibility for buy-out; - Provision of different forms of owned or rental housing; - Provision of funds to stimulate construction of apartments by the citizens; and - Maintenance of Registry of collective housing and rented apartments.

Law on Housing. Official Gazette of RM No. 99/09 and 57/10, Article 100

Law on Housing. Official Gazette of RM No. 99/09 and 57/10, Article 102

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To implement the program, as well as to provide owned or rented housing, the units of local self-government can provide funding from: - Sale of apartments under favorable conditions; - Public and private investments and the like; - Funds intended for regional development and development of rural areas; - Donations and other types of assistance; and - European Union funds and other foreign donor funds.26

5.2. Mechanisms for social inclusion in housing 5.2.1.Competences on central level The existing Action Plan on Housing envisages numerous activities aimed at improvement of housing conditions for this vulnerable group of citizens: from normative-legal (changing legislation and adopting public policies, establishing mechanisms for consultation of the Roma in the processes of decision making, enabling affirmative action, encouraging ULSG to address the Roma housing issue) to specific operational activities and measures (improving infrastructure, improvement of substandard housing, etc.). In housing, another important set of activities for improvement is the legalization of the illegally constructed facilities, which is envisaged to have positive effect in the Roma settlements in particular, bearing in mind the percentage of illegal constructions (about 70% of the dwellings in Roma settlements)27 and the economic situation within Roma communities. To achieve these results coordination of the activities is envisaged between the Government of Macedonia and the ULSG, in this case the

Law on Housing. Official Gazette of RM No. 99/09 and 57/10, Article 100

Ministry for Labor and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia, 2012. Report on the progress of the Decade 2011 (in Macedonian) [Извештај за напредокот на Декадата 2011 година], available at: www.mtsp.gov.mk

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municipality of Bitola, which at the same time presents an opportunity for decentralization of the objectives and the activities of the Decade.28 As already defined in the introductory parts of this case study, in terms of social inclusion of the Roma in Macedonia policies and systems-level mechanisms are established that address the issue of housing, as well as mechanisms for individual addressing of housing problems and issues by citizens themselves. The table below shows data for the municipality of Bitola in terms of the results of policy implementation on central level.

Table 11:

Achieved results of mechanisms for social inclusion in the municipality of Bitola29

Mechanism Social apartments

Achieved result – Na onal (un l June 2012) 68 apartments

Subsidized housing loan

A total of 50 loans approved in May 2012

Legaliza on of illegally constructed buildings

Totally submi ed 333,652 legaliza on requests

Achieved result – Bitola Currently in Bitola there is announcement for alloca on of leasing of 78 social apartments (as of 01.11.2012) 7 loans in Bitola (no data whether there are Roma among them) Total of 12,405 submi ed legaliza on requests (no separate data for the se lement Bair)

* ULSG - Unit of Local Self-Government; GRM - Government of the Republic of Macedonia; RIC - Roma Information Center

During the month of October 2012, the Government of Macedonia published an Announcement for allocation of 129 social apartments in 28

Habitat for Humanity Macedonia (2011). Basic Study on Housing: Local Problem Analysis of the Roma Population in Municipality of Shuto Orizari. (in Macedonian) [Основна студија за домување: Анализа на локалните проблеми на Ромите во општина Шуто Оризари].

Information from several websites on the web location of the Government of Republic of Macedonia: "Conference on improvement of housing conditions for the Roma - infrastructure the main priority" (in Macedonian) [Конференција за подобрување на условите за домување на Ромите - инфраструктурата главен приоритет], available at http://vlada.mk/node/3211; "Minister Stavrevski presents the loan certificates within the project 'Buy a house, buy a flat'": http://vlada.mk/node/3079

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total value of 70.1 million Macedonian Denars (MKD), 78 of which on the territory of the municipality of Bitola. The apartments are designed for social categories of population specified in the methodology for the allocation of social housing, including Roma, with a living area of 35 square meters. In terms of infrastructure, the Budget of the Republic of Macedonia for 2011,30 allocated funding in amount of 10.9 million MKD for the implementation of projects under the Decade for Roma Inclusion and the Strategy for the Roma in the Republic of Macedonia and the Action Plan for Housing thereof, of which to the municipality of Bitola 2,086,000 MKD were allocated for the project "Reconstruction of the Roadway Ljubojno-part 1, 2, 3 in the settlement Bair". The project implemented according to the Action Plan for the Integration of Roma and Roma Refugees for 2012 was completed in November 2012.31 In addition to the above, during 2012 within the planned activities of the municipality of Bitola, water and sewer network construction on Debarska street (in the settlement Bair) have commenced; also, the paving works on this street are also envisaged to be completed by the end of 2012. In 2013, reconstruction interventions are planned for the streets Karaorman and Mukos, following the procedures for obtaining all necessary documentation for these construction activities during 2012.

