BENVGBE3: MSc Light and Lighting Dissertation “How is the architectural intent maintained or reinforced in the transition from daylight to artificial light?�
by
Samer HADDAD 31-08-2017 Paper submitted in part fulfilment of the Degree of Master of Light and Lighting Bartlett School of Energy, Environment and Resources University College London
Word count: 14501
Declaration I, Samer Haddad confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis.
Samer Haddad
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Kevin Mansfield for his guidance and support throughout the process of this dissertation. I was honored to learn from his invaluable knowledge and experience. Moreover, I would like to thank all the participants in the experiment for their time and contribution to this study, the Lebanese American University for allowing me to use their facilities and Lightium for providing all the necessary lighting equipment. Finally, I want to dedicate this thesis to my father, mother and sister for their love and support in every step I take.
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Abstract Today, cities are alive during the night as much as during the day. The nighttime appearance of each building affects every cities’ image and atmosphere. With the increase in the number of lit façades and the affordability of technologies, less examples of “night architecture” are found. After looking at the historical events in exterior lighting, a period seemed to be the most successful; the modernist era. During that time architects collaborated with lighting designers to create façade lighting schemes that reflect the design concept, emphasize architectural elements and respect the daylit appearance. The principles used in the lighting design of some very successful projects form the modernist period were applied to contemporary projects in Lebanon using recent technologies to answer the following question: How is the architectural intent maintained or reinforced in the transition from daylight to artificial light? The results obtained in this study verified the success of façade lighting during the modernist period. By applying the principles to the contemporary buildings which already had façade lighting schemes, the nighttime image of each building was improved and the architectural concept was emphasized. This study encourages collaboration between architects and lighting designers at the concept stage of a project and presents some guidelines for future façade lighting projects.
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Table of contents Declaration
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Acknowledgements
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Abstract
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List of figures
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List of tables
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List of charts
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1 Introduction
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2 Literature review
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2.1 Lighting discovery, a new “material” 2.2 First use of light in world exhibitions 2.3 Nocturnal architecture 2.4 Light as an advertising medium 2.5 Architecture of the night, GE 2.6 Façade lighting – Post WWII 2.7 Architectural lighting debate 2.8 Problem identification – Research question
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3 Methodology
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3.1 Introduction 3.2 Approach 3.3 Strategy and research Design 3.4 Case study selection process 3.5 The cases 3.6 Building the physical models 3.7 The physical models 3.8 The experiment 3.9 Computer simulation
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4 Results
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4.1 Qualitative results 4.2 Quantitative results
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5 Analysis
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5.1 Survey data analysis 5.2 Luminance relationship
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6 Conclusion
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6.1 Study summary 6.2 Study limitations 6.3 Implications for lighting practice 6.4 Future work recommendations
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Bibliography
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Image Credits
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Appendices
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Appendix A1 – Specification sheets Appendix A2 – Poster and invitation Appendix A3 – Survey Appendix A4 – Raw data
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List of figures Figure 1. Tour Eiffel Illumination, Expo 1889. __________________________________________ Figure 2. Paris world fair lighted fountain. _____________________________________________ Figure 3. Chicago world fair 1893.___________________________________________________ Figure 4. Tesla’s spotlights, Chicago 1893.____________________________________________ Figure 5. Edison tower of light in the electricity building. __________________________________ Figure 6. Edison tower of light. _____________________________________________________ Figure 7. Berlin im Licht postcard. ___________________________________________________ Figure 8. Osram tower for the light festival. ____________________________________________ Figure 9. Askianischer Platz, Berlin 1938. _____________________________________________ Figure 10. Mies van der Rohe Alexanderplatz proposal. __________________________________ Figure 11. Rockefeller center floodlighting. ____________________________________________ Figure 12. Empire state building “freedom lights” installation. ______________________________ Figure 13. Manufacturing neon tubes, 1933. ___________________________________________ Figure 14. Las Vegas neon signs 1958. ______________________________________________ Figure 15. Architecture of the night cover page. ________________________________________ Figure 16. Manhattan night view, 1944. ______________________________________________ Figure 17. Tower of winds, Japan. __________________________________________________ Figure 18. Spots Berlin, Germany. __________________________________________________ Figure 19. Uniqa tower, Austria. ____________________________________________________ Figure 20. Kunsthaus Graz, Austria. _________________________________________________ Figure 21. Alesia Cinema, France. __________________________________________________ Figure 22. Simpson’s Picadilly. _____________________________________________________ Figure 23. Interior lighting feature.___________________________________________________ Figure 24. Nightime appearance. ___________________________________________________ Figure 25. Daytime appearance. ____________________________________________________ Figure 26. Nightime appearance, 1996. ______________________________________________ Figure 27. Nightime appearance, 1928. ______________________________________________ Figure 28. Manufacturers Trust building during the day. __________________________________ Figure 29. Interior view. ___________________________________________________________ Figure 30. Nightime appearance. ___________________________________________________ Figure 31. Interior view. ___________________________________________________________ Figure 32. ABC Dbayeh, View from the highway. _______________________________________ Figure 33. Rendered view. ________________________________________________________ Figure 34. Selected elevation for study. ______________________________________________ Figure 35. Southern façade. _______________________________________________________ Figure 36. Bridges between blocks. _________________________________________________ Figure 37. Selected elevation for study. ______________________________________________ Figure 38. Roof Plan._____________________________________________________________ Figure 39. Current lighting scheme. _________________________________________________ Figure 40. CMA CGM, View from the main street. ______________________________________ Figure 41. Current lighting scheme. _________________________________________________ Figure 42. Selected elevation for study. ______________________________________________ Figure 43. Typical Plan. ___________________________________________________________ Figure 44. ABC Dbayeh digital model on Sketchup. _____________________________________ Figure 45. USJ digital model on Sketchup. ____________________________________________ Figure 46. CMA CGM digital model on Sketchup. _______________________________________ Figure 47. Example of 2d board sent to laser mashine. __________________________________ Figure 48. Example of 2d board sent to laser mashine. __________________________________ Figure 49. Material Selection for laser cutting. _________________________________________ Figure 50. Laser cutting transparent Plexiglas. _________________________________________ Figure 51. Laser cutting coloured thick paper. _________________________________________ Figure 52. Laser cut board before assembly. __________________________________________ Figure 53. ABC assembly diagram for both current and new lighting scheme. _________________ Figure 54. The four boxes making the façade. _________________________________________ Figure 55. Façade assembly process.________________________________________________
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Figure 56. USJ assembly diagram for new lighting scheme. _______________________________ Figure 57. Slabs assembly process. _________________________________________________ Figure 58. Combining the slabs with the faรงade. ________________________________________ Figure 59. CMA CGM assembly diagram for both current and new lighting scheme. ____________ Figure 60. Assembling the slabs together. ____________________________________________ Figure 61. Slabs with Led strips for current scheme. ____________________________________ Figure 62. CMA CGM model view from the back showing the cabling, dimmers and switches. ____ Figure 63. LED panel, strip and point source. __________________________________________ Figure 64. ABC Dbayeh actual building. ______________________________________________ Figure 65. ABC Dbayeh physical model. ______________________________________________ Figure 66. ABC Dbayeh physical model. ______________________________________________ Figure 67. ABC Dbayeh current lighting scheme. _______________________________________ Figure 68. ABC Dbayeh current lighting scheme. _______________________________________ Figure 69. Current scheme detail. ___________________________________________________ Figure 70. ABC Dbayeh new lighting scheme. _________________________________________ Figure 71. ABC Dbayeh new lighting scheme. _________________________________________ Figure 72. New scheme detail. _____________________________________________________ Figure 73. USJ actual building. _____________________________________________________ Figure 74. USJ physical model. _____________________________________________________ Figure 75. USJ physical model with current lighting scheme. ______________________________ Figure 76. USJ current lighting scheme. ______________________________________________ Figure 77. USJ new lighting scheme. ________________________________________________ Figure 78. USJ new lighting scheme. ________________________________________________ Figure 79. Model details. __________________________________________________________ Figure 80. Model details. __________________________________________________________ Figure 81. Model details. __________________________________________________________ Figure 82. CMA CGM actual building. ________________________________________________ Figure 83. CMA CGM physical model. _______________________________________________ Figure 84. CMA CGM current lighting scheme. _________________________________________ Figure 85. Model detail. ___________________________________________________________ Figure 86. CMA CGM current lighting scheme. _________________________________________ Figure 87. CMA CGM new lighting scheme. ___________________________________________ Figure 88. Model details. __________________________________________________________ Figure 89. CMA CGM new lighting scheme. ___________________________________________ Figure 90. Experiment diagram. ____________________________________________________ Figure 91. 1:1 situation. ___________________________________________________________ Figure 92. Experts filling the survey. _________________________________________________ Figure 93. Experts filling the survey. _________________________________________________ Figure 94. Experts movements during the experiment (images taken from a time-lapse video). ___ Figure 95. Online survey screenshots. _______________________________________________ Figure 96. ABC Dbayeh current scheme simulation. _____________________________________ Figure 97. ABC Dbayeh current scheme simulation. _____________________________________ Figure 98. ABC Dbayeh new scheme simulation. _______________________________________ Figure 99. ABC Dbayeh new scheme simulation. _______________________________________ Figure 100. USJ current scheme simulation.___________________________________________ Figure 101. USJ current scheme simulation.___________________________________________ Figure 102. USJ current scheme simulation.___________________________________________ Figure 103. USJ new scheme simulation. _____________________________________________ Figure 104. USJ new scheme simulation. _____________________________________________ Figure 105. USJ new scheme simulation. _____________________________________________ Figure 106. CMA CGM current scheme simulation. _____________________________________ Figure 107. CMA CGM current scheme simulation. _____________________________________ Figure 108. CMA CGM current scheme simulation. _____________________________________ Figure 109. CMA CGM new scheme simulation.________________________________________ Figure 110. CMA CGM new scheme simulation.________________________________________ Figure 111. CMA CGM new scheme simulation.________________________________________ Figure 112. ABC Dbayeh current scheme luminance. ___________________________________ Figure 113. ABC Dbayeh current scheme luminance. ___________________________________
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Figure 114. ABC Dbayeh new scheme luminance. ______________________________________ Figure 115. ABC Dbayeh new scheme luminance. ______________________________________ Figure 116. USJ current scheme luminance. __________________________________________ Figure 117. USJ current scheme luminance. __________________________________________ Figure 118. USJ current scheme luminance. __________________________________________ Figure 119. USJ new scheme luminance. _____________________________________________ Figure 120. USJ new scheme luminance. _____________________________________________ Figure 121. USJ new scheme luminance. _____________________________________________ Figure 122. CMA CGM current scheme luminance. _____________________________________ Figure 123. CMA CGM current scheme luminance. _____________________________________ Figure 124. CMA CGM current scheme luminance. _____________________________________ Figure 125. CMA CGM new scheme luminance. _______________________________________ Figure 126. CMA CGM new scheme luminance. _______________________________________ Figure 127. CMA CGM new scheme luminance. _______________________________________ Figure 128. Luminance comparison, Case Study 1. _____________________________________ Figure 129. Luminance comparison, Case Study 2. _____________________________________ Figure 130. Luminance comparison, Case Study 3. _____________________________________
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List of tables
Table 1. Question 1.1 answers. _____________________________________________________ Table 2. Question 1.2 answers. _____________________________________________________ Table 3. Question 1.3 answers. _____________________________________________________ Table 4. Question 1.4 answers. _____________________________________________________ Table 5. Question 1.5 answers. _____________________________________________________ Table 6. Question 1.6 answers. _____________________________________________________ Table 7. Question 1.7 answers. _____________________________________________________ Table 8. Question 1.8 answers. _____________________________________________________ Table 9. Question 2.1 answers. _____________________________________________________ Table 10. Question 2.2 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 11. Question 2.3 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 12. Question 2.4 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 13. Question 2.5 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 14. Question 2.6 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 15. Question 2.7 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 16. Question 2.8 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 17. Question 3.1 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 18. Question 3.2 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 19. Question 3.3 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 20. Question 3.4 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 21. Question 3.5 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 22. Question 3.6 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 23. Question 3.7 answers. ____________________________________________________ Table 24. Question 3.8 answers. ____________________________________________________
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List of charts Chart 1. Appearance scale answers._________________________________________________ Chart 2. Effects of the lighting scheme on the daylit appearance. __________________________ Chart 3. Lighting scheme and the design concept. ______________________________________ Chart 4. Faรงade Modelling. ________________________________________________________ Chart 5. Faรงade elements appearance. ______________________________________________ Chart 6. Lighting equipment integration. ______________________________________________ Chart 7. Lighting scheme brightness. ________________________________________________ Chart 8. Lighting scheme colour appearance. __________________________________________ Chart 9. Current lighting scheme descriptions. _________________________________________ Chart 10. Ideas to highlight in the new scheme. ________________________________________ Chart 11. New lighting scheme descriptions. __________________________________________
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1 Introduction “Architecture which enters into a symbiosis with light does not merely create form in light, by day and at night, but allows light to become form.” - Richard Meier (Keskeys, 2015) As described by Richard Meier. Light is not only the source of life but also the source of all form. Today, we live in a fast world of construction and technology where economy and power play the most important role. Our cities have a double life and only with the power of light, they become alive during the night. The discovery of artificial light has changed the way humans live on this planet. Every new technology has shaped the built environment around us. From the illumination of the world exhibitions to the media facades, light was always the center of attraction. An advertising tool more powerful than any other. A material more flexible than any other. Façade lighting represents the image of a building during the night. This idea revolutionized the way they were designed and introduced very powerful examples in the modern era. Architects and designers were well aware of the importance of the nocturnal image of a building. This encouraged collaboration with lighting designers to create coherent designs by day and by night. With the advancement of the technologies, and the increase in demand, less examples of “night architecture” are found today. Clients want to implement successful schemes to their buildings as a coating without any understanding of the structural, morphological or typological elements of the architecture. The collaboration with lighting designers at the concept stage is very rare. Manufacturers are the main players in the industry. This dissertation investigates how the architectural intent is maintained or reinforced in the transition from daylight to artificial light. This study will be based on a case study approach. Carefully chosen contemporary buildings will serve as a testing platform for modernist lighting principles. Through physical models and computer simulation this study will try to see why the modernist façade lighting examples were much more successful than many lighting schemes found today. Moreover, it will discuss the application of modern lighting principles on contemporary buildings using recent, more sophisticated technologies. Certain guidelines in façade lighting will be presented for the benefit of architects, lighting designers, planners and lighting manufacturers.
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2 Literature review 2.1 Lighting discovery, a new “material” Since its discovery, artificial light played a major role in the life of human beings. It shaped our cities and transformed darkness into a new world full of life. This new “building material” of the 20th century fascinated architects and designers with its ability to convey a message and influence form. A medium that revolutionized the way buildings were designed and affected all design decisions including the shape, materials and colours. 2.2 First use of light in world exhibitions In the 1880s, world exhibitions helped in spreading new lighting technologies around the world. Structures and pavilions were designed for their nocturnal experience. Architects and designers worked on integrating lighting with architecture. The lighting schemes fascinated the public and created new night time entertainment (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006). 2.2.1 Paris expo 1889 – Tour Eiffel illumination The Paris Expo in 1889 was dazzled with lights and colours. The tour Eiffel illumination was spectacular. It was lit by all available lighting technologies. Gas, incandescent and search lights were used. “The Eiffel Tower was painted a brilliant yellow-orange on the outside. At night the polychromy shifted gradually from the buildings to the light spectacle, creating a seamless and continuous visual experience of unprecedented richness and surprising movement” (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006).
Figure 2. Paris world fair lighted fountain.
Figure 1. Tour Eiffel Illumination, Expo 1889.
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2.2.2 Chicago – Light as the main attraction Paris Expo paved the way to new experimentations with light. Five years later, the Chicago world fair showcased a new urban vision of lighting. “This urbanistic vision reached its culmination at night, when its centrally planned lighting scheme added a layer of abstraction, of unreality, and of heightened coherence”. Lighting no longer was an addition to the buildings, it became the main attraction (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006).
Figure 3. Chicago world fair 1893.
Figure 4. Tesla’s spotlights, Chicago 1893.
2.2.3 Edison tower of light – structures designed for their night time appearance In the same Expo, a new architectural concept was showcased. A structure was designed and built only for its nocturnal appearance; the Edison tower of light. This 25 meters’ tall structure was covered with light bulbs that danced to the rhythm of music. Lighting started to play an important role in architecture. Designers now had to think of the night time appearance of buildings (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006).
Figure 5. Edison tower of light in the electricity building.
Figure 6. Edison tower of light.
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2.3 Nocturnal architecture In the early 1900s, a new term emerged: “Lichtarchitektur” or light architecture. Joachim Teichmüller was the first to use this term. According to him light architecture is “the architecture that conceives light as a building material and incorporates it purposefully into the overall architectural design”. (Ganslandt and Hofmann, 1992) In 1930 Raymond Hood described lighting as an art that is so powerful and that is still in its early period of discovery. He hinted to a future of infinite possibilities (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006). 2.3.1 Lighting – essential element of a building design Architects and designers realized the power of light and how much it affected all their design decisions. Lighting became an integral element of modern architecture. According to Boullée: “L'art de nous emouvoir par les effets de la lumiere appartient a L'architecture”. This meant that the art of moving us by the effects of light, belongs to the architecture. Artificial lighting became one of the most important form driving parameters of the building (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006). 2.3.2 Selecting surfaces according to their appearance under artificial light Materials were experimented with different light sources in order to achieve the desired results. Sometimes materials, colours and forms were chosen for the lit effect they created. As described by the magazine Bauwelt in 1930: “It would be difficult to find any construction or new building material offering as many artistic possibilities, and thus challenges, as Light” (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006). 2.4 Light as an advertising medium As soon as advertising capabilities of lighting were discovered, lighting became mainly used for this purpose. Facades no longer constituted building skins but surfaces of advertisement. Hugo Häring in 1927 favored the transformation of building facades to “scaffoldings” that hold luminous signs and panels. The idea of lighting as an architectural element envisioned earlier was soon forgotten (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006).
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2.4.1 Light Festivals – advertising a city Cities started to compete with each other by organizing light festivals or a celebration of light that attracted locals and tourists. Lighting advertised a city better than travel guides. One of the most impressive light festivals was “Berlin im Licht” in 1928. It was the most successful attempt to strengthen Berlin’s status as a world city (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006).
Figure 7. Berlin im Licht postcard.
Figure 8. Osram tower for the light festival.
2.4.2 Facades – Advertising platforms “Lichtreklame” or luminous advertisement became the new trend in architectural lighting. It didn’t add any architectural value but gave buildings an advertising role. Facades are reduced to structures holding luminous signs, letters, logos…. Mies van der Rohe’s designs for Alexanderplatz were examples to this phenomenon. Facades were made of glass. A steel structure independent from the building’s structure was added as a mounting frame for advertisements (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006).
Figure 9. Askianischer Platz, Berlin 1938.
Figure 10. Mies van der Rohe Alexanderplatz proposal.
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2.4.3 Floodlight - Advertising through light Another way of advertising through light was floodlighting buildings. This was mostly used in the United States. Towers were floodlit to advertise a company or brand. The advantage of this system is that no trace is seen during the day. Light sources were hidden using some architectural features. According to David Nye: “a selective nightscape emerged, a new kind of visual text, one that expressed an argument or view of the world without writing” (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006).
Figure 11. Rockefeller center floodlighting.
Figure 12. Empire state building “freedom lights” installation.
2.4.4 Neon light The first neon lights were bought from Claude Neon in Paris and taken to the United States. They immediately saw how powerful this technology was for advertisement. It was a flexible light source perfect for signs. Associated with the American dream, neon gave some cities like Las Vegas their visual identity. “Neon in America meant progress, vitality and urban excitement” (Stern, 1980).
Figure 13. Manufacturing neon tubes, 1933.
Figure 14. Las Vegas neon signs 1958.
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2.5 Architecture of the night, GE In 1930, General Electric published several articles entitled “Architecture of the night” encouraging the collaboration between architects and lighting engineers. It stressed on the idea that architectural illumination needs to be carefully designed. It required a lot of research, technical and artistic knowledge. According to Harvey Corbett: “It happens too often in the design of buildings that illumination is an after consideration” (General Electric company, 1930).
Figure 15. Architecture of the night cover page.
Figure 16. Manhattan night view, 1944.
2.5.1 Collaboration between architects and lighting engineers The image of the building during the night should be coherent with its image during the day. Lighting should be part of the building design, emphasizing form and volumes. Lighting engineers should assist architects technically to achieve the intended effect. However, lighting engineers should be consulted in the early phase of design where modifications are still possible (General Electric company, 1930). 2.5.2 Recommendations for different lighting strategies Due to the lack of collaboration between architects and lighting designers, General Electric created in 1936 “A Guide to the Selection and Location of Equipment”. The General Electric laboratories, tested different materials with different lighting strategies and published recommendations. For each building type, a specific lighting scheme was suggested. Moreover, it specified the location and distance between the luminaires and the lit surfaces (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006).
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2.6 Façade lighting – Post WWII Lighting played an essential role in the reconstruction after World War II. It helped create a different image of the city that was present during the day. According to Gerhard Rosenberg: “Lights outline the streets, replace the non-existent upper floors of buildings, create squares and define open spaces, outline and emphasize the buildings that are reconstructed and make one feel secure and at home in a town that, in daytime, still looks more like a shanty town or a huge bomb site than a thriving city” (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006). Since the 1960s, architects still attempted to incorporate the lighting scheme with the concept to create a beautiful shift from day to nighttime appearance. However, it was rare. Lighting was still an afterthought and the utopian vision of “light architecture” that was predicted in the past was still far from reality. 2.6.1 Introduction of LEDs With the introduction of Light Emitting Diodes, new possibilities became available. The number of lit buildings increased significantly. According to Phil Gabriel, LEDs gave a lot of flexibility. One could produce any colour, they were programmable and with the introduction of computer based simulation they could be tested during the design process. However, this technology was applied “overwhelmingly rather than appealingly” (Warson, 2007). 2.6.2 Media façades Media façades revolutionized architectural lighting. Façades were no longer static or glowing, they became flickering. They offered advertising possibilities never reached before. The building became a “software-adjustable light ornament” (Jackson et al., 2015). However, similarly to the early 1900s, where facades were mainly a structure holding advertisements, media façades were being used as electronic wallpapers neither related to the building nor to its concept. According to Mark Hensman: “you have to have a reason for it. It needs to convey a message” (Sullivan, 2007). This result was predicted by Robert Venturi much earlier: “These electronic elements promoting flexible imagery - graphic, abstract, and/ or symbolic - work as sources of ornament that appeal to hype sensibility of our time and as sources of information, dynamically and multicultural... Here architecture becomes non-architecture” (Jackson et al., 2015).
