Al Khaiamya Street –Qasabat Radwan

Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Helwan University Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management, Heritage Conservation & Site Management Master’s Program

Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development Al Khaiamya Street– Qasabat Radwan

Under Supervision of: Prof. Hazem Attia Prof. Rasha Metawi Dr. Riham Arram

Presented by: Alaa Alouh - Hadeel Tenawi - Heba Khairy - Sara Mostafa - Laura Abaza -Yasmeen Khamis

Cairo -April 2019

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List of Contents:

List of Contents:...................................................................................................................................... 2 List of Figures:......................................................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables: .......................................................................................................................................... 5 List of charts: .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction: ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Vision: ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Mission: .............................................................................................................................................. 6 General Objectives: .......................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter One: The concept of sustainable development .................................................................... 9 1-1 The history of sustainable development concept ..................................................................... 9 1-1-1 The 1972 Conference on the Human Environment: ........................................................ 9 1-1-2 The Rio Earth Summit: .................................................................................................... 10 1-1-3 The Kyoto conference on climate change:....................................................................... 11 1-1-4 The Millennium Summit: ................................................................................................. 12 1-1-5 1-2

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: ............................................................... 14 Sustainable Development Significant and its Goals According to UNESCO ............... 15

1-2-1 Culture for the 2030 Agenda: ........................................................................................... 15 1-2-2 Direct Contribution to SDGs: .......................................................................................... 16 Chapter Two: The Historical background of the traditional markets and Khaiamya................ 18 2-1 The Historical background of the traditional markets in Historical Cairo ........................ 18 2-1-1 Importance of Markets in Islamic Cairo ......................................................................... 18 2-1-2 Cairo Traditional Markets in the Islamic periods.......................................................... 19 2-2

Sustainable Development Concept during Middle Ages: Fatimid Era ......................... 26

2-2-1

Fatimid Cairo Sustainability: ....................................................................................... 26

2-2-2

Sustainable Neighborhood: .......................................................................................... 27

2-3 Qasabat Radwan Bey or Al Khaiamya Market ..................................................................... 28 2-5 The social and economic life of Al- Khaiamya ....................................................................... 34 2-5-1 Social Life: ......................................................................................................................... 34 2-5-3 Predominantly physical factors ........................................................................................ 40 2-5-4 Economic life: .................................................................................................................... 42 2-5-5 Tent Maker challenges ...................................................................................................... 44 Chapter Three: Urban and Environmental Studies Describing the Urban Quality..................... 46 2|Page

3-1 Introduction: Determine the Area Study................................................................................ 46 3-1-1 The study area throughout the historical periods: ......................................................... 47 3-2 The Existent Morphology Assessment. ................................................................................... 48 3-2-1 Solid and Void: .................................................................................................................. 48 3-2-3 Buildings Conditions: ........................................................................................................ 49 3-2-4 Ages of Buildings and Architectural Values: .................................................................. 50 3-2-Mobility and the Urban Spaces Assessment. ......................................................................... 54 3-3-1 Properties of lands: ........................................................................................................... 54 3-3-2 Street Structure &Traffic. ................................................................................................ 55 3-3-3 The Green Spaces in the study Area ................................................................................ 56 3-3-4 The Use of Urban Spaces (General Function plan) ........................................................ 57 3-3-5 The Infrastructure Conditions in the Area: .................................................................... 58 3-4 Conclusion: SWOT Analysis. .................................................................................................. 59 Chapter 4: Similar projects/ approaches .......................................................................................... 61 4-1: The Outdoor markets urban recovery In Seoul ................................................................... 61 4-1-1 – The issue and why is this relevant to the Khaiamya? ................................................. 61 4-1-2- The problems and The Strategy ..................................................................................... 62 4-1-3- Lessons learnt ................................................................................................................... 63 4-2: The Case of the Agha Khan Project in Darb al-Ahmar....................................................... 64 4-3: The Beit El Kiritliya adaptive Reuse project ........................................................................ 68 Chapter Five: Sustainable development aspects and adaptive re-use approaches ....................... 71 5-1 Sustainable Development Strategy .......................................................................................... 71 5-1-1

Pre-Intervention Considerations ................................................................................. 71

5-1-2 Operational Recommendations ........................................................................................ 72 5-2-4 Proposed Frame Work for the Area ................................................................................ 78 5-2 Sustainability Vision ................................................................................................................. 78 (A) Financial Sustainability........................................................................................................ 79 (B) Institutional Sustainability................................................................................................... 79 (C) Environmental Sustainability .............................................................................................. 79 5-3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 80 Bibliography :........................................................................................................................................ 81 Appendix 1:.......................................................................................................................................... 83 Appendix 2:.......................................................................................................................................... 85 Appendix 3:.......................................................................................................................................... 88 Appendix 4:.......................................................................................................................................... 91 Appendix 5:.......................................................................................................................................... 93 3|Page

List of Figures: Chapter One Figure 1. 1 Stockholm 1972 Conference on the Human Environment ................................................. 10 Figure 1. 2 Earth Summit, Rio de Janerio ............................................................................................. 11 Figure 1. 3 Kyoto Protocol.................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 1. 4 Millennium Development Goals ........................................................................................ 13 Figure 1. 5 Sustainable Development Goals ......................................................................................... 14

Chapter Two Figure 2. 1 The great street (Qasaba) and its traditional markets, Fatimid Cairo via http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/1560127.aspx ....................................................................................... 19 Figure 2. 2 the great street (Qasaba) and its traditional markets, Fatimid Cairo via https://www.pinterest.com/pin/510314201497718596/?lp=true ................................................................. 21 Figure 2. 3 Khan el Khalili, Cairo market, by David Robert ................................................................ 22 Figure 2. 4 Peduncle design in Islamic Cairo ....................................................................................... 24 Figure 2. 5 Market design including Al Qaysareia ............................................................................... 25 Figure 2. 6 Modern photo for Wekalet Al Ghori via https://www.flickr.com/photos/56235735@N02/33518378324 ........................................................... 25 Figure 2. 7 Qasabat Radwan from Bab Zuwayla via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasaba_of_Radwan_Bey#/media/File:Qasaba_of_Radwan_Bey_view_f rom_above.jpg ...................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 2. 8 Waqf Radwan Bey and the surrounding roads ................................................................... 29 Figure 2. 9 Al Qasaba Market with its wooden roof and shops and upper floor rental units ( Al Rab’) via (http://agazaclick.com/ar/‫صور‬/‫بيه‬-‫رضوان‬-‫قصبه‬/‫القاهرة‬/‫مصر‬/‫أفريقيا‬/‫السياحى‬-‫الدليل‬.f.1.498001344........... 30 Figure 2 ..10 Al Megharblin Street ....................................................................................................... 30 Figure 2. 11 The Palace facade, showcasing its bad condition.( By Author) ....................................... 31 Figure 2. 12 The interior court yard of Al Wekala with the carpenter’s workshops.( By Author) ....... 32 Figure 2. 13 Zawyet Radwan which is in use.( By Author) .................................................................. 32 Figure 2. 14 Al Khaiamya art and products.( By Author) .................................................................... 34 Figure 2. 15 shape represent the wood industry in Al Khaiamya tent .................................................. 36 Figure 2. 16 Valuable piece of art.( By Author) ................................................................................... 37 Figure 2. 17 Zeint Ramadan represented in Al Qasaba ........................................................................ 38 Figure 2..18 A manifestation of the deterioration of the landscape of Radwan palace....................... 39 Figure 2. 19 Al Qasaba as one community ........................................................................................... 40 Figure 2. 20 hand-stitch art.( By Author).............................................................................................. 41 Figure 2. 21 Show the small cars and toktok access Al Qasaba.( By Author) ...................................... 42 Figure 2. 22 Interview with Dahi. (By Author) .................................................................................... 43 Figure 2. 23 the new generation of the tentmaker ................................................................................. 44

Chapter Three Figure 3. 1 Panoramic Photo taken from top of Bab Zuwayla shows the study area and the main landmark in it (By Author ) .................................................................................................................. 46 Figure 3. 2 Maps for the study area show the boundaries for focus area and the main landmark building around it (By Author ) ............................................................................................................ 46 4|Page

Figure 3. 3 Map shows the changes in the study area through years (from 1modified by Author) ...... 47 Figure 3. 4 Map for study area show the solid and void areas (By Author ) ........................................ 48 Figure 3. 5 Map for study area show the building Heights (By Author ) ............................................. 49 Figure 3. 6 Map for the study area show the buildings condition ( By Author ) .................................. 49 Figure 3. 7 Map shows the camera positions which was taken to help in identifying the architecture character for the study area (By Author ) ............................................................................................. 50 Figure 3. 8 Map for study area shows the architectural values for the buildings (By Author) ............. 53 Figure 3. 9 Map for the study area shows the monuments properties . (By Author ) ........................... 54 Figure 3. 10 Map shows the street structure in the study area ( By Author ) ........................................ 55 Figure 3. 11 Map shows the green areas in study area ( Google Earth and modified (By Author) ..... 56 Figure 3. 12 Map for the study area show the commercial activities in the area ( By Author ) ........... 57 Figure 3. 13 Photo shows the bad infrastructure in mosque Saleh Talai ( By Author ) ........................ 58

Chapter Four Figure 4. 1 by AKTC 1 ......................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 4. 2 by AKTC 1 ......................................................................................................................... 66 Figure 4. 3 Abou Hureiba street: AKTC 1 ............................................................................................ 68

Chapter Five Figure 5.1 Cairo Drums Festival in Moez St. www.itfarrag.com ......................................................... 74 Figure 5. 2 suggested adaptive re use map.(By Author )....................................................................... 75 Figure 5.3 A hotel in Moez St. www.leriadcairo.com .......................................................................... 76 Figure 5.4 Aisha Fahmy’s Palace after conservation - www.sis.gov.eg ............................................... 76 Figure 5. 5 A specialized website for craft - www.undeadcrafts.com ................................................... 77

List of Tables: Chapter Two Table 2. 1 table shows the main factories that effect the social life ( By Author) ................................ 35

Chapter Three Table 3 ..1 Table shows the monuments in study Area ...................................................................... 50 Table 3.2 SOWT ................................................................................................................................... 59

Chapter Five Table 5.1 Proposed Frame Work for the Area ...................................................................................... 78

List of charts Chapter Three Chart 3. 1 Chart shows the percentage for solid and void in study area (By Author ) ......................... 48 Chart 3. 2 Chart shows the percentage for building heights in study area (By Author ) ...................... 49 Chart 3. 3 Chart shows the percentage for building conditions in study area (By Author ) ................. 49 Chart 3. 4 Chart shows the percentage for architectural values for the buildings in study area (By Author) .................................................................................................................................................. 53

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Introduction: This research is a group effort towards understanding the concept of sustainable development and how it can be incorporated in preserving cultural heritage. Cultural heritage may include many things such as paintings, stories, songs, traditions, values, history, and monuments, that are mostly shared within a specific community and are evident when viewing a society’s everyday life as they shape and re-enforce the social ties and relationships that hold a society together. Therefore, when one talks about sustainable development, one must recognize the central and principle role that cultural heritage plays in that process. This paper aims to research how sustainable development could be used to foster cultural heritage. In specific the paper will focus on crafting a sustainable development strategy to preserve the cultural heritage of Al-Khaiamya district in Cairo.

In order to present the proposed project in Al Khaiamya we have to start by presenting the conceptual framework therefore the first chapter will discuss the concept of sustainable development throughout history and how UNESCO recognized the concept of cultural heritage highlighting the SDGs. The second chapter will discuss the findings of field research done with the community of Al Khaiamya regarding the historical market, the third chapter provides information about urban planning and environmental studies done in the community, the fourth chapter analyzes three case studies that are relevant to the proposed project in Al Khaiamya and draws out lessons learnt from these projects, and finally the fifth chapter concludes the research with a proposal for a project that preserves the cultural heritage of Al Khaiamya in a sustainable way.

To better illustrate what this research is trying to do, we wrote a vision and mission with some objectives to elaborate:

Vision: Re-integration of cultural heritage of Al Khaiamya – Qasabat Radwan area into the life of the neighborhood community, with attendant economic, social, and cultural benefits.

Mission: To work on achieving the economic development of the neighborhood and improve the services and facilities through opportunities offered by adaptive reuse of historic monuments and by increased visitation to the area.

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To preserve the valuable and endangered pieces of tangible heritage and contribute to sustain the intangible heritage.

To improve the quality of life of the local inhabitants and craftspeople by improving their environment by improving their accessibility to the economic resources.

General Objectives: Revitalization of the cultural heritage of the area through conservation interventions and adaptation of heritage spaces to serve the local community and attract tourists.

Encouragement of new business approaches will be affected by encouraging the local craftspeople to use the potential of cultural heritage, especially the buildings and spaces conserved, for enhanced and efficient marketing of their products, ideally leading to creation of new workplaces.

Encouragement of local artisanal production and guided tours to promote sustainable tourism.

Creation of training opportunities for craftspeople practicing traditional trades in the area, aimed at strengthening their professional skills, marketing capacities and their ability to preserve their heritage.

Development of training opportunities for members of the local community in various social fields including life skills, environmental and health awareness, non-violence and peace building.

Promotion of the area, its crafts and monuments using offline and online platforms.

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Chapter One: The concept of sustainable development 1-1 The History of Sustainable Development Concept 1-1-1 The 1972 Conference on the Human Environment 1-1-2 The Rio Earth Summit 1-1-3 The Kyoto conference on Climate Change 1-1-4 The Millennium Summit 1-1-5 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

1-2

The Significance of Sustainable Development and its goals according UNESCO

1-2-1 Culture for the 2030 Agenda 1-2-2 Direct Contribution to SDGs

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Chapter One: The concept of sustainable development 1-1 The history of sustainable development concept More than 200 years ago, in the year 1798, Thomas Robert Malthus wrote an essay that predicts how the world’s population would starve because of the shortage of food production and the rapid growth of populations. In his essay he raised a question about how the evolution of civilization can have its effect on the environment and resources of the planet. Eventually what really happened was that the industrial revolution brought on new techniques that actually increased food production, and so Malthus’s predictions were proved wrong. When this happened more questions were raised by the Club of Rome, as they were concerned about the population surge in addition to the shortage of non-renewable resources. Now the whole world needed to start finding solutions to this problem. 1

1-1-1 The 1972 Conference on the Human Environment: Later on several experts began talking about the link between the environment and development, a result for the conference was the establishment of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) was established in 1972. The conference was attended by 113 states and 19 representatives from different international organizations, with one mission in mind: “to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising

that

of

future

generations”.