5.2.2.Competences on local level Since the commencement of the Decade for Roma Inclusion, ULSG Bitola recognizes and treats the problem of social exclusion of the Roma on its territory. The Local Strategy for the Roma 2006-2010 is the first document adopted by the ULSG, on the basis of which the USLG of Bitola has adopted two local action plans (2007-2010 and 2012-2015). The current Local Action Plan (LAP) for the implementation of the Decade for Roma Inclusion in the municipality of Bitola 2012-2015 is a document prepared 30

Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia, No. 161/2012

Action Plan for Inclusion of the Roma and the Roma Refugees 2012, available at: http://www.mtsp.gov.mk/WBStorage/Files/inkluzija_romi.pdf

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upon initiative of the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy at the beginning of 2012. The development, and subsequently the revision of the Local Action Plan for implementation of the Decade for Roma Inclusion in the municipality of Bitola have been made through cooperation of the representatives of the ULSG Bitola with local experts, representatives of local and state institutions and representatives of local civil society organizations who have previous experience in action plan preparation. ULSG Bitola implements these action plans in accordance with its financial and other possibilities, in cooperation with the civil society active on local level.

Dominant problem regarding housing in the settlement Bair

6.1. Problem analysis/Case study At the forefront of this section, it is inevitable to stress out once again that the lack of ethnicity- or region-specific data in all areas, and in the housing alike, represents one of the main obstacles to determine the magnitude on one, and appropriate measures for addressing the issues on the other side. Thus, such is also the case with respect to the housing problems in the settlement Bair in the municipality of Bitola. From the sole fact that even the current number of inhabitants is not known, it is difficult to expect realistic housing needs assessment in this community. Still, from the available analyses and reports on the housing issues, conducted by USLG Bitola, Roma Information Center Bitola and some NGOs active in the region (ROMA S.O.S. from Prilep and Bairska Svetlina from Bitola), it can be concluded that in terms of the quality of construction, there is still very high percentage of dwellings in the settlement Bair built from non-contruction material (30%). According to the same sources, the housing situation of the population is still far from favorable, taking into account the local problems which persist, such as: poor infrastructure, parts of the settlement that are still not 33

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covered with urban plans, vicinity of the regional road which poses threat to the population, lack of access to water and sanitation, illegal access to electricity etc. In the Local Action Plan, as well as in the other documents that analyze the housing situation of the population in the settlement Bair, the following were identified as the most serious problems related to the housing: 1. Absence of General Urban Plan (GUP) and Detailed Urban Plan (DUP) for the areas settled by Roma; 2. Necessity of higher participation of the Roma that are at social risk in processes of allocation/awarding of rented social housing; 3. Improvement of the water supply grid; 4. Improvement of the condition of the existing and construction of new sections of proper sanitation on part of the streets within Roma populated settlements; 5. Existence of small number of shafts for storm water drainage; and 6. Inexistence of regular cleaning of illegal dumping sites and lack of comprehensive approach towards the protection of the environment.

Practical experience

7.1. Project Promoting Housing Rights for the Roma This project,32 implemented by Habitat for Humanity Macedonia and financed by the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR), had main objective to contribute to the promotion of housing rights regarding the social inclusion aspect, as well as to serve as a stimulus for further improvement of their status in education, health, employment and gender equality. Additionally, the project aimed at supporting 32

Habitat for Humanity Macedonia, website: http://www.habitat.org.mk/eng/n_romahousing.html

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the improved implementation of housing rights and social inclusion of the Roma and other marginalized groups. This project is in accordance with the objectives of the National Action Plan for Housing, as it contributed towards integration of housing rights as a mechanism for social inclusion and poverty reduction among Roma, improvement of the capacities at local level for participation in the decision-making processes and for enabling the exercise of the housing rights for the Roma, as well as towards strengthening of the implementation of housing rights mechanisms at local level.