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Figure 17. Tower of winds, Japan.
Figure 18. Spots Berlin, Germany.
Figure 19. Uniqa tower, Austria.
Figure 20. Kunsthaus Graz, Austria.
Figure 21. Alesia Cinema, France.
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2.7 Architectural lighting debate When a façade lighting strategy was incorporated, it tended to follow two paths. One simulating the effects of the sun or moon and another following a technological path. According to Sullivan in his article “Facade Lighting: A Fork in The Road” published in 2007, “For any given project, a lighting designer tends to operate with either a “naturalist” or a “technologist” mindset, though the approaches can overlap considerably” (Sullivan, 2007). 2.7.1 Day vs night appearance Architects design according to a moving point source; the sun. This creates a play between lights and shadows. Sun position changes during the day and seasons so buildings are in constant change. Cities are alive during the night and so are buildings. Lighting during the night should respond to the architect’s concept and be in a way correlated with the daytime appearance to create a coherent design (Daniels, 2000). According to Derek Philips: “the nighttime appearance need not be the same, but it should bear sufficient correlation with the day appearance to be appreciated as the same building ” (Philips, 1964). Ernst Reinhardt, architect who wrote in the Bauhaus Journal said that “light changes one's perception of a building by night. 20th century architects were experimenting with the perception of outdoor space at night in the same way that Gothic architects had experimented with natural light and internal space” (Compton, 1980). 2.7.2 Nocturnal impression of a building – Brand image Lighting is the main source of advertisement in our cities and it has been the case since its invention. “Interactive lighting concepts are being used for commercial storytelling”. Companies are using lighting to communicate brands and express ideas and stories over time. This could be done in several ways sometimes just by using a single colour (Jackson et al., 2015). However, this hasn’t responded to the issue of architectural lighting but in a way made it worse. Our cities are being transformed into walls of advertisements. 2.7.3 Architects/Lighting designers that mastered architectural illumination During the modern era and until today, many architects and lighting designers were able to create lighting design schemes that had a valuable addition to the building, responded to the concept and created a well correlated night time image. Three examples were chosen and discussed. The ideas or principles behind their lighting schemes were tested in this study on contemporary buildings. The three chosen examples are: Simpson’s department store in London, De Volharding building in Hague and Manufacturers trust building in New York.
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Simpson’s Department Store – London – 1936 Lighting Principle: Highlighting architectural elements Simpson’s Department Store was designed by Joseph Emberton in 1936. The façade was conceived to incorporate light as one of its materials. Ribbon windows were bordered by stone and bronze. To create an even illumination, the surfaces were inclined towards the light source. During the night a composition of red, green and blue neon light sources revealed the vertical and horizontal elements of the building. The system allowed the use of a single colour or a composition of colours in addition to dimming each light source. The lighting design of this building revealed surfaces and volumetric characteristics of the building (Compton, 1980).
Figure 22. Simpson’s Picadilly.
Figure 23. Interior lighting feature.
Figure 24. Nightime appearance.
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De Volharding Building – Hague – 1928 Lighting Principle: Highlighting interior activity
De Volharing building was designed by architect Jan Buijs in 1928. It is one of the best examples of modernist architecture to apply the concept of “light architecture”. In response to the client’s advertising needs, Buijs created a “structure that seemed to consist of light”. Letters were placed behind translucent glass panels; at night the panels were backlit revealing the messages. Moreover, the circulation elements were cladded by glass bricks also illuminated during the night emphasizing the location of the staircase and elevator. The top of the building announced the name of the cooperative through a composition of vertically and horizontally lit elements. All these lighting components “made the building a shining beacon of glass and light architecture”. The principles of lighting implemented by Buijs were influenced by Paul Scheerbart and his ideas of “Glassarchitektur”. According to Scheerbart: “The glass house is, when internally lit, a self-sufficient illuminated body” (Rehorst, 1985).
Figure 25. Daytime appearance.
Figure 26. Nightime appearance, 1996.
Figure 27. Nightime appearance, 1928.
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Manufacturers Trust – New York – 1955 Lighting Principle: Highlighting daylit effect
Designed in 1955 by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Manufacturers Trust is a bank building. It was one of the first banks to be designed of glass convening the message of transparency and openness. During the night this idea was emphasized through luminous ceilings on different floors which lit the interior and made it visible to the outside. According to Lewis Mumford the building is “a crystal lantern. It is even more striking by night than by daylight”. The principal behind the lighting design here is to highlight the daylit characteristics of the architecture (Neumann and Ackermann, 2006).
Figure 28. Manufacturers Trust building during the day.
Figure 29. Interior view.
Figure 30. Nightime appearance.
Figure 31. Interior view.
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2.7.4 Technical implementation of the concept – Who is qualified? In the book entitled “Superlux” published in 2015, the author asked an interesting question: “should there be today a specific discipline of professionals officially called light architects?” (Jackson et al., 2015). According to Dereck Philips, “light can alter our experience of structure to give it solidity or weight, to fragment it, or indeed make it disappear altogether, and the architect should be aware both of the power of light to modify the impression he wants to create – for this should not be achieved by accident but by mutual understanding between the architect and his lighting designer” (Philips, 2000). The debate of architectural lighting seems to be forgotten. Less is found about new technologies and their implementation with architecture. Manufacturers are the main players in the industry. Rare are the projects where lighting designers are being consulted early on in the design process.
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2.8 Problem identification – Research question In the past, there was an understanding of lighting technologies by architects and designers. The collaboration with lighting designers resulted in designs that reveal architectural structure and concept appropriately. With the move towards a new technological paradigm and the introduction of LED’s, façade lighting shifted to an end product added to the building as an illuminated coating without any understanding of the structural, morphological or typological elements of the architecture. Today, many projects are designed without any consideration to their night time appearance. Architects, designers, planners and investors still lack awareness of the effect lighting could have on our cities, buildings and people’s perception. As a lighting designer who worked closely with a manufacturer in Beirut, Lebanon, the author was exposed to several façade lighting projects. Most of the time façade lighting was remembered at the end of the project. Moreover, clients tended to apply a successful lighting scheme to a building irrespective of its architectural elements and concept. According to Paul Nulty in his article in Retail Focus Magazine: “the question of whether to light a façade should be asked at the start of the design process”. Moreover, he emphasized on the fact that most retailers think that over lighting will create a more spectacular effect when in reality this will destroy the architectural value and repel people instead of inspiring them (Nulty, 2014). Thomas Posch from the international Dark Sky association stressed on the issue of façade lighting. According to him: “poorly planned façade lighting is becoming an increasingly serious problem that affects the aesthetic appearance of nocturnal landscapes as well as creatures that are active at night, such as insects and migrating birds” (Light for Façades and Architecture, 2014). The main purpose of this study is to raise awareness of the effects of lighting on the building façade, showing how different lighting schemes can affect the architecture and how this influences people’s perception of the building. Moreover, it encourages collaboration between architects and lighting designers since the early stages of the design to achieve integrated lighting systems that serve the concept. In order to tackle this issue a thesis question was raised: “How is the architectural intent maintained or reinforced in the transition from daylight to artificial light?” This study is of great importance for architects, lighting designers, planners and lighting manufacturers. Inappropriate façade lighting can distort the architecture, reduce the value of a building and change the architect’s vision or concept. Moreover, it could negatively affect a city’s image and ambience.
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3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction This study focused on the nighttime appearance of contemporary buildings using recent lighting technologies. The principles of “light architecture” discussed previously in the literature review were applied to recent contemporary projects. Moreover, the successful modernist examples of façade lighting detailed in the literature review informed the modifications of the case studies. 3.2 Approach This study followed a case study approach. The buildings chosen were medium rise buildings. With regard to the typology, it was better to choose different typologies of architecture and see the relation between the results and different building programs. All the buildings had a current lighting scheme that was discussed and modeled. This made the research much more valuable when comparing current schemes to new ones. The current lighting scheme of the building was taken into account for the assessment. For feasibility of the study, the lighting design of the cases were static and the colour of the light was white, which meant that the brightness was a variable and not the colour. 3.3 Strategy and research Design The chosen examples were detailed and then their design concepts were discussed. The current lighting scheme was evaluated according to the concept. Following this evaluation, the lighting design of each case was changed according to the principles taken from the modernist examples as well as the architectural and lighting skills of the author. The examples of the modernist era discussed in the literature review had certain lighting principles. These principles were used to inform the change in the lighting scheme of the chosen cases. In order to obtain the best results, ideally the change would be applied on the actual buildings with the help of a manufacturer supplying the necessary light fittings. However, for feasibility of the study, a physical model was adequate in effectively showing the different lighting schemes. Moreover, physical modeling is a very powerful tool that is being less used today especially in the lighting industry. Everybody is relying on simulation. However, the author’s experience with physical models during architecture school allowed him to understand the accuracy of results models generated and the interactivity they created during assessment. This was felt greatly in this study when comparing feedback, the author received from the participants who saw the actual models and the participants who took the online survey. The first part of the study consisted of an experiment where two groups of people were invited to an exhibition space to evaluate the changes made on physical models and filled in a survey. Then an online survey was created and was also sent to two groups of people who had to evaluate different lighting schemes based on pictures of the
26
physical models. The first group of people was formed of experts in the field of lighting and architecture. This represented the experts’ opinion. The second group was formed of people from different fields not related to lighting or architecture. This represented the public opinion. The data collected from the surveys constituted the qualitative data of the research. In the second part of the study, digital models of the case study buildings were imported in Dialux Evo and the specific lighting equipment was added to simulate each lighting scheme. This generated the photometric data for each case. The photometric data was used as the quantitative data of the research. The same strategy was applied on all cases for a better accuracy of the results. 3.4 Case study selection process A manufacturer in Lebanon; Lightium, decided to support this dissertation by providing lighting equipment that will be used in the experiment. The process started by looking at contemporary buildings, medium rise that have a certain architectural value. Their lighting scheme is static of white colour. The problem faced today is global. However, after discussions with the manufacturer in Beirut, it became more important to choose case studies in Lebanon due to the increase in the number of lit buildings and the very little thought given to the design of their lighting schemes. Moreover, doing the experiment in Beirut, allowed the author to invite people that actually are familiar with the chosen buildings and had already seen their respective lighting schemes. The first trip to Lebanon in June was important to scan the nightscape and select projects that fit certain criteria. For instance, the buildings should have a certain architectural value and a concept that has driven the design process. Moreover, they should have an actual lighting scheme that is neutral; it is there but not adding any value to the building. The chosen cases should be related to the modernist buildings discussed in the previous chapter. Each case should be appropriate for testing a certain lighting principle. The three principles are: highlighting architectural elements, highlighting activity and highlighting the day lit effect. At first several cases for each lighting principle were selected. After discussions with the author’s advisor and some lighting designers in Beirut, the most appropriate case for each principle was selected. The first step of the process was to visit the selected cases and collect architectural documents. This understanding of the architecture is essential for building the digital and physical models. It would have been interesting to interview the architects behind the designs. However, the stay in Lebanon was short and some architects were abroad. Meetings could not be scheduled with any of the architects. However, due to the fact that the buildings chosen were designed by renowned architectural firms, all the information related to their concept and architecture was available online. The three cases selected for the experiment are ABC Dbayeh, USJ Campus de l’Innovation et du Sport and CMA CGM Beirut.
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3.5 The cases 3.5.1 Case study 1: ABC Dbayeh Lighting principle tested: Highlighting architectural elements ABC Dbayeh was an expansion design for the original mall that was built in 1979. In 2009, the American firm nARCHITECTS was in charge of redesigning the existing mall. The design was to create several volumes that are shifted horizontally and vertically in response to site and zoning constraints. The main faรงade is made of lasercut aluminum sheets, with apertures varying in sizes. The waste produced to make the first volume was used as cladding in the shape of the brands logo on the three other volumes. These volumes were in concrete, one was clad in aluminum black sheets, the others were painted, one in light grey and the other in dark grey. The actual lighting scheme consisted of backlighting the main volume to reveal the openings and up light the other three volumes to reveal the cladded logos and the different textures. The architects vision was to create a coherent volumetric ensemble which provides a different experience for users depending on the time of their visit. Moreover, because of its location on the main coastal highway, the architects wanted to create a landmark by day and by night (Narchitects.com, 2017).
Figure 32. ABC Dbayeh, View from the highway.
Figure 33. Rendered view.
Figure 34. Selected elevation for study.
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3.5.2 Case study 2: USJ Campus de l’Innovation et du Sport Lighting principle tested: Highlighting interior activity Designed by Youssef Tohme Architects and 109 Architects in 2011, this new campus for Saint Joseph University takes a contextual approach, integrating historically, physically and culturally with Beirut’s urban tissue. The building consists of different blocks connected on different levels. This fluid circulation created several meeting points for the students with interesting viewpoints to the city. The main building was made from polycarbonate sheets housing the main basketball stadium. The other blocks had a very unique façade design. The Concrete was perforated according to a pattern inspired from the mousharabieh design and the destruction caused by the Lebanese civil war. This allowed direct and ambient light to penetrate the interior spaces and create very interesting play of light during the day. The current lighting scheme consisted of up lighting the inner voids between the blocks revealing the different volumes (109architectes.com, 2017).
Figure 35. Southern façade.
Figure 36. Bridges between blocks.
Figure 37. Selected elevation for study.
Figure 38. Roof Plan.
Figure 39. Current lighting scheme.
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3.5.3 Case study 3: CMA CGM Beirut Lighting principle tested: Highlighting daylit effect CMA CGM headquarters in Beirut is a transparent composite structure designed by Nabil Gholam Architects and completed in 2011. The building design was based on several environmental strategies to increase efficiency and create a model for environmentally friendly buildings in Beirut. The faรงade design was one of the key elements in this environmental strategy. The glass panels were designed to reduce heat gains while keeping a transparency with the outside and increasing daylight supply. The shading elements were a second shield for the building against solar gains and protected from the external high noise levels. The grid system of the interior gave maximum flexibility. A structural system that allowed different partitioning on each level. The current lighting scheme of the building consisted of lighting from the inside by creating a false ceiling system on each floor that allowed for cove lighting. This indirect light is projected to the outside during the night and gives a linear lighting effect of each slab (Nabilgholam.com, 2017).
Figure 40. CMA CGM, View from the main street.
Figure 41. Current lighting scheme.
Figure 42. Selected elevation for study.
Figure 43. Typical Plan.
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3.6 Building the physical models The work started by taking architectural drawings of the selected buildings specifically a plan and elevation in order to be able to draw their respective 3D files. These were drawn using Autocad 3D. Later the models were exported to Sketchup, the respective materials added and exported again as 3DS files. These files were later imported to Dialux Evo for digital simulation.
Figure 44. ABC Dbayeh digital model on Sketchup.
Figure 45. USJ digital model on Sketchup.
Figure 46. CMA CGM digital model on Sketchup.
In parallel the 2d files of each case study were drawn so that they could be laser cut using different materials representing the real material as accurately as possible. The scale used for the physical models was 1/100. This scale was very appropriate. It was feasible for the transportation of the models and still gave a good representation of the lighting scheme. Moreover, it was a good scale to replicate the user viewing points according to reality.
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During the second trip to Lebanon in July, the models of each case study were built. The process started by sending the 2d files to the laser cutting machine. These 2d files were drawn on Autocad and the pieces were placed on boards of 100X70 cm to fit the laser machine. Moreover, each piece was placed on a board according to the material that will be used for cutting. The materials used were cardboard, foam board, thick paper and Plexiglas. Some of these materials had different thicknesses. For instance, a 0.3mm cardboard replicated a 30cm slab at a 1/100 scale. In addition, different textures and colours from each material were used. For example, Transparent and translucent Plexiglas. Different colours and textures for the thick paper replicated the façade materials‌ In total 21 boards of different materials were laser cut to make the three models. Figure 47 and 48 show examples of these boards.
Cardboard 0.1mm
Figure 47. Example of 2d board sent to laser mashine. Grey 2
Figure 48. Example of 2d board sent to laser mashine.
Figure 49. Material Selection for laser cutting.
Figure 50. Laser cutting transparent Plexiglas.
Figure 51. Laser cutting coloured thick paper.
Figure 52. Laser cut board before assembly.
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3.6.1 Case study 1: ABC Dbayeh physical model While building the physical model, both the current lighting scheme and the new one were incorporated. Each scheme was connected separately to a dimmer and switch. The current lighting scheme of ABC Dbayeh consisted of backlighting the first volume and up lighting the other three volumes. The new lighting scheme consisted of backlighting the first volume in a more uniform way and to light each of the metallic elements on the other three volumes separately. For this reason, a box was created in which an LED panel was placed on the inside. Then a translucent Plexiglas piece was placed in front of the LED panel to diffuse the light. The faรงade was perforated in circles behind each metallic element to allow light to pass. To replicate the metallic elements that are placed 20 cm away from the faรงade, a 2 mm transparent Plexiglas sheet was cut according to the exact sizes of the pieces. Then one side of the Plexiglas was coloured in metallic grey paint. Each piece was then glued on the perforated circle. This way the light passed through the sides of the transparent Plexiglas but not from the front as the piece was coloured from that side. This is illustrated in figure 53 below.
Figure 53. ABC assembly diagram for both current and new lighting scheme.
Figure 54. The four boxes making the faรงade.
Figure 55. Faรงade assembly process.
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3.6.2 Case study 2: USJ Campus de l’Innovation et du Sport physical model To replicate the current lighting scheme of this case study which consisted of up lighting the side façades of the three blocks, several point sources were used. Two point sources were placed between each two blocks. The new lighting scheme is supposed to be highlighting activity. This was created by highlighting the passages and the connections in the building. LED strip rotated 90 degrees were placed between two layers of cardboard. Then to reduce the dots effect of the LEDs, the two cardboard pieces were taped with translucent tape which diffused the light and gave a more homogeneous effect. This is illustrated in figure 56 below. The lighting equipment that were used in this case study are 3mm wide warm white LED strips and small point sources.
Figure 56. USJ assembly diagram for new lighting scheme.
Figure 57. Slabs assembly process.
Figure 58. Combining the slabs with the façade.
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3.6.3 Case study 3: CMA CGM Beirut physical model To replicate the current lighting scheme of this case study which consisted of cove lighting on the interior, a sandwich system for the slab was used. It consisted of a 2 mm white cardboard layer then a 3 mm transparent Plexiglas layer and then a 1 mm white cardboard layer. During assembly, the LED strip was placed from the back at a 90 degrees’ angle lighting in the direction of the transparent Plexiglas. This gave the line effect from the front replicating exactly the effect of the actual lighting scheme. For the new lighting scheme, the idea was to create a lantern effect that showed the transparency of the building based on the modernist principle. This effect is produced in reality by having a lit stretched ceiling. However, on a smaller scale it was hard to replicate this effect. After several failed test with translucent Plexiglas that did not diffuse the light properly, the led strips were placed on the slab of each floor and the light was directed to the ceiling. This created the desired effect. Moreover, as the viewing point of the physical model during the experiment was replicating the real one the led strips were not visible. The two schemes are illustrated in figure 59 below.
Figure 59. CMA CGM assembly diagram for both current and new lighting scheme.
Figure 60. Assembling the slabs together.
Figure 61. Slabs with Led strips for current scheme.
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All the equipment was provided by a manufacturer in Beirut; Lightium. The company works in providing custom made LED lighting for different types of projects. However, they are very well known for faรงade lighting. The specification sheet for each luminaire provided by Lightium is found in Appendix A1. These Luminaires were trying to replicate a scaled down version of the real luminaires. Moreover, each scheme was connected to a dimmer and switch as seen in figure 62. The brightness for the current scheme of each case study was set using visual mechanisms that replicated the actual nighttime appearance for the building.
Figure 62. CMA CGM model view from the back showing the cabling, dimmers and switches.
Figure 63. LED panel, strip and point source.
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3.7 The physical models 3.7.1 Case study 1: ABC Dbayeh Figure 64. ABC Dbayeh actual building.
Figure 65. ABC Dbayeh physical model.
Figure 66. ABC Dbayeh physical model.
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Figure 67. ABC Dbayeh current lighting scheme.
Figure 68. ABC Dbayeh current lighting scheme.
Figure 69. Current scheme detail.
Figure 70. ABC Dbayeh new lighting scheme.
Figure 71. ABC Dbayeh new lighting scheme.
Figure 72. New scheme detail.
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3.7.2 Case study 2: USJ Campus de l’Innovation et du Sport
Figure 73. USJ actual building.
Figure 74. USJ physical model.
Figure 75. USJ physical model with current lighting scheme.
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Figure 76. USJ current lighting scheme.
Figure 77. USJ new lighting scheme.
Figure 78. USJ new lighting scheme.
Figure 80. Model details.
Figure 79. Model details.
Figure 81. Model details.
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3.7.3 Case study 3: CMA CGM Beirut
Figure 82. CMA CGM actual building.
Figure 83. CMA CGM physical model.
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Figure 84. CMA CGM current lighting scheme.
Figure 85. Model detail.
Figure 86. CMA CGM current lighting scheme.
Figure 87. CMA CGM new lighting scheme.
Figure 88. Model details.
Figure 89. CMA CGM new lighting scheme.