2

1 Bac, D. (2008), A history of the concept of sustainable development: Literature review: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242219096_A_history_of_the_concept_of_sustainable_developm ent_Literature_review 2 Handi, G. (2012), DECLARATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT (STOCKHOLM DECLARATION), 1972 AND THE RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT, 1992: http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/dunche/dunche_e.pdf

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Figure 1. 1 Stockholm 1972 Conference on the Human Environment

1-1-2 The Rio Earth Summit: While in 1992, 114 heads of states, including 10,000 representatives from 178 countries and 1400 nongovernmental organizations all gathered in Rio de Jeneiro for the UN Conference on the Environment and Development (UNCED), they called it the Rio Earth Summit. The conference focused on connecting the environment and development with further steps and action, where the key outputs were: the Rio Declaration172, Agenda 21173, and the Commission on Sustainable Development 174. This conference took the concept of sustainable development to the international scene. Leaders from around the world clearly drafted a set of healthy and agreed upon practices on how to achieve sustainable development in the world. In addition to the later the leaders focused on the presence of a severe poverty in many areas of the world as oppose to wasteful consumption of resources practiced by others in the name of ‘”basic standard of living”. As a result, each country came out having agreed to work on a national strategy for sustainable development.

On the other hand, there were some disagreements about the definition of sustainable development and it’s implications, as some critics were concerned about the implementation of the

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Figure 1. 2 Earth Summit, Rio de Janerio

principles of equality There was emphasis on connecting the social, political, and economic systems, with the environment and how all these aspects can contribute to sustainability.

However what was more important than discussing the definition of the concept was how these principles and definitions will lead the world with an action plan or process to follow.

1-1-3 The Kyoto conference on climate change:

Figure 1. 3 Kyoto Protocol

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Another environmentally supportive conference was held in 1997, where a number of developed countries united to reduce their usage of greenhouse gases. This agreement became later known as the Kyoto Protocol, where The United States refused to cut down on their usage of greenhouse emissions yet agreed to stabilize their usage. On the other hand the EU agreed to decrease their usage by 15%. While 84 countries agreed to sign the Protocol, many other countries refused. Whilst The United States did not approve of the Kyoto Protocol the EU had signed it, but later failed to implement the protocol. Unfortunately, their signature did not mean that they were serious enough about saving the environment; because their signature needed an actual action plan for someone to implement.

1-1-4 The Millennium Summit: Three years after the Kyoto Protocol, 147 Heads of State and representatives from 189 countries gathered together at the Millennium Summit in 2000. They advocated the Millennium Development Declaration, putting obligations on themselves to deal with sustainable development and low poverty levels claiming that they were their top priority to achieve by the year 2015. The main focus was on poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women. The Declaration included eight development goals (MDGs), the goals themselves came to provide a framework to measure development with taking into considerations the implementation of the declaration. In addition, this time around the goals personified all the important commitments that were agreed on in previous international conferences and summits.

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Figure 1. 4 Millennium Development Goals

The MDGs concentrated on health as a core goal, where all the other goals can be achieved when this goal achieved.

The Eight MDGs are: • to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; • to achieve universal primary education; • to promote gender equality and empower women; • to reduce child mortality; • to improve maternal health; • to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; • to ensure environmental sustainability; and • to develop a global partnership for development.1

1 Hulme, D. (2009), The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): A Short History of the World’s Biggest Promise: https://www.unidev.info/Portals/0/pdf/bwpi-wp-10009.pdf

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1-1-5 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development:

Figure 1. 5 Sustainable Development Goals

Most of the world leaders still feel that they share the same goals and burden to save the future of the planet. In 2015 leaders from 193 countries met together to work towards a better future with an agenda to reach 17 goals regarding the sustainable development process.

They formed a plan called the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), since the MDGs were established the initial eight goals. They claimed that in 15 years the level of radical poverty had to be cut in half.

The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to transform our world: •

No Poverty

•

Zero Hunger

•

Good Health and Well-being

•

Quality Education

•

Gender Equality

•

Clean Water and Sanitation

•

Affordable and Clean Energy

•

Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

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•

Reduced Inequality

•

Sustainable Cities and Communities

•

Responsible Consumption and Production

•

Climate Action

•

Life Below Water

•

Life on Land

•

Peace and Justice Strong Institutions

•

Partnerships to achieve the Goal1

All the 17 goals focused on all aspects of life from different angels and they are all intertwined and need to be achieved together.

1-2 Sustainable Development Significant and its Goals According to UNESCO When the UN General Assembly adopted and brought to light the SDGs, it was the time for the whole world to unite together, working to ensure that their exists a solid implementation plan to make sure that the future of our children is not in danger. UNESCO then adopted the SDGs and started its own agenda with an established connection to most of the goals.

1-2-1 Culture for the 2030 Agenda: The SDGs in the 2030 agenda brought out and mentioned the importance of integrating and balancing three main aspects of sustainable development: the economic, social, and environmental.

UNESCO is considered to be the only UN agency that focuses on the field of culture, which meant that it has always lead the way when it came to integrating and explaining the important of culture and its necessity to implement the 2030 Agenda. Culture can guarantee that all other sectors and policies can work together in an effective way, as it involves acts related to operations and local solutions which promote community ownership. It also affects peace, social inclusion, fundamental freedoms and cultural diversity.2

1 United Nations, The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20 Development%20web.pdf 2 UNESCO, 2018, Culture for the 2030 Agenda: http://www.unesco.org/culture/flipbook/culture-2030/en/Brochure-UNESCO-Culture-SDGs-EN2.pdf

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1-2-2 Direct Contribution to SDGs: With a focus on UNESCO’s participation in finding and implementing solutions on the ground, it’s very obvious that UNESCO contributes in nine SDGs such as poverty, industry innovation and infrastructure, sustainable cities and communities, climate actions, gender equality, quality education, peace justice and strong institutions, life on land, life below water, clean water and sanitation, reduced inequalities, and partnership for the goals.

UNESCO contributes to SDG 1 related to poverty as it worked to eliminate it by raising the level of quality of education and develop people’s skills, access to ICTs and media, management in a sustainable way of land and marine wealth, safeguarding and advocacy of cultural

heritage,

in

addition

to

the

diversity

of

cultural

expressions.

As for SDG 10 related to reducing inequalities, UNESCO worked on it through maintaining quality education for everybody, decreasing the cavity of science and knowledge between countries, but also by developing comprehensive public policies. For SDG 11 sustainable cities and communities, education for all became the slogan, while safeguarding cultural heritage, innovation to foster environmental sustainability and standing against the impact of climate change where all steps to lead and encourage the road to sustainable cities.1

All of the UNESCO projects through the past years, stressed the importance of cultural in the movement towards change and towards reaching the sustainable development goals.

1 UNESCO, 2017, UNESCO moving forward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247785

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Chapter Two: The Historical background of the traditional markets and Khaiamya

2-1 The Historical background of the traditional markets in Historical Cairo 2-1-1 Importance of Markets in Islamic Cairo 2-1-2 Cairo Traditional Markets in the Islamic periods 2-1-3 The Different styles of buildings within the traditional markets

2-2 Sustainable Development Concept during middle Ages: Fatimid Era 2-2-1 Fatimid Cairo Sustainability 2-2-2 Sustainable Neighborhood

2-3 Qasabat Radwan Bey or Al Khaiamya Market 2-4 The historical background of Al Khaiamya as a traditional hand craft 2-5 The social and economic life of Al- Khaiamya 2-5-1 Social Life 2-5-2 Non-physical factors 2-5-3 predominantly physical factors

2-5-4 Economic life 2-5-5 Tent Maker challenges

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Chapter Two: The Historical background of the traditional markets and Khaiamya 2-1 The Historical background of the traditional markets in Historical Cairo 2-1-1 Importance of Markets in Islamic Cairo Egypt has lived a period of civilized prosperity during the reign of the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk states, the city of Cairo was the seat of government and the capital of the state. Cairo markets represented one of the most important aspects that supported the economic boom that was taking place in the city during that time.

The Arab cities have known the origins of the markets with different forms of composition, Al Souq, Al Khan, Al Qaysareia, A wekala and Al Albazrat on the axes of the main cities leading mostly to the main mosque of the city and centered on both sides. Research has shown that the shop was the major element signifying that a market existed, along with the gate and the corridor, which was the product of assembling the wall, column, gate, floor, basement, wooden roof of the Market.1 Cairo became one of the most famous Islamic cities characterized by the diversity of its different markets. The differences lied in the type of trade along with the nature and form of the market. The names of the markets could be traced back to the type of activity or products sold in that market itself.

1 Fathi Eid, "Cairo commercial corridors between originality and contemporary�, Egyptian Society of Engineers, second edition, 1989

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Figure 2. 1 The great street (Qasaba) and its traditional markets, Fatimid Cairo via

http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/1560127.aspx We find the Sammak market, the fishermen's market, Al-Nahasin market, Al Dagagin (Chicken Market), Al Shama’en (Wax Market), Al Attarin market (Perfumes Market), and sometimes it was called the market in the name of the majority population such as Al Magharba market, Al Shameyn market, Al Rom Market etc. The markets of Egypt were known for its richness that attracted merchants from all over the world.

The market in Cairo was not just a place to buy and sell and offer different goods but it was an economic, political and social center, the market in the Islamic era was a basic cultural center with influence and fingerprints on the progress of civilization.

The term traditional market (souq) refers to the center where all kinds of products were sold, while the archeological definition of the word market is a building that includes a huge courtyard in the center, surrounded by a group of shops overlooking the main street. In the markets, merchant’s exchange, engage, and network the process of buying and selling1.

2-1-2 Cairo Traditional Markets in the Islamic periods Al Fustat was famous for its markets, the first market was created by Amro Ibn Al Aas, it was called Souq Al Baraka, which was dedicated to the sale of slaves. Al Fustat included more than 23 markets, with different products, activities and its designs. Al Fustat markets had

1 Hmood, Kabila Faris. "Traditional Markets in Islamic Architecture: Successful Past Experience." WIT Transactions on the Built Environment 171 (2017): P.2.

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significantly maintained their commercial role, even with the fierce competition from the Cairo markets, as historians that their location next to the Nile River bank was crucial to it’s success, whilst the Cairo markets were further away. One of the most famous markets in Fustat was the lamps market, the essential oils market and the spice market which was brought from India.

In addition to the markets there were the (Qaysareia), it differs from the markets as it is roofed streets as markets with wooden roofs to protect pedestrians from rain in winter and from the hot sun in the summer, the most famous Qaysareia were the Qaysareia of Honey and Qaysareia of textiles. The archaeological term of Al Qaysareia is a pattern of Islamic architectural elements, taken from the Greek word “Qayser” or Caesar Market. They were used during the Greek era as storages and accommodation places under the royal supervision. Then Qaysareia were used in the architecture of the Byzantine era in North Africa, Palestine, Syria, and then it was used in the architecture of Islamic markets. The oldest Qaysareia in Egypt was built by Abdul Aziz Ibn Marwan at Fustat city in the Mamluk era, The term Qaysareia was found in the documents of the Mamluk period, and it means the architectural building with a courtyard in the middle, surrounded by many shops to sell and Store products, topped by accommodation floors for the merchants.1

Qaysareia were specialized markets, each of which specializes in the sale of a specific item, as it had many lanes and gates to help people enter to and leave from it, as well it had some bathrooms, and some markets included only one Qaysareia or more.2 The Fustat markets were known by the various goods produced in Egypt along with the goods that come from Damascus, Iraq, Roman countries and the Abyssinia. In this era of history, the Egyptian trade from the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea flourished, the markets of Fustat continued even after the cities of Al Askar and Al Qata’e were built, and then they were associated together.

Al Maqrizy has mentioned in his manuscripts that Fatimid Cairo is distinguished from other Islamic cities with certain characteristics, including the long main street, known as the great street or Al Qasaba, which penetrates from the north to the south of Fatimid Cairo, from Bab Al-Fotouh to Bab Zuwayla. The passageway of the street has a width of eight meters, intermixed with the small streets occupied by the markets held in the streets and squares. Al 1 Hmood, Kabila Faris. "Traditional Markets in Islamic Architecture: Successful Past Experience." WIT Transactions on the Built Environment 171 (2017): P.3.

2 Al Sheikh Al Amin, “ Cairo Markets”, The general organization for books, 2014, P.23-24

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Qasaba was surrounded with magnificent buildings of the palaces of the Fatimid caliphs, followed by other facilities such as mosques, schools and the burial sites of the Mamluk sultans, which were later added. Al Qasaba was Egypt's greatest market, it included about 12,000 shops, filled with food, spices and other great goods, as well as many merchants and craftsmen. Al Qasaba included sections devoted to certain types of trade and products, such as Khaiamya, Nahasin, Attarin, etc. Unfortunately, many of the markets of this great street have disappeared.

1

Figure 2. 2 the great street (Qasaba) and its traditional markets, Fatimid Cairo via

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/510314201497718596/?lp=true In the beginning, the establishment of the city of Cairo did not affect Al Fustat, where the city was confined to the military and rulers as they depended on the markets of Al Fustat to buy various goods and products. During the reign of Caliph al-Mustanser he allowed the public to live inside the city of Cairo, which led Cairo to develop and grow while Al Fustat started to lose its luster and commercial importance.