7.2. Housing Fund for Roma and marginalized This project is implemented through a partnership between Habitat for Humanity Macedonia and the Foundation for Economic Development Horizonti. The main objective of this partnership is to improve the living conditions of the Roma on the territory of the city of Skopje with particular emphasis on the municipality of Shuto Orizari, but also in other municipalities, including the municipality of Bitola, by provision of microloans for reconstruction and renovation of substandard homes. The Housing Fund for the Roma and marginalized is implemented through a credit line HOME that provides microloans of up 2,500 EUR with a repayment period between 18 and 30 months. In the initial period the loans can be used by families who were users or currently use another loan from Horizonti. Until now, the project has provided reconstruction and renovation loans to 435 Roma and marginalized families, of which 343 Roma and marginalized families have so far completed their reconstructions/renovations.33 According to the data shown above, about 10% of the reconstruction loans have been awarded and used for home improvement on the territory of the municipality of Bitola, i.e. in the settlement Bair. In relation to the total population in the municipality, the achieved results show the following housing improvements: 33

Habitat for Humanity Macedonia website: http://www.habitat.org.mk/eng/rhprogram.html

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Table 12:

Housing fund for Roma and marginalized, Municipality of Bitola (2007-2011) Bitola

Shuto Orizari*

Others **

Total

208

263

4.39

4.91

5.16

Total number of completed reconstruc ons Average number of persons per household Average housing area (m2) Average housing area per household member (m2) Average loan amount (in MKD)

93,293

113,016

94,327

100,212

Total loan investment (in MKD)

1,985,000

23,965,000

3,160,000

29,110,000

* Apart from the municipality of Bitola, the achievements in the municipality of Shuto Orizari are also shown separately for the comparative purposes between the two, which are chosen as pilotmunicipalities for the preparation of indicators for social inclusion in housing, which is the main objective of this project. ** The category "others" includes municipalities of Veles, Kochani, Prilep and Strumica.

Table 13: Indicators for improvement of housing in municipality of Bitola through the Housing Fund for Roma and marginalized Descrip on Number of reconstruc ons in Bitola (2007-2011) Number of residences (projec on) Average number of members per household Total number of persons beneďŹ ng from the reconstruc ons Total investment in loans (in MKD) Investment per person (in MKD)

Value

Improvement index 21 600 4.39 100

1,985,000 19,850

% of total no. of dwellings 3.5 % % of total popula on 3.8 %

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7.3. Project on Legalization of Housing On 18 January 2012, Habitat for Humanity Macedonia, Foundation Open Society - Macedonia (FOOM) and National Roma Centrum (NRC) have signed a cooperation agreement to implement the project "Legalization of housing for the Roma". The main aim of the project, which will be implemented between 2012 and 2015, is to contribute towards increasing the number of legal homes in Macedonia. The specific project goal is legalization of homes, through financial and technical support to the legalization process in the municipalities of Kumanovo, Kochani, Prilep, Tetovo and Shtip and the City of Skopje, where the majority of Roma population is settled. The project is implemented with a two-phase approach. In the first phase, NRC has undertaken informative campaign in 12 municipalities (Chair, Karposh, Kisela Voda, Gazi Baba, Gjorche Petrov, Ilinden, Shuto Orizari, Kumanovo, Kochani, Prilep, Tetovo and Shtip), and in accordance with the Law for treatment of the illegally constructed facilities,34 had submitted requests for legalization of housing facilities of Roma in six municipalities (Shuto Orizari, Kumanovo, Tetovo, Shtip, Kochani, Prilep). IN the second phase, NRC has continued with the proceedings of the legalization cases, with its advocacy activities, towards the effective implementation of the housing right and full implementation of the Law for treatment of the illegally constructed facilities. Within the scope of this project, a Fund for legalization of the illegally constructed facilities has been established, with financial contributions from FOOM and Habitat Macedonia. This Fund has an aim to serve a total number of 1,376 Roma who live in illegal dwellings. The beneficiaries receive a non-interest loan directly from the Fund, in amount corresponding to the costs for preparation of the geodesy study, legalization fee and the administrative fees. Since the beginning of the project, Kumanovo, from a total of 1,519 submitted requests for legalization, 555 are filed for the territory of the municipality of Shuto Orizari. Until December 2012, from these 555

Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia no. 23/2011

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submitted requests, 131 families have filed a request to Habitat for Humanity Macedonia for a legalization loan. Of these, 30 loan contracts have already been signed, and the remaining are still in the procedure of approval. From other target municipalities, Habitat for Humanity Macedonia has to date received 315 legalization loan requests, of which 138 have already been approved and loan contracts have been signed.