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3.8 The experiment The Lebanese American University, where the author completed his architecture degree decided to help him by providing the exhibition space. It was easier to place the models in one place and invite all the experts and public there. Moreover, the university printed posters related to the experiment so that students can attend the experiment and give their opinions as the public. For the experts, invitations were sent by email and most of them were able to attend. The poster and invitation for the experiment are found in appendix A2. The participants in the experiment were 17 experts and 23 from the public. The 17 experts were 12 males and 5 females with ages ranging between 25 and 60. The 23 public were 9 males and 14 females. 18 of the 23 participants from this group were architecture students. The age range was between 20 and 40. All the participants in the experiment were Lebanese. During the day of the experiment, the blackout curtains were closed in the room preventing any direct light from the exterior. However, the exhibition space also had a glass façade to the external corridor which allowed some light to penetrate the room. After closing it using dark sheets, the room felt too dark and by keeping this side open, it created a better experience for the viewers and replicated more accurately the situation during the night outside. The viewing position was decided according to the scale of the models which were placed at 170 cm height. The viewers had to stand 200 cm away from the models but were allowed to get closer in order to see the details and assess them. The three models were placed next to each other’s and viewers moved in front of each one while assessing it. The dimensions here are a fair simulation of the 1:1 scale. This is replicating the subtended angle at the eye. In the figure 90 below, it is illustrated how the same viewing angle of the 1:1 situation (figure 91) is replicated in the experiment.
Figure 90. Experiment diagram.
Figure 91. 1:1 situation.
9 The process was the same for all the viewers. First the participants saw the models without any lighting. Then the current lighting scheme of the first case study was switched on, the participant had to answer the first part of the survey related to the current lighting scheme. Then the current lighting scheme was switched off and the new scheme was turned on. The second set of questions related to the new scheme were answered. Then the process was repeated for the other two buildings.
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Figure 92. Experts filling the survey.
Figure 93. Experts filling the survey.
The survey was designed using two types of questions. Questions with linear scale and open ended questions. The first type was used to assess the effect of the lighting scheme on the architecture and the day lit appearance of the building. Moreover, several questions were related to the light itself, its integration with the architecture, its colour and brightness. The second type of questions was used to describe the lighting scheme and to put the person responding in the designer’s shoes to see what they would have done differently before seeing the new lighting scheme. The survey is found in Appendix A3. It was very interesting to see the reaction of people while viewing each lighting scheme. Moreover, seeing an actual model made the experiment much more interactive especially that viewers were able to move around the models and see them from different angles. Nowadays everybody is becoming used to computer simulations. Physical models especially in lighting are long forgotten. Most of the viewers were impressed by how much physical models are a better tool to experiment with lighting and how closer the results were to reality than digital renderings.
Figure 94. Experts movements during the experiment (images taken from a time-lapse video).
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After the experiment and to get results from a broader population, an online survey was sent to more experts and public using Google Forms. This survey contained the same questions as the survey found in appendix A1. However, the participants answered the questions according to pictures of the physical models that were provided as part of the survey as shown in the screenshots below. The participants in the online survey were 18 experts and 12 from the public. The 18 experts were 12 females and 6 males with ages ranging between 25 and 60. The 12 public were 7 males and 5 females. The age range was between 20 and 30. The participants in the online survey were from 10 different nationalities.
Figure 95. Online survey screenshots.
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3.9 Computer simulation The last part of the process was to work on the 3d simulation using Dialux Evo. The 3d models drawn previously were imported to Dialux and the lighting was added according to what has been done in the physical models. Luminaires that are similar to what was used in the current lighting schemes and new luminaires for the new lighting schemes were added to the models.
3.9.1 Case study 1: ABC Dbayeh
Figure 96. ABC Dbayeh current scheme simulation.
Figure 97. ABC Dbayeh current scheme simulation.
Figure 98. ABC Dbayeh new scheme simulation.
Figure 99. ABC Dbayeh new scheme simulation.
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3.9.2 Case study 2: USJ Campus de l’Innovation et du Sport Figure 100. USJ current scheme simulation.
Figure 101. USJ current scheme simulation.
Figure 102. USJ current scheme simulation.
Figure 103. USJ new scheme simulation.
Figure 104. USJ new scheme simulation.
Figure 105. USJ new scheme simulation.
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3.9.3 Case study 3: CMA CGM Beirut
Figure 106. CMA CGM current scheme simulation.
Figure 107. CMA CGM current scheme simulation.
Figure 108. CMA CGM current scheme simulation.
Figure 109. CMA CGM new scheme simulation.
Figure 110. CMA CGM new scheme simulation.
Figure 111. CMA CGM new scheme simulation.
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4 Results 4.1 Qualitative results During the experiment, the experts and the public had to fill a printed survey while looking at the physical models. However, in order to allow more people to participate in the research, an online survey was created where experts and public had to respond to the same questions while looking at pictures of the physical models. The results were divided into two major groups and two subgroups. The Expert group and the Public group. In each of these groups two subgroups are found. The first was formed by the persons who took part in the experiment. These were called “LIVE” and the others that filled the online survey. These were called “ONLINE”. For each case study, the answer to the question for each subgroup was divided into two. The answer to the current lighting scheme; “CURRENT” and the answer to the new lighting scheme; “NEW” The number in each circle indicates the number of persons that gave the same linear scale answer. The most common answer for each subgroup is highlighted in the correspondent colour. For instance, the most common answer for the current lighting scheme was highlighted in light green while the most common answer for the new lighting scheme was highlighted in light blue.
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4.1.1 Case study 1: ABC Dbayeh
The first part of the results for this case study were the answers for the linear scale questions in the survey. Then the open ended questions were stated. Question 1.1: How would you rate the appearance of the building at night? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
1
NEW
4
8
2
1
1
2
0
0
0
6
9
CURRENT
2
7
3
3
3
0
NEW
0
1
2
7
5
3
CURRENT
0
0
1
11
9
2
NEW
0
0
1
1
9
12
CURRENT
0
1
3
5
3
0
NEW
0
0
1
3
5
3
UNIMPRESSIVE
2
3
4
5
VERY IMPRESSIVE
Table 1. Question 1.1 answers.
In Table 1, the answers to the first question are stated. This question investigated the appearance of the lighting scheme and how impressive it was according to the participants in each group and subgroup.
Question 1.2: Does the lighting scheme destroy or distort the day lit appearance of the building? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
3
5
2
4
3
0
NEW
10
7
0
0
0
0
CURRENT
1
3
1
9
2
2
NEW
6
6
4
0
1
1
CURRENT
7
3
7
2
3
0
NEW
12 18
4
0
0
1
0
CURRENT
0
2
6
4
0
0
NEW
3
66
2
0
1
0
NOT AT ALL
2
3
4
5
VERY MUCH
Table 2. Question 1.2 answers.
Question 1.2 investigated the relation between the day lit appearance of the building and its nocturnal image. Most of the experts and Public who took part in the experiment (LIVE) were very familiar with the image of the building during the day, especially that the chosen cases are very well known buildings in Lebanon. Moreover, some experts actually worked on the buildings during the design process and were very excited to see the change that was made in the new lighting scheme.
50
Question 1.3: Is the design concept emphasized by the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
1
6
3
3
2
1
NEW
0
1
0
2
3
11
CURRENT
1
9
4
1
2
1
NEW
0
2
1
5
6
4
CURRENT
0
2
5
3
10 12
2
NEW
1
0
1
1
3
12 17
CURRENT
1
1
5
2
2
1
NEW
1
1
0
5
1
4
NOT AT ALL
2
3
4
5
VERY MUCH
Table 3. Question 1.3 answers.
In order to help the participants in answering question 1.3, a small description of each case study was provided at the beginning of the questionnaire. The description was based on the architect’s words and vision for each project.
Question 1.4: How is the façade modeled by the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
0
3
3
3
4
44
NEW
6
7
1
1
1
1
CURRENT
3
0
2
4
8
1
NEW
5
7
1
1
1
3
CURRENT
1
5
7
6
3
1
NEW
12 13
7
0
2
0
1
CURRENT
0
2
3
4
3
0
NEW
44
4
1
2
1
0
TOO FLAT
2
3
4
5
WELL MODELED
Table 4. Question 1.4 answers.
Some of the participants especially the non-experts were not familiar with the modelling concept. However, many were able to answer this question without any additional explanation.
51
Question 1.5: How would you describe the brightness of the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
4
7
4
2
0
0
NEW
1
0
2
4
9
1
CURRENT
0
4
10
2
2
0
NEW
2
3
7
4
2
0
CURRENT
2
7
9
2
2
1
NEW
0
2
3
7
10
1
CURRENT
0
4
5
2
1
0
NEW
0
1
5
3
1
1
VERY DIM
2
3
4
5
VERY BRIGHT
Table 5. Question 1.5 answers.
The brightness of each lighting scheme was set by the author according to the brightness on the actual buildings and the desired one for the new lighting schemes. However, the perception of brightness differs between a physical model and a picture of the model seen on a screen. So a difference in the answers between the ONLINE and LIVE groups was expected.
Question 1.6: Does the lighting equipment integrate well with the architecture? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
1
6
2
3
5
0
NEW
0
0
1
1
1
14
CURRENT
1
6
1
4
2
4
NEW
0
1
0
5
5
77
CURRENT
0
5
6
3
7
2
NEW
0
1
1
0
4
17
CURRENT
0
4
5
2
1
0
NEW
0
1
0
1
7
2
NOT AT ALL
2
3
4
5
VERY WELL
Table 6. Question 1.6 answers.
The scaled down lighting equipment that was used on the physical model was trying to replicate to a certain extent the exact appearance of the luminaires in real scale. One could speculate to get similar answers for the real building.
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Question 1.7: How would you rate the appearance of faรงade elements under the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
3
6
5
2
1
0
NEW
1
4
5
5
1
0
CURRENT
0
2
4
6
5
1
NEW
1
1
11
3
1
1
CURRENT
3
8
7
3
2
0
NEW
2
5
2
10 10
3
0
CURRENT
0
2
6
3
0
1
NEW
0
0
88
2
1
0
TOO SOFT
2
3
4
5
TOO HARSH
Table 7. Question 1.7 answers.
Question 1.8: How would you describe the colour appearance of the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
0
1
8
5
1
1
NEW
1
4
5
7
0
0
CURRENT
0
2
8
7
1
0
NEW
0
3
7
7
1
0
CURRENT
0
2
8
10
3
0
NEW
1
3
8
5
5
1
CURRENT
0
4
3
2
2
0
NEW
0
3
5
1
1
0
VERY COOL
2
3
4
5
VERY WARM
Table 8. Question 1.8 answers.
After the linear questions related to the current lighting scheme of case study 1, there were three open-ended questions that allowed the participant to describe the current lighting scheme and give their opinion in the redesign of the lighting before seeing the new lighting scheme either on the physical model or through pictures.
53
Question 1.9: In a sentence, how would you describe the current lighting scheme? Most of the Experts(LIVE) had negative comments on the actual scheme. 14 out of 17 participants described the current scheme of case study 1 in a negative way. For instance, one expert found that “the lighting scheme is not adding any value to the building”, “too soft”. Others in the same group found that “the lighting scheme is barely noticeable. It lacks delineation and volumetric interest”. Another expert described the current scheme as “a sober lighting scheme that lacks of unity as the lighting treatment for each volume is different”. As for the Experts(ONLINE), the majority had negative comments. For instance, one said that the scheme “doesn't accentuate the important structural feature of the building and lighting elements do not combine well”. Moreover, another said that “it is a scheme that is very minimal and does not highlight the unique characteristics of the building”. However, 6 out of 18 participants gave positive comments, one found that the lighting scheme “reinforces the differentiation between otherwise identical boxes”. While most of the experts had negative descriptions of the current lighting scheme, both groups of the public were divided between positive and negative opinions. One participant found that the current lighting scheme is “a bit dim but it helps integrate the blocks together”. Moreover, another participant said that “the lighting scheme is wellmanaged on one of the volumes and unimpressively done on the remaining three”.
Question 1.10: If you have to redesign the lighting scheme, how do you think the building should have been lit? Most of the Experts(LIVE) wanted to emphasize the metallic elements of the façade. 6 of the 17 experts in this group discussed this. For instance, one expert said “The aluminum cutouts need to be emphasized by being individually lit, each would form a pixel that can be on/off to form the desired scene/picture”. In addition, others wanted to highlight the different volumes of the building; an expert noted that “the facade being constituted by 4 volumes with different surfaces, it would be worth developing a more coherent lighting approach”. The Experts(ONLINE), mostly discussed the same ideas. “Some backlighting to make the cut-outs appear more defined and a softer even wash to the front”. Another expert wanted to “introduce more back-illuminated features to tie in with main facade. Consider priority of building volumes and main views from the street to create a more varied/dynamic scheme”. The public (LIVE and ONLINE) discussed also interesting ideas. For instance, a participant wanted to “create more balance between the colours and shapes of the buildings”. Many wanted to add light sources from the top to create a more uniform effect on the façade.
54
Question 1.11: What elements or ideas would you highlight in the new lighting scheme? Most of the participants answered this question as part of the previous one. According to one Expert(LIVE) there should be “A better delineation of the crown contour yet without the common lines of light usually made possible nowadays with LED lighting”. Another Expert(LIVE) said that “On a big scale the building is well highlighted but the lighting could contribute to smaller details that could make the experience more interesting on a human scale”. An Expert(ONLINE) noted that they “would highlight the idea of the vertically shifted volumes more”. The public (LIVE and ONLINE) wanted to highlight the patterns and textures of the façade.
After the linear scale questions related to the new lighting scheme, the participants had to describe it in their own words. Question 1.12: In a sentence, how would you describe the new lighting scheme? 16 of the 17 experts(LIVE) described the new scheme in a positive way. According to one participant “the new lighting scheme accentuates more the building, the architecture and the metallic shapes. It gives the architecture a new and better language”. Another found that the new lighting scheme is “much better than the old scheme, the important elements of the facade (cutouts) are lit, the whole facade is homogeneous from top to bottom”. An expert said that the “volumes stand out in a better attractive night time image”. As for the Experts (ONLINE), 12 of the 17 participants that answered this question had a positive comment on the new scheme. An expert found that the new scheme “makes the most of the surfaces and reflects the design of the building when viewed in daylight”. Moreover, another participant described the scheme as “more faithful to the daylight experience and the physicality of the building”. 26 Of the 28 public (LIVE and ONLINE) participants who answered this question had positive comments on the new lighting scheme. A participant (LIVE) said: “as I would have liked it to be. It emphasizes very well the concept and brings the building to life”. Another participant(LIVE) found that “the pattern of the building is represented by the lighting and this is how the facade of the building is represented during the day”. A third participant(ONLINE) noted that the new lighting scheme “looks really good and playful. However, the buildings could be anchored a bit more”.
55
4.1.2 Case study 2: USJ Campus de l’Innovation et du Sport
Question 2.1: How would you rate the appearance of the building at night? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
13
3
0
0
0
1
NEW
0
0
1
4
3
9
CURRENT
12
5
0
0
1
0
NEW
0
0
1
4
11
2
CURRENT
14
4
0
1
4
0
NEW
0
0
0
3
7
13
CURRENT
2
4
1
4
0
1 2
VERY IMPRESSIVE
NEW
1
0
0
4
5
UNIMPRESSIVE
2
3
4
5
Table 9. Question 2.1 answers.
Question 2.2: Does the lighting scheme destroy or distort the day lit appearance of the building? 2
LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
6
2
1
1
3
4
NEW
11
3
1
1
1
0
CURRENT
0
0
4
2
3
9
NEW
4
5
2
2
3
2
CURRENT
3
5
2
3
7
3
NEW
10
7
3
2
0
1
CURRENT
33
2
1
2
2
2
NEW
4
3
2
0
1
2
NOT AT ALL
2
3
4
5
VERY MUCH
Table 10. Question 2.2 answers.
56
Question 2.3: Is the design concept emphasized by the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
8
3
2
3
0
0
NEW
0
0
1
3
1
12
CURRENT
9
6
0
2
0
1
NEW
0
2
1
3
6
66
CURRENT
10
6
3
2
0
2
NEW
0
0
1
4
5
13
CURRENT
2
5
0
3
1
1
NEW
1
0
1
4
4
2
NOT AT ALL
2
3
4
5
VERY MUCH
Table 11. Question 2.3 answers.
Question 2.4: How is the faรงade modeled by the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
0
1
0
0
6
9
NEW
7
9
1
0
0
0
CURRENT
0
1
0
2
5
10
NEW
5
6
2
3
2
0
CURRENT
3
2
1
1
8
8
NEW
13
4
4
0
1
1
CURRENT
1
2
2
2
3
2
NEW
33
3
3
2
0
1
TOO FLAT
2
3
4
5
WELL MODELED
Table 12. Question 2.4 answers.
Question 2.5: How would you describe the brightness of the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
12
2
2
0
0
0
NEW
1
0
0
9
5
2
CURRENT
11 12
6
0
0
0
0
NEW
0
0
2
8
6
2
CURRENT
14 14
5
4
0
0
0
NEW
0
0
2
9
9
3
CURRENT
3
6
2
1
0
0
NEW
1
0
1
3
7
0
VERY DIM
2
3
4
5
VERY BRIGHT
Table 13. Question 2.5 answers.
57
Question 2.6: Does the lighting equipment integrate well with the architecture? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
6
1
6
3
0
0
NEW
0
1
0
2
4
10
CURRENT
6
8
2
2
0
0
NEW
0
1
1
5
5
66
CURRENT
88
8
1
0
4
2
NEW
0
0
0
1
8
14
CURRENT
3
6
2
1
0
0
NEW
2
0
1
3
2
74
NOT AT ALL
2
3
4
5
VERY WELL
Table 14. Question 2.6 answers.
Question 2.7: How would you rate the appearance of faรงade elements under the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
88
3
2
0
1
2
NEW
3
3
2
7
2
0
CURRENT
2
4
1
5
3
3
NEW
1
1
3
67
4
2
CURRENT
10 10
2
6
1
4
0
NEW
1
5
4
11
2
0
CURRENT
2
1
3
4
2
0
NEW
0
2
2
66
0
2
TOO SOFT
2
3
4
5
TOO HARSH
Table 15. Question 2.7 answers.
Question 2.8: How would you describe the colour appearance of the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
4
1
1
6
2
2
NEW
0
0
2
3
7
5
CURRENT
0
0
6
8
1
3
NEW
0
0
3
8
6
1
CURRENT
1
3
3
3
6
77 4
NEW
2
1
1
6
9
CURRENT
2
1
5
4
0
0
NEW
0
2
4
4
1
1
VERY COOL
2
3
4
5
VERY WARM
Table 16. Question 2.8 answers.
58
Question 2.9: In a sentence, how would you describe the current lighting scheme? 16 of the 17 Experts(LIVE) had negative comments on the current lighting scheme. One Expert described it as “an obviously incomplete lighting scheme”. Another noted that the current scheme “doesn't reveal the architectural features of the building”. However, 2 of the 17 experts discussed the idea that the current scheme is highlighting the building’s volumes. 10 of the 16 Experts(ONLINE) who answered this question had negative comments on the current lighting scheme. One expert said that: “It is very minimal and does very little to celebrate the design of the building”. However, some found that the current scheme emphasized the volumes. One participant said that the lighting “focuses on the voids between the masses which are left as dark abstracted objects”. 18 of the 20 Public(LIVE) participants who answered this question had negative comments on the current lighting scheme. One participant described the scheme as “too simple and very dim”. Moreover, the Public(ONLINE) had a similar opinion. One participant from this group said that the current scheme “seems to emphasize the wrong elements”.
Question 2.10: If you have to redesign the lighting scheme, how do you think the building should have been lit? 8 of the 17 experts(LIVE) wanted to highlight the perforations on the façade and emphasize the “musharabieh” effect. One expert noted that “It would be interesting to work on lighting the perforations that will transmit the natural light to the interior during the day and emit artificial light to the exterior during the night. Moreover, have a colour changing subtle effect behind the translucent façade”. Another expert wanted to “backlight the skin to reveal the patterns and architectural elements”. In addition, 4 experts in this group stressed on the idea of horizontality that should be highlighted. 6 of the 17 Experts(ONLINE) that answered this question wanted to highlight the perforations on the façade. One expert noted that “the complex composition of void vs mass, skin vs volume, opacity, transparency and translucency, offers a multitude of options for any lighting scheme”. Moreover, another expert in this group said that “the lighting should be more comprehensive and include more of the built elements”. As for the public (LIVE and ONLINE), 10 of the 24 participants who answered this question discussed the idea of highlighting the perforations. One participant wanted to “integrate light inside the building to give more value to the perforations”.
59
Question 2.11: What elements or ideas would you highlight in the new lighting scheme? Most Experts(LIVE) discussed the idea of the perforations again. One expert wanted to “use interior lighting to better enhance the perforated skin features, improve the visibility of the building in general”. Another participant noted that “the facade offers an opportunity for a sophisticated play on light with the different openings. Moreover, there is a complexity of circulation behind the polycarbonate mesh that would be interesting to see at night”. One Expert(ONLINE) wanted to work on “the hollowness and lightness of the building, the perforated elements could be back illuminated and lighting can be utilized to make the building appear as if it's floating”. As for the Public (LIVE and ONLINE), 7 of the 22 participants that answered this question discussed the translucent polycarbonate structure. One participant said that “light would give a certain vibe when used on the polycarbonate façade”.
Question 2.12: In a sentence, how would you describe the new lighting scheme? 16 of the 17 Experts(LIVE) described the new scheme in a positive way. Most of them were impressed by the new scheme. One expert described the new scheme as “amazing and very clever, emphasizing the circulation and pushing a very dynamic scene of night activity”. According to another expert, “the new scheme emphasizes better the building's features such as the perforated skin and the dynamic functions of inner spaces such as walkways, staircases, etc.”. A third expert described the new scheme as “excellent lighting design, all the important elements are emphasized. Can't add or remove a single luminaire, just perfect”. As for the Experts (ONLINE), 9 of the 17 participants who answered this question found that the new scheme is much more impressive. One expert in this group said that the new scheme “emphasizes the connection between the tree buildings well. Gives the building new life after dark”. Moreover, another expert noted that the new scheme “focuses on the circulation scheme in particular and highlights the double skin of the building indirectly”. However, some found that the new scheme distorts the buildings concept. For instance, one expert said “the lighting is impressive in itself, but distorts the initial building's design”. 19 of the 26 Public (LIVE and ONLINE) participants who answered this question described the new scheme in a positive way. One participant said that the new lighting scheme “gives great value to the passageways connecting the different buildings. yet I believe there is a lot of linearity in the lighting of the perforated buildings”. Another participant described it as “simply beautiful. I love how the scheme emphasizes the shape of the first building and the details in the other buildings. I love the passages”.