Al Fustat was destroyed in the massive fire ordered by the minister Shawer in 565 AH when the king of Al Maqdes (Imric) invaded Egypt, the minister was unable to defend Al Fustat and 1 Mohamed Mahmoud Kamal, “The historical development of Commercial Street patterns in the Arab world�, 1998, P.10.

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wanted to avoid falling into the hands of Imric, so he ordered to evacuate Al Fustat and burn it. Life returned to the Fustat again with the reign of Salah al-Din to Egypt, where he created the wall that annexed Cairo and Fustat as one city, which led Al Fustat to return to its social and economic activity again. The interest increased about Al Fustat during the time of the Mamluk era started when the Sultan Al Saleh Najm al-Din al-Ayyubi established the fortress of Aljazeera, so many of Mamluk princes lived within Al Fustat , as a result its markets have swelled and Flourished.1 Most of the markets in Cairo and Fustat were paved, with two friezes on both sides, and most of them were covered with roofs to protect people from rain in winter and from the heat of the sun in summer, some of which were lighted night and day with lamps as the light did not reach it. Historians described the streets of Cairo and the Fustat market as being tight and crowded with residents, sellers, passers and their animals (camels were used to carry water). AlFustat’s markets usually gathered around the mosques, especially Amro ibn al-‘As mosque, while Cairo's markets gathered around palaces and the city gates.

Figure 2. 3 Khan el Khalili, Cairo market, by David Robert

2-1-3 The Different styles of buildings within the traditional markets The markets were crucial for the formation of the city, while the neighborhoods were called ‘the town’. The markets of Fustat and Cairo did not vary only in terms of goods, but they also

1 Abdul Rahman Zaki," the urban Muslim world in a hundred years: Cairo, the beacon of Islamic civilization", Cairo: The Anglo-Egyptian Library, 1979, pp. 6-9.

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varied in terms of building architecture and function, some markets have included Al Wekala, and others included Hanot ‘shops”, Bazars and Qaysareia.1 The market has not changed a lot over the ages, so we can say that it kept its form that started ages ago but other things have changed. The Common Market is a group of shops open on both sides of the street for every trade or industry exists a market, there is the market of al-Khaiamya, Al Nahasin and Al Sagha. The market may be entirely roofed, or sometimes a group of shops were separated in a building such as Al Wekala. The market had a great gate to be closed after the closure of its last shop, the markets of the Ottoman era was created from a complete complex of architectural buildings including the market, the commercial storages, Al Khan, the mosque, the bathroom and Al Madrasa (School).

The Commercial activity in these markets had been divided into two types: Fixed business activity that includes the commercial streets and opened shops, and these markets have been named after the trade itself such as Al-Attarin, Al Sammakin and Al Dagagin.

Seasonal business activity that includes seasonal markets and spaces where there are no shops but just street vendors.

▪

2

The shops:

The shops belong to a model and type that has not changed since the Middle Ages until the modern ages only a little, the shops were usually located beneath the buildings and sometimes it is a freestanding and individual building used to store, display and sell various goods and products, and it represents the visible borders of the commercial street space which is lined with shops on its sides. The shop is a small square place with a height of six to seven feet, the length of its rib is between three to four feet, and often adjacent to another similar place used as a storage, and the floor of the shop generally rises from the street level with about one or two feet, the shop deck stretches out, even after the shop is closed, it used to display goods and had been built with stones and sometimes covered with marble. The merchants only put in their shops the goods for sale and they had warehouses for the goods in the neighboring wekala agencies. Historians mentioned that Cairo markets in 1729 AD had more than twenty thousand 1 Andrea Raymond,” Major Arab cities in the Islamic era”, translation of Latif Farag, Dar al-Fekr for Studies, 1991, P.9 2 Fathi Eid, "Cairo commercial corridors between originality and contemporary”, Egyptian Society of Engineers, second edition, 1989

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shops. As time passed changes occurred in the shape and design of the shop, some of them continued as is, while others have disappeared. From the results of these changes new patterns such as Al Khan, Al Rab’ and Al Wekala started to appear as shop owners decided to open next to each other. ▪

The Peduncle:

It was a small market that usually located outside the city walls, usually the merchants practiced wholesale inside it, and it had a limited number of shops, it is a miniature market takes the linear form.

Figure 2. 4 Peduncle design in Islamic Cairo

â–Ş

Qaysareia:

A commercial street lined with shops on both sides and these streets are only pedestrian and have a fixed length, and these streets were covered with different structural pieces such as wood veins, fabrics and sometimes burlap etc. The roofs included openings to secure natural lighting and get rid of the hot air in the spaces to protect visitors from sunlight during the day and help them move freely in a relaxed atmosphere with nice temperature and suitable moisture, which was reflected on the movement of the trade. In our modern times, the Qaysareia resembles the malls and trade centers.

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Figure 2. 5 Market design including Al Qaysareia

â–Ş

Al Wekala or Al Khan:

A special-type of hotel, consisting of a ground floor overlooking an open, large inner courtyard with separate warehouses and upper floors, overlooking the open inner courtyard as well. Al Wekala were dedicated for the accommodation of merchants who come from different countries with their families to spend the trade season in Cairo’s markets, where their goods are stored in wekala storages until they are discharged and then deported.

Surprisingly, Al Wekala’s accommodation was not just a room, but it was small apartments or separate residential units consisting of two or three floors, and these floors are connected to an inner staircase for each unit, and the Westerners have attributed this original Islamic idea to themselves under the name of the assembled housing units "Duplex " " triplex ", as in Marseille architecture 1949 m/1951 m for the architects of the reservoir, and later taken a new theory of modern architecture theories, and one of the most famous Wekala in Cairo are Wekalet Al-Ghori and Wekalet Qaitbay.

Figure 2. 6 Modern photo for Wekalet Al Ghori via

https://www.flickr.com/photos/56235735@N02/33518378324 25 | P a g e

â–Ş

Al Rab’:

It is a simplified image of Al Wekala, originally intended for manufacturers and craftsmen, consists of a ground floor comprising workshops and shops, two upper floors of separate apartments consisting of one or two rooms, a living room, a kitchen and a bathroom for the families of crafts men or the owners of these shops.

2-2

Sustainable Development Concept during Middle Ages: Fatimid Era

The concept of sustainable development is a new one in its current shape, but in fact the concept was emerged when building Islamic cities back then. The cities were designed in a unique urban model that has special sustainable features mediate on Islamic values.

2-2-1 Fatimid Cairo Sustainability: A good example for sustainability during middle ages can be shown in the Fatimid cities, Fatimid Cairo for example, where architecture took into account the intertwined relationship between the social, economic and environmental aspects and the surrounding environment. The city developed during these times and the urban arrangements changed through different periods, Fatimid Cairo was built during the Fatimid Caliph Al-Muizz era, it started as a fiscal city surrounded with walls for the Caliph, and then it turned into a city for the public during the

Ayyubid

period.

At that time, architects seemed to have a different perspective than the ones before them. This was shown in the way the city was designed in a spontaneous and functional manner with unique architectural character, buildings were for mixed uses, where commercial areas with open spaces where closer than the usual. All of them played a vital role to make sure that the city role was connected clearly to maintain the sustainability in many aspects.1

1 Shokry, H. (2009), Townscape process; towards a sustainable urban form ... in Historic Cairo: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321489451_Townscape_process_towards_a_sustainable_urban_f orm_in_Historic_Cairo

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2-2-2 Sustainable Neighborhood: The brilliant way to ensure that the functions of a city are all active, is to take care of all the details while building, such as environmental challenges and limitations, the most important advantage of Fatimid Cairo is the existence of residential neighborhoods adjoining the urban activities, the mixed places contained palaces, mosques, hammams, wekalas, and shops. This is why the neighborhood is still fit to live in today, the combination of the functional relationship and the variety in size helped to cope with the environmental constrains of the desert

environment.

As for the residential areas, Fatimid Cairo expanded on both sides of Al-Qasbah, the neighborhood structure allowed people whose working on the same craft or occupation to exist at the same place, houses were built in an intensive order and that reduced the level of temperature inside the houses. And as for the concept of causing harm and deterioration, it was managed

by

separating

the

industrial

area

from

the

living

area.

While the effect of movement system on the environment, the roads back then were divided into three types, main roads, secondary roads, and Zuqaq (very small alley), these three types was designed to be suitable for people and animals’ movement and very propitiate for weather conditions.

Another aspect was the social cohesion, it was tested in how people, communities, and societies live with each other. Social sustainability was how they interacted with each other taking in count everyone’s benefits. During the Fatimid era, the internal organization of the city was based on the person’s professional affiliation.

Also, the structure of the buildings and its function helped the social cohesion in a way or another, the social relationship was formed by the mosque, alley and the house, where the mosque and its surrounding open area were known as the place to hold annual worship and community festivals, the grand mosques were places to held the weekly meeting, and regarding the

mosques

inside

the

allies

were

used

for

daily

meetings.

The economic integration in Fatimid Cairo laid on two factors, on is the economical specialist and the other was the economic control. Being specialized made helped with diversity which was a factor for sustainability, the marketplace played the role of providing daily needs for 27 | P a g e

people in addition to commercial and industrial goods. Where the specialization created a system of management within the economic system, as the economic activities considered as the source of income, so it was important to maintain its stability and management at all levels.1 Sustainability as a concept was not new, in fact it was known and considered a long time ago.

2-3 Qasabat Radwan Bey or Al Khaiamya Market Qasabat Radwan, Souq Radwan also known as Al Khaiamya is a market established by the Mamluk wealthy prince Radwan Bey Ibn Abdul Allah Al Faqary. He was a remarkable political prince in the time of the Ottoman ruler Ahmed Pasha Al-Arna’oud when Egypt part of the Ottoman Empire. He occupied the important position as Amir Al Haij for 25 years from 1631 to 1656, he was the official in charge of organizing the annual pilgrimage trips which departed from Cairo to Mecca, He died in 1066 A.H.

Figure 2. 7 Qasabat Radwan from Bab Zuwayla via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasaba_of_Radwan_Bey#/media/File:Qasaba_of_Radwan_Bey_view_from_abov e.jpg

The market was built in a context as one of many urban buildings aimed to develop the southern regions of Cairo between Bab Zuwayla and the Citadel. Radwan Bey organized and rebuilt the area which was formerly occupied by the tanning industry market outside and south of Bab Zuwayla. The area was also occupied by many dwellings and a few old religious buildings such as A-Saleh Tala'I mosque.2

1 Ali, S. & Ghouda, E. (2014), Fatimid Cairo: a Sustainable Neighborhood from Medieval Times: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC28189.pdf 2 Mamluk studies Review, Volum2, Middle East Documentation Center, 1998, P.56

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Radwan Bey carried out a set of constructions from 1629 to 1647 (as recorded in the Waqf documents of his properties). He didn’t only create a new roofed market but also he built a kind of market complex that included Al Wekala, Al Rab’ (rental apartments) list No. 406 and 408, eastern Zawya and western Zawya list No: 365, Al Sabil which is public water dispensary, and the palace or Maq’ad list No. 208 which was built with Al Rab’ in 1650 AD.1 •

Location:

The market complex located in Al Darb Al Ahmar is in the south of Fatmid Cairo, south of Bab Zuwayla, on the same scale with the great street or Al Qasaba known as al mo’ez street, the complex overlooks the four main streets, from the north That Al Rab’ street and Harat Al Qirabyyin, from the east Al Khaiamya or Al Qasaba street, from the west Harat Dar Al Towfah, from the south Al ‘atfa street.

Figure 2. 8 Waqf Radwan Bey and the surrounding roads

•

Al Qasaba:

Is a narrow street known as Al Qasaba or Al Khaiamya representing a rectangular corridor covered with a roof of wooden veins with transverse panels with nineteen holes for natural ventilation and lighting, its length measured about 80 m, its width about 6 m, while its height about 10 m, the street is lined up on both sides of the street with 25 shops stacked next to each other, often the shop measured about 3 × 2 meters or slightly larger represents the workshops

1 Tarik Al Mori, “ Bab Zuwaila: A study of Urban Conservation”, 1995, P.51.

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of Al Khaiamya , these shops include a variety of crafts including the industry of leather for shoes and slippers.1

Figure 2. 9 Al Qasaba Market with its wooden roof and shops and upper floor rental units ( Al Rab’) via (http://agazaclick.com/ar/‫صور‬/‫بيه‬-‫رضوان‬-‫قصبه‬/‫القاهرة‬/‫مصر‬/‫أفريقيا‬/‫السياحى‬-‫الدليل‬.f.1.498001344.

These shops are topped by a group of residential units that were used as living units for rent known as Al Rab’, they are reached by a side entrance with ladder located in one of Al Qasaba side street known as Al Qirabyya street .The middle off Al Qasaba is known as Khaiamya, while the end of the street is known as Al Megharblin.

Figure 2 ..10 Al Megharblin Street

1 Zaynab Al sayed, Ola Mohamed,” The renovation and conservation project for Wekalt Radwam bey”, Faculty of Engineering, P. 16-17.

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•

Al Maq’ad or the palace and Al Wekala:

Can be reached by the entrance from Al Qasaba Street. The palace was built with the Mamluk architectural features, the house is in a very bad condition. The inner court of Al Wekala was used as an open court for merchants, while the units surrounding the court about 14 were used as stable for the cattle animals like camels and horses, sometimes these units used as storage for the merchant’s goods. This entire court recently is totally occupied with carpenters workshops, abandoned wood factory and wood storages.

Figure 2. 11 The Palace facade, showcasing its bad condition.( By Author)

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Figure 2. 12 The interior court yard of Al Wekala with the carpenter’s workshops.( By Author)

Al Zawiya which is located within Al Qasaba, is still in use for praying, while the one in Harat Al Qirabyya is not in use due to its bad condition.1

Figure 2. 13 Zawyet Radwan which is in use.( By Author)

2-4 The historical background of Al Khaiamya as a traditional hand craft: Al Qasaba market is well known under the name Al Khaiamya, which is driven from the Arabic word Kheyam or Tent. The market was established at the beginning for the leather industry, 1 Zaynab Al sayed, Ola Mohamed,” The renovation and conservation project for Wekalet Radwan Bey”, Faculty of Engineering, P. 18.