7.4. Infrastructure projects of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications As a result of the Memorandum for Cooperation, the 2011 State Budget,35 Section 130.01 - Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Program 1 - Administration, Subprogram 11 - Support for implementation of the Decade and the Strategy for the Roma, Paragraph 488 - Capital investments to ULSG, Subparagraph 488190-11 Other capital grants, allocated funds in the amount of 10,986,000 MKD (approx. 180,000 EUR) for the implementation of projects under the Decade and the Strategy for the Roma and the Action Plan for Housing thereof. These funds were allocated for seven infrastructure projects, one of which in municipality of Bitola with an amount of 2,086,000 MKD (approx. 34,000 EUR) for the project "Reconstruction of the Roadway Ljubojno-part 1, 2, 3 in the settlement Bair". The project according to the Action Plan for the Integration of Roma and Roma Refugees for 2012 has been completed in November 2012.36

7.5. Project for social housing of the Government of Macedonia Within the Project for social housing, one of the target groups is the Roma population, in accordance with the Strategy for the Roma on the Republic of Macedonia 2005-2015.

Official Gazette of Republic of Macedonia No. 161/2010

Action Plan for Inclusion of the Roma and the Roma Refugees 2012, available at: http://www.mtsp.gov.mk/WBStorage/Files/inkluzija_romi.pdf

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On the basis of the advertisement published in 2009 for allocation of social housing apartments constructed under the Housing project for socially vulnerable groups - F/P 1674, financed in equal parts of 25,350,000 EUR each by a loan from the Council of Europe Development Bank and from the State Budget, in 2012 for municipality of Bitola of 78 apartments were completed for this purpose; the announcement for allocation has been published on October 1, 2012, and the process of review of application is currently on-going. As specified in the methodology for the allocation of social housing, the apartments, which are of size of 35 square meters, are designed for lease by target groups of persons at social risk, one of which is the Roma population. In accordance with the objectives of the Local Action Plan for the implementation of the Decade of Roma, which embed a recommendation to increase the number of Roma families that are beneficiaries of the social housing, it is necessary to provide support to Roma families in filing applications and in the adherence to the required procedures.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The general conclusion on the housing of the Roma in the settlement Bair, municipality of Bitola is that still there are many dwellings made of nonconstruction material and therefore, the living conditions are far below the minimum standard, which in turn affects the health of the population, especially the children, and hindering the opportunities for proper education and employment, thus closing the poverty vicious cycle in which this population is captured forever. In recent years, there have been renewals and reconstructions of the existing infrastructure, as well as provision of new one, although in seems as if it is insufficient. A large number of the houses, especially in the settlement Petochna Voda, have not been legalized yet. Requests for legalization were submitted, but there is no exact data on the number of illegally constructed facilities, or the number of submitted legalization requests for that settlement thereof. As for all illegally constructed facilities, the procedures for determining the legal status and legalization respectively are ongoing, yet the population needs legal and financial assistance for completion of the procedures and obtaining legal, safe and 39

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decent home. It can be expected that, for the part of the dwellings that are not built based on minimum construction standards, legalization will not be possible, and this should be given a consideration as a potential problem to be addressed in future. From the available documents, used literature and the information gathered through the participatory consultation process with the stakeholders, the following recommendations have been proposed: - Adoption of amendments to the General Urban Plan (GUP) and Detailed Urban Plan (DUP) for the settlement Bair, to include and plan for all Roma settlements in these documents or - at the other side of the spectrum, interventions through social housing, i.e. creating conditions for acquiring ownership over the dwelling. This is a particularly pressing issue in the illegal settlement Petochna Voda, and it should get special attention; o Within the activities of the municipality of Bitola, the preparation of DUP for the settlement Bair is ongoing, with participation of the community, local NGOs and other stakeholders. - Provision of assistance (legal, financial) and support in the legalization of illegally constructed dwellings in the Roma communities in Bitola, where feasible and if possible; - Preparation of major infrastructure and construction documentation, especially for protection of the environment, addressing the problem with the illegal dumping sites and establishing a regular municipal waste collection system for settlement Bair, construction of recreational areas and sports fields, and urbanization of the settlement in general; o Continuation of the activities of the municipality of Bitola for cleaning dumping sites, at least up to the current level of three times a year, and finding a solution to permanently erradicate the practice of uncontrolled disposal of solid waste; o In the DUP for the settlement Bair, envisaging and designing sports facilities and recreational space for its citizens. 40