60
4.1.3 Case study 3: CMA CGM Beirut Question 3.1: How would you rate the appearance of the building at night? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
1
5
1
7
3
0
NEW
0
0
1
3
7
6
CURRENT
3
1
6
1
6
1
NEW
0
3
1
7
3
4
CURRENT
0
1
7
6
9
0
NEW
2
2
2
3
7
77
CURRENT
0
0
2
2
7
1
NEW
0
1
1
4
3
3
UNIMPRESSIVE
2
3
4
5
VERY IMPRESSIVE
Table 17. Question 3.1 answers.
Question 3.2: Does the lighting scheme destroy or distort the day lit appearance of the building? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
3
3
3
44
44
0
NEW
7
77
2
1
0
0
CURRENT
3
5
4
4
1
1
NEW
5
6
4
1
2
0
CURRENT
4
5
88
2
3
1
NEW
8
5
4
3
2
1
CURRENT
2
66
3
0
1
0
NEW
2
3
5
1
1
0
NOT AT ALL
2
3
4
5
VERY MUCH
Table 18. Question 3.2 answers.
61
Question 3.3: Is the design concept emphasized by the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
1
4
3
4
3
2
NEW
0
1
0
4
6
66
CURRENT
2
1
3
4
4
44
NEW
0
3
1
6
4
4
CURRENT
2
2
4
7
7
1
NEW
3
3
2
1
9
5
CURRENT
0
1
3
2
3
3
NEW
1
0
2
4
3
2
NOT AT ALL
2
3
4
5
VERY MUCH
Table 19. Question 3.3 answers.
Question 3.4: How is the faรงade modeled by the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
1
3
4
44
4
1
NEW
88
6
3
0
0
0
CURRENT
4
3
4
4
1
2
NEW
4
4
44
2
3
1
CURRENT
2
3
6
4
2
5
NEW
7
8
1
2
3
2
CURRENT
1
55
3
3
0
0
NEW
3
3
1
1
4
0
TOO FLAT
2
3
4
5
WELL MODELED
Table 20. Question 3.4 answers.
Question 3.5: How would you describe the brightness of the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
0
2
2
6
4
3
NEW
0
0
1
4
5
77
CURRENT
0
1
7
5
3
2
NEW
0
0
0
3
8
7
CURRENT
1
1
3
6
8
3
NEW
0
0
0
4
10
9
CURRENT
0
1
1
8
0
2
NEW
0
0
2
0
4
6
VERY DIM
2
3
4
5
VERY BRIGHT
Table 21. Question 3.5 answers.
62
Question 3.6: Does the lighting equipment integrate well with the architecture? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
1
3
4
44
2
3
NEW
0
0
0
2
6
99
CURRENT
0
0
5
4
5
4
NEW
0
0
2
4
7
5
CURRENT
1
5
4
4
6
3
NEW
1
2
3
4
8
5
CURRENT
0
1
1
8
0
2
NEW
2
1
2
33
2
2
NOT AT ALL
2
3
4
5
VERY WELL
Table 22. Question 3.6 answers.
Question 3.7: How would you rate the appearance of faรงade elements under the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
0
4
0
9
1
2
NEW
1
3
6
4
3
0
CURRENT
1
0
4
10
2
1
NEW
0
3
7
2
5
1
CURRENT
1
3
6
77
3
3
NEW
1
2
6
5
99
0
2
0
CURRENT
0
0
5
55
NEW
1
3
55
2
1
0
TOO SOFT
2
3
4
5
TOO HARSH
Table 23. Question 3.7 answers.
Question 3.8: How would you describe the colour appearance of the lighting scheme? LIVE EXPERT ONLINE
LIVE PUBLIC ONLINE
CURRENT
1
77
6
1
2
0
NEW
0
5
7
2
3
0
CURRENT
1
6
7
4
0
0
NEW
0
1
4
11
1
1
CURRENT
3
8
99
3
0
0
NEW
7
6
3
4
1
1
CURRENT
1
3
1
55
2
0
NEW
1
2
4
2
2
0
VERY COOL
2
3
4
5
VERY WARM
Table 24. Question 3.8 answers.
63
Question 3.9: In a sentence, how would you describe the current lighting scheme? Most of the Experts(LIVE) described the current scheme as neutral. One expert said that “this lighting solution is very superficial. It makes the building look flat and dull”. Another expert whose opinion matched a lot of the participants described the scheme as a “neutral lighting scheme, neither impressive nor bad”. However, 4 of the 17 experts were positive about the design. One expert noted that “the current scheme is successful, as it's well integrated with architecture, and copes with it”. 9 of the 17 Experts(ONLINE) who answered this question had positive comments about the current scheme. One expert said that the current scheme “uses the horizontal slabs as support to highlight the horizontality of the inner space”. Moreover, another expert described it as “simple, yet efficient”. Another interesting comment was that “the lighting design doesn't emphasize the transparent lightness of the building.” As for the public (LIVE and ONLINE), 14 of the 25 participants who answered this question had positive descriptions of the current lighting scheme. One participant said that “the lighting scheme is well integrated with the whole concept of the building” Another noted that the current scheme “emphasizes the building and creates an identity”. However, some found that the scheme does not focus on important features of the building. A participant noted that the scheme “ignores the details on the façade”.
Question 3.10: If you have to redesign the lighting scheme, how do you think the building should have been lit? 5 of the 15 Experts(LIVE) who answered this question wanted to focus on highlighting the volumes. One expert wanted to “add brighter interior lighting for better depth of field. Emphasize the building volume rather than just the outline”. 5 participants discussed highlighting the details on the façade. For instance, one expert noted that “only horizontality is accentuated. The details are missing completely”. Moreover, one expert said that “the lighting design should emphasize the transparency and openness of the building, by being uniformly lit from top to bottom”. As for the Experts(ONLINE), 4 of the 17 experts who answered this question discussed highlighting the verticality of the building rather than just the horizontality. 5 experts were happy with the current scheme and didn’t want to change anything. One expert said that “it is quite a good solution. It’s hard to light a transparent façade so lighting from the inside is a good solution. The continuous lines follow the shape”. However, some wanted to relate the nighttime image more to the daylit appearance. For example, one expert wanted to “add more light to this glass box, show how it is lit by night as it is by day”. 6 of the 22 Public (LIVE and ONLINE) participants who answered this question wanted to add more lighting on the interior. 4 participants discussed having more vertical lighting. One participant wanted to “work on verticality to emphasize the grid”.
64
Question 3.11: What elements or ideas would you highlight in the new lighting scheme? Most of the participants answered this question as part of the previous one. One Expert(LIVE) wanted to “use dynamic white lighting control 2000°K to 6000°K to create different scenarios by night, CCT changes could depend on time of the day and seasons”. Another Expert(LIVE) noted that “the interior of the building should be uniformly lit to accentuate the transparency in which this company operates”. One expert(ONLINE) wanted to bring emphasis to the layers and depth of the façade. “It should feel floating as well as alive”. Question 3.12: In a sentence, how would you describe the new lighting scheme? 12 of the 16 Experts(LIVE) who answered this question saw improvements and described the new scheme in a positive way. One expert said that it is an “impressive scheme. Lights up the whole building giving more emphasis on the structure and shading elements showing the essence of the design”. Another expert described the new scheme as “a smart lighting scheme that is adapted to the building as it enhances its structure and volumetry”. One expert noted that the new scheme is “a different way of illuminating glazed skin buildings, reveals well the architecture details and volumes, but has a considerable impact on energy consumption”. Moreover, one expert described the new scheme as an “interesting scheme. The lighting is a source of life for the building during the night”. 7 of the 16 Experts(ONLINE) who answered this question had positive comments on the new lighting scheme. One expert found that the new scheme “definitely explains the project more than the current scheme by highlighting the existence of the two blocks using the bigger one at the back as a background to the smaller block at the front”. Moreover, an expert said that the new scheme “is softer and more complimentary of the building as a whole”. However, 5 of the experts in this group found this scheme to be too bright. One expert noted that the scheme “looks too bright, as though the occupant has left all the lights on when leaving”. As for the Public (LIVE and ONLINE) 14 of the 27 participants who answered this question had positive comments on the new lighting scheme. One participant noted that the new scheme “fills the whole building with light emphasizing its volume more and more and brings out the glass material perfectly”. However, 8 participants found that the lighting scheme is too bright. One participant said that the new scheme was “too bright and overwhelming although it does emphasize the elements on the façade”
65
4.2 Quantitative results 4.2.1 Case study 1: ABC Dbayeh The simulation on Dialux Evo presented in section 3.9 was done in order to get the luminance values for each case and then relate this to the qualitative data obtained in this study. The following images are false colour representation of the luminance in cd/m2. The scale is found on the bottom of each page. The models were built on Autocad 3d and this was a bit problematic in some cases, especially case study 2. It was hard for the software to read the models accurately. For better results, the buildings should be built on Dialux Evo from scratch.
Figure 112. ABC Dbayeh current scheme luminance.
Figure 113. ABC Dbayeh current scheme luminance.
Figure 114. ABC Dbayeh new scheme luminance.
Figure 115. ABC Dbayeh new scheme luminance.
66
4.2.2 Case study 2: USJ Campus de l’Innovation et du Sport
Figure 116. USJ current scheme luminance.
Figure 117. USJ current scheme luminance.
Figure 118. USJ current scheme luminance.
Figure 119. USJ new scheme luminance.
Figure 120. USJ new scheme luminance.
Figure 121. USJ new scheme luminance.
67
4.2.3 Case study 3: CMA CGM Beirut
Figure 122. CMA CGM current scheme luminance.
Figure 123. CMA CGM current scheme luminance.
Figure 124. CMA CGM current scheme luminance.
Figure 125. CMA CGM new scheme luminance.
Figure 126. CMA CGM new scheme luminance.
Figure 127. CMA CGM new scheme luminance.
68
5 Analysis 5.1 Survey data analysis The results of the survey discussed in the previous chapter were divided by case study and by group of participants. In order to analyze the data, a chart showing the three cases simultaneously was created. It allowed a better visualization of the spread of data. In the following charts, all the participants were merged into one group. The green colour represents the number of answers for the current scheme and the blue colour represents the number of answers for the new scheme. The mode value is highlighted as a colour filled square. Question 1: How would you rate the appearance of the building at night?
Chart 1. Appearance scale answers.
Chart 1 showed how impressive each lighting scheme was according to each participant for each case study. By comparing the three cases, we could see that the new lighting scheme was much more impressive than the actual scheme for all three cases. It is interesting to see that the current lighting scheme for case study 1 was neutral, for case study 2 was unimpressive and for the case study 3 was almost very impressive. However, in the new scheme of all three cases, the spread of answers moved towards “very impressive” and the mode value for each case falls on the “very impressive” answer. The lighting principles of the modern movement that were applied to the case study buildings had positive effects on the appearance of these buildings during the night. It was also important to investigate the relation between the lighting schemes and the daylit appearance of the buildings.
69
Question 2: Does the lighting scheme destroy or distort the day lit appearance of the building?
Chart 2. Effects of the lighting scheme on the daylit appearance.
The spread of answers for this question also showed that even though the answers for the current lighting scheme of each case varied, the spread of answers for the new scheme moved towards “not at all�. Moreover, the principal that highlights the daylit effect was only applied to the third case study building. However, in the other cases while the principles highlighted different ideas it still respected the daylit image of the building. Question 3: Is the design concept emphasized by the lighting scheme?
Chart 3. Lighting scheme and the design concept.
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In chart 3, the relation between the lighting scheme and the concept is questioned. According to most participants, the concept of each case study was emphasized more by the new lighting scheme. The modernist architects and lighting designers were well aware of the importance of lighting in highlighting the concept and respecting the daylit appearance of the building. This seems to be verified by this study. A series of questions then investigated the effects of the schemes on the façade and building details. Question 4: How is the façade modeled by the lighting scheme?
Chart 4. Façade Modelling.
In chart 4, the modelling of the façade was tested. In case study 1, the façade was well modeled in the current lighting scheme while with the new scheme it became too flat. In case study 2 the façade was too flat with the current scheme and became well modeled in the new scheme. Whereas in case study 3 the façade was more modelled with the current lighting scheme and became too flat with the new scheme. Even though the modernist principles had a very positive effect on the appearance of the building and emphasized its concept. In two of the three cases it did not create a positive effect on the modelling and gave the façade a flatter impression.
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Question 7: How would you rate the appearance of faรงade elements under the lighting scheme?
Chart 5. Faรงade elements appearance.
In chart 5, the appearance of faรงade elements was questioned. In case study 1 and 3 the spread of answers was the same for the current scheme and the new scheme. A well balanced appearance of faรงade elements. Whereas in case study 2, faรงade elements appeared too soft in the current lighting scheme and became more balanced in the new lighting scheme. Question 6: Does the lighting equipment integrate well with the architecture?
Chart 6. Lighting equipment integration.
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As discussed in the previous chapter, the previous question investigated the integration of the lighting equipment of each scheme with the physical model of each case study. Even though the luminaires were scaled down similarly to the models, it was still not a perfect representation of reality. But we could speculate that the answers could be similar on the real building. In chart 6 we could see that the lighting equipment of the current scheme was not well integrated with the architecture of case study 1 and 2 and well integrated in case study 3. However, in the new lighting scheme, the lighting equipment was very well integrated with the architecture of each case study building. This spread of answers in chart 6 was not surprising. During the modern movement, we could see many examples where lighting equipment was very well integrated with the architecture. Even though luminaires were much bigger than the ones found today, architects still managed to conceal them in the façade as part of the design. The last part of the linear scale questions investigated the photometrics of the lighting schemes; the brightness and colour appearance. The colour in this study is not a variable and was white for all the cases. However, in the case study buildings different white colour temperatures were used and this is why a colour appearance question was added. Question 5: How would you describe the brightness of the lighting scheme?
Chart 7. Lighting scheme brightness.
In chart 7, the brightness of the current scheme was dim in case study 1, very dim in case study 2 and more or less balanced in case study 3. In the new lighting schemes, the brightness became more balanced in case study 1 and 2 with a shift of answers towards bright. In case study 3 the answers spread moved towards “very bright” which means the current lighting scheme was more effective in terms of brightness.
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Question 8: How would you describe the colour appearance of the lighting scheme?
Chart 8. Lighting scheme colour appearance.
In chart 8 we could see that the spread of answers almost stayed the same for all the cases. In case study 1, the answers were between cool and warm for both schemes. However, in the current scheme cool and warm LEDs were used whereas in the new lighting scheme only cool white LEDs were used. In case study 2 there was a slight shift towards a warmer colour in the new lighting scheme. In both cases the LEDs used were warm. Moreover, in case study 3 the answers shifted from a very cool colour temperature towards a more balanced colour temperature. However, only cool colour temperature LEDs were used for this case. The answers to this question showed that there is another factor that is affecting the perception of the colour temperature of each scheme. For the same LEDs, the participants had different answers for the colour temperature. This investigation showed that in case study 1, after the change the lighting scheme became much more impressive, the concept was very well emphasized. However, the façade appeared too flat. While the lighting equipment was very well integrated in the new scheme, it was a little too bright. In case study 2, the shift of answers was great in almost all the questions for the new lighting scheme. The building became very impressive and the concept very well emphasized. A very well modeled façade with façade elements nor too harsh nor too flat. The lighting equipment was very well integrated with a balanced brightness. Case study 3 seemed to have an already successful lighting scheme. Both schemes were impressive, and emphasized the building’s concept. However, the façade looked flatter in the new scheme and seemed to be very bright. The new scheme did not have a great effect on the answers. However, it was still a successful scheme.
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Case study 1 and 2 were very successful. The lighting scheme of case study 1 was almost neutral and became an impressive lighting scheme. Case study 2 was the most successful. A lighting scheme that was very negative according to most of the participants, became very successful after the change. As for case study 3 the current lighting scheme was already successful. However, the new lighting scheme was still valid. For the open-ended questions, an adjective or idea was assigned for each answer given by a participant. This way similar answers could be counted together to form a certain percentage. It is important to mention that the experts and public who took part in the experiment answered almost all the open ended questions while the participants in the online survey did not answer all the questions. This may be due to the interactivity of the experiment which stimulated the participants interest and motivation. Question 9: How would you describe the current lighting scheme?
Chart 9. Current lighting scheme descriptions.
The percentages in chart 9 are based on 61 participants who answered this question for case study 1 and 2, and 54 participants who answered this question for case study 3. In the pie charts above we could clearly see that most of the participants were unsatisfied with the current schemes of the first two cases and more or less satisfied with the third case. It was interesting to see that the highest percentage of answers for the first two cases described the current scheme as “not emphasizing the architecture” which meant that the scheme is not related to the design of the building and does not reveal the concept. However, in case study 3 the highest percentage was for the answer “emphasizing the architecture/concept”. This could imply that successful lighting schemes reflect the concept and emphasize the architecture of the building.
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Question 10, 11: If you have to redesign the lighting scheme, how do you think the building should have been lit? What elements or ideas would you highlight in the new lighting scheme?
Chart 10. Ideas to highlight in the new scheme.
As discussed earlier, many of the participants answered the previous two questions in one answer or added a similar response for the second one. For this reason, the answers for questions 10 and 11 were merged into one pie chart for each case study. The percentages in the chart 10 are based on 61 participants who answered for case study 1, 59 participants who answered for case study 2 and 52 participants who answered for case study 3. In case study 1, 29% of the participants wanted to “highlight metallic elements” and 7% wanted to “highlight texture”. In case study 2, 56% of the participants wanted to “highlight perforations” and 12% wanted to “highlight circulation/activity”. In case study 3, 23% of the participants wanted to “highlight interior”. The ideas that most of the participants wanted to implement in the new lighting scheme were already applied to the new scheme when the lighting was based on a modernist principle. It was great to observe the reaction of the participants in the experiment when they saw that in the new schemes their suggested ideas were implemented. Moreover, some participants suggested a dynamic scheme for case study 1 and 2 which could also be very interesting. However, this study only focused on static lighting. It would be of great importance to study in the future the implementation of modernist principles on dynamic schemes using more sophisticated technologies.
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Question 12: How would you describe the new lighting scheme?
Chart 11. New lighting scheme descriptions.
The percentages in chart 11 are based on 58 participants who answered this question for case study 1 and 2 and 54 participants who answered this question for case study 3. The pie charts above showed that for the three case study buildings the highest percentage of descriptions given to the new scheme was related to the concept/architecture. 29% of the participants described the new scheme of case study 1 as “well integrated with the architecture”. Moreover, 39% of the participants described the new lighting scheme of the second case study as “emphasizing the architecture/interior/circulation”. In addition, 33% of the participants described the new lighting scheme of the third case study as “reflecting the architecture/concept”. This proved that the modernist examples were very successful ones. The modernist architects and designers were very much aware of the importance of the lighting in order to emphasize the architecture and create a coherent nighttime appearance. One could suggest that by implementing a modernist principal to a contemporary lighting scheme, the most important elements or ideas will be highlighted. Modernist examples in exterior lighting design are important lessons for every architect and lighting designer.
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5.2 Luminance relationship The computer simulation that was done using Dialux Evo resulted in the quantitative data which was shown in the previous chapter as luminance false color representation in cd/m2. In order to verify the results obtained in the survey and see if there was a relationship between people’s perception of each scheme and the luminance, some comparisons between the current and new scheme of each case study were made.
Figure 128. Luminance comparison, Case Study 1.
The quantitative data obtained from the computer simulation, showed that in the current scheme of case study 1, each block had a different luminance pattern. Each façade had a decreasing luminance pattern from the grazing source at the bottom to the top of the block. In the new scheme, the luminance showed lower values. However, the luminance pattern was much more uniform on each block and we could see some kind of luminance relationship between the blocks. If we relate these findings to the survey, we could see in chart 10 that 10% of the participants wanted a more uniform scheme for case study 1. This non uniform luminance pattern of the current scheme of case study 1 may have affected the participant’s opinion who mostly gave this scheme negative comments.
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Figure 129. Luminance comparison, Case Study 2.
As for case study 2, we could clearly see in chart 9 the negative responses for the current lighting scheme. For instance, 10% of the participants said that the scheme was “incomplete” and 20% described the scheme as “very dim”. These findings were verified by the computer simulation in figure 129. It was obvious in the luminance false color visualization that the building was not highlighted by the scheme. While almost all façades showed no luminance values, only the voids between the three blocks were lit. There is a certain minimum luminance that should be present on the façade to make a building visible at night and the lighting scheme a complete, coherent one.
Figure 130. Luminance comparison, Case Study 3.
The new lighting scheme in case study 3 was based on the modernist principal of highlighting daylit effect. By focusing on lighting the interior and revealing the transparency of the building, the façade elements were also lit and this could be seen in figure 130. There is a luminance pattern on the vertical façade elements that 27 % of the participants wanted to highlight (Chart 10). Figure 130. Luminance comparison, Case Study 3.
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6 Conclusion 6.1 Study summary The study conducted in this dissertation was trying to see how the architectural intent is maintained or reinforced in the transition from daylight to artificial light. The nighttime image of a building is not just an addition to the project, it is as important as the daylit appearance. Modernist architects and lighting designers succeeded in using façade lighting as a medium to convey a message and emphasize the building’s concept. After a deep exploration of this period, three modernist examples of façade lighting were chosen. Each of these examples had a lighting principal; highlighting architectural elements, highlighting interior activity and highlighting daylit effect. Then three contemporary projects in Lebanon that already had a façade lighting scheme were selected accordingly. By applying the modernist principal to each building, a new lighting scheme emerged. Both schemes of each building were assessed by experts and public using a survey which was presented to Lebanese participants in an experiment in Beirut and to international participants through an online survey. Moreover, a computer simulation was made to obtain photometric data specifically luminance measures which were linked to the qualitative data in the analysis chapter. The results obtained from this study verified the success of façade lighting during the modernist period. By applying the principles on contemporary buildings the lighting scheme was transformed in the three cases. According to the participants the new lighting schemes were more impressive, emphasized the concept of the building and became more in relation with the daylit appearance. However, in some cases the new scheme seemed to be too bright and the modeling of the façade was not improved. When these results were related to the luminance obtained in the computer simulation, interesting results were found. A more uniform luminance pattern could make a scheme more successful and could improve the reading of volumes. Moreover, the scheme should provide a certain minimum luminance on all the façade of the building. This way the building is read as a whole and the scheme becomes more coherent. 6.2 Study limitations This study was based on assessing physical models which according to some experts proved to be a much better tool than computer simulation. However, for more accurate results, the best would have been to test the new schemes on the actual building using the exact equipment. In addition, the chosen cases were only medium rise buildings located in Lebanon and the selection was limited to buildings that have an actual lighting scheme of white color. Moreover, participants who took part in the live experiment were only Lebanese. Even if the online data was very close to the experiment data, it would have been more interesting to have participants from different nationalities in the experiment so we could see if there was a cultural influence in the results. Luminance measures should have been collected from the actual buildings in order to set the brightness on the physical models. This would have generated more accurate results.