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then it became a center for the tentmakers. The tentmakers industry was one of the major industries in the Islamic cities, especially in Cairo. The word Fustat itself means “the great tent”, Al Khaiamya industry clearly reflected the Islamic communities’ nomadic culture.

Islamic tents have a long history of exquisite ornamentation, including interior and exterior ornaments.

Turkey was famous for tent making, by the mid-nineteenth century, few decorated appliqué tents were still being made in Turkey. With the beginning of the sixties of the nineteenth century, physical and photographic evidences and records of the Khaiamya show that it started to appear in Cairo. It seems that as conditions and demand for tent making in Turkey disappeared, a new market was established in Egypt.

Al Khaiamya is one of the most famous traditional forms of Egyptian art. It was formerly associated with the cover of the Kaaba known as the Keswa, which was decorated with gold and silver threads. Al Keswa was manufactured by Egypt until the 1960s and sent to Hijaz in a majestic procession known as Al Mahmel.1

Al Khaiamya industry is elaborately patterned with colorful appliques applied to the interior of tents, it has evolved since the Fatimid state. This handcraft flourished in the Mamluk era, where the Egyptian artist thought of introducing joy in Egyptian houses through hand-stitched textile appliqué of the tents. The tent Maker started to form and decorate his tents with colorful fabrics using old Arabic designs and decorations representing geometric and curvilinear motifs, and then he entered drawings and decorations derived from the ancient Egyptian temples, mosques and churches. He also developed and manufactured from this craft other products to be used in houses and palaces such as bed linens and wall pendants.

2

Unfortunately this rare and fabulous traditionally hand-stitched craft is under the threat of disappearing, due to many political, social and economic factors. This hand-stitched craft was affected negatively by the recent political events in Egypt, which resulted in a severe decline in the tourism industry, which in turn negatively affected the movement of buying and selling

1Bowker, S.R.,”The Urban Fabric of Cairo: Khaiamya and the Suradeq”, International Journal of Islamic Architecture, Volum3, 2014, P.6.

2 Bowker, S.R, “The symmetry of Khaiamya and quilting: International relations of the Egyptian tentmakers”, ANU Press, The Australian National University,2014, P.47

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in Al Khaiamya. As a result many of the Khaiamya makers thought about changing their profession whilst discontinuing the tradition of teaching this craft to their children. The craft no longer generates substantial financial revenues to help the craftsmen live a decent life. These important factors can be the reason behind the future extinction or disappearance of this artistic profession.

Figure 2. 14 Al Khaiamya art and products.( By Author)

2-5 The social and economic life of Al- Khaiamya The main methodology of this part is surveys and interviews with the local community and other authorities for identifying and analyzing the positive and negative factors and situations that the local community are dealing with inside the target area. The interviewees were asked in 2 domains the social and economic, which will help drive an effective sustainable development strategy for Al- Khaiamya’s social and economic development.

2-5-1 Social Life: Social life considers how individuals, communities and societies live with each other, and societal provisions and expectations for. The interactions between people are the first factor to show how the region are enjoys general homogeneity.

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It includes issues of health equity, education, social equity, livability, social justice, social capital, social responsibility, in brief, and all the different parts that together make up a community.1 Social sustainable may be a wide-ranging multi-dimensional concept, with the basic question ‘what are the social objectives of sustainable development?’ which is open to a huge number of answers, with no agreement on how these objectives are defined.2 According to our region today we can see that one of the major components of the Islamic social framework was the inside organization of the city agreeing to word related alliance which gave the community of Fatimid Cairo its social cohesion. There is non-discrimination among the populace of Fatimid Cairo on the premise of salary, race, social status or religion In order to define and understand ‘urban social sustainability’ more fully, it is helpful to consider the main factors: The main factories divided into two main categories: Non-physical factors

Predominantly physical factors

Education and training

Urbanity

Social

justice:

inter-

and

intra- Attractive factors

generational Health, quality of life and well-being

Local environmental quality and amenity

Safety

Accessibility

Cultural traditions

services and facilities

Residential stability Sense of community and belonging Social interaction Table 2. 1 table shows the main factories that effect the social life ( By Author)

1 Ali, S. A. L. A. M. A., and E. S. S. A. M. Gouda. "Fatimid Cairo: a Sustainable Neighborhood from Medieval Times, P.318, 321" 2 Dempsey, Nicola, et al. "The social dimension of sustainable development: Defining urban social sustainability." Sustainable development 19.5 (2011), P. 291.

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2-5-2 Non-physical factors: 1. Education and training: The level of education in the region is different in terms of age, as every generation of young and middle-aged people have a middle school, unlike the older ones who received the literacy certificate and those who did not receive any education, when talking to one of the workers in the field of the wood industry of the Al- Khaiamya said he insisted on sending his son to university to get an education beside his work in the workshop (Fig1) (Appendix 1)1

Figure 2. 15 shape represent the wood industry in Al Khaiamya tent

For training we found that all the crafts owners in the Al- Khaiamya area whether the wood industry or the option did not receive direct training by the training courses or any of that but they all acquired the craft from their relatives or the owners of the shops themselves, it is considered a craft inherited by the generations and of whom they took a hobby and art.

And we find one of the guys spend year and a half making art and he don’t want to sell it she considers it one of his miracles.

1 Abd Elaziz, M. (2019). Social-Economic assessment

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Figure 2. 16 Valuable piece of art.( By Author)

2. Social justice: inter- and intra-generational: New generations suffer from recession in markets as a result of current country conditions and this is beside the deterioration of the area in terms of structures and services, which led to the difficulty of professionalism or any of the crafts located in the Al- Khaiamya area now 3. Health, quality of life and well-being For health, all those in the region suffer from the natural problems of such areas as contamination.

In terms of income, there has been major stagnation in the tourism industry in the previous year. In recent years the owners resorted to changing the main product to cater to the seasonal demand of things needed in seasons like Ramadan, which only last for two months, Rajab and Shaaban and end by the beginning of Ramadan along with sselling some extra add on’s to increase their income like, ropes and linens sold throughout the year. (Appendix 2.3)1

1 Dahi, M. (2019). Social-Economic assessment Al Shiekh, M. (2019). Social-Economic assessment

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Figure 2. 17 Zeint Ramadan represented in Al Qasaba

4. Safety As we mentioned before, the area is now deteriorating, especially the back yard of the Qasabat Radwan and the restoration work is stalled from 1992, and one of the sellers said that he was willing to bear the expenses of the renovation so that the construction does not collapse and loses its source of income, but this is not allowed and cannot issue permits for special renovation.

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Figure 2..18 A manifestation of the deterioration of the landscape of Radwan palace

5. Cultural traditions Al- Khaiamya region is consider as a heritage area for the tangible and intangible heritage of buildings with a unique architecture and a crafts inherited by the generations, but in fact this gene is close to extinction and we now find it difficult not to inherit the profession but to inherit or complete the rental of shops, all the stores of this area are affiliated For Awqaf and it is rented at a cheap price but with the law which was finally issued not to inherit the shops and retrieve them to Awaqf or buy them ownership and specify the amount of 250,000 pounds for the purchase and this amount is considered as a lot to the owners of the current stores and threatens to end this craft (Appendix 4)1

6. Residential stability, Sense of community and belonging and Social

interaction There are no problems or comments on the stability of housing all workers in the region are located in the same region or to the region nearby or even of them residing outside the region there is no problem in the housing stability.

1 Farag, A. (2019). Social-Economic assessment

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It is nice in the region to feel that everyone is one family. When asked if you are facing a problem with the community or the lack of social consensus, the response was completely negative. All of them are known to each other. The backyard of Radwan Palace is inhabited by four to five families, the area of Al- Khaiamya itself has about 45 shops all know the other and suffer from the same problems and have the same needs .

Figure 2. 19 Al Qasaba as one community

2-5-3 Predominantly physical factors 1. Urbanity and Attractive factors While working with the residents and workers in the area, we found that almost all of them are familiar with the attractions in the area as we mentioned before. Everyone knows that he works in hand crafts ,as it is considered with current heritage and is required national and international, this side of the buildings and what it carries from the history when talking with the minors at the palace of Radwan, told the history of the palace and also the employees around it to understand a great deal of knowledge of the factors of attracting the region.

It is worth mentioning here that most of the population or workers have no objection to the intervention of the government or even like them to restore the region because they want to put the area on the tourist map to improve the situation, because with the deterioration of the area, they will be forgotten

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Figure 2. 20 hand-stitch art.( By Author)

2. Local environmental quality and amenity Of course, residents of the backyard suffer from the deterioration of the place along with the slums surrounded by the place and abandoned houses occupied by animals and reptiles, which carry a lot of diseases.

Besides the pollution from the garbage dumps around the place, all these factors make life uncomfortable. (Appendix 1)1

3. Accessibility The main entrance to Al- Khaiamya area is from the Bab Zuwayla Gate to the Shama'een market and from there to Al Ghurayya Market until it reaches Al- Khaiamya area.

The place is known as it is an extension of the known markets in historic Cairo but the owners of the shops said that the place needs to have direction signage to guide tourists to the region or even the Egyptians, many people do not know where the Al Khaiamya market is and find difficulty in reaching it.

Other negative comments about the entrance or accessibility to Al- Khaiamya Street are the small transport cars that carry and drop goods to the shops restricting entry and causing congestion. This is besides the Toktok, which is the basic means now to move inside the Al-

1 Abd Elaziz, M. (2019). Social-Economic assessment

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Khaiamya area, which obstructs the movement of pedestrians inside the street and sometimes the visitor has to enter. One of the shops to allow the passage of TokToK

Figure 2. 21 Show the small cars and toktok access Al Qasaba.( By Author)

4. Services and facilities The region suffers from a lack of services and facilities, which are known to any heritage area, there are no public toilets, no restaurants around the area, (the closest restaurant is located in al-Moez Street), and there are no parking spaces (the closest place being in front of Bab Zuwyila). (Appendix 2, 5)1

2-5-4 Economic life: The issue of economical sustainability is complex and multi-dimensional, if we go through the Fatimid era, characterized by diversity, different segments of Al-Qasabat reflected specialization of production and trading marketplaces. The marketplaces were following the qualitative division of goods. They were providing the daily needs of residents beside the commercial and industrial businesses. While a part of the economy was dedicated to everyday needs there was another part that was dedicated to the outside community. Fatimid Cairo remained the center of economic life and international trade until 1798. Diversity and specialization lead to sustainability of certain activities till now.

1 Dahi, M. (2019). Social-Economic assessment Fawzy, M. (2019). Social-Economic assessment

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So, through our survey we tried to monitor and analyze the changes in business revenue and profits for sellers, the differentiation in segments of owners / renters of shops, business profits, personal wages, and jobs within the target area.

Figure 2. 22 Interview with Dahi. (By Author)

1. Monthly/Daily Income With the changes that have occurred in the region, some traders have gone to seasonal trade to help them to increase income, there is a high season of income and other days income is weak according to the movement of trade in the region as we mentioned before Ramadan season and its

lasts

about

two

months

before

Ramadan.

One of the residents, who works as a carpenter, said that sometimes he cannot meet his basic needs of each day because some days he does not earn any income at all from his work. This also goes for other professions in the Al Qasabah area.

2. Owners / renters of shops The rent of the shops in Al Kasbah is insignificant, they follow the ministry of Awqaf’s rates, ranging from three to five pounds. They are part of the old rent tenants, however, the tentmakers currently face a major problem if they want to own the shops. The government has set a rate of 250 thousand pounds which is unaffordable to all the residents of Al Qasbah. Due to the latter it seems like the

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craftsmen will not teach this craft to their because they will not be able to guarantee them the place.) (Appendix 3)1

Figure 2. 23 the new generation of the tentmaker

2-5-5 Tent Maker challenges 1. The major challenge confronting Al Khaiamya is that it isn't broadly seen as one of the main crafts in Egypt. Al Khaiamya designs have never been adjusted to be utilized on Egyptian money or philately, nor are they broadly related with tourism publicizing (in spite of Al Khaiamya being habitually experienced in traveler eateries and recreational offices).2 2. The advent of printing machines in the 1970s hit the tent making craft like it did with many other hand-crafts.

3. High prices of the product make it inaccessible to all to a larger audience.

4. Lack of interest by the government in the handicraft industries, on the contrary, the global interest in Egyptian handicraft industries is greater.

1 Al Shiekh, M. (2019). Social-Economic assessment 2 Bowker, Sam. "The Urban Fabric of Cairo: Khayamiya and the Suradeq." International Journal of Islamic Architecture 3.2 (2014), P. 21

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Chapter Three: Urban and Environmental Studies Describing the Urban Quality.

3-1 Introduction: Determine the Area Study.

3-1-1 The study areas throughout the historical periods

3-2 The Existent Morphology Assessment.

3-2-1 Solid and Void Study.

3-2-2Building Heights Study.

3-2-3Building Conditions study.

3-2-4 Ages of Buildings and Architectural Values

3-3 Mobility and the Urban Spaces Assessment.

3-3-1 Properties of lands.

3-3-2 Street Structure &Traffic.

3-3-3 The Green Spaces in the Area.

3-3-4The Use of Urban Spaces (General Function plan) 3-3-5The Infrastructure Conditions in the Area.

3-4 Conclusion: SWOT Analysis.

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Chapter Three: Urban and Environmental Studies Describing the Urban Quality.

3-1 Introduction: Determine the Area Study.

The two main streets in the study area are Al Moez street and Ahmed Maher street who cross each other at Bab Zuwayla from the northern side and Qasabat Radwan’s entrance from the south.