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- Construction of collective residential housing of solid construction for 150 families. Until now, the Government project provided funding for construction of 78 apartments, while in the coming period the process of construction, advertisement and allocation of the remaining 72 apartments should be actively monitored, in order to provide assistance to the Roma families in the social housing lease application procedures; - Solving the problem of safe water supply for at least 3,000 residents in the settlement Bair by the end of 2015 through reconstruction of the water supply grid in the high zone of the settlement Bair and construction of new pipelines of 3,000 m length; - Regarding the other infrastructure needs in the settlement Bair, it is necessary to reconstruct the circumferential storm water drainage system in length of 2,700 m; - Regarding the legalization processes, it is necessary to ensure provision of free legal assistance and information to the Roma in order to enable conditions for implementation of their right to legal, safe and decent home in the community where they live, work and contribute.

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References

Decade for Roma Inclusion (2008). Decade Watch Report for the Republic of Macedonia 2008. (in Macedonian) [Извештај за имплементацијата на Декадата за Ромите во Република Македонија].

ECMI (2006). Annual Report of European Centre for Minority Issues for 2005.

General Urbanization Plan of the city of Skopje 2001-2020, available at: http://app.gov.mk/uploads/uplan03_detail.pdf

Government of the Republic of Macedonia (2005). Report of the Republic of Macedonia in Millennium Development Goals, Skopje: Government of the Republic of Macedonia.

Habitat for Humanity Macedonia (2011). Basic Study on Housing: Local Problem Analysis of the Roma Population in Municipality of Shuto Orizari (in Macedonian) [Основна студија за домување: Анализа на локалните проблеми на Ромите во општина Шуто Оризари]

Law on Financing the Units of Local Self-Government, Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No. 61/04

Law on Housing, Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No. 99/09 and 57/10

Law on Illegally Constructed Buildings, Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No. 23/11 and 54/11

Law on Social Protection, Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No. 20/06

Law on Subsidized Housing Loan, Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No. 158/11

Law on Territorial Organization of the Local Self-Government in the Republic of Macedonia, Official Gazette of RM No. 55/04 from 16.08.2004

Law on Territorial Organization of the Republic of Macedonia and Determination of the Areas of the Units of Local Self-Government, Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No. 49/96 from 14.09.1996

Ministry of Transport and Communications of Republic of Macedonia (2007). Action Plan to implement the Housing Strategy of Republic of Macedonia (2007-2012)

Ministry of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of Macedonia (2007). Housing Strategy of Republic of Macedonia (2007-2012)

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2004). National Action Plan on Education, Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015

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Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2004). National Action Plan on Employment, Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2004). National Action Plan on Health, Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2004). National Action Plan on Housing, Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2005). Strategy on the Roma in Republic of Macedonia 2005-2012

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2006). Operational Plan on Education, Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2006). Operational Plan on Employment, Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2006). Operational Plan on Health, Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2006). Operational Plan on Housing, Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2009). Review of National Action Plans from the Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015 and the Strategy on the Roma in Republic of Macedonia for period 2009-2011

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2010). National Action Plan on Improving the Social Position of Female Roma in RM (2011-2013)

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2010). RIC Report for 2010, available at: www.mtsp.gov.mk

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2010). Work Program and Action Plan on Roma Information centers (RIC) for the period 20102012

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2011). Annual Report on implementation of the National Action Plan on Improving the Social Condition of the Female Roma in Republic of Macedonia 2011-2013 (in Macedonian) [Годишен извештај за имплементација на Националниот акциски план за унапредување на општествената состојба на Ромките во Република Македонија 2011-2013 година]

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2011). Report on the condition of the Implementation of the Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Siniti within the OSCE area (in Macedonian) [Извештај за состојбата со Спроведувањето на Акциониот план за подобрување на состојбата на Ромите и Синтите во областа на дејствување на ОБСЕ], available at: http://www.mtsp.gov.mk

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2012). Report on the progress of the Decade 2011, available at: www.mtsp.gov.mk

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Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia (2012). Strategy on Intensifying Social Inclusion of the Roma in the Social Protection System in Republic of Macedonia for the period 2012-2014

National Roma Centrum (2012). Report on first phase from the project "Legalization of Housing for the Roma", available at: http://static.nationalromacentrum.org/pdf/roma-housing/domuvanje-izvestajfaza1.pdf