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6.3 Implications for lighting practice Today, there is an increase in lit facades all over the world. This does not only affect the building but also the nighttime appearance of our cities. The exterior lighting scheme of a building should reflect the architect’s concept and ideas. In order to achieve this, there should be a collaboration between architects and lighting designers at the concept stage of a project. The thinking process of the nighttime appearance is very important in order to achieve the best end result. Some guidelines could be deduced from this study for future façade lighting projects. For buildings with large facades and surfaces of different materials, the lighting should focus on revealing the texture and highlighting the important elements on the façade. For buildings with a lot of activity and circulation like schools, universities, museums etc. the lighting should emphasize this activity by highlighting passages, connections and the main meeting points. For commercial buildings with glass facades designed to show a company’s transparency and openness and highlight the daylit effect, the design should focus on lighting up the interior spaces to reveal them to the outside. Moreover, this will create a silhouette effect for all façade elements. 6.4 Future work recommendations In order to take this research further, it would be interesting to test the modernist principles on contemporary buildings using more sophisticated technologies like dynamic lighting. Moreover, the use of colours could be tested to see if they have any effect on the results and if different colours should be used for different typologies.
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Bibliography Books Compton, J. (1980). The Night Architecture of the 'Thirties. The Journal of the Decorative Arts Society 1890-1940, 4(1), pp. 40-47. Ganslandt, R. and Hofmann, H. (1992). Handbook of Lighting Design. 1st ed. Braunschweig/Wiesbaden: ERCO Leuchten GmbH. Jackson, D., Kyriakou, M., Petresin, V., Schielke, T., Weibel, P. and Droege, P. (2015). Superlux. 1st ed. London: Thames & Hudson. Neumann, D. and Ackermann, M. (2006). Luminous Buildings: Architecture of the night. 1st ed. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verlag, Germany. Phillips, D. (2000). Lighting modern buildings. 1st ed. Oxford [etc.]: Architectural Press. Philips, D. (1964). Lighting in architectural design. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Stern, R. (1980). Let there be neon. 1st ed. London: Academy.
Articles General Electric Company. (1930). Architecture of the Night. 1st ed. Schenectady, New York: General Electric Company. Light for Façades and Architecture. (2014). 1st ed. Zumtobel, p.20. Nulty, P. (2014). From the outside in. Retail Focus Magazine, p.45. Rehorst, C. (1985). Jan Buijs and De Volharding, The Hague, Holland. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 44(2), pp.147-160. Sullivan, C. (2007). Facade Lighting: A Fork In The Road?. Architectural Lighting, 21(4), p.41. Warson, A. (2007). Illuminating architecture. Building, 57(2), p.26.
Websites 109architectes.com. (2017). USJ Campus de L’Innovation et du Sport. [online] Available at: http://www.109architectes.com/Projects/USJ_Campus_de_L’Innovation_et_du_Sport-312 [Accessed 20 Jun. 2017]. Keskeys, P. (2015). Day and Night: 8 Transformations of Architecture After Dark. [online] Architizer. Available at: https://architizer.com/blog/day-and-night/ [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]. Nabilgholam.com. (2017). cma-cgm headquarters. [online] Available at: http://www.nabilgholam.com/project.14 [Accessed 20 Jun. 2017]. Narchitects.com. (2017). ABC Dbayeh Department Store | nARCHITECTS. [online] Available at: http://narchitects.com/work/abc-dbayeh-department-store-2/ [Accessed 20 Jun. 2017].
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Image Credits Figure 1: Garen, G. (1889). Embrasement de la Tour Eiffel pendant l’Exposition universelle de 1889. [image] Available at: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Georges_Garen_embrasement_tour_Eiffel.jpg [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 2: Neumann, D. and Ackermann, M. (2006). Luminous Buildings: Architecture of the night. 1st ed. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verlag, Germany. Figure 3: Element 14 (2014). The Chicago World's Fair "Court of Honor.". [image] Available at: http://12570923.weebly.com/worlds-columbian-exposition.html [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 4: Tesla’s spotlights trained on MacMonnie’s Fountain in the Grand Basin at the Columbian Exposition, 1893, Chicago. (2013). [image] Available at: http://calumet412.com/post/51644959709/teslas-spotlights-trained-on-macmonnies-fountain [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 5: Novak, M. (2012). Edison Tower of Light. [image] Available at: http://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/where-the-future-came-from-a-trip-through-the-1893-chi-743942247 [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 6: The majestic luminous column. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/417708934170470838 [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 7: Verlag Klinke & Co. Berlin (n.d.). Berlin im Licht. [image] Available at: http://www.heimatsammlung.de/topo_unter/10/mehrbildkarten/images-01/mehrbildkarte-02.jpg [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 8: Stadtmuseum Berlin (1928). Osramturm während der Lichtwoche. [image] Available at: http://www.photography-now.com/exhibition/57775 [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 9: Askianischer Paltz mit Haus Deutschland und dem Europa Haus. (1938). [image] Available at: https://www.pinterest.de/pin/288652657342087108/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 10: Mies van der Rohe Alexanderplatz. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://coll-barreuarquitectos.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/mies-van-der-rohe-alexanderplatz.html [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 11: NYC Architecture (2015). Manhattan’s Rockefeller Center, in collaboration with Raymond Hood. [image] Available at: http://archive.blog.modernica.net/designing-skylines-exploring-the-workof-wallace-k-harrison/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 12: Berman, J. (n.d.). Empire State Building “Freedom Lights”. [image] Available at: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/98938523042261016/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 13: Daily Herald Archive (1933). Manufacturing neon tubes, 1933. [image] Available at: http://www.neonsigns.hk/neon-in-visual-culture/tomorrows-neon-a-history/?lang=en [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 14: Humphries, W. (2013). Kodachrome Vegas: 1958. [image] Available at: http://www.shorpy.com/node/14445?size=_original#caption [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 15: General Electric Company (1930). Architecture of the Night : A Series of Articles Published by the General Electric Company. [image] Available at: https://archive.org/details/ArchitectureOfTheNightASeriesOfArticlesPublishedByTheGeneral [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017].
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Figure 16: The Daily News. (n.d.). Glamorous view of Midtown Manhattan looking northeast from Empire State Building at night. June 1944. [image] Available at: http://wirednewyork.com/forum/showthread.php?t=21249&page=8 [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 17: Ohashi, T. (2013). Tower of Winds / Toyo Ito & Associates. [image] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/344664/ad-classics-tower-of-winds-toyo-ito/527371c3e8e44ee8e10007fead-classics-tower-of-winds-toyo-ito-photo [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 18: realities:united (2006). SPOTS Nachtansicht. [image] Available at: http://www.cwagner.de/projekte.htm [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. Figure 19: Massard, H. (2007). Twists and turns. [image] Available at: http://www.stublic.de/twists_and_turns/twists_and_turns_pict/twists_and_turns_5.jpg [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. Figure 20: Graz Kunsthaus - external view entrance. (2013). [image] Available at: http://www.crabstudio.com/kunsthaus.html [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. Figure 21: Boegly, L. and Guerin, G. (2017). Alesia Cinema, Paris. [image] Available at: http://www.manuelle-gautrand.com/projects/alesia-cinema/ [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. Figure 22: Waterstones Picadilly. (2017). [image] Available at: http://www.christopherfowler.co.uk/blog/2017/03/06/whats-the-first-book-you-see-in-a-bookshop/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 23: Simpsons of Piccadilly, London. (2016). [image] Available at: https://modernisttourists.com/2016/07/28/simpsons-of-piccadilly-london-1936/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 24: Hulton Archive (1936). An night-time exterior view of Simpson's department store, Piccadilly, London. [image] Available at: goo.gl/7MfDj6 [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 25: De Volharding building, Holland. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://archinect.com/news/article/150018163/win-elastic-architecture-frederick-kiesler-and-designresearch-in-the-first-age-of-robotic-culture#&gid=1&pid=4 [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. Figure 26: De Volharding Building. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://gildedjuggernaut.tumblr.com/post/52417718461/de-volharding-building-jan-willem-eduard-buijs [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 27: Geurst & Schulze architecten (1996). De Volharding during Week van de Architectuur 1996. [image] Available at: https://www.stroom.nl/gfx/uploads/97984_webGS_De%20Volharding%201996.jpg [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 28: Stoller, E. (2011). The Manufacturers Hanover Trust building. [image] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/29/arts/design/manufacturers-hanover-trust-landmark-battle.html [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 29: Stoller, E. (n.d.). Manufacturers Trust Interior. [image] Available at: http://ezrastoller.com/portfolio/manufacturers-trust [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 30: Stoller, E. (1954). Manufacturer's Trust Company. [image] Available at: http://wunc.org/post/photographer-who-made-architects-famous#stream/0 [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Figure 31: Stoller, E. (2012). How to Preserve a Glass Box. [image] Available at: https://architizer.com/blog/how-to-preserve-a-glass-box/media/445725/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017].
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Figure 32: Kesrouani, J.(2013), ABC Dbayeh Dep't Store, Beirut, Volume 1,dusk, almost complete. [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.metalocus.es/en/news/abc-dbayeh-mall-façade-narchitects [Accessed 1 June 2017]. Figure 33: nARCHITECTS (2011). In Progress: ABC Dbayeh Department Store and Cinema Façade / nARCHITECTS. [image] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/166025/in-progress-abc-dbayehdepartment-store-and-cinema-facade-narchitects/na_abc-cinemas_2_south-street-day_optionabab_062011 [Accessed 1 Jun. 2017]. Figure 34: nARCHITECTS (2011). ABC Dbayeh Elevation. [image] Available at: http://www.arch2o.com/abc-department-store-narchitects/arch2o-narchitects-abc-dbayeh-departmentstore-beirut-joe-kesrouani-1-9/ [Accessed 1 Jun. 2017]. Figure 35: Saikaly, A.(2011). USJ Elevation. [image] Available at: http://www.109architectes.com/Projects/USJ_Campus_de_L’Innovation_et_du_Sport-312 [Accessed 11 Jun. 2017]. Figure 36: Saikaly, A.(2016). USJ CAMPUS DE L’INNOVATION ET DU SPORT. [image] Available at: https://divisare.com/projects/228067-109-architectes-y-tohme-architects-associates-usj-campusde-l-innovation-et-du-sport?utm_campaign=journal&utm_content=image-project-id228067&utm_medium=email&utm_source=journal-id-114 [Accessed 11 Jun. 2017]. Figure 37: 109 Architects (2016). USJ Elevation. [image] Available at: https://divisare.com/projects/228067-109-architectes-y-tohme-architects-associates-usj-campus-de-linnovation-et-du-sport?utm_campaign=journal&utm_content=image-project-id228067&utm_medium=email&utm_source=journal-id-114 [Accessed 11 Jun. 2017]. Figure 38: 109 Architects (2011). Plan. [image] Available at: goo.gl/WQrhwB [Accessed 11 Jun. 2017]. Figure 39: Saikaly, A. (2017). USJ CIES. [image] Available at: http://rodolphemattar.com/portfolio/usjcies/ [Accessed 6 Jul. 2017]. Figure 40: Bruneel, G. (2012). CMA-CGM Headquarters. [image] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/266370/cma-cgm-headquarters-nabil-gholamarchitects/5036868328ba0d0cea00001a-cma-cgm-headquarters-nabil-gholam-architects-photo [Accessed 11 Jun. 2017]. Figure 42: Nabil Gholam Architects (2012). Elevation. [image] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/266370/cma-cgm-headquarters-nabil-gholamarchitects/5036877328ba0d0ced00000d-cma-cgm-headquarters-nabil-gholam-architects-elevation [Accessed 11 Jun. 2017]. Figure 43: Nabil Gholam Architects (2016). Plan. [image] Available at: https://divisare.com/projects/229647-nabil-gholam-architects-cma-cgm-headquarters [Accessed 11 Jun. 2017]. Figure 73: USJ Elevation. (2017). [image] Available at: http://www.glasslineindustries.com/projects/université-st-joseph-campus-innovation-economics-sports [Accessed 8 Jun. 2017]. Figure 82: Bruneel, G. (2012). CMA-CGM Headquarters. [image] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/266370/cma-cgm-headquarters-nabil-gholamarchitects/5036868328ba0d0cea00001a-cma-cgm-headquarters-nabil-gholam-architects-photo [Accessed 11 Jun. 2017]. All other images and photos in this document are credited by the author.
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Appendices Appendix A1 – Specification sheets
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Appendix A2 – Poster and invitation
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Appendix A3 – Survey
MSc Light and Lighting Dissertation Survey
"How is the architectural intent maintained or reinforced in the transition from daylight to artificial light?"
Name: Field of expertise:
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Part I ABC Dbayeh ABC Dbayeh is an expansion design by nARCHITECTS. The design consists of creating several aluminum and concrete volumes shifted horizontally and vertically in response to site and zoning constraints. The main façade is an LED backlit laser-cut aluminum screen, with apertures varying in size. The Waste from the aluminum cut-outs have been reused as façade elements throughout the remaining three volumes, which alternate in tone between light and dark grey. nARCHITECTS’ goal in this project was to create a dramatic and yet cohesive ensemble, which visitors and passersby can experience differently depending on the time of day or night.
Current Lighting Scheme 1. How would you rate the appearance of the building at night with the current lighting scheme?
UNIMPRESSIVE
VERY IMPRESSIVE
2. Does the current lighting scheme destroy or distort the day lit appearance of the building?
NOT AT ALL
VERY MUCH
3. Is the design concept emphasized by the current lighting scheme?
VERY MUCH
NOT AT ALL
4. How is the façade modeled by the current lighting scheme?
TOO FLAT
WELL MODELED
5. How would you describe the brightness of the current lighting scheme?
VERY DIM
VERY BRIGHT
6. Does the current lighting equipment integrate well with the architecture?
VERY WELL
NOT AT ALL
7. How would you rate the appearance of façade elements under the current lighting scheme?
TOO SOFT
TOO HARSH
8. How would you describe the colour appearance of the current lighting scheme?
VERY COOL
VERY WARM
9. In a sentence, how would you describe the current lighting scheme?
10. If you have to redesign the lighting scheme, how do you think the building should have been lit?
11. What elements or ideas would you highlight in the new lighting scheme?
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New Lighting Scheme 12. How would you rate the appearance of the building at night with the new lighting scheme?
UNIMPRESSIVE
VERY IMPRESSIVE
13. Does the new lighting scheme destroy or distort the day lit appearance of the building?
NOT AT ALL
VERY MUCH
14. Is the design concept emphasized by the new lighting scheme?
VERY MUCH
NOT AT ALL
15. How is the façade modeled by the new lighting scheme?
TOO FLAT
WELL MODELED
16. How would you describe the brightness of the new lighting scheme?
VERY DIM
VERY BRIGHT
17. Does the new lighting equipment integrate well with the architecture?
VERY WELL
NOT AT ALL
18. How would you rate the appearance of façade elements under the new lighting scheme?
TOO SOFT
TOO HARSH
19. How would you describe the colour appearance of the new lighting scheme?
VERY COOL
VERY WARM
20. In a sentence, how would you describe the new lighting scheme?
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Part II USJ Campus de L'innovation et du Sport Designed by Youssef Tohme Architects and 109 Architects, This new campus takes a contextual approach, integrating physically, culturally, and historically with Beirut’s urban tissue. The different blocks of this campus are connected creating several meeting points for students. A fluid circulation leading to the roof gives different views of Beirut. The facade design is inspired from the mousharabieh and the destruction caused by the lebanese civil war. It is perforated in a way that allows direct and ambient light to penetrate the interior spaces creating interesting patterns.
Current Lighting Scheme 1. How would you rate the appearance of the building at night with the current lighting scheme?
UNIMPRESSIVE
VERY IMPRESSIVE
2. Does the current lighting scheme destroy or distort the day lit appearance of the building?
NOT AT ALL
VERY MUCH
3. Is the design concept emphasized by the current lighting scheme?
VERY MUCH
NOT AT ALL
4. How is the façade modeled by the current lighting scheme?
TOO FLAT
WELL MODELED
5. How would you describe the brightness of the current lighting scheme?
VERY DIM
VERY BRIGHT
6. Does the current lighting equipment integrate well with the architecture?
VERY WELL
NOT AT ALL
7. How would you rate the appearance of façade elements under the current lighting scheme?
TOO SOFT
TOO HARSH
8. How would you describe the colour appearance of the current lighting scheme?
VERY COOL
VERY WARM
9. In a sentence, how would you describe the current lighting scheme?
10. If you have to redesign the lighting scheme, how do you think the building should have been lit?
11. What elements or ideas would you highlight in the new lighting scheme?
94
New Lighting Scheme 12. How would you rate the appearance of the building at night with the new lighting scheme?
UNIMPRESSIVE
VERY IMPRESSIVE
13. Does the new lighting scheme destroy or distort the day lit appearance of the building?
NOT AT ALL
VERY MUCH
14. Is the design concept emphasized by the new lighting scheme?
VERY MUCH
NOT AT ALL
15. How is the façade modeled by the new lighting scheme?
TOO FLAT
WELL MODELED
16. How would you describe the brightness of the new lighting scheme?
VERY DIM
VERY BRIGHT
17. Does the new lighting equipment integrate well with the architecture?
VERY WELL
NOT AT ALL
18. How would you rate the appearance of façade elements under the new lighting scheme?
TOO SOFT
TOO HARSH
19. How would you describe the colour appearance of the new lighting scheme?
VERY COOL
VERY WARM
20. In a sentence, how would you describe the new lighting scheme?
95
Part III CMA CGM Beirut CMA CGM headquarters in Beirut is a transparent composite structure designed by Nabil Gholam Architects. The building operates using a high level of environmental strategies. The facade design responds to several environmental factors. The sun screens shading elements and the high selective glass minimize solar gains in addition to protecting against the high external noise levels. The floors have a specific grid system that allows maximum flexibility and openness to the outside.
Current Lighting Scheme 1. How would you rate the appearance of the building at night with the current lighting scheme?
UNIMPRESSIVE
VERY IMPRESSIVE
2. Does the current lighting scheme destroy or distort the day lit appearance of the building?
NOT AT ALL
VERY MUCH
3. Is the design concept emphasized by the current lighting scheme?
VERY MUCH
NOT AT ALL
4. How is the façade modeled by the current lighting scheme?
TOO FLAT
WELL MODELED
5. How would you describe the brightness of the current lighting scheme?
VERY DIM
VERY BRIGHT
6. Does the current lighting equipment integrate well with the architecture?
VERY WELL
NOT AT ALL
7. How would you rate the appearance of façade elements under the current lighting scheme?
TOO SOFT
TOO HARSH
8. How would you describe the colour appearance of the current lighting scheme?
VERY COOL
VERY WARM
9. In a sentence, how would you describe the current lighting scheme?
10. If you have to redesign the lighting scheme, how do you think the building should have been lit?
11. What elements or ideas would you highlight in the new lighting scheme?
96
New Lighting Scheme 12. How would you rate the appearance of the building at night with the new lighting scheme?
UNIMPRESSIVE
VERY IMPRESSIVE
13. Does the new lighting scheme destroy or distort the day lit appearance of the building?
NOT AT ALL
VERY MUCH
14. Is the design concept emphasized by the new lighting scheme?
VERY MUCH
NOT AT ALL
15. How is the façade modeled by the new lighting scheme?
TOO FLAT
WELL MODELED
16. How would you describe the brightness of the new lighting scheme?
VERY DIM
VERY BRIGHT
17. Does the new lighting equipment integrate well with the architecture?
VERY WELL
NOT AT ALL
18. How would you rate the appearance of façade elements under the new lighting scheme?
TOO SOFT
TOO HARSH
19. How would you describe the colour appearance of the new lighting scheme?
VERY COOL
VERY WARM
20. In a sentence, how would you describe the new lighting scheme?
97
Appendix A4 – Raw data Raw Data Case Study 1 - Experts(LIVE), part 1 CASE STUDY 1 Participant
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
Gender Q1.1
Q1.2
Q1.3
Q1.4
Q1.5
Q1.6
Q1.7
Current
Current
Current
Q1.8
Q1.9
Q1.10
Q1.11
shadows seen during the day should be highlighted more during the night
In a way to emphasize more the metallic logos on the facade
Expert 1 (LIVE)
M
3
1
3
3
2
5
4
5
Well designed, shows cladding material
Expert 2 (LIVE)
F
4
2
4
2
3
1
4
3
Average lighting scheme, could be better
Expert 3 (LIVE)
F
5
2
5
2
2
5
3
4
Impressive scheme that emphasizes the facade elements
Expert 4 (LIVE)
M
3
1
3
2
2
5
3
4
Expert 5 (LIVE)
M
2
5
2
6
1
2
5
Expert 6 (LIVE)
M
2
2
5
4
3
3
3
3
Expert 7 (LIVE)
F
6
1
6
4
2
4
1
6
Expert 8 (LIVE)
F
3
2
5
4
4
2
3
Expert 9 (LIVE)
M
4
3
2
3
4
5
2
3
Expert 10 (LIVE)
M
3
3
4
5
2
4
3
3
Expert 11 (LIVE)
M
3
5
4
6
1
3
1
3
Expert 12 (LIVE)
F
3
4
2
4
1
2
1
4
highlight edges to reveal volumes
emphasize on the logo shape on the facade highlight each metallic element Poor at least common representing the logo with a retrofitted light The facade being constituted by 4 A sober lighting scheme that lacks of volumes with different surfaces. It unity as the lighting treatment for would be worth to develop a more each volume is different coherent lighting approach Litteral/ Minimal
light needs to spread further to reach all the facade
Emphasize the volumetry by playing with light and shadow
A safe basic approach that is elegant Try to break the horizontality of the but adds no value to the experience boxes. More dynamic scheme of the building
Barely noticeable architecturally
Especially the Logo's
More emphasis on architecture elements and surrounding environments
On a big scale the building is well highlighted but the lighting could contribute to smaller details that could make the experience more interesting on a human scale Balance between lighting and architectural effect
Neutal scheme
Make the volume more readable
More dramatic effect
Too soft. It kills the architectural ideas It is not showing the facade elements clearly. we can only see the lower part of the blocks. No uniformity.