The study area is very wealthy with historical value. It is an open museum

containing

many

masterpieces of architecture, Bab Zuwayla, Mosque of Saleh Talai, Zawiya & Sabil of Faeaj Ibn Barquq, Al-Mu’ayyad Shaikh mosque, and Qasabat Radwan Bey. The building architecture along with through the activities surrounding it, Figure 3. 2 Maps for the study area show the boundaries for focus reflect the life and cultural values area and the main landmark building around it (By Author ) which evolved through the years.

Figure 3. 1 Panoramic Photo taken from top of Bab Zuwayla shows the study area and the main landmark in it (By Author )

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3-1-1 The study area throughout the historical periods:

Figure 3. 3 Map shows the changes in the study area through years (from 1 1modified by Author)

Many changes happened in this area through history and it is very difficult to decide which period is the most important, these periods are the following: •

Fatimid period:

Construction of Bab Zuwayla and Salih Tala’i mosque.

There was an axis to Al- Fustat and an axis going west to the Nile.

•

Mamluk period:

Construction of Ibn Barquq and Al-Mu’ayyad Shaikh mosque.

Qasabat Al – Qaherira become the same. A new axis to the citadel appeared and the axis to AlFustat became more in use for the new settlements.

•

Ottoman period:

Construction of the Waqf of Radwan Bey, Qasabat Radwan was designed with the streets penetrating the complex under the shade to provide a suitable environment for shopping activities.

Construction of the new expansions of Cairo and its road by Ismail Basha, where the axis of Al-Darb Al- Ahmar become the main link between old Cairo and the modern city .1

1 Murri, T. & Abbas, W., 2008. Al-Moez Ladin Allah Street -The Great Street. Egypt: Ministry of Culture

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3-2 The Existent Morphology Assessment.

3-2-1 Solid and Void: The study area reflects the urban texture of the historical city where spaces are mostly oriented to the inside.

Most of the buildings contain an inner court that covers more than one third of the area.

All streets are very narrow and surrounded by houses and shops from both sides.

Few buildings are totally filled without any void inside, which are the new buildings.

The major space in the study area is the Radwan palace courtyard Figure 3. 4 Map for study area show the solid and void areas (By which now used as by wood

Author )

carpenters.

Chart 3. 1 Chart shows the percentage for solid and void in study area (By Author )

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3-2-2. Buildings Heights Most of the buildings in the study area have a height of one or two stories only.

The two minarets belonging to the mosque of Al-Mu’ayyad Shaykh are the main landmarks in the study area.

Most of the new structures, were built after the 1950s, are 4 stories high.

Chart 3. 2 Chart shows the percentage for building heights in study area (By Author ) Figure 3. 5 Map for study area show the building Heights (By Author )

3-2-3 Buildings Conditions: Most of the buildings in the study area are in bad condition. And mostly are ruined in the upper floors, deterioration is attacking the buildings supported by the carelessness of the inhabitants, lack of control, and the bad economic situation.

Few of the buildings in the study area are in fair or good condition.1

Chart 3. 3 Chart shows the percentage for building conditions in study area (By Author )

Figure 3. 6 Map for the study area show the buildings condition ( By Author )

1 Murri, T., 1995. Bab Zuwayla - Astudy of Urban Conservation, Egypt: Kotholieke Universiteit Te Leuven.

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3-2-4 Ages of Buildings and Architectural Values: The listed monuments that exist in the study area are: List No

Name of Monument

Date A.H

Date A. D

199

Bab Zuwayla

485

1092

116

Mosque of Salh Talai

555

1160

118

Mosque of Inal Al – Atabki

794-95

1392-1393

203

Zawiya & Sabil of Faeaj Ibn Baequq

811

1408

190

As- Sultan Al- Mu’ayyad Mosque

818-23

1415-20

208

Maqad Radwan Bay

1060

1650

365

Zawiyat Radwan Bay

1060

1650

408

The East side of Qasabat Radwan Bey

XI cen

XCII CEN

406

The West side of Qasabat Radwan Bey XI cen Table 3 ..1 Table shows the monuments in study Area 1 2

XCII CEN

Figure 3. 7 Map shows the

camera positions which was taken to help in identifying the architecture character for the study area (By Author )

1 Murri, T., 1995. Bab Zuwayla - Astudy of Urban Conservation, Egypt: Kotholieke Universiteit Te Leuven.

2Cairo, H., 2011. ASSESSMENT OF THE HERITAGE VALUES OF THE URBAN FABRIC -Urban Regeneration Project of Historic Cairo, Eygpt: UNESCO World Heritage Centre-Management of World Heritage Sites in Egypt -Urban Regeneration Project of Historic Cairo.

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Materials: The historical buildings are built in either n fine cut lime stone and wooden floors or in lime stone in the ground floor with plastered bricks for upper floor with wooden floors:1

Chart 3. 4 Chart shows the percentage for architectural values for the buildings in study area (By Author)

▪

Figure 3. 8 Map for study area shows the architectural values for the buildings (By Author)

Windows are mostly vertical rectangular, with wooden screen. Openings in general – are dynamic and reflecting the functions behind.

▪

Rhythm is composed by the repetition of the elements in the main historical facades that turns the urban space into a melody of uniform proportions.

▪

Dimensions are related to human body proportions.

▪

Streets sections are narrow, and shaded.

▪

By evaluating the building due to the character of the historic buildings in the quarter. it had been found that:

1

1 Murri, T., 1995. Bab Zuwayla - Astudy of Urban Conservation, Egypt: Kotholieke Universiteit Te Leuven.

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o Just a few buildings in the study area have rich architectural value. o Some of the buildings have a fair architectural value. o Most of the buildings around al Khaiamya have poor architectural value. o The most valuable structures are located on the two main streets which reflects their importance.

3-2-Mobility and the Urban Spaces Assessment.

3-3-1 Properties of lands: By examining the properties around the study area, the following has been found: Most of the private houses were owned by normal people.

Most of the buildings are before the 1950s.

In the Study area there are two kinds of Monuments. (The first is a monument that was owned by normal people, and become a monument: this property will move to the ministry of Antiquities. If the building was a Waqf and become a monument, the property belongs to the ministry of Awqaf. Then it will stay as a property of The Ministry of Awqaf, under physical supervision of the Ministry Figure 3. 9 Map for the study area shows the monuments properties . (By Author )

of Antiquities.

All the monuments in the study area, except Bab Zuwayla are A waqf and the functions of these building are controlled by the Ministry of Awqaf, which creates conflict between both sides especially when it comes to conservation. This conflict between them can sometimes lead to conservation practices, which are not related to the architectural value of the monument.

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3-3-2 Street Structure &Traffic.

Street Structure: There are different kinds of streets in the study area: ▪

Thoroughfare ( Qasaba or Street ) : Main street passing through the city , wide and Straight forming the main axes in the study area like Ahmed Maher street – AlMuzzlidin Allah -Qasabat Radwan street .

▪

Alley

(Hara

or

Darb):

Secondary street with narrow space,

linking

between

thoroughfares,

and

sometimes having a dead end.

▪

Lane (Atfa) : A short turn from

an

alley

thoroughfare, narrow,

or Figure 3. 10 Map shows the street structure in the study area not

( By Author )

straight, and sometimes with a dead end.

▪

Sub – Lane (Zuqaq): A short turn , very narrow , serves few houses with a dead end. 1

Traffic •

Cars:

In the two main roads Al Moez and Ahmed Maher exists a lot of commercial activities which are concentrated there. Thus, services by trucks there is a must especially for the wood carpenters need an access to their products with the trucks. The main methods of mobility in the study area are the tuk-tuk, the cars, and the motorcycles.

1

Cairo, H., 2011. ASSESSMENT OF THE HERITAGE VALUES OF THE URBAN FABRIC -Urban Regeneration Project of Historic Cairo, Eygpt: UNESCO World Heritage Centre-Management of World Heritage Sites in Egypt -Urban Regeneration Project of Historic Cairo.

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The Ahmed Maher street is (6-9 meters wide) considered as the main traffic axis (main access) with two directions beside the waiting areas on each side, which cause a lot of traffic jams.

•

Parking:

Just a side parking facing the entrance of the mosque of Al- Salih Talai occupied by small trucks to serve the quarter by delivering goods to the shops in the market.

•

Carts (Pushed by man and animals)

This is one of the main transportation methods used in the study area, many workshops depend on it in transporting products especially in the narrow streets.

•

Pedestrian:

It is the main traffic in the study area, going from one market to the other, but because of the intersection between the pedestrian traffic with the cars and tuk-tuk movement it has become difficult for pedestrians to walk easily and smoothly.

3-3-3 The Green Spaces in the study Area

The green areas in the study area are few, just some trees in different places with no care and effects badly from carpentry.

Figure 3. 11 Map shows the green areas in study area ( Google Earth and modified (By Author)

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3-3-4 The Use of Urban Spaces (General Function plan) Private spaces structure: Almost all the inner spaces of the main buildings in the study area are occupied with workshops and small factories, the inner court of Wikalat Radwan is occupied with a wood factory and carpenter’s workshops, and some small tents ’workshops.

Commercial Activates:

Figure 3. 12 Map for the study area show the commercial activities in the area ( By Author )

•

Tent-Market:

26 Tentmaker shops are located in Qasabat Radwan. Tourists are the main customers for these shops.

•

Leather Market &Shoemakers:

In Qasabat Radwan also and in Harat al- Qirabiyya, we could find leather shops.

The main customers are merchant from the country side, and merchants from other side of the city.

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•

Carpenters Workshops:

15 carpenters’ workshops and one small wood factory are located inside the court yard of Wikalat Radwan. few workshops are located in Harat al-Qirabiyya.

•

Gold Market:

Some gold shops are located in Qasabat Radwan, main customers are normal people from historical city and surrounding areas.

•

Carpets:

There are few shops working in the trade of carpets, however they are located in Qasabat Radwan.

3-3-5 The Infrastructure Conditions in the Area: The study area is covered with poor infrastructure, and the problem increased tremendously in the last ten years. Today one can see the street flooded with water and the bad smell will reach pedestrians miles away.

This bad infrastructure effects the buildings badly.1

Figure 3. 13 Photo shows the bad infrastructure in mosque Saleh Talai ( By Author )

1Murri, T. & Abbas, W., 2008. Al-Moez Ladin Allah Street -The Great Street. Egypt: Ministry of Culture.

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3-4 Conclusion: SWOT Analysis.

This table is as conclusion based on the analysis of chapter two and three to put forth an action plan.

Strengths ▪

▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

▪

Weaknesses

The only surviving example of the Qasaba traditional roofed market containing wealthy cultural commercial activates Important part of the UNESCO heritage site historic Cairo.

The study area contains many masterpieces and architectural landmarks.

Its unique location among the rest of Historic Cairo.

The Architectural value of the Qasabat Radwan also the well-designed facades.

Residents and owners of shops are very helpful and eager to preserve and conserve the historical components of the market.

The second floor of the Khaiamya market isn’t used and is in good condition.

Opportunities ▪ ▪

▪ ▪

▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

Threats

A fertile ground for heritage and community development projects The residents’ and shop owner’s acceptance and ability to leave the place for renovation and conservation is a great opportunity to start renovation projects to preserve and rehabilitate the place, as there will be no conflict to evacuate with the residents.

Can create a unique heritage destination to attract new types of visitors and tourists.

Fund attracting destination

▪

▪

▪ ▪

▪

Table 3.2 SOWT

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Lack of marketing and advertising campaigns for the market.

Garbage, Pollution, noise and over crowdedness are the bad effects from carpentry workshops.

Green area and open spaces are very rare in the study area.

The Radwan palace and the houses around it are in need of conservation Not well known as a tourism destination.

Lack of signage and interpretation panels giving information about the historic and commercial importance of the space.

Heavy traffic through Qasabat Radwan is not pleased from workers and visitors No urban furniture: No restaurants, toilets, siting area, to serve tourists and local community.

The conflict between the ministries, and the non-cooperation between them for conservation works.

The new buildings are mostly higher than 4 levels which contradicts with the character of the study area.

The existence of wood workshops and all over subject the entire area to the risk of fire.

The lack of fame of the market as a tourist destination resulted to lack of the movement of buying and selling of the market’s products which will in turn lead to the extinction and demise of Khaiamya as a heritage craft.

Changes in the traditional historical activity for some shops from tent making to Ramadan textile products, exposes the traditional hand craft of Khaiamya to the danger of disappearing.

Chapter 4: Similar projects/ approaches 4-1: The Outdoor markets urban recovery In Seoul 4-1-1 The issue and why is this relevant to the Khaiamya?

4-1-2- The problems and The Strategy 4-1-3- Lessons learned

4-2: The Case of the Agha Khan Project in Darb al-Ahmar

4-3: The Beit El Kiritliya adaptive Reuse project

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Chapter 4: Similar projects/ approaches This part of the paper will delve into similar projects and approaches to derive lessons learnt and build on the work of other countries or similar projects.

4-1: The Outdoor markets urban recovery In Seoul 4-1-1 – The issue and why is this relevant to the Khaiamya?

Seoul, just like Cairo has suffered from massive urbanization along with rapid industrialization, which has questioned the authenticity of several “heritage” sites. According to Benghida, Korea has undergone major state-led urban change, with Seoul having undergone the fastest urban development in the world. In addition to the latter “with the rapid economic development of Seoul since the 1990s, modern markets were created, the seller customer relationship changed, and many other factors led to a tangible decline in the consumer use of outdoor markets.”1 Similarly to Cairo, the narrow focus on the functional aspects of the built environment has had Seoul see massive constructions that “imposed and reinforced grey concrete structures across the country without regard to architectural style or architectural heritage… [b]uildings are rising every three months everywhere … with concentration being on the building form, neglecting the importance of urban open spaces.”1 The latter has led to a similar situation witnessed in the Khaiamya where the outdoor markets have been neglected, reducing their potential and importance. This negligence has not only ignored the vital economic importance that happens between buyers and sellers, but has also ignored the fact that markets give a feel of the genuine spirit of a city, thereby ignoring a huge aspect that gives Cairo (or Seoul) its unique culture. Thus, this case study has been chosen because with rapid economic development markets in Cairo have suffered just like the markets in Seoul, the only difference being that “the Seoul Metropolitan Government realized the importance of reviving these urban spaces and started implementing new facilities … in 2013.”1

1 Djamil Benghida. The Urban Identity Recovery in Seoul: The Case of the Outdoor Markets. 13th Docomomo International Conference Seoul: Expansion and Conflict, Sep 2014, Séoul, South Korea. Docomomo, pp.227231, 2014, Proceedings of the 13th Docomomo International Conference Seoul: Expansion and Conflict, Seoul 2014.