OSCE (2010). Action Plan on Improvement the Situation of Roma and Siniti within the OSCE area

OSCE (2010). Report on the condition (regarding) the Implementation of the Action Plan on Improvement the Situation of Roma and Siniti within the OSCE area (in Macedonian) [Извештај за состојбата (во врска со) спроведувањето на Акциониот план за подобрување на состојбата на Ромите и Синтите во областа на дејствување на ОБСЕ]

Progress Institute (2012). Social Image of Republic of Macedonia in 2012. Why we are the first in the world in misery and how to help the citizens? (In Macedonian) [Социјална слика на Република Македонија во 2012. Зошто сме на прво место во светот по мизерија и како да им се помогне граг?аните?]

ROMA S.O.S (2011). Mapping of possibilities and necessities for opening Health Counseling Center in the Roma Community in the municipality of Bitola, (in Macedonian) [Мапирање на можностите и потребите за отворање на Здравствено советувалиште во ромската заедница во Општина Битола] Prilep: ROMA S.O.S. July, 2011

State Statistical Office (2005). 2002 http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaXIII.pdf

State Statistical Office (2012). Population Projections on 30.06.2011 and 31.12.2011 according to sex and age, by municipalities and statistical regions (in Macedonian) [Процени на населението на 30.06.2011 и 31.12.2011 според полот и возраста, по општини и статистички региони], available at: http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/2.4.12.08.pdf

State Statistical Office (2012). Primary and secondary schools at the beginning of the school year 2011/2012, available at: http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/2.4.12.04.pdf

UNICEF (2012). Community Nursing Assessment with Equity Analysis in Republic of Macedonia. Skopje: UNICEF

Census,

available

at:

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Web resources: -

Government of the Republic of Macedonia, official website: www.vlada.mk

Habitat for Humanity Macedonia, official website: http://www.habitat.org.mk

Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Macedonia, official website: www.finance.gov.mk

Ministry of Labor and Social Policy of the Republic of Macedonia, official website: www.mtsp.gov.mk

Ministry of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of Macedonia, official website: http://www.mtc.gov.mk

Municipality of Bitola, official website: http://www.bitola.gov.mk

South Eastern European University, official website: http://seeu.edu.mk

State Statistical Office, official website: http://www.stat.gov.mk

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home.html

official

website:

Aim of the ac vity

Alloca on of social housing for lease

Subsidy loan for buying an apartment directly from investor/contractor or building own house

Social apartments

Subsidized housing loan

Condi ons:

Subsidizing Models: 1) Subsidy of the half of monthly annuity - The Government covers 50% of the monthly installment (principal and interest) in the ﬁrst 5 years of the repayment period - The interest rates are 4.99% for the ﬁrst 3 years and 5.5% for the 4th and 5th year 2) Subsidy of the half of the downpayment

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General characteris cs: - Subsidized loan amount: up to 50,000 EUR - Repayment period: 20-30 years

General condi ons: Categories of ci zens determined with the Decision for alloca on of social housing: - Parentless children; - Social and permanent ﬁnancial aid beneﬁciaries; - Persons with disabili es and person needing care from a third party and their families - Members of Roma community; - Single parents with minor children.

Characteris cs and condi ons

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Low income families The overall monthly income of the individual or the spouse should not exceed 900 EUR Other condi ons: - The applicant must not have personal possession of apartment or house or have only one apartment or house which is selling in order to buy bigger apartment or house; - The buying of an apartment is limited to buying directly from the investor or contractor; - The construc on of the house is

Socially vulnerable persons who: - Are ci zens of Macedonia; - Have permanent address on the territory of the municipality where the social apartment is built; - Do not have apartment in personal possession, in possession of the spouse or his/her own adult children.

Target group

10.

Mechanism

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Annex 1: Detailed review of mechanisms for social inclusion of the Roma in housing

Aim of the ac vity

Exemp on admin. taxes and fees for necessary documents for legaliza on of illegally constructed facili es

Provision of loan to cover the costs of legaliza on

Provision of legal advice and legal aid during submission of request to determine the legal status of illegally constructed facility

Mechanism

Legaliza on of illegally constructed facili es

Financial assistance for legaliza on

Legal assistance for legaliza on

Socially vulnerable persons Special categories: - Roma popula on

Submission of request for legal assistance or submission of documenta on for the issue that requires legal assistance