Give more identity to the signature of the building
reshaping the signature "simply"
All the openings should be shown and marked with the lighting
Expert 13 (LIVE)
M
2
4
2
5
2
2
2
4
The aluminum cutouts need to be The lighting design doesn't emphasized by being individually lit, accentuate the main elements that each would form a pixel that can be the architect wanted to emphasize on/off to form the desired scene/picture
Expert 14 (LIVE)
M
3
4
2
5
3
2
3
4
A better delineation of the crown It lacks delineation and volumetric By identifying the various contour yet without the common interest particularly because it is components to render an attractive "lines of light" usually made possible located on a rather speedy roadway. instantly perceived image. nowadays with LED lighting.
Expert 15 (LIVE)
M
3
2
3
3
2
5
2
3
It doesn't emphasize well the architecture
Expert 16 (LIVE)
M
2
5
2
6
3
2
2
3
Regular. Has nothing to do with building model
In a way to show the volumes
All 4 blocks
Monotony . unimpressive
More effects may be . More lighting . More cheerful ...
Colored lighting (may be)
Expert 17 (LIVE)
M
1
4
1
6
1
2
2
2
The aluminum cutouts and the boxes.
illuminate the skin more brightly to reveal better the skin features. Dull the logo openings of the skin should lighting requires dynamic effects by be better highlighted using DMX adressable RGBW fixtures
98
Raw Data Case Study 1 - Experts(LIVE), part 2 CASE STUDY 1
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Participant
Q1.1
Q1.2
Q1.3
Q1.4
Q1.5
Q1.6
Q1.7
Q1.8
Q1.12
Expert 1 (LIVE)
6
1
5
2
5
6
2
1
Each block has now its own value and attraction The new lighting scheme accentuates more the building, the architecture and the metallic shapes. It gives the architecture a new and better language A better scheme. Balanced brightness and highlighted facade elements. Definitely grabs more attention Highlight the concept, much more interesting scheme
Expert 2 (LIVE)
6
2
6
2
4
6
2
4
Expert 3 (LIVE)
6
1
6
3
5
6
4
4
Expert 4 (LIVE)
6
1
6
5
5
6
3
4
Expert 5 (LIVE)
6
1
6
2
4
6
3
3
Excellent and very appropriated
Expert 6 (LIVE)
5
2
6
1
3
6
3
3
A coherent lighting solution that unifies all four volumes and fits perfectly well with the architecture
Expert 7 (LIVE)
1
1
6
6
5
6
3
2
More integrated in the architectural skin which is now more visible and understood
Expert 8 (LIVE)
6
1
6
1
6
6
5
2
Interesting system that gives you an interesting perception of the building at any angle. highlights the texture of the facade similarly as during the day
Expert 9 (LIVE)
5
2
6
2
5
6
2
2
Well integrated with the architecture. In addition to variation in brightness with the same colour
Expert 10 (LIVE)
5
1
5
2
5
6
Expert 11 (LIVE)
6
1
6
1
5
6
4
4
Expert 12 (LIVE)
6
1
6
1
1
6
3
3
Expert 13 (LIVE)
6
2
2
1
4
6
4
4
Expert 14 (LIVE)
5
2
4
2
5
4
4
4
Volumes stand out in a better attractive night time image.
Expert 15 (LIVE)
5
1
5
2
3
5
4
2
the brightness and uniformity of the facade are improved
Expert 16 (LIVE)
5
2
6
1
5
6
1
3
Puts the 4 blocks in value
Expert 17 (LIVE)
1
2
4
4
4
3
2
3
Didn t like it . Looking forward for more expression
4
Adequate Perfect, reserving the architectural concept The new lighting scheme is showing well the concept and all the design details without ruining the architectural aspect Much better than the old scheme, the important elements of the facade (cutouts) are lit, the whole facade is homogeneous from top to bottom.
99
Raw Data Case Study 1 - Experts(ONLINE), part 1 CASE STUDY 1 Participant
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
Gender Q1.1
Q1.2
Q1.3
Q1.4
Q1.5
Q1.6
Q1.7
Q1.8
Expert 1 (ONLINE)
F
4
2
5
1
3
6
5
3
Expert 2 (ONLINE)
F
3
4
3
3
4
6
4
4
Current
Current
Current
Q1.9
Q1.10
Q1.11
It is a little bit to blue and cold, but Use warmer Colours, and emphesize doing its job really well in more the facade's perforations and underlining the facade and "reliefs" 'volumetrie'. spot lights at street level for passby Simple, but effective ers
Refer to answer above
safety and security on the street
Expert 3 (ONLINE)
F
1
6
3
5
3
4
3
2
Cold, artificial, closed
Definitely not having those apertures where the restaurants are. Big windows way better. Very stuffy
Expert 4 (ONLINE)
M
2
4
2
5
2
5
3
3
It doesnt fully reveal the nature of the panels you see with daylight
Some backlighting to make the cutouts appear more defined and a softer even wash to the front
Definately the cut-outs
Expert 5 (ONLINE)
M
5
4
2
4
4
2
2
4
It reinforces the differentiation between otherwise identical boxes
Since the lighting scheme is consistent with the facade design, i would it the same way more or less
There's an interesting economy of means although at odds with the nature of the mall experience
Expert 6 (ONLINE)
F
2
4
2
5
2
2
3
3
It doesn't enhance the architecture
Expert 7 (ONLINE)
F
2
2
2
5
2
4
5
4
Expert 8 (ONLINE)
F
3
5
2
4
2
5
6
5
Expert 9 (ONLINE)
M
2
4
2
5
3
2
3
3
The transparency of the aluminium facade elements I would be looking at the surface as a By highlighting the texture and It is a scheme that is very minimal whole and see if there are ways to material more allowing the scheme and does not highlight the unique work with the material and not only to be more dimmed whiles still charactaristics of the building. looking at band in the bottom of the creating an impact. building. Consider different mounting positions for linear graze, or introduce more back-illuminated Still focus on texture and materiality features to tie in with main facade. Monotonous of the finish, but in a more varied Consider priority of building volumes approach. and main views from the street to create a more varied/dynamic scheme.
M
4
4
5
4
3
4
4
2
a little disjointed
Expert 11 (ONLINE)
M
5
2
2
1
3
6
4
4
It's clean and simple
Expert 13 (ONLINE)
F
F
2
1
6
5
1
4
5
6
5
5
2
1
5
5
Describing the full volumes somehow
The current scheme is very basic and More uniformity behind the mesh uninspiring panel
Expert 10 (ONLINE)
Expert 12 (ONLINE)
Thr skylight in the middle of thr space
Look at backlit panels as an option.
I like the combination of treatments however would not have treated the more of a play of light from the different facades in the same way, inside or integrated into the cladding possible broken up the up lighting systems with a different approach. -
-
3
From top to highlight the step Doesn't accentuate the important changes of the buildings and structural feature of the building and emphasize the materials of the lighting elements do not combine vertical surface by washing light in well. front or behind the perforated screens.
4
Recess source further and possible Increase distance from building Could work if light is pushed further further to avoid bright lines at base. Bringing out the facade textures by up the building Building at far left is the aim, but uplighting is great. doesn't seem to work on the dark surfaces. I would vary the color appearances according to weather seasons, and i would Integrate light on the back facades from above as well inorder to emphasize more the leveling of the masses.
As above.
Expert 14 (ONLINE)
F
5
1
6
1
3
6
2
3
The current lighting scheme has a smooth visual flow which makes it impressive.
Expert 15 (ONLINE)
F
3
4
3
3
3
3
4
4
A money saving and not well considered lighting scheme
Expert 16 (ONLINE)
F
4
3
3
4
3
4
4
4
Intrusive
Grazings
Contrast
A slightly softer look
The unity of the 4 components of the building
I would highlight the idea of the vertically shifted volumes more.
Based on presenting different The four buildings could be regarded patterns on the facades, lighting as a full screen and some interactive design might be something beyond lights can be created the original architectural idea
Expert 17 (ONLINE)
F
2
4
2
5
3
2
4
3
The current lighting scheme does not highlighted the architectural elements of the building within its 4 elements
Expert 18 (ONLINE)
M
2
4
2
5
3
2
5
3
the whole facade been evenly boring, amateur, not well thought- backlit, with RGB colour changing, or out even DMX control, making it dynamic.
focusing more on the cut-out
100
Raw Data Case Study 1 - Experts(ONLINE), part 2 CASE STUDY 1
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Participant
Q1.1
Q1.2
Q1.3
Q1.4
Q1.5
Q1.6
Q1.7
Q1.8
Q1.12
Expert 1 (ONLINE)
4
3
4
4
4
4
6
2
Emphasizing well the facade's Skin and perforations. Too harsh though
Expert 2 (ONLINE)
4
5
2
2
2
2
4
5
Subtile
Expert 3 (ONLINE)
4
3
4
2
4
5
3
4
Expert 4 (ONLINE)
6
2
6
1
5
5
4
4
Muck better link to the daylit appearance and the pattern revealed over the whole facade.
Expert 5 (ONLINE)
6
1
6
1
5
6
1
4
It is more faithful to the daylight experience and the physicality of the building
Expert 6 (ONLINE)
2
2
3
6
3
4
3
3
Poor. Needs to be more versatile
Expert 7 (ONLINE)
5
1
6
1
3
6
3
4
This scheme makes the most of the surfaces and reflects the design of the building when viewed in daylight .
Expert 8 (ONLINE)
3
3
5
3
1
6
5
3
Dramatic
Expert 9 (ONLINE)
5
2
5
2
3
6
3
3
More visually interesting.
Expert 10 (ONLINE)
3
6
4
6
2
5
3
2
subtle well integrated but too much of the same approach
Expert 11 (ONLINE)
5
1
5
1
2
6
3
4
subtle and more refined that the previous lighting scheme
Expert 12 (ONLINE)
4
2
4
2
3
5
3
3
Adds three dimensionality to the facade but can also get lost within the nightscape.
Expert 13 (ONLINE)
5
1
5
2
3
6
3
3
Brings out texture of facade very well
Expert 14 (ONLINE)
4
1
5
6
1
4
3
3
It is very plane, dim, and monotonic with no alternation in light colors and same hierarchy.
Expert 15 (ONLINE)
4
2
5
5
4
4
3
3
Quiet and acceptable but not interesting(the picture is too small...)
Expert 16 (ONLINE)
4
3
4
2
4
4
4
4
Suggestive
Expert 17 (ONLINE)
6
1
6
1
3
6
3
4
The new lighting scheme highlights the unity of the 4 boxes showing the characteristics of each part in a different way yet coherent
Expert 18 (ONLINE)
5
2
2
2
3
5
2
2
well thought-out, fine design, very nice
101
Raw Data Case Study 1 - Public(LIVE), part 1 CASE STUDY 1 Participant
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
Gender Q1.1
Current
Current
Current
Q1.2
Q1.3
Q1.4
Q1.5
Q1.6
Q1.7
Q1.8
Q1.9
Q1.10
Q1.11
Public 1 (LIVE)
M
5
1
4
3
5
6
2
5
too powerful for the architecture
Public 2 (LIVE)
M
6
1
6
2
5
5
2
5
well designed and attractive
more colourful lighting
by solar energy
circulation
the white structure in the middle should be lit like the first white one little importance is given to the first to the left and the lighting should be structures starting from right to left increased to give more importance to the grey structures especially the part on the top
Public 3 (LIVE)
F
5
3
5
4
3
3
2
3
Public 4 (LIVE)
M
4
3
3
3
2
5
3
4
the current room serves as a fine solution but has a lot of room for improvement
top and bottom lighting should be present as well.
box edges
Public 5 (LIVE)
F
4
3
2
4
2
4
3
2
easy on the eye and interesting
the light should also follow the pattern but not the whole building like the first unit
the patterns
Public 6 (LIVE)
F
5
5
2
2
5
2
4
add light to the top part of the building not just for below so that the gaps show more
gaps and the facade
Public 7 (LIVE)
F
5
3
3
2
3
2
3
4
Public 8 (LIVE)
F
5
1
5
2
2
5
1
4
through the facades
have lights on the top part of the three other cubes as well as on the facades
Public 9 (LIVE)
F
4
5
3
4
3
3
5
3
quiet, soft, discreet
Public 10 (LIVE)
F
5
2
4
5
2
3
3
4
Boring, killing the design of the facade
Public 11 (LIVE)
F
5
1
5
3
4
5
4
3
Public 12 (LIVE)
F
4
4
3
3
4
3
3
4
Public 13 (LIVE)
M
4
2
5
3
3
4
4
4
Public 14 (LIVE)
F
5
3
4
3
3
3
2
3
It has a mix of both warm an cool light which creates a balanced atmosphere
Public 15 (LIVE)
F
5
3
5
4
3
5
2
4
A bit dim but it helps integrate the I would try to emphasize each block The blocks and the facade patterns blocks together more
Public 16 (LIVE)
M
4
5
2
6
1
2
2
2
Public 17 (LIVE)
F
4
2
3
5
1
2
1
5
Public 18 (LIVE)
M
4
5
4
2
2
3
3
Public 19 (LIVE)
F
4
3
5
5
3
2
5
3
Not very well thought of.
Lighting behind the metalic extrusions and not from below.
Public 20 (LIVE)
F
3
4
5
4
3
3
2
4
out of character
from all parts
Public 21 (LIVE)
M
6
1
6
1
6
6
4
3
It shows perfectly the way the building in lighting elements appear on the facade.
Public 22 (LIVE)
M
4
1
5
2
3
5
3
4
Well integrated on one side and lacking on the other
Public 23 (LIVE)
M
4
1
5
3
2
4
1
3
good for a mall
the lighting from behind the whole facade is interesting. another the patterns on the facade and the proposition would be to light it from rectangle would pop up the top only making it as if it is floating they should spread th light in a way that the design is stressed and reflected
The cut outs would be more emphasized with light to create a texture for the facade
I would like to create more balance I find it neutral, it doesn't emphasize between the colors and shapes of the design concept the buildings Maybe have more light reach the top
Not very consistent among each other The current lighting scheme is dim, basic.
something to bring out the volume of the concrete blocks
The logos and key elements of the building
Integrate light in each of the aluminium shapes
In a way that integrates with the shape of the openings on the facade
From the back not the front
the texture of the building
From the inside to the outside
The holes in the facade
Its not very bright. It should be a bit In a way to emphasize on the pttern more warm and a bit more stronger of the building
It should be integrated with the pattern of the building
The extrusions and patterns
The way the light goes from behind the the facade into the outside
adding slightly more light on the darker side of the project.
The perforated facades when lit give great depth in the project
give identity to each block
102
Raw Data Case Study 1 - Public(LIVE), part 2 CASE STUDY 1
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Participant
Q1.1
Q1.2
Q1.3
Q1.4
Q1.5
Q1.6
Q1.7
Q1.8
Q1.12
Public 1 (LIVE)
5
1
5
6
5
6
1
5
it matches well with the architecture of the building. The quality of light used is appropriate
Public 2 (LIVE)
6
1
6
1
5
6
1
6
improved by showing the grid system by lighting
4
the new lighting scheme is much better as it gives somehow equal importance to the 3 structures that were not lit from the inside. Nonetheless the first structure to the left is the most brightly lit maybe due to the fact that it was the first structure to be built(?)
2
the new scheme defines the elements properly and augments the night feel of ABC makes it belong to the city more
Public 3 (LIVE)
5
1
6
1
3
5
Public 4 (LIVE)
4
2
6
2
5
6
Public 5 (LIVE)
3
5
3
4
5
3
5
5
it is a bit too much
Public 6 (LIVE)
5
1
5
4
2
5
3
3
bring more attention to the facade
Public 7 (LIVE)
6
1
6
1
5
6
2
5
Public 8 (LIVE)
6
1
6
1
4
6
2
3
Public 9 (LIVE)
5
1
6
2
3
6
2
5
the new lighting gives a unity to the facades and highlights the unit as one element even though it is soft. LIKE IT!
Public 10 (LIVE)
6
1
6
1
5
5
4
4
it highly reflects the design of the facade
Public 11 (LIVE)
6
1
5
1
4
6
4
4
It shows up the small cut-outs more and clearly brings out the full volume of each concrete block
Public 12 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
5
2
4
4
I find it very interesting. It emphasizes the design concept and it is well integrated with the architecture
Public 13 (LIVE)
5
1
6
2
3
6
2
2
Its better tailored to the architecture
Public 14 (LIVE)
5
2
4
2
4
5
5
5
It creates a better ambiance of the facade that follows well the concept of the building
Public 15 (LIVE)
6
2
6
1
5
6
5
3
It emphasizes the facade elements and architecture as well as each block
Public 16 (LIVE)
6
1
6
1
6
6
4
2
Public 17 (LIVE)
5
1
6
2
4
6
4
3
Public 18 (LIVE)
5
1
6
2
4
6
4
4
Public 19 (LIVE)
6
1
6
1
5
6
3
1
As I would have liked it to be. It emphasizes very well the concept and brings the building to life.
Public 20 (LIVE)
6
2
6
1
4
6
4
3
it gives the building a character and a good experience when looking at it
Public 21 (LIVE)
6
1
6
1
5
6
4
3
It is much better than the old one and gives a new identity to the building.
Public 22 (LIVE)
6
1
6
1
4
6
4
3
Well integrated in all few joint buildings, perfectly emphasising the building facades
3
blocks are currently couples but still having a variation in each couple that makes it ore interesting. A good improvement from the original lighting where the decorative metallic pieces that were just to create texture have a better purpose
Public 23 (LIVE)
5
1
6
2
2
6
4
2
It brings out more the facade elements of the building. The pattern of the building is represented by the lighting and this is how the facade of the building is represented during the day
103
Raw Data Case Study 1 - Public(ONLINE), part 1 CASE STUDY 1 Participant Public 1 (ONLINE)
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
Gender Q1.1 M
5
Current
Current
Current
Q1.2
Q1.3
Q1.4
Q1.5
Q1.6
Q1.7
Q1.8
Q1.9
Q1.10
Q1.11
3
5
3
5
5
4
5
Impressive Pleasant and colorful - but a bit too bright; there are a lot of light sources Simple
x
x
Fewer light sources
Several bright area which fade into darker areas
more emphasis higher up
the dots of the building
Public 2 (ONLINE)
M
4
3
6
3
3
4
4
3
Public 3 (ONLINE) Public 4 (ONLINE) Public 5 (ONLINE)
F F F
4 3 5
2 3 4
3 1 3
2 5 5
2 4 2
4 3 6
3 4 6
5 3
Public 6 (ONLINE)
F
3
4
2
4
2
2
2
2
Public 7 (ONLINE)
M
4
3
5
4
3
5
2
3
Public 8 (ONLINE)
M
4
4
3
3
4
3
3
4
Public 9 (ONLINE)
M
3
2
3
5
2
3
3
2
Public 10 (ONLINE)
F
5
3
4
4
3
4
3
2
Public 11 (ONLINE)
M
4
4
3
4
3
3
3
2
Public 12 (ONLINE)
M
2
3
4
2
3
3
3
4
Too hard dull
Structural/Architectural elements I would prefer it to be more modern must be installed on the facade with light projections add some spotlight for the surface of Not too bad but a little simple building Uplighting with no spill light into the sky is a good approach. But if there is a path next to the buildings, No big change - the different Nice that each element has its own maybe they will need to be textures of the facade is the key character "anchored" more? And a warmer element coloured light would be my preference. Acceptable, it could be better
The lighting scheme is well-managed I would try to emphasise the texture on of the volumes and of the facade more (as it is done in unimpressively done on the the most lit volume) remaining three.
texture of the scrapped cut-offs
104
Raw Data Case Study 1 - Public(ONLINE), part 2 CASE STUDY 1
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Participant
Q1.1
Q1.2
Q1.3
Q1.4
Q1.5
Q1.6
Q1.7
Q1.8
Q1.12
Public 1 (ONLINE)
6
2
4
4
6
5
3
Public 2 (ONLINE)
4
3
4
2
2
4
3
3
Better improvement
Public 3 (ONLINE) Public 4 (ONLINE) Public 5 (ONLINE)
6 5 4
3 2 1
4 6 6
1 2 1
5 3
5 6
3 3
4 2
Better than the older one
Public 6 (ONLINE)
6
1
6
1
4
6
3
3
ten zillion times better - love it!
Public 7 (ONLINE)
3
1
4
4
3
5
4
2
Public 8 (ONLINE)
5
2
2
3
4
5
3
3
Modern
Public 9 (ONLINE)
5
5
1
5
4
2
5
5
greater than before
Public 10 (ONLINE)
5
2
5
2
3
5
3
3
It looks really good and playful. However, the buildings could be "anchored" a bit more.
Public 11 (ONLINE)
5
2
6
1
3
5
4
2
It is much better.
Public 12 (ONLINE)
4
2
4
2
3
5
3
3
More impressive
105
Raw Data Case Study 2 - Experts(LIVE), part 1 CASE STUDY 2 Participant
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
Gender
Q2.1
Q2.2
Q2.3
Q2.4
Q2.5
Q2.6
Q2.7
Q2.8
Current
Current
Current
Q2.9
Q2.10
Q2.11
inside activity should appear to the outside
The perforations of the facades and the translucent facade
Expert 1 (LIVE)
M
1
5
4
5
1
4
5
1
No appearance for the facade during the night
linear lighting integrated in the facade to give it more value
Expert 2 (LIVE)
F
2
1
3
5
3
3
2
4
very little, non expressive and almost inexistent
the perforations of the facades should have been lit in addition to the already existing lighting scheme
Expert 3 (LIVE)
F
1
1
3
6
1
3
1
4
It doesn't show any of the facade elements. Only highlights volumes.
More horizontal lighting.