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4-1-2- The problems and The Strategy Seoul has identified several problems that have led to the urban decay witnessed in the outdoor markets that are similar to the Khaiamya case. According to Benghida, there are internal and external problems that need to be tackled when laying a strategy of urban renewal for the outdoor markets. The internal problems have to do with the failure “to follow changes in consumption, environmental management capacity, aging facilities, lack of customer facilities, weak management capacity and logistics systems modernization.”1 Whilst the external problems have to do with “the emergence of new businesses, diversification of consumer tastes, changes in consumer buying styles, and new city commerciality.”1 Just like the Seoul markets, Cairene markets have no parking space for example, which sums their problems that lie between the lack of adequate facilities to support the consumer and the lack of adequate management. Competitiveness is a vital aspect that needs to be tackled in any strategy as well, with the rise of online buying it becomes essential to get the markets access to something that is similar or to make them more competitive then the online option for consumers by stressing on the strong social values that are created in the market through the physical interaction where social relationships are formed in public spaces. The Seoul government took a decision to prioritize, the economic impact, the reinforcement of the socio-economic identity and the national culture and have started to develop their markets since the 1960’s passing a low in 2010 with the promise to aid the following strategy: 1. Placing stores 2. Information Center 3. Public Toilets 4. Shopping Carts 5. Lighting Infrastructure facilities 6. Storage 7. Sewer: heating and cooling 8. Market assistance

1 Djamil Benghida. The Urban Identity Recovery in Seoul: The Case of the Outdoor Markets. 13th Docomomo International Conference Seoul: Expansion and Conflict, Sep 2014, Séoul, South Korea. Docomomo, pp.227231, 2014, Proceedings of the 13th Docomomo International Conference Seoul: Expansion and Conflict, Seoul 2014.

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9. Accessibility: subway station 10. Designated parking (one market = one parking) and the latter is crucial important because it meant “work on the location of the market, an access road within and around the outdoor market, distribution of vendors’ shop spaces, waste handling know-how, shops cleanliness, market maintenance and safety and the physical form of the market itself, etc.” 1

4-1-3- Lessons learnt The market is essential to the economy of the city, they speak to urban life most vividly as they touch upon the social, physical, economic, and cultural aspects of a city and so are most relevant to any sustainability strategy. They can also become a major solution to the informal economy that many underdeveloped cities suffer from. While the urban design of the space is important, managing the market itself is even more important for it’s sustainability. Things to take into consideration with regards to space design are “spatial plans, image maps, social data, economic boundaries, urban space features, [and] the sense of the place … [other things to consider can be how to] improve the aesthetics of the place of the market” with less costs as possible.1 With the amounting problems facing Cairo, the Seoul case is an excellent example for the kind of challenges that will face the urban revitalization of any of the markets. Among the challenges facing the Seoul government are firstly and most importantly “to define the potential of the outdoor market to help improve the economic competitiveness and employment in order to improve the human and social capital, and enhance the urban environment and infrastructure.”1 The other challenges being the need to “encourage a range of actions in the market, as a well-defined urban area, to accelerate innovative decision-making process between planners and architects… and to make outdoor markets more sustainable without imposing high costs for their urban development.”1

1

Djamil Benghida. The Urban Identity Recovery in Seoul: The Case of the Outdoor Markets. 13th Docomomo International Conference Seoul: Expansion and Conflict, Sep 2014, Séoul, South Korea. Docomomo, pp.227231, 2014, Proceedings of the 13th Docomomo International Conference Seoul: Expansion and Conflict, Seoul 2014.

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4-2: The Case of the Agha Khan Project in Darb al-Ahmar It is important to look at different project scopes especially when it comes to sustainable development because there is not “right” or “one way” to do it. This case study is a fullyfledged urban rehabilitation project by the Agha Khan in Darb al-Ahmar. This neighborhood lies near the Sultan Hassan Mosque and south of the Khan el Khalili area, and “in spite of its central location, pedestrian scale, historic buildings and active community of artisans, the development of the area has lagged behind other parts of Cairo and living conditions have actually worsened over the past few decades.”1 Inhabitants suffer from low incomes, threatening living conditions because of infrastructure risks (ex: houses collapsing), severe deterioration of monuments, private housing, insecurity of tenure and these are amongst the most apparent types of problems.1 Nonetheless, the Darb al-Ahmar remains to be one of the most genuine areas in Cairo. AKTC (The Agha Khan Trust for culture) decided to intervene using a different approach to “urban renewal” one that did not include displacing the area of its inhabitants and monuments in order to re-build. AKTC chose a strategy that focused simultaneously on the physical, social and economic actions, sustained over an extended period of time, but also institutional on capacity-building; utilizing micro-credit for business development and housing rehabilitation, employment-generation, as well as direct investment in the restoration of monuments, the re-use of historic buildings, and the improvement of smallscale infrastructure and open spaces.1AKTC worked on three main areas, the Bab al-Wazir, Asalam neighborhood, and Burg el Zafar street.

1 AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE Historic Cities Support Programme. "C A I R O : U R B A N R E G E N E R A T I O N I N T H E D A R B A L - A H M A R D I S T R I C T A Framework for Investment." AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE Historic Cities Support Programme, 2005. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5452/original/DPC2197.pdf?138479 3106.

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Figure 4. 1 by AKTC 1

The AKTC team started with social and economic aspects of the project by conducting a survey within thirteen shiakhats that make up the District of Darb al-Ahmar.1 The baseline survey showed Darb al-Ahmar households, particularly those close to the Ayyubid Wall, to be among the poorest in Egypt. By late 2003, average yearly incomes were

reported to be no more than EGP 1200 (USD 193) per capita. This means that people

in this part of Cairo have to survive on less than the equivalent of one dollar per day. Not surprisingly, average household expenditure levels show that more than 50 percent of people’s incomes are spent on food items.1

1

AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE Historic Cities Support Programme. "C A I R O : U R B A N R E G E N E R A T I O N I N T H E D A R B A L - A H M A R D I S T R I C T A Framework for Investment." AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE Historic Cities Support Programme, 2005. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5452/original/DPC2197.pdf?138479 3106.

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The latter pushed the project to focus on the following chart that highlights all the touch points needed to be covered as a result of the baseline survey.

Figure 4. 2 by AKTC 1

The housing and open space upgrading project relied on “grants, loans and a combination of the two [were] available for rehabilitating housing in the three Action Areas, thus serving both lower income households and households with extremely low levels of income.”1 The project covered roofing, carpentry, plumbing, wood flooring, masonry, debris removal, electricity, interior plaster, stair construction, and floor tiling. In order to have the latter work, a team had to work on the non physical challenges like the legal status of some of the houses so that rehabilitation can take place, and then a credit team assessed the creditworthiness of each individual family.

A Micro-Credit Programme was developed to support income-generating activities and proved itself vital to the community with a 99 percent recovery rate after the first seven months of the project. Data showed that “just over half of all loans (53%) went to the retail sector, 35 percent to cottage industries and 12 percent to service and transport businesses…” and 25 1 AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE Historic Cities Support Programme. "C A I R O : U R B A N R E G E N E R A T I O N I N T H E D A R B A L - A H M A R D I S T R I C T A Framework for Investment." AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE Historic Cities Support Programme, 2005. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5452/original/DPC2197.pdf?138479 3106.

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percent of the loans were taken by women.1 In addition to this program, to reduce unemployment the AKTC team addressed both the supply and the demand side of the employment equation where they worked on empowering, motivating and improving individual qualifications and skills after conducting a Needs Assessment training of individuals looking for employment and then individual job plans were tailored to each individual.2 On the demand side employment opportunities were mapped and categorized and the team members linked the opportunity with the profiles they had.

Finally the basic social services unit addressed the health, educational and solid waste disposal issue of the neighborhood. The goal was to raise the quality of healthcare in Darb alAhmar, and that happened through 1 ways, improving access to existing healthcare facilities, providing physical examinations (in particular for female patients and addressing especially pregnancy-related matters) and offering limited clinical care and raising awareness through a family clinic on the issues of reproductive and sexual health, and the other concentrates on the handicapped and the aged. The education section was smartly handled as they focused on four main pillars, starting with vocational training (that included existing training for carpenters and stone masons) directly related to one of the projects AKTC was working on which was the rehabilitation of an historic mansion in Abou Hureiba Street.1 On the other hand administrative training (computer literacy and book-keeping), office management and book-keeping skills complementing the micro-credit and housing finance program was also necessary. Adult literacy classes were also held with a “local NGO to maintain this program, and efforts are being made to increase the number of adults graduating each year.�1 Finally capacity-building of local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) focused on institutional development and organizational strengthening, with institutions eventually taking over a number of AKTCinitiated activities in Darb al-Ahmar.3 The way in which this sector was tackled was smart because tying them to the AKTC projects meant that they guaranteed them sustainability.

1

AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE Historic Cities Support Programme. "C A I R O : U R B A N R E G E N E R A T I O N I N T H E D A R B A L - A H M A R D I S T R I C T A Framework for Investment." AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE Historic Cities Support Programme, 2005. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5452/original/DPC2197.pdf?138479 3106.

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1

Figure 4. 3 Abou Hureiba street: AKTC 1

The solid waste disposal section focused on collecting and disposing the rubbish through working a good relationship with a local cleaning organization, raising awareness through cleaning campaigns with people from the neighborhood, distributing bins and regular collection.

In addition to the latter several monuments have been conserved in the abovementioned areas, however for the sake of this paper this section is only highlighting the strategy undertaken by AKTC to derive lessons learned for the project of this paper.

4-3: The Beit El Kiritliya adaptive Reuse project Reaching sustainable development is not an easy endeavor but it is one where many methods are used, tried and tested to bring about the same results. This section will delve into how adaptive reuse can be used to achieve sustainable development and the case study discussed will be with regards to the Geyer Anderson Museum. Bayt al-Kritilya (Gayer-Anderson

1

AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE Historic Cities Support Programme. "C A I R O : U R B A N R E G E N E R A T I O N I N T H E D A R B A L - A H M A R D I S T R I C T A Framework for Investment." AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE Historic Cities Support Programme, 2005. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5452/original/DPC2197.pdf?138479 3106.

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Musuem) is in the Sayeda Zaynab district, near Ahmed Ibn Tulun street and was constructed in the 16th and 17th centuries on the ruins of Tulunid capital Al-Qata'i using the ruins of surrounding environmental context especially the bricks of Mokatam hill.1 The eastern house was constructed by Hajj Mohammad Ibn al-Hajj Salem Ibn Galman al-Gazzar. By the time, this house was sold to a wealthy Muslim woman from Crete, consequently it was known as Bayt al-Kritliya, or "House of the Cretan Woman”. Furthermore, the second one was constructed to the western side by Abdel-Qader al-Haddad and also, later was known by the name of its last owner as Bayt Amna bint Salim.1

The house was set to be conserved for reuse into a Museum in 1999 by Major R.G. Gayer Anderson. He was “authorized by the Egyptian government to reside in one of the old Arab houses under the care of the Arab Monuments Committee. So, the two houses were joined by a bridge at the third floor, and are both collectively known as Bayt al-Kritliya.”1The museum was built on the collection that he had collected from several places yet it was finished after he traveled back home. However, “the museum was named “The Gayer-Anderson Museum” after his last owned name and is considered as a well-preserved example of the domestic architecture of Cairo during the seventeenth century.”1 The success of Anderson’s attempt was apparent because he was able to maintain the house in its original form, only adding to it his collection of artifacts and turning it into a museum for the generations to come. The Adaptive reuse of the building has not only succeeded in preserving the old but has also “changed the experience for the visitors as well as the staff of the house. Bayt al-Kritliya not only is considered an aesthetical preservation of the unique house architecture but also reflects a sustainable approach to the conservation of heritage structures and its treasured collections.”1 Raising awareness to the children of the area has also been the work of several NGO’s and thus the example given through the Gayer Anderson Museum is a sustainable one because it has not only provided employment for several people, preserved the original house structure, and engaged the community but it has also become a space for the latter to continuously happen.

1 Amer, Mohamed. (2016). Bayt al-Kritliya (Gayer-Anderson Museum) and Vernacular Architectural Heritage in Egypt. GoUNESCO.

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Chapter 5 :Sustainable development aspects and adaptive re-use approaches

5-1 Sustainable Development Strategy 5-1-1 Pre-Intervention Considerations 5-1-2 Operational Recommendations 5-1-3 Proposed Frame Work for the Area

5-2 Sustainability Vision 5-3 Conclusion

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Chapter Five: Sustainable development aspects and adaptive re-use approaches “Sustainable development is the pathway to the future we want for all. It offers a framework to generate economic growth, achieve social justice, exercise environmental stewardship and strengthen governance.” 1

5-1 Sustainable Development Strategy 5-1-1 Pre-Intervention Considerations After collecting information from the locals and special authorities, and surveying the places where the activities will take place and studying all the possibilities some conclusions were made. These are the general ideas of the activities that will be described in the research proposed action plan: -

Appraisal of the needs of the local community in relation to the future re-use of the site; throughout the initial stage, an ongoing liaison with the local community should work to ensure continuous interaction to enable us to learn about the needs of the local community.

-

Setting up the legal and organizational framework for adaptive reuse includes negotiations with authorities, seeking legal advice, preparing of a sustainable management plan for future use of spaces and buildings as mentioned earlier.

