Occupy Central - The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground by Haidee Ng

OCCUPY CENTRAL The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground Haidee Ng s1115179 Architecture Dissertation MA(Hons) Architecture Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture 2015

To my dearest family & our gracious heavenly Father

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T I would like to thank my dissertation tutor Tahl Kaminer for his expertise in this field and his time despite his busy schedule. I am so grateful for the extra opportunities he has given me to present my work and discuss my ideas with others. I am much indebted to Maoshan Connie, Ronald Wong, TM and Benson Poon, who have taken part in my interviews and given me exclusive insights into the Occupy Central movement. Your precious time and immense patience with me is much appreciated. I would also like to thank the 50 people who completed my questionnaire anonymously. Thank you for your time and contribution. Special thanks go to HK Golden Photography, PL Photographic, Swing Lam for granting me permission to use their images. Luke Jones