Expert 4 (LIVE)
M
1
1
6
6
1
4
1
1
Dark not showing importance
Emphasize on the musharabiya facade
Expert 5 (LIVE)
M
1
1
No lighting design or facade lighting at all
A full lighting design is requested relying on the polycarbonate surface on the left side and openings on the right side
Expert 6 (LIVE)
M
1
2
5
5
2
4
3
5
An obviously incomplete lighting scheme
It would be interesting to work on lighting the perforations that will transmit the natural light to the interior during the day and emit artificial light to the exterior during the night. Moreover, have a colour changing subtle effect behind the translucent facade
Expert 7 (LIVE)
F
1
1
6
6
1
6
1
6
Very very poor. No importance given to the architectural skin
Light the circulation; bridges and translucent part. More light on the facade from the interior and the exterior
Expert 8 (LIVE)
F
1
6
6
6
1
6
1
5
Expert 9 (LIVE)
M
6
4
3
2
2
4
3
4
Emphasizing building volumes
Expert 10 (LIVE)
M
2
3
4
6
1
5
2
4
make the building look lighter and highlight facade perforations
light inside or back of the skin
The facade offers an opportunity of a sophisticated play Wht lighting scheme? doesn't seem to be thought of as There is a certain complexity that makes this building on light with the different openings. Moreover, there is part of the design what it is and it s completely disregarded at night a complexity of circulation behind the polycarbonate mesh that would be interesting to see at night
Additional lighting for the facades
patterns and openings
Poor
More lighting effects
The architecture concept is very interesting, the volumes must be revealed animating the facade
animate the horizontal axis of the building
Expert 11 (LIVE)
M
1
1
6
6
1
6
1
6
"ugly" one word, no need for a sentence
Defining more the architectural elevation and adding projection on some parts to animate it and give it a cultural effect
Expert 12 (LIVE)
F
1
6
6
6
1
6
1
1
It's completely ruining the building aspect
All the openings should be highlighted as well as the horizontal passages
Expert 13 (LIVE)
M
1
6
6
6
1
4
6
4
There is no lighting scheme, this looks more like the lighting in a construction site for basic illumination.
Expert 14 (LIVE)
M
2
5
5
5
3
3
2
3
It does not bring out the architect's concept.
By a better coverage of the cracked elements.
Adding some color would have been welcome.
Expert 15 (LIVE)
M
1
2
6
5
1
4
1
2
It doesn't reveal the architectural features of the building
backlighting the skin to reveal the patterns and architectural elements
Use interior lighting to better enhance the perforated skin features, improve the visibility of the building in general
Expert 16 (LIVE)
M
1
6
6
6
1
6
6
4
Too simple
Show activity inside
All 4 blocks must be lit to show architectural elements
Expert 17 (LIVE)
M
1
5
5
5
1
6
1
1
Does not reflect the architectural design
More lighting between volumes from down and up
The void between volumes shall be highlighted
As in the day where lighting passes through the perforations, by big the lighting design should emphasize these cutouts. Furthermore the translucent The mousharrabiah/cutouts and the translucent part. part of the facade should be backlit, the soft shadows of the back elements would appear giving the building form and motion
106
Raw Data Case Study 2 - Experts(LIVE), part 2 CASE STUDY 2
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Participant
Q2.1
Q2.2
Q2.3
Q2.4
Q2.5
Q2.6
Q2.7
Q2.8
Q2.12
Expert 1 (LIVE)
6
1
4
1
5
1
2
6
Excellent appearance, it reflects the inside especially the translucent volume
Expert 2 (LIVE)
4
3
3
2
4
3
4
5
Very expressive lighting scheme when it comes to the translucent part. It exposes the circulation but is overdone on the other parts
Expert 3 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
6
1
4
6
Very impressive scheme. I wouldn't change a thing about it
Expert 4 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
5
1
4
5
Impressive scheme, important elements of the project are highlighted
Expert 5 (LIVE)
5
1
1
2
4
1
2
6
Amazing and very clever emphasizing the circulation and pushing a very dynamic scene of night activity
Expert 6 (LIVE)
5
2
1
2
4
1
4
5
Very good lighting scheme that fits well with the architecture. I would use a light colour that is cooler (3500K to 4000K) since the facade stone is a bit yellow
Expert 7 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
More attractive. easier for the eye to look for a long time without being annoyed. Very well designed. Lighting landmark for the public
Expert 8 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
5
1
5
6
The new scheme gives the building justice. It reveals the elements that make it what it is, especially the movement behind the polycarbonate mesh. It makes the building look alive at night as opposed to its current condition
Expert 9 (LIVE)
6
5
1
2
4
2
4
5
Gave more importance to architectural patterns and material. Adding the current scheme to the new one could have emphasized the volumes more
Expert 10 (LIVE)
6
1
1
2
6
1
1
5
The new lighting meets the beautiful volumes and the architectural details
Expert 11 (LIVE)
3
2
2
2
4
2
4
5
Nice smooth concept. Invert the light in the three blocks on the right
Expert 12 (LIVE)
4
1
1
2
4
2
3
3
Very nice concept. It is showing all the elements of the elevation and giving the architectural design a warm and beautiful effect
Expert 13 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
4
1
4
5
Excellent lighting design, all the important elements are emphasized. Can't add or remove a single luminaire, just perfect.
Expert 14 (LIVE)
4
4
3
3
4
3
3
3
Rather flat and lacking visual impact
Expert 15 (LIVE)
5
1
1
2
5
5
5
4
The new scheme emphasizes better the building's features such as the perforated skin and the dynamic functions of inner spaces such as walkways , staircases, etc..
Expert 16 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
5
1
1
4
Alive
4
Well expressed for the first bldg but still need as mentioned previously lighting between blocks
Expert 17 (LIVE)
4
2
3
2
4
2
2
107
Raw Data Case Study 2 - Experts(ONLINE), part 1 CASE STUDY 2 Participant
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
Gender Q2.1
Current
Current
Current
Q2.2
Q2.3
Q2.4
Q2.5
Q2.6
Q2.7
Q2.8
Q2.9
Q2.10
Q2.11
It is doing its job incredibly well, however too dim !
Keep to same colours warms and lighting, but reinforce it.
As it is in the current scheme
Expert 1 (ONLINE)
F
2
3
4
2
1
4
1
6
Expert 2 (ONLINE)
F
1
6
2
6
1
2
3
3
Expert 3 (ONLINE)
F
2
5
4
5
1
2
5
4
Through the openings and thr polycarbonate sheeting
Expert 4 (ONLINE)
M
1
6
1
6
1
2
5
4
It seems just the ends have been lit. I Not all the elements appear to be lit The lighting should be more think the whole length should also so no relation to the daytime comprehensive and include more of be treated to give depth and appearance the built elements volume. The complex composition of void vs It focuses on the voids between the mass, skin vs volume, opacity, Maybe skin vs interior and void vs masses which are left as dark transparency and translucency, mass abstracted objects offers a multitude of options for any lighting scheme
Expert 5 (ONLINE)
M
1
6
2
6
1
2
4
6
Expert 6 (ONLINE)
F
5
5
2
6
1
4
2
3
Expert 7 (ONLINE)
F
2
6
1
6
1
1
6
6
Faded. Unsufficient to showcase the Definetetly highlighting the facades' carĂƒÂĄcter of the building patterns
The character of the building
Windows stairs
Dramatic although showing a different building than in daylight
Emphasising the contrast between The contrasts of parts and also the the soft shapes and the sharp boxes circulation theme I would do something to highlight Highlighting the main structure of It is very minimal and does very little the building as a whole and not just the facade, either by putting it in to celebrate the design of the at a very low level. It seems like a silhouette or grazing the front of the building. missed opportunity to not celebrate texture. the building as a whole.
Expert 8 (ONLINE)
F
1
6
1
5
1
2
4
4
Dark
There should have been more emphasis on beautiful textures and light graze along the textured walls, facade surfaces, not only on perhaps illuminating the inside layer highlighting entrances for functional to silhouette the pattern. use.
Expert 9 (ONLINE)
M
1
6
1
5
1
2
5
3
Almost non-existing
Back lighting to the outer skin of the Highlight the architectural features building; maybe projection onto the more. large flat featureless facade.
Expert 10 (ONLINE)
M
1
4
2
6
1
3
2
3
subtle and understated
underside of the structural elements more emphasis on the perforations on left hand buildings, perforations and use of shadow moving up the facades.
Expert 11 (ONLINE)
M
1
6
1
6
2
1
4
3
weak
Expert 12 (ONLINE)
F
1
5
2
4
2
2
4
3
The hallowness and lightness of the The lighting scheme fails to building - the perforated elements differentiate the different elements could be back illuminated and of the architecture and it fades into lighting can bu utilised to make the the nightscape. building appear as if it's floating. Bringingin out the interesting facade texture by either grazing up the building (behind facade texture), Facade pattern/texture and bridges. leaving it in silouette, or grazing up Would be interesting to illuminate the front of the facade element. base of left building. Some interest should be brought to the bridges to connect the three buildings.
Looks like an afterthoguht, no communication with architecture
-
-
Expert 13 (ONLINE)
F
1
6
1
5
2
1
6
4
Expert 14 (ONLINE)
F
1
4
1
6
1
1
1
4
This dim lighting scheme sheds light more on the massing as four I think the building should be back lit The mousharabieh and the bridges separate volumes rather than from the mousharabieh. connections. shedding light on the facade treatment itself.
Expert 15 (ONLINE)
F
2
3
1
4
2
2
2
4
Boring and cannot provide a sense of Different dimmed back-lits and use The correlation between 2D and 3D safety light to model the left building
Expert 16 (ONLINE)
F
2
3
2
5
2
3
2
4
Innoportune
Enhancing meeting points
Circulations and meeting points
In a brighter way
The angles of the building
maybe concealed RGB flexible LED strips along the perimeter of the inner layer of the facade.
highlight the patterns on the outer layer of the facade
Expert 17 (ONLINE)
F
1
3
1
6
1
1
4
5
The current lighting scheme does not show any architectural element of the building and destroys its appearance
Expert 18 (ONLINE)
M
1
6
6
6
2
1
6
4
totally disaster, wouldn't even call it a lighting scheme
108
Raw Data Case Study 2 - Experts(ONLINE), part 2 CASE STUDY 2
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Participant
Q2.1
Q2.2
Q2.3
Q2.4
Q2.5
Q2.6
Q2.7
Q2.8
Q2.12
Expert 1 (ONLINE)
5
6
2
5
5
4
5
4
The lighting is impressive in itself, but disorts the initial building's design
Expert 2 (ONLINE)
5
5
4
4
3
4
3
5
Quiet
Expert 3 (ONLINE)
5
2
5
2
5
5
3
5
Illuminated circulation paths
Expert 4 (ONLINE)
5
1
6
1
6
4
4
4
We now see more of the building modeled.
Expert 5 (ONLINE)
5
2
5
2
4
5
3
3
It focuses on the circulation scheme in particular and highlights the double skin of the building indirectly
Expert 6 (ONLINE)
4
2
4
5
4
5
4
3
Too simple. Needs facade lighting from outside as well as inside
Expert 7 (ONLINE)
5
2
5
1
4
6
4
4
Very impressive. My only comment would be that the lines of light might be too harsh and should potentially be dimmed slightly. I really like it!
Expert 8 (ONLINE)
4
4
5
2
4
5
5
5
Dramatic. It is an improvement but interrupts the flow of architectural elements at times.
Expert 9 (ONLINE)
4
3
4
3
4
4
4
4
An improvement on the original scheme, but the horizontal elements compress the building and make it appear lower. I would have looked at expressing the vertical elements more.
Expert 10 (ONLINE)
5
3
6
2
5
6
4
4
dynamic, integrated and interesting
Expert 11 (ONLINE)
5
1
6
1
4
6
2
3
Expert 12 (ONLINE)
4
5
2
4
5
2
6
4
Lighting design completely changes architecture of building at night.
Expert 13 (ONLINE)
5
6
6
2
4
6
4
4
Emphasise on the connection between the tree buildings well. Gives the building new life after dark.
Expert 14 (ONLINE)
6
1
6
1
6
6
1
6
It is a vibrant, lively, and playful lighting scheme.
Expert 15 (ONLINE)
5
2
5
2
5
5
5
5
Interesting but worry about the glare
Expert 16 (ONLINE)
5
4
5
3
5
4
5
5
Interesting
Expert 17 (ONLINE)
6
1
6
1
4
6
4
5
Bright, soft and welcoming
Expert 18 (ONLINE)
3
5
3
4
3
3
6
4
well, I think it is a bit too messy to my taste.
109
Raw Data Case Study 2 - Public(LIVE), part 1 CASE STUDY 2 Participant
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
Gender Q2.1
Current
Current
Current
Q2.2
Q2.3
Q2.4
Q2.5
Q2.6
Q2.7
Q2.8
Q2.9
Q2.10
Q2.11
Public 1 (LIVE)
M
5
1
4
1
3
1
3
3
needs more powerful lighting to show aspects of the building
Public 2 (LIVE)
M
1
2
4
5
2
4
5
3
needs improvement
Public 3 (LIVE)
F
1
1
5
6
1
6
1
2
gives little value to the perforations
Public 4 (LIVE)
M
1
2
5
3
1
5
5
5
very poor
Public 5 (LIVE)
F
2
3
6
4
1
5
1
5
it is very dim compared to its architectural design
Public 6 (LIVE)
F
5
2
1
2
3
2
3
5
mysterious
Public 7 (LIVE)
F
2
5
6
5
1
5
1
2
Public 8 (LIVE)
F
5
2
1
2
3
2
3
5
Public 9 (LIVE)
F
1
5
4
6
3
6
1
4
Public 10 (LIVE)
F
1
6
5
6
1
5
5
1
the building should have been lit very poor lightning as if the facade is from both sides spreading all over not at all taken into consideration the facade
Public 11 (LIVE)
F
1
5
5
6
1
6
1
5
It doesn't show any architectural detail of the building since the lights are only lighting up the bottom in small areas
poor, not enhancing the building's facade
more interior lighting
by solar system
circulation
integrate light inside the building to the different patterns and possibly give more value to the perforations the huge structure on the left
light the white entity and the apertures to feature the facade
white entity and apertures
i think that maybe the patterns should have a bit more emphasis the patterns and the unit next to the and the unit with the patterns ones with the patterns unit should have light coming through it as well more light on the closed off part
closed off part
I would light it in a more unified way not as if the spot were only put in the facade patterns and the second the negative spaces to light the part on the left emptiness
Include lights in the perforated spaces in order to emphasise the texture of the building
the building needs much more light to be well seen at night with shadows inside the perforated pieces.
Each part of the 4 blocks should be lit in its own way to emphasize the design concept. At the same time I The shape of the first block and the I find it unimpressive, too flat would like to have some balance details in the others between the huge block and the other smaller more detailed blocks It's deceiving, I was expecting more Light the shell on the left and the creativity perforated elements
Public 12 (LIVE)
F
1
5
6
5
2
2
2
3
Public 13 (LIVE)
M
2
3
6
5
1
5
3
6
Public 14 (LIVE)
F
2
4
5
5
2
5
4
5
It kills the concept of the building
Public 15 (LIVE)
F
1
4
6
5
1
5
1
4
Very dim and not enough
The facade should be more lit
Public 16 (LIVE)
M
1
5
6
6
1
6
1
2
very underwhelming
more focus on the facade
the front texture and geometry
Public 17 (LIVE)
F
1
6
6
6
1
6
3
6
The current lighting scheme is useless
From the inside
The holes in the facade and the rooms inside the glass building.
Public 18 (LIVE)
M
1
5
6
5
1
6
2
6
It's too simple and very dim
Public 19 (LIVE)
F
1
6
6
6
1
6
5
6
No design whatsoever.
From inside the perforations and from inside the polycarbonate.
Public 20 (LIVE)
F
1
5
5
6
1
6
1
6
it hides the architecture of the building
from the inside
Public 21 (LIVE)
M
5
2
3
1
2
1
3
4
I would give more value to the building on the left as it is kind of neglected.
Public 22 (LIVE)
M
1
4
6
5
1
5
1
6
from the out creating a more The perforations on the facade and Very much lacking in light in order to dynamic building, while emphasising the gsemi transparent skin covering better emphasise the facade. the perforations. one part of the project.
Public 23 (LIVE)
M
4
1
3
1
2
2
1
6
very minimal. In a very good way to show the different volumes of it
Integrate light into the facade, not light would give a certain vibe when necessarily behind the perforations used on the polycarbonate facade only the translucent facade of the big building and the patterns on the other other buildings.
add more light maybe on the pattern highlight some parts of the building of the building and maybe the polycarbonate part
light the moucharabieh
The big mass of polycarbonate
I would highlight the building on the left.
geometric cut outs
110
Raw Data Case Study 2 - Public(LIVE), part 2 CASE STUDY 2
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Participant
Q2.1
Q2.2
Q2.3
Q2.4
Q2.5
Q2.6
Q2.7
Q2.8
Q2.12
Public 1 (LIVE)
4
2
1
2
3
2
3
4
warm, pops up elements from the inside
Public 2 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
attractive, it shows details
Public 3 (LIVE)
5
2
2
2
4
2
4
5
gives great value to the passageways connecting the different buildings. yet I believe there is a lot of linearity in the lighting of the perforated buildings
Public 4 (LIVE)
6
4
3
5
5
1
4
1
solves most of the problem of the old lighting scheme but still seems to abandon the motif element. shows the depth of the left white entity as well
Public 5 (LIVE)
5
2
2
3
4
2
4
2
it is impressive but i wouldn't show the patterns in that way but the lighting of the unit without the pattern i found was very interesting
Public 6 (LIVE)
5
2
1
2
4
1
3
5
it brings out the architecture of the building. it looks better this way, more interesting
Public 7 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
5
1
2
5
Public 8 (LIVE)
5
1
1
1
4
1
2
4
it brings attention to the design concept
Public 9 (LIVE)
5
4
3
3
5
1
4
5
the left side is adequately lit but the right one is less adequate although I think it's the only way to unify with the left side
Public 10 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
5
2
2
5
Public 11 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
4
1
4
6
Public 12 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
5
1
4
4
Public 13 (LIVE)
4
3
4
3
4
2
5
5
too horizontal and linear
the new lighting scheme creates a coherence between the different parts It decorates the building in a beautiful new way that was never shown before. New lines appear and transform the building as well as the big building on the left that was never lit before and with this new scheme is clearly seen in its whole volume. The perforated pieces would be also nice if fully shown I find it simply beautiful. I love how the scheme emphasizes the shape of the first building and the details in the other buildings. I love the passages.
Public 14 (LIVE)
6
3
3
1
5
2
4
3
the lighting gave a very vivid image to the building. Personally I find it much better this way. I like the linearity of the lighting that gives a new spirit to the building
Public 15 (LIVE)
6
2
1
1
5
1
5
5
Well integrated with the facade and architecture of the building.
Public 16 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
6
1
2
6
Public 17 (LIVE)
6
6
1
1
4
1
4
5
Public 18 (LIVE)
4
2
2
3
3
2
3
4
Public 19 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
6
1
2
4
Public 20 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
4
1
4
6
pleasing to the eye
emphasizes the design of the building It gives more value to the building, it completely changed it.
Brings the big mass to life, showa the impact of the perforations which you see during the day but couldn't see at night before.
Public 21 (LIVE)
6
1
3
1
6
1
4
5
It creates a sense of unity for the whole project, giving importance for each part. It highlights the circulation.
Public 22 (LIVE)
5
2
2
2
4
3
3
4
It better emphasises the details in the building
Public 23 (LIVE)
5
3
2
6
5
2
4
6
loss of volumes, gives more attention to detail
111
Raw Data Case Study 2 - Public(ONLINE), part 1 CASE STUDY 2 Participant
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
Gender Q2.1
Current
Current
Current
Q2.2
Q2.3
Q2.4
Q2.5
Q2.6
Q2.7
Q2.8
Q2.9
Q2.10
Q2.11
Public 1 (ONLINE)
M
3
2
2
4
2
2
4
3
Not bad
x
x
Public 2 (ONLINE)
M
4
1
5
2
3
6
3
4
Simple yet elegant
N/a
N/a
Public 3 (ONLINE) Public 4 (ONLINE) Public 5 (ONLINE)
F F F
2 1 6
4 6 1
2 1 6
3 6 1
2 2 4
4 2 6
4 5 4
2 3 1
Not impressive not in relation with the design
Public 6 (ONLINE)
F
1
6
1
6
1
1
1
1
terrible
more emphasis on the whole of the building
more of the upper section
Public 7 (ONLINE)
M
4
5
2
3
2
3
1
4
Public 8 (ONLINE)
M
4
4
4
4
3
3
4
3
It is somehow dark
Use brighter lights
Icrease the brightness
Public 9 (ONLINE)
M
2
1
4
5
2
2
2
4
may be too dark
highlight the surface
Public 10 (ONLINE)
F
2
5
2
5
2
2
5
3
The current lighting scheme seems Back-lighting the feature elements, to emphasise the wrong elements. not the in-between areas.
The mousharabieh-like faร ยงade elements need lighting!
Too easy creating hotspots and dark Emphasising the concept of creating spots where the building is patterns (through the perforation or effectively invisible. some other means)
Animation or some active light on the relatively texture-less module/volume and some slight backlighting of the remaining modules to enhance the form.
Public 11 (ONLINE)
M
4
3
4
5
1
2
3
3
Public 12 (ONLINE)
M
2
2
2
2
1
4
3
4
112
Raw Data Case Study 2- Public(ONLINE), part 2 CASE STUDY 2
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Participant
Q2.1
Q2.2
Q2.3
Q2.4
Q2.5
Q2.6
Q2.7
Q2.8
Q2.12
Public 1 (ONLINE)
4
6
5
3
5
1
4
2
x
Public 2 (ONLINE)
5
1
5
3
3
6
2
3
N/a
Public 3 (ONLINE) Public 4 (ONLINE) Public 5 (ONLINE)
5 4 1
1 1 6
5 6 1
1 1 6
5 4 1
6 6 1
3 3 6
5 3 6
Public 6 (ONLINE)
6
1
6
1
5
6
4
4
Public 7 (ONLINE)
5
2
5
2
5
4
6
4
Public 8 (ONLINE)
5
2
4
2
5
5
2
2
Modern and attractive
Public 9 (ONLINE)
4
3
3
4
5
4
4
4
a little better
very dynamic - it's great
Public 10 (ONLINE)
4
3
4
3
4
4
4
3
The new lighting scheme is better than the first, but the mousharabiehlike faร ยงade elements could be emphasised more and the "block" on the left is a bit too brightly lit.