-

Preparatory stage and suggested interventions for buildings/spaces conservation includes research, architectural and photographic documentation, producing conservation and structural interventions recommendations and archaeological investigation.

Preparatory stage includes also conducting the survey, photographic documentation, and existing condition assessment of the selected heritage buildings and sites in accordance with the internationally recognized standards for conservation, conducting urban context assessment

1 Ki-moon, Ban. "New Agenda for Development Must Be ‘Tuned’ to Leading Challenges of Decent Jobs, Inclusive Growth, Governance, Peace, Climate Change, Says Secretary-General." 2013. United Nations. https://www.un.org/press/en/2013/sgsm15273.doc.htm .

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and creating recommendations for upgrade and conducting social research within the local community.

The documentation phase serves a dual purpose: on the one hand, it constitutes the archival record of cultural heritage, which is as important as are physical interventions for preservation.

On the other hand, it is a basis for planning and designing the interventions, allowing the team to identify priorities, provide a blueprint over which the maps of damage and the maps of interventions are superimposed.

5-1-2 Operational Recommendations The fabric of the area is divided into tangible and intangible heritage. There are monuments that need to be conserved and crafts that need to be protected. The place contains a lot of features that could be used to develop it and take it to another advanced level.

The main four components of Al Khaiamya case are: 1. Conservation of Monuments/Historic Buildings -

Design for interventions

As below: (1) Interventions into the monuments and sites will comprise two aspects: (a) Conservation treatment of historic material, including structural reinforcements as necessary and restoring spatial integrity to ruined structures when required for adaptive reuse. (b) Interventions aimed at rendering the buildings and spaces feasible for use: securing access, providing plumbing and electrical wiring, and basic equipment.

(2) Urban upgrading

-

Conservation and adaptive re-use: implementation phase

The conservation and adaptive re-use implementation stage will result in the selected buildings and sites fully conserved and furnished, ready to house the future adaptive re-use function. This will be done according to internationally recognized standards.

All interventions will:  allow maximum amount of historic material to be preserved  be reversible  In the future will not prevent the possibility of later access to historic evidence  be harmonious in color, texture, form, and scale and less noticeable than the original material 72 | P a g e

 Initial inspections, reports and recommendations will be performed prior to any intervention.  be undertaken by professional conservators/restorers.

-

Landscaping interventions and urban improvements to the immediate surroundings

Tasks to be achieved: Based on the designs, the implementation phase will result in improvements to the immediate vicinity of the project. It will address following issues: 

solid waste disposal,



after-dark street lighting,



sitting and shaded areas for the community use and playground for the local children,



fences for protection of the monuments,



greenery introduced to the area.



informational and directional signage will be produced according to design developed.

2. Craftspeople/Locals - Outreach to the local community In all stages and phases local community should be involved as a main partner and should be updated with the results and details.

Social development also should be taken into consideration while planning the strategy: 

Establish a committee of locals to represent the area in different occasions and discussions.



Awareness-raising heritage-oriented educational activities with the local community.

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

Events which serve multiple purposes: they enable local craftspeople to display their products and sell them directly; they bring to the neighborhood exhibitions,

Figure 5.1 Cairo Drums Festival in Moez St. www.itfarrag.com

performances and other cultural activities, as well as attractions for children. Exp. Khaiamya Festival, Khaiamya competitions. 

Vocational and entrepreneurial training for the local community members including training sessions, workshops offering life skills, language skills (including those treated as preparatory training for the tourist guides.)1



Health and awareness campaigns (Breast Cancer, Virus C….)

As for the craftspeople, who are using and working in the monuments directly and their main activities are executed near or in the heritage buildings. Any planned interventions should include them, help and support their work and promote it outside. That would help to promote the area itself and will enhance its economic and cultural presence.

Also many physical improvements should be applied to their workshops, with attendant improvement of work conditions and safety.

To improve marketability of the workshops’ products, opportunities should be created through direct or online sales. Provide them with trainings and establish cooperation between them and with international and nationals artists and designers to help them develop their brands, products designs, quality and packaging.2

3- Adaptive Re-Use for Spaces and Buildings 1 EU. "Building Bridges Through Culture ." 2018.

2 ARCHiNOS. "Hands On." n.d. Undead Crafts. https://www.undeadcrafts.com/about-c4nz .

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Having an diversified area with many of tangible and intangible features, make every step counts; starting with taking care of buildings and ending up with promoting each feature for the public.

Al Khaiamya area is rich and could have many development projects. Therefore, this research suggested ideas for better sustainability not only for the monuments but also for the stakeholders and general public as shown in the below map:

Figure 5. 2 suggested adaptive re use map.(By Author )

I.

Cafes, offices and a hotel will help sustaining the cash flow for always maintaining and conserving the area, in addition, to the extra fund or donations.

II.

Renting offices for Starts ups will also encourage youth to learn more about their heritage and help them in providing a space for less money than downtown.

III.

A new road is also suggested to solve the ‘Tuk-tuk’ (small vehicles) traffic and the loading goods problem.

IV.

Also, the yard will be a perfect place to host events, fairs and exhibitions to help the locals’ sales and promote their heritage.

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V.

Green areas will be implemented to secure and enhance the environment and to make visitors enjoy the place and spend more time in it.

VI.

A parking lot is also suggested to reduce the traffic issue.

All of the above ideas will help to solve an existing problem, reduce traffic and give chances to receive income, sustain and save the area for future generation.

Figure 5.3 A hotel in Moez St. www.leriadcairo.com

Figure 5.4 Aisha Fahmy’s Palace after conservation - www.sis.gov.eg

4- Promotion of Al Khaiamya Area Tangible and intangible Heritage -

Production of informational / promotional material

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The promotional and informational material generated will fall into two categories: conventional printed material, and on-line activities.

For the on-line activities, the tasks involved are: 

design of the social media/website/applications content



gathering/producing illustrative material/videos



design website



upload data to the website



create the neighborhood on-line platform



maintain the on-line platform regularly

These activities will promote the area, local traditional craftsmen who live and work in the area and bring attention of the public at large to the neighborhood.1

Figure 5. 5 A specialized website for craft - www.undeadcrafts.com

1 ARCHiNOS. "Hands On." n.d. Undead Crafts. https://www.undeadcrafts.com/about-c4nz .

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5-2-4 Proposed Frame Work for the Area Priority scale (1= Highest, 2= High, 3= Medium, 4= Low, 5=Lowest)

Objectives

Expected Results -

Obj. 1 Adaptive reuse of historic monuments treated and improvement of services/facilities

Obj.2 Improving the urban environment and upgrading it

Obj. 3 Creating economic opportunities for the craftspeople.

Obj. 4 Increased visitation to the area and promote cultural tourism.

Obj. 5 Preservation of valuable and endangered pieces of tangible heritage

Priority 4

-

Physical improvements to craftsmen’s workshops, analysis of their needs.

Planning, designing of interventions.

A medical unit to be equipped and operated.

The Palace to be prepared for use as a venue for cultural/cultural centre.

The courtyard to be opened as a public space and to be used for events and exhibitions.

Two cafes to be opened and operated.

Open green spaces around the monuments.

A small hotel/motel to be equipped and operated.

Public restrooms fully operated.

Offices to be offered to rent.

-

Providing plumbing and electrical wiring support Open green spaces around the monuments.

Garbage collecting points.

Developing attractive signage.

Setting up loading goods points.

Start using the suggested route/street for vehicles

1 2 1 1 1 1

-

Organizing regular events/festivals.

Developing the craftspeople products designs, quality and materials.

Upgrading their displays and presentation tools.

Setting them up with gift stores outside the area to sell more.

Developing their packaging and working on their branding.

Creating workshops for public to learn more about these traditional crafts Finding export opportunities and expand to reach corporates.

Working on their online/ offline presence and sales.

Launching continuous marketing campaigns.

Build connections with travel agencies, hotels, universities and corporates.

Maintain regular events and activities Publish articles about the area in famous and well known magazines and platforms.

Completed architectural conservation of historic buildings.

1 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 2

Photographic, architectural, and descriptive documentation (of condition before conservation, work in progress, and condition after conservation).

1

-

-

Table 5.1 Proposed Frame Work for the Area

5-2 Sustainability Vision Al Khaiamya area is rich and promising for future generations and to start a project in it, is an outstanding decision for preserving heritage.

As suggested in the framework, continuous action is the best action. Therefore, it should be considered the following: 78 | P a g e

3 4 1 2 2 3 1 2

1 1 3 1

(A) Financial Sustainability A sustainable management plan will be prepared in the course of the project, involving the study of various aspects of future self-support of the spaces and buildings conserved, and focusing on the issue of gaining revenues for covering future operating and maintenance costs.

In addition, two issues are crucial for the financial sustainability of the project results: (1) introduction of income-generating activities into the area operations (like fee-charging training course), and (2) securing a long-term commitment from the Government of Egypt.

(B) Institutional Sustainability The spaces and buildings that will be adaptively re-used after conservation are listed monuments, and therefore by law under the custody of the Ministry of Antiquities which will grant permission for the use of the monuments.

Also building relationships with organizations, universities, foundations and companies from both private and public sectors should be one of the main assets.

(C) Environmental Sustainability The proposed framework and any follow-up activities do not depend on natural resources that they could directly affect. Adaptation of a historic building for reuse does not involve polluting activities and does not affect natural environment in any significant way.

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5-3 Conclusion All the above activities are representing a process that should be implemented one by one as planned. Although there are few activities that can be executed separately and applied immediately but the main actual benefit will come after everything is done. Any work can’t be effective or accurate unless if it was in cooperation with the locals and based on their needs.

In general, sustainability concept in the Egyptian community has to take an economic background. In other words, to be stable and sustained, you should generate money especially in the poor under-privilege areas where the monuments are located. In Egypt with this huge amount of monuments, government can’t do all the work. Therefore, there should be initiatives from the people and organizations that are interested in traditions and culture development.

Many ideas were discussed while preparing this research, not all of them can be applied or written because the main base of this research was craftspeople and locals. They have their own mentalities, traditions and ways of life and any new or not traditional intervention won’t be our goal.

Also while planning for future, environmental approaches should always be in every community priorities, in its industries, crafts, daily activities …. etc.

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Bibliography : Chapter one ▪

United

Nations,

The

2030

Agenda

for

Sustainable

Development:

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustain able%20Development%20web.pdf

▪

UNESCO, 2017, UNESCO moving forward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247785

▪

UNESCO, 2018, Culture for the 2030 Agenda: http://www.unesco.org/culture/flipbook/culture2030/en/Brochure-UNESCO-Culture-SDGs-EN2.pdf David Hulme . (2009), The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): A Short History of the World’s Biggest Promise: https://www.unidev.info/Portals/0/pdf/bwpi-wp-10009.pdf Chad Damro & Pilar Luaces-Méndez, THE KYOTO PROTOCOL’S EMISSIONS TRADING SYSTEM: An EU-US Environmental Flip-Flop: http://aei.pitt.edu/874/1/Kyoto.pdf the Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future, (2011), Review of Implementation of the Rio Principles: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1127rioprinciples.pdf Dorin Paul Bac, (2008), A history of the concept of sustainable development: Literature review: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242219096_A_history_of_the_concept_of_sustainable_d evelopment_Literature_review Günther Handl. (2012), DECLARATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT (STOCKHOLM DECLARATION), 1972 AND THE RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT, 1992: http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/dunche/dunche_e.pdf Salama Ali & Essam Ghouda, (2014), Fatimid Cairo: a Sustainable Neighborhood from Medieval Times: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC28189.pdf Hana Shokry, (2009), Townscape process; towards a sustainable urban form ... in Historic Cairo: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321489451_Townscape_process_towards_a_sustainable_ urban_form_in_Historic_Cairo

▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

Chapter Two ▪

Abdul Rahman Zaki," the urban Muslim world in a hundred years: Cairo, the beacon of Islamic civilization", Cairo: The Anglo-Egyptian Library, 1979.

▪

Ali, S. A. L. A. M. A., and E. S. S. A. M. Gouda. "Fatimid Cairo: a Sustainable Neighborhood from Medieval Times.

▪

Al Sheikh Al Amin, “Cairo Markets”, The general organization for books, 2014.

▪

Andrea Raymond,” Major Arab cities in the Islamic era”, translation of Latif Farag, Dar al-Fekr for Studies, 1991.

▪

Dempsey, Nicola, et al. "The social dimension of sustainable development: Defining urban social sustainability." Sustainable development 19.5 (2011).

▪

Bowker, S.R, “The symmetry of Khaiamya and quilting: International relations of the Egyptian tentmakers”, ANU Press, The Australian National University,2014.

▪

Bowker, S.R.,”The Urban Fabric of Cairo: Khaiamya and the Suradeq”, International Journal of Islamic Architecture, Volum3, 2014.

▪

Fathi Eid, "Cairo commercial corridors between originality and contemporary”, Egyptian Society of Engineers, second edition, 1989.

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▪

Fathi Eid, "Cairo commercial corridors between originality and contemporary”, Egyptian Society of Engineers, second edition, 1989.

▪

Hmood, Kabila Faris. "Traditional Markets in Islamic Architecture: Successful Past Experience." WIT Transactions on the Built Environment 171, 2017.

▪

Mamluk studies Review, Volum2, Middle East Documentation Center, 1998.

▪

Mohamed Mahmoud Kamal, “The historical development of Commercial Street patterns in the Arab world”, 1998.

▪

Tarik Al Mori, “Bab Zuwaila: A study of Urban Conservation”, 1995.

▪

Zaynab Al sayed, Ola Mohamed,” The renovation and conservation project for Wekalet Radwan Bey”, Faculty of Engineering.

▪

Zaynab Al sayed, Ola Mohamed,” The renovation and conservation project for Wekalet Radwan Bey”, Faculty of Engineering.

Chapter Three ▪

Cairo, H., 2011. ASSESSMENT OF THE HERITAGE VALUES OF THE URBAN FABRIC -Urban Regeneration Project of Historic Cairo, Eygpt: UNESCO World Heritage Centre-Management of World Heritage Sites in Egypt -Urban Regeneration Project of Historic Cairo.