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Submission of applica on request for loan Purpose of the loan: For prepara on of geode c study and supplemental documenta on to the request to determine the legal status of illegally constructed facility

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Socially vulnerable persons Special categories: - Roma popula on

Submission of proper document to prove belonging to special categories (described under ‘target group’), during submission of request to determine the legal status of illegally constructed facility

-Cost ceiling for the apartment: 900 EUR/m2

limited to building new buildings for which all documents are provided (building permits, etc.) - The amount of the por on of the loan that is subsidized is limited to 50,000 EUR Socially vulnerable persons Special categories - Roma popula on - Social and permanent ﬁnancial aid beneﬁciaries

Characteris cs and condi ons

Target group

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11.Annex 2:Composition of Advisory Council and work groups on the project 11.1. Advisory Council on the project "Indicators for social inclusion in housing" Name and surname Marija Popovska Mabera Kamberi Elvis Meme Lence Bajkova Suzana Kamceska Danica Pavlovska Sevgul Abdula Erdzan Selimi Aleksandra Vukovik Soﬁja Spasovska Monika Petrushevska Servet Demiri Sara Shabani Remzi Medik Sanela Emin Neda Milevska Venda Adzieva

Organiza on/ins tu on Ministry of Labor and Social Policy Ministry of Labor and Social Policy Ministry of Labor and Social Policy Ministry of Transporta on and Communica ons Ministry of Transporta on and Communica ons Na onal Commi ee Habitat (Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning) Government of the Republic of Macedonia Cabinet of Minister without Por olio Government of Republic of Macedonia Cabinet of Minister without Por olio Secretariat for European Aﬀairs Ministry of Labor and Social Policy, Department of Social Inclusion Ministry of Local Self-Government Ministry of Local Self-Government ZELS Associa on “Bairska Svetlina” Associa on “Romsko Trkalo” CRPRC Studiorum Habitat for Humanity Macedonia

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11.2. Working group for the Case study for the Municipality of Shuto Orizari Name and surname Sanela Emin Sead Dalipi Enis Dalipi Erhan Fejzov Mirsada Selimi Asip Selimi Daniel Petrovski Deniz Osmani Enver Iljazov Branislav Petrovski Melisa Memesh Orhan Asan Demir Shain

Organiza on/ins tu on Associa on “Romsko Trkalo” Community representa ve Community representa ve RIC – Shuto Orizari Associa on “Romsko Trkalo” Associa on “Romsko Trkalo” Associa on “Romsko Trkalo” Associa on “Detska Nadez” Counselor in municipality of Shuto Orizari Associa on “Romano Ilo” Associa on “Detska Nadez” Associa on “Detska Nadez” RIC – Shuto Orizari

11.3. Working group for the Case study for the Municipality of Bitola Name and surname Remzi Medik Tatjana Tancheva Petkovska Violeta Nalevska Ajredinov Omer Selveta Medik Ademovska Selma Biljana Dimitrievska Samedin Kananovski

Organiza on/ins tu on Associa on “Bairska Svetlina” Municipality of Bitola Local Economic Development (LED) Municipality of Bitola Local Economic Development (LED) Associa on “Bairska Svetlina” Associa on “Bairska Svetlina” Roma Health Mediator (RHM) Associa on “Bairska Svetlina” Associa on “Bairska Svetlina”

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Publisher: Habitat Macedonia Nikola Parapunov bb, Makoteks 1 floor 1000 Skopje, Macedonia www.habitat.org.mk For the publisher: Zoran Kostov Executive Director Project: Indicators for Social Inclusion in Housing The Project is funded by the European Union through the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR) Author: Centre for Regional Policy Research and Cooperation 'Studiorum' Translation into English: Piccadilly's Graphic design: Zlatko Angelov Print: Arkus Design Skopje, December 2012 Circulation: 100 copies

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This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Habitat Macedonia and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.

CIP - Каталогизација во публикација Национална и универзитетска библиотека "Св. Климент Охридски", Скопје 365.4(=214.58:497.774)(047.31) CASE study for the municipality of Bitola. - Skopje : Habitat-Makedonija, 2013. - 50 стр. ; 21 см Фусноти кон текстот. - Публикацијата е во рамките на проектот: "Индикатори за социјална инклузија во домувањето. - Библиографија: стр. 41-45. - Содржи и: Prilog ISBN 978-608-65506-2-2 а) Роми во Македонија - Домување - Битола - Истражувања COBISS.MK-ID 93036042

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