Public 11 (ONLINE)
6
5
4
4
4
3
4
3
Much better
Public 12 (ONLINE)
5
2
4
2
5
5
4
4
113
Raw Data Case Study 3 - Experts(LIVE), part 1 CASE STUDY 3
Current
Current
Current
Participant
Gender
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Q3.1
Q3.2
Q3.3
Q3.4
Q3.5
Q3.6
Q3.7
Q3.8
Q3.9
Q3.10
Q3.11
Expert 1 (LIVE)
M
4
4
2
5
4
3
4
1
too much horizontal lines showing different levels
corners could be shown to highlight the volume
lighting edges to reveal volumetric caracteristics
Expert 2 (LIVE)
F
2
2
4
4
6
6
6
2
Overdone lighting
Accentuate more the different volumes
Expert 3 (LIVE)
F
5
1
1
1
5
1
4
5
Emphasizes the design concept of the building
More interior lighting to reflect on the facade and facade elements
More vertical light. Less emphasis on horizontal lighting.
Expert 4 (LIVE)
M
4
1
2
4
4
2
4
4
Linear
More emphasis on the vertical elements. Horizontal and vertical
Columns/structure
Expert 5 (LIVE)
M
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
2
Really common
Only horizontality is accentuated. The details are missing completely
Expert 6 (LIVE)
M
2
5
6
5
5
5
2
3
This lighting solution is very superficial. It makes the building look flat and dull
Expert 7 (LIVE)
F
2
5
1
4
6
1
6
3
Very bright, a bit disturbing
Expert 8 (LIVE)
F
5
3
3
3
6
2
5
5
Expert 9 (LIVE)
M
4
4
3
3
5
3
2
3
Very monotone
Some more indirect lightig for volume display
recess in building facade
Expert 10 (LIVE)
M
1
5
5
6
3
4
4
2
Not well designed
The lighting must reveal the concept of the building
The lighting must integrate with the materials of the building
Expert 11 (LIVE)
M
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
2
Sculpted to wire the building
I would define more the louvers on the elevation and darken more the interior while keeping the wire effect
Louvers
Expert 12 (LIVE)
F
4
4
5
4
2
5
Expert 13 (LIVE)
M
4
2
4
2
4
3
4
2
Neutral lighting scheme, not impressive nor bad.
Expert 14 (LIVE)
M
2
4
5
5
2
4
2
2
The building looks like a dull office block back in the 70s
Expert 15 (LIVE)
M
5
1
2
2
5
1
4
2
Probably the same way using perimeter lighting but I would use dynamic white lighting control 2000° to The current scheme is successful, as it's well integrated adding brighter interior lighting for better depth of field 6000°K to create different scenarios by night, CCT with architecture, and copes with it emphasize the building volume rather than just the changes could depend on time of the day and seasons outline
Expert 16 (LIVE)
M
2
5
5
5
3
5
4
3
Regular.... not impressive
In a way to show the inner volume
The building volume to show the glass transparency
Expert 17 (LIVE)
M
3
2
3
2
4
4
2
3
Too flat
Don't know
The global volume
same way with less brightness
the columns, warmer, soft lighting
The elements of the building stand out on their own the building is famous for its details especially with the during the day and don't need added value at night. So reading of the slabs and all the connections in between. It highlights the reading of the building in a very simple the lighting here can be an element of its own that not The lighting does highlight this. However, the lighting way only validates what we see during the day but also scheme could be less safe and have a more daring stands out as a design intentionwhich is all you see approach when you perceive the building at night
3
The lighting design should emphasize the transparency The interior of the building should be uniformly lit to and openness of the building, by being uniformly lit top accentuate the transparency in which this company to bottom. operates.
By creating an outer shell of light visually leading to a bright core of office space.
Using 2 color temperatures would enhance the visual separation of the core and the shell.
114
Raw Data Case Study 3 - Experts(LIVE), part 2 CASE STUDY 3
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Participant
Q3.1
Q3.2
Q3.3
Q3.4
Q3.5
Q3.6
Q3.7
Q3.8
Q3.12
Expert 1 (LIVE)
5
1
5
2
6
1
2
5
reflecting the original architects intention giving the building an additional value during the night
Expert 2 (LIVE)
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Very homogeneous lighting scheme.
Expert 3 (LIVE)
6
1
2
1
6
1
4
5
Impressive scheme. Lights up the whole building giving more emphasis on the structure and shading elements showing the essence of the design
Expert 4 (LIVE)
5
1
3
3
5
1
3
3
Discreet, yet lighting up the whole building
Expert 5 (LIVE)
5
2
1
2
4
1
2
5
Interesting scheme. The lighting is a source of life for the building during the night
Expert 6 (LIVE)
5
2
2
2
5
2
3
3
A smart lighting scheme that is adapted to the building as it enhances its structure and volumetry
Expert 7 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
4
1
3
2
Attractive, a bit cold but well integrated with the architecture. Attracts the public.
Expert 8 (LIVE)
6
1
2
1
6
1
3
2
A very refreshing approach that allows you to read the building as a simple light box. Within its context all the buldings seem to be lit similarly at night. By highlighting the horizontality of the slabs. Meanwhile, this approach is simply reinforcing the concept behind the building in a very modest way which stands out more. You still appreciate the intricacy of all the details but in a subtle way
Expert 9 (LIVE)
6
4
2
1
6
1
5
2
More light inside out concept illuminating every corner of the building. The impression is more like a positive negative effect with the facade elements appearing as negative film of the day lit appearance
Expert 10 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
6
1
1
4
Expert 11 (LIVE)
4
2
3
2
6
2
5
3
Expert 12 (LIVE)
5
2
2
2
4
2
4
3
Expert 13 (LIVE)
5
2
1
1
5
2
4
2
The lighting scheme shows the interior of the building uniformly, emphasizing the transparency making the company appear open to it's customers.
Expert 14 (LIVE)
4
3
3
3
5
3
5
3
It is an improvement of the existing, yet not daring enough.
Expert 15 (LIVE)
5
2
1
1
6
2
4
4
A different way of illuminating glazed skin buildings, reveals well the architecture details and volumes, but has a considerable impact on energy consumption
Expert 16 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
5
1
2
2
It exposes what was hidden in daytime
Expert 17 (LIVE)
3
2
2
2
4
2
3
3
Better than the previous one but external facades have to be more expressed
Well integrated with the architecture. A more artistic approach It is reshaping exactly the look of the day. I personally prefer to tell a story when designing a scheme for the building
115
Raw Data Case Study 3 - Experts(ONLINE), part 1 CASE STUDY 3 Participant
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
Gender Q3.1
Current
Current
Current
Q3.2
Q3.3
Q3.4
Q3.5
Q3.6
Q3.7
Q3.8
Q3.9
Q3.10
Q3.11
Expert 1 (ONLINE)
F
6
2
6
1
5
6
4
2
Accurate, reinforcing the building's lines and design. Impressive
I think it is good as it is now
refer to answer above
Expert 2 (ONLINE)
F
4
4
6
2
6
5
5
3
Urban lamp
Less light intensity
A dimmer intervention for an in environmentally-concerned building
Expert 3 (ONLINE)
F
3
4
1
4
5
4
4
3
Expected
In terms of volumes not floors
The interior main space
Expert 4 (ONLINE)
M
5
2
5
3
3
5
4
4
I think this is quite a good solution. Given the facade the lighting Its hard to light a transparent Any internal vertical supports close emphasises the transparrent nature faĂƒÂ§ade so lighting from the inside is to the windows. of the bulding a good solution. The continuous lines follow the shape.
Expert 5 (ONLINE)
M
5
4
4
3
3
3
4
4
I would probably focus more on the It uses the horizontal slabs as volumetric composition of the support to highlight the horizontality building formed by two blocks with a of the inner space glazed void in between
Expert 6 (ONLINE)
F
1
2
3
6
3
3
4
2
Indifferent. Neither excited or disturbs
Don't know, but with greater sensitivity/ understanding
Expert 7 (ONLINE)
F
2
5
3
3
6
3
6
3
Too harsh and too linear.
I would like it to be more dimmed and stepping away a bit from the linear lines of light, if possible.
Expert 8 (ONLINE)
F
5
1
6
1
5
6
4
2
Dramatic, but complimenting the architecture.
I am happy with this solution. I would perhaps highlight some vertical elements and not all horizontal, and add some depth to it.
Perhaps a mix of vertical and horizontal.
Expert 9 (ONLINE)
M
3
2
5
2
4
5
3
3
Simple, yet efficient.
Its hard to tell without knowing the materiality of the building, I don't mind this design.
Maybe something on the ground floor to tie the building down.
Expert 10 (ONLINE)
M
5
1
4
2
3
6
4
3
well defined and open
Expert 11 (ONLINE)
M
1
3
4
5
3
4
3
3
Expert 12 (ONLINE)
F
3
4
5
3
4
4
5
2
That the building continues far The lighting design doesn't Similar, but less heavy linear lines of beyond the bottom and top emphasize the transparent lightness light. horizontal floors - the whole purpose of the building. of the transparemt composite?
4
Many ways possible. Possibly graze A relatively boring scheme often across structure to bring out facade. Bringing emphasis to the layers and used on buildings without such an Or highlight the lines both vertical depth of the facade. It should feel interesting facade. and horizontal - either across the floating as well as alive. whole facade or separate patterns.
Expert 13 (ONLINE)
F
1
6
1
6
4
5
4
See above
I guess lighting intensity could fade upwards If there is any way to look at the interior surfaces that could make a softer appearance that simply using the limited structure of the glazed interior.
possible breaking up elements to dynamic changing effects to link with create a less linear approach with environmental changes the use of dynamic controls
Expert 14 (ONLINE)
F
5
1
6
1
4
6
1
1
The current lighting scheme is sensitive and very flowing.
I would keep it as it is because this lighting scheme stresses on the lightness of the building and the horizontal flow of the slabs which gives the building the "floating" effect.
Expert 15 (ONLINE)
F
3
3
3
4
4
3
4
3
Simple
Intergrate internal transmission light with vertical lights
Gradation
Expert 16 (ONLINE)
F
3
2
2
4
2
4
3
2
Simple
Considering same environmental factors
screens
Expert 17 (ONLINE)
F
3
3
4
4
3
3
4
4
Boring and harsh
In a softer way, add more light to this glass box,show how it ia lit by night as it is by day
The overall experience of glass box building
Expert 18 (ONLINE)
M
5
3
5
1
3
5
3
2
I like it, simple and sharp.
I think it is already kinda perfect. But the horizontal (perimeter of each maybe I will try to highlight some of floors), and the vertical (some the vertical walls/columns as well. important columns and walls) Just to try it out.
116
Raw Data Case Study 3 - Experts(ONLINE), part 2 CASE STUDY 3
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Participant
Q3.1
Q3.2
Q3.3
Q3.4
Q3.5
Q3.6
Q3.7
Q3.8
Q3.12
Expert 1 (ONLINE)
6
1
4
3
4
5
4
4
Impressive in itslef. But a litlle bit too lit, and slightly flattened the facades
Expert 2 (ONLINE)
5
5
6
3
6
5
6
4
Blinding
Expert 3 (ONLINE)
6
1
6
1
6
6
3
4
Expert 4 (ONLINE)
2
5
2
5
6
5
5
4
Really looks to bright, as though the occupant has left all the lights on when leaving.
Expert 5 (ONLINE)
5
2
5
2
5
5
3
3
It definitely explains the project more than the current scheme by highlighting the existence of the two blocks using the bigger one at the back as a background to the smaller block at the front
Expert 6 (ONLINE)
2
1
2
5
5
4
5
2
Too even for such a buildeing
Expert 7 (ONLINE)
6
1
6
1
4
6
3
4
I love it! It is softer and more complimentary of the building as a whole.
Expert 8 (ONLINE)
3
2
4
6
6
3
3
4
Uniform
Expert 9 (ONLINE)
2
3
2
5
5
3
2
3
By just lighting the interior, you put the structure of the building into silhouette. Its quite an inefficient way to do facade lighting as all the internal lights need to be on.
Expert 10 (ONLINE)
4
2
3
4
5
5
5
3
integrated light emanating from within
Expert 11 (ONLINE)
5
3
5
2
6
4
5
5
Expert 12 (ONLINE)
4
3
4
4
5
4
5
3
Maybe too overlit but overall I like the silhouetting of the spine of the building.
Expert 13 (ONLINE)
4
2
5
1
4
6
3
4
Scheme gives life to the building and shows the depth and translucency of the material well.
Expert 14 (ONLINE)
4
3
4
3
6
6
2
6
It emphasizes the transparency of the building material on one hand, but it makes us perceive the building as one block on the other hand instead of giving us the sense of lightness w smooth flow.
Expert 15 (ONLINE)
4
2
4
3
5
4
3
4
Power-consuming
Expert 16 (ONLINE)
4
4
4
2
5
5
2
4
Mimetic
Expert 17 (ONLINE)
6
1
6
1
6
6
3
4
Very bright and alive
Expert 18 (ONLINE)
4
2
5
2
5
5
4
4
I like this one as well, also well lit. But I like the previous one more, that one is more to my taste
117
Raw Data Case Study 3 - Public(LIVE), part 1 CASE STUDY 3 Participant
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
Gender Q3.1
Q3.2
Q3.3
Q3.4
Q3.5
Q3.6
Q3.7
Q3.8
Current
Current
Current
Q3.9
Q3.10
Q3.11
very cool lighting doesn't add to the more interior lighting to pop up the value of architecture interior aspect of the building
Public 1 (LIVE)
M
3
4
6
1
4
5
6
1
Public 2 (LIVE)
M
3
3
3
4
2
4
3
4
Public 3 (LIVE)
F
4
2
2
2
5
2
4
2
Public 4 (LIVE)
M
4
3
2
4
5
2
4
2
Public 5 (LIVE)
F
5
2
2
3
4
2
3
3
it is enough to show the idea
Public 6 (LIVE)
F
5
1
1
2
5
2
3
2
very organized
Public 7 (LIVE)
F
4
6
5
4
5
5
5
3
Public 8 (LIVE)
F
5
3
3
6
4
1
2
3
well integrates with the building's design
Public 9 (LIVE)
F
5
2
4
5
6
3
6
3
the current lighting seems at first sight impressive but it's only because of its intensity
Public 10 (LIVE)
F
3
3
5
6
3
5
5
3
poorly related to the design of the building
Public 11 (LIVE)
F
4
1
3
2
5
4
4
2
It is a good one, goes well with the More interior lights to fill the whole shape of the building. building.
Public 12 (LIVE)
F
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
Neutral, not very impressive
Since the glass is the main element of this building why not work on the brightness, transparency?
Public 13 (LIVE)
M
5
5
3
3
2
3
4
very elegant and simple
work on verticality to emphasise the "grid".
Public 14 (LIVE)
F
4
2
2
3
5
2
4
3
the lighting scheme is well integrated with the whole concept of the building
Maybe different shades of colors
Public 15 (LIVE)
F
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
3
Horizontal and aligned with the building and facade
I would add some vertical lighting and add lighting to the facade not just the linear lighting above each floor.
Public 16 (LIVE)
M
5
4
4
3
5
3
6
1
bright and noticeable
Public 17 (LIVE)
F
3
3
3
3
4
5
2
2
I would rate it as basic.
Public 18 (LIVE)
M
5
2
2
5
1
4
3
2
simple and clean
Public 19 (LIVE)
F
3
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
Public 20 (LIVE)
F
2
5
4
6
6
2
2
boring, out of place
from inside
Public 21 (LIVE)
M
5
1
2
1
6
1
4
4
It emphasises the building and creates an identity.
The same way it is
Public 22 (LIVE)
M
4
5
6
6
5
5
1
2
Ignores the details on the facade
From the inside out and brightness ranging from brightest at the bottom to a less bright lighting at the top.
I would highlight the shadows created by the louvers.
Public 23 (LIVE)
M
5
1
2
6
6
1
5
1
complements the geometry of the exterior glass
keep the lines but stop them in certain places to make the facade more interesting not very continuous and repetitive
2 volumes separate
not bad
more warm lighting
by taking in consideration the facade design and the function of the building
circulation
treat each body differently and play on the backround and foreground.
no specific feature to highlight
I would maybe add a little light to the interior but not too much
the interior
the different parts front and back and soften the light the lighting should reflect the vertical and horizontal connections present in the building
show the interior
the interior of the building
The ground floor and each floor possibly a little more focused on the structure
From the inside.
The functions on the inside.
add a bit more light to the building emphasize more on the front facade
Very blent, though does not destroy Add vertical lighting to emphisize the the appearance of the building. corners.
The corners.
118
Raw Data Case Study 3 - Public(LIVE), part 2 CASE STUDY 3
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Participant
Q3.1
Q3.2
Q3.3
Q3.4
Q3.5
Q3.6
Q3.7
Q3.8
Q3.12
Public 1 (LIVE)
5
2
2
1
5
2
4
2
the new lighting scheme needs less brightness however it matches very well the overall aspect of the building
Public 2 (LIVE)
6
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
Public 3 (LIVE)
3
3
2
2
5
4
5
1
too bright and overwhelming although it does emphasize the elements on the facade
Public 4 (LIVE)
4
4
6
5
6
3
3
2
features a nice bright appearence for people outside but way too bright for people inside. transparency is interesting yet can be improved
Public 5 (LIVE)
3
4
5
4
5
5
5
4
it is kind of too bright
Public 6 (LIVE)
1
4
5
6
6
5
5
2
too much light, too bright
Public 7 (LIVE)
6
1
2
1
5
2
2
6
Public 8 (LIVE)
1
6
6
6
5
6
5
1
it hides the architecture of the building
Public 9 (LIVE)
5
1
1
1
4
2
3
4
The new lighting scheme pops out the transparency of the building but looses completely the parts that should pop
Public 10 (LIVE)
4
3
4
4
6
4
5
4
Public 11 (LIVE)
5
3
2
2
5
2
4
Public 12 (LIVE)
5
2
2
2
5
2
3
3
It's interesting. wish you worked more on the shape of the building
Public 13 (LIVE)
2
5
6
5
6
4
4
2
It's too much
Public 14 (LIVE)
4
3
4
5
4
3
3
3
It gave the building a better image. It gives the idea of a wider space
Public 15 (LIVE)
6
1
1
2
5
1
5
3
Very harmonious with the architecture and facade elements and well integrated
Public 16 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
6
1
3
1
Accentuates the glass and sructure
Public 17 (LIVE)
6
1
1
2
6
1
5
1
Bright and impressive
It fills the whole building with light emphasizing its volume more and more and brings out the glass material perfectly.
Public 18 (LIVE)
6
1
2
2
5
2
4
4
The lighting of the building gave the architect a challenging feature. I really like this new lighting. It gives an importance to the building
Public 19 (LIVE)
5
2
2
1
5
2
2
2
brings an interesting effect on the building. The light is softer than in the scheme before.
Public 20 (LIVE)
5
2
3
2
4
3
4
5
interesting
Public 21 (LIVE)
6
1
1
1
6
1
3
2
Very interesting
Public 22 (LIVE)
5
2
2
2
6
3
5
1
Emphasise the louvers but lacking in depth.
Public 23 (LIVE)
2
5
5
3
6
5
5
1
creates too much transparency and the geometric facade is lost
119
Raw Data Case Study 3 - Public(ONLINE), part 1 CASE STUDY 3 Participant
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
Gender Q3.1
Current
Current
Current
Q3.2
Q3.3
Q3.4
Q3.5
Q3.6
Q3.7
Q3.8
Q3.9
Q3.10
Q3.11
Public 1 (ONLINE)
M
5
1
2
4
6
6
3
5
x
x
x
Public 2 (ONLINE)
M
5
2
6
2
4
5
3
3
N/A
N/A
N/A
Public 3 (ONLINE) Public 4 (ONLINE) Public 5 (ONLINE)
F F F
5 3 6
2 3 1
4 3 6
2 3 1
4 3 6
5 3 6
4 4 4
5 4 1
Public 6 (ONLINE)
F
3
3
4
4
2
4
3
2
dull
something brighter
more daring/adventurous
Public 7 (ONLINE)
M
5
2
6
3
4
5
5
4
Public 8 (ONLINE)
M
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
Modern but lacks attractiveness
Add more lights to avoid the excessive of straight lines
Use more light
Public 9 (ONLINE)
M
5
5
3
4
4
3
3
4
simple but clear. not bad
nothing
no
Public 10 (ONLINE)
F
5
2
5
2
4
5
4
2
The current lighting scheme is playful and emphasises the right elements
Public 11 (ONLINE)
M
5
2
5
2
4
5
5
2
Good.
Public 12 (ONLINE)
M
4
2
5
2
4
5
3
4
I might have used different light levels for the different "blocks", so See above - good concept, but in it's not uniformly bright from left to need of some more contrast, I think. right, but has some darker areas.
Not much.
It is alright.
120
Raw Data Case Study 3 - Public(ONLINE), part 2 CASE STUDY 3
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Participant
Q3.1
Q3.2
Q3.3
Q3.4
Q3.5
Q3.6
Q3.7
Q3.8
Q3.12
Public 1 (ONLINE)
6
1
1
5
6
1
3
3
Better
Public 2 (ONLINE)
6
1
4
1
3
6
3
3
Better version
Public 3 (ONLINE) Public 4 (ONLINE) Public 5 (ONLINE)
5 4 6
3 3 2
6 4 6
2 3 1
6 5 6
6 4 1
3 2 1
5 3
Public 6 (ONLINE)
5
2
5
1
5
5
3
3
Public 7 (ONLINE)
2
4
4
5
3
3
3
4
Public 8 (ONLINE)
5
2
4
2
5
5
2
2
Attractive and elegant
Public 9 (ONLINE)
4
5
5
5
6
4
5
5
may be too much light
Public 10 (ONLINE)
4
3
3
5
6
2
2
1
The new lighting scheme seems to de-emphasise the facade, but focus on the interior instead. Too bright. Too cold.
Public 11 (ONLINE)
3
3
3
4
6
3
4
2
I prefer the initial solution.
Public 12 (ONLINE)
4
3
5
2
5
4
4
4
ten times better
121