▪

Murri, T. & Abbas, W., 2008. Al-Moez Ladin Allah Street -The Great Street. Egypt: Ministry of Culture.

▪

Murri, T., 1995. Bab Zuwayla - Astudy of Urban Conservation, Egypt: Kotholieke Universiteit Te Leuven .

Chapter four ▪

AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE Historic Cities Support Programme. "C A I R O : U R B A N R E G E N E R A T I O N I N T H E D A R B A L - A H M A R D I S T R I C T A Framework for Investment." AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE Historic Cities Support Programme, 2005. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5452/original/DPC2197 .pdf?1384793106

▪

Amer, Mohamed. (2016). Bayt al-Kritliya (Gayer-Anderson Museum) and Vernacular Architectural Heritage in Egypt. GoUNESCO.

▪

Djamil Benghida. The Urban Identity Recovery in Seoul: The Case of the Outdoor Markets. 13th Docomomo International Conference Seoul: Expansion and Conflict, Sep 2014, Séoul, South Korea.

Docomomo, pp.227-231, 2014, Proceedings of the 13th Docomomo International Conference Seoul: Expansion and Conflict, Seoul 2014.

Chapter Five ▪

ARCHiNOS. "Hands On." n.d. Undead Crafts. <https://www.undeadcrafts.com/about-c4nz>.

▪

EU. "Building Bridges Through Culture ." 2018.

▪

Ki-moon, Ban. "New Agenda for Development Must Be ‘Tuned’ to Leading Challenges of Decent Jobs, Inclusive Growth, Governance, Peace, Climate Change, Says Secretary-General." 2013. United Nations. <https://www.un.org/press/en/2013/sgsm15273.doc.htm>.

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Appendix 1: Date: 23/3/2019 Location: courtyard of Radwan Bey Name: Mohamed Abd Elaziz Age: 64 Marital status: Married Number of Children: 4 (3 daughters and 1 son) ________________________________________________________________________ Q1: Are you a resident of Al-Darb Al-Ahmar? And when did you start working in Al Khaiamya area?

I have been living in the area for over 40 years and I work in the field of wood (arabesque, wooden partitions inlaid with seashells) Q2: Did you inherit the craft?

No, I did not inherit it, it started as a hobby Q3: What is the educational level?

4 years ago I got a certificate of literacy and all my children have university degrees Q4: What do you know about this area?

Currently we stand in the courtyard of Radwan or what is known as Kasbah Radwan and all these domes were was to the camels, and this area was used in the old system of barter, and in the top there are houses with two roles to for the traders, but now empty, there are only animals and reptiles Q5 : Why do not these roles be used by you as stores Alâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;awqaf?

This area has been in conflict between the Ministry of Awqaf and Antiquities for more than 50 years and the Ministry of Antiquities refused to rent these houses for fear of demolition or change of shape. For more than 25 years there were families in these houses but were graduated to repair houses, these houses are newly renovated The design of these cottages is beautiful but 83 | P a g e

is currently closed by the ministry According to what is planned by the Ministry of Awqaf this area was planned to be a park as it was used before Q6: What a beautiful house located in the background of the courtyard?

This is a private house owned by a civilian but not due to the era of Radwan Pasha, which is newer than it, but it is built in Mamluk style, there is also a dispute between the antiquities and the owner of the palace now that it was built more than 100 years ago and the ministry considered it is now an archaeological house but the owner of the palace wants to demolish every time comes and make some subversive work in the palace or even the demolition of part of it Q7: Do you have a retail outlet in Al Khaiamya market?

No, but since all the workers here in the region are aware of each other, if a customer comes and wants to manufacture a product of wood, it will be taken to the place Q8: What is the level of your income per month?

Praise be to Allah. It is enough that I can teach my children as I said, and now all of them are in his work, as for work, it is according to orders on a day when there is a job and there is no day Q9: What if they are offered you they want to renovate the place and return as it was?

They said a lot of before and nothing happened, I am very welcome any restoration in the place and also willing to bear with them expenses is in the other in favor of my work I am also willing to leave the entire place and provide me with another place to restore this place, which carries a lot of history but nothing happens Q10: Your craft has a lot of skill. Why didn't you teach it to your kids so you wouldn't disappear the job?

My profession in many risks and injuries, of course, I fear my son of injury rarely to be carpenter does not hit him in his hand

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Appendix 2: Date: 23/3/2019 Location: Qasaba Radwan (Al Khaiamya Street) Name: Mohamed Fawzy Age: 39 Marital status: Married Number of Children: 1 _________________________________________________________________________ Q1: Are you a resident of Al-Darb Al-Ahmar? And when did you start working in Al Khaiamya area?

This shop inherited from my father and my grandfather, the family of the population of the red beating from the year 1930 I am from the family of Nur Al-Khaiamya of the oldest families in the area of Khaiamya Q2: Is this shop Ownership or rent?

Rent from the Ministry of Antiquities and Ministry of Awqaf Q3: What is the educational level?

Qualifications Diploma Industrial Q4: Did you inherit the craft or just selling?

Yes inherited from my father and if you did not have talent will not succeed in this profession Q5: I see Ramadan staff what is the reason for the change of activity?

These things are sold only two months in the year Sha'ban and Ramadan Q6: What are the most important months in which the hand-held tents are sold?

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Winter month this is because the tourists come to Egypt in the winter and therefore increase the demand for our product, but some of the revolutions stopped tourism and therefore stopped sales movement.

Q7: Being in an archaeological neighborhood affects you negatively or positively?

Al Khaiamya area is not known on the map recently only they want to come to the area to register it, the known here the Gate of the Metwally and from it to Al Moâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ez Street and Khan El Khalili. Who reaching here by coincidence or by mistake .

Q8: Explain to us what the products are and how they are made?

The origin of the Khaiamya products is the special fabrics for the joy and comfort of the lantern, and its manufacturing was manual until the printing machine appeared. This is, of course, an effect on the profession.

And began other forms of products of curtains or bedspreads beds and also appeared the small size of images that contain more than a form of landscapes or birds forms of Islamic or pharaonic There are the drawings and then start to apply the eight-ribs and are drawn and are hammered and the use of white powder on the floor and dark powder dark if the background white or yellow and then start drawing the powder on the stamp to descend from the holes to print on the canvas, After it is painted with a pencil for installation and then start the process of embroidery Q9: How long it takes to make a new piece?

According to the size and intensity of the drawing, for example, this piece (pointing to a piece on the wall) took me the time of year and text is dear to my heart and I do not want to sell Q10: Do you intend to inherit this craft to your son?

Not especially if this recession continues Q11: What they see as necessary for the advancement of the region?

The area needs to be completely renovated and needs to be repaired and needs some services such as bathrooms, restaurants and signage, parking also for the tourist buses, we need to put Al Khaiamya on the tourism map and to be considered in the tourist schedule program

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Q12: Are there any problems with shop owners and each other?

There are no problems between us and if problems in the area are between the drivers of Toktok There are no problems between us and if there are problems in the area between the drivers of Toktok here are almost all stores know each other and also all the families know each other.

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Appendix 3: Date: 26/02/2019 Location: Al Khaiamya Name: Dahi Mahmoud Age: 46 Education: Middle level Marital status :Married Number of Children :2 Current residence: Al Megharblin Property status :Rental Monthly income :It differs from month to month Current activity :Khaiamya Carpets ___________________________________________________________________________ Q1: Which year you started working / living in Khaiamya?

I living here for more than 20 years, and I live at the same house, and I pay rent to the Ministry of Awqaf for my two shops.

Q2: How is the security situation within Al Khaiamya?

It considers good, as we live very near to Cairo police directorate and Al Gamalya police station.

Q3: Do you facing any difficulties with the accessibility of the market?

No, the area here has more than one entrance and street leads to the market.

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Q4: Are there any problems or difficulties you are facing within working/living in Khaiamya?

We facing many problems here with maintenance, as that the responsible authorities for the infrastructure don’t take care of the area, the building are in urgent need for conservation, the cars and Toktoks which moving inside the market make a lot of problems with shops and visitors, and because of them we are facing a security issues from time to time, as well the existence of the wood workshops within Al Wekala court yard and the trucks which carrying wood from and to the workshops expose the whole area to a lot of dangerous effects.

Q5: From your point of view the status of Khaiamya as historical traditional market affects your work positively or negatively?

It doesn’t make any difference from my point of view, because here I live and work, but I think the place as a historical market is not well known for tourists, but it is well known for Egyptian visitor, they come and visit the market because it is a historical place selling a hand crafts products, specially the two months before Ramdan, people come to buy Ramdan products from here.

Q6: What is the current situation of business activity within the market?

The majority of shops working in Al Khaiamya hand stitch products, while my two shops and another two shops working on selling Khaiamya carpets, a number of shops don’t know how many exactly started to sell Ramadan products to generate a new revenue for their living, and you can find about three shops here working on the leather products bags and shoes.

Q7: Does the political and security situations of Egypt affect the commercial activity of the market?

Yes sure, especially the terrorist attacks, when the tourism market is affected by the disturb situations of the country our business is affected badly, the movement of buying and selling some times freezing.

Q8: From your point of view what are the general effects on the market?

The political and security situation of the country, the buildings bad condition, the existence of cars and Toktok within the street buzzer the visitors a lot.

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Q9: What are the facilities and services that the market lack?

Here we are in need for many facilities especially the visitors in particular the foreign visitors, we need toilets especially the tourists, rest places, lamps for the street to light the streets at night, the street needs to be paved.

Q10: From your point of view what is the development that the area needs?

First of all the area need for urgent conservation, we need for parking area to stop the cars and Toktoks from going through the street. The area needs for panels telling the visitors the history and importance of the place as many people even Egyptians donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know well the history of Al Khaiamya.

Q11: If the area will be developed and you will be asked to leave Al Khaiamya, what would be your reaction?

I will accept only if they will offer me another place to live and another shop for my business.

I have the ability to work at any place I just need for good income for my family to live well.

________________________________________________________________

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Appendix 4: Date: 26/02/2019 Location: Al Khaiamya Name: Ashraf Hashem Age: 59 Education: Bachelor of Low Marital status :Married Number of Children :1 Current residence: Al Khaiamya Property status :Rental Monthly income : From 4000 to 5000 Current activity :Khaiamya hand-stitch craft

________________________________________________________________ Q1: Which year you started working / living in Khaiamya?

I have been born here, and I live at my house which I inherited from my family.

Q2: How is the security situation within Al Khaiamya?

The security situation here is great, all the owners of the shop here knows each other, if there is any problem our security situation, we help each other and help the police officers.

Q3: Do you facing any difficulties with the accessibility of the market?

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t face any difficulties, actually I rarely go out of the area to buy textile from Al Azhar.

Q4: Are there any problems or difficulties you are facing within working/living in Khaiamya?

Yes, the wood workshops and storage in the back (Courtyard), this is a beautiful historical and touristic place, it is not logical to have wood workshops or wood trucks.

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Q5: From your point of view the status of Khaiamya as historical traditional market affects your work positively or negatively?

It has a positive effect, as many visitors come because this place is historical, many youth people come to learn and watch us working, sometimes they ask us to teach them this craft, and we accept to give them workshops and training courses.

Q6: What is the current situation of business activity within the market?

We are working on the hand stitch applique, pillowcases and wall appliques, but unfortunately after the revolution of 2011 some of the shops started to change its main activity, they started to sell Ramadan products or clothes, linen bags and leather flip-flops.

Q7: Does the political and security situations of Egypt affect the commercial activity of the market?

Yes, the 25 revolution effected on our trade badly, but I think recently with this winter that movement of selling and buying is going good.

Q8: From your point of view what are the general effects on the market?

The political and security situation of the country after 2011.

Q9: What are the facilities and services that the market lack?

The most bad thing about the market here especially for the tourists that there are no toilets or restaurants.

Q10: From your point of view what is the development that the area needs?

We need to stop cars and Toktok from entering the market, they caused a lot of harmful problems for some visitors, it would be better to we need parking area outside the market itself.

We need facilities especially toilets as it is not good to use the mosque toilets as public toilet.

Q11: If the area will be developed and you will be asked to leave Al Khaiamya, what would be your reaction?

I will refuse, I have been born here, and I am trying to buy my shop from Al Awqaf ministry for 250,000 L.E

________________________________________________________________

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Appendix 5: Date: 26/02/2019 Location: Al Khaiamya Name: 3 female visitors Age: 45- 56 and 60 Education: Middle level Marital status :Married Current residence: ‘Abddin, Hada’ek Al Quba and Nasr city.

_____________________________________________________________ Q1: What is your reason for visiting Al Khaiamya?

The three ladies answered that they are visiting Al Khaiamya from time to time, to buy carpets and Ramdan products. One of the ladies answered that she comes usually to buy materials for her daughter who working on selling Khaiamya products online.

Q2: How did you know Al Khaiamya market?

Their answer was that they know the place, as it is a historical tradition market, one of them answered that she is enjoying walking within the market because of its Authenticity.

Q3: How is the security situation within Al Khaiamya?

They confirmed that the place is much secured, and the people are very friendly.

Q4: Do you facing any difficulties with the accessibility of the market?

Two of them answered no, while the third one answered that the only problem that the car can’t find a place for parking near to the market, so she has to walk the long street from Azhar through Al Ghoria to Al Khaiamya.

Q5: Are there any problems or difficulties you are facing with shopping in Khaiamya?

Their answer and comments were about the unsuitable use of cars and Toktok for this narrow street.

Q6: What are the facilities and services that the market lack?

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They answered that, the market needs toilets, places to sit down if they feel tired from walking and carrying their staff.

Q7: From your point of view what is the development that the area needs?

They totally agreed that cars and Toktok need to stop using the street, one of the ladies answered that the buildings are in a very bad condition and need conservation and maintenance, other lady answered that we have to raise the awareness of people about the historical background and importance of this unique market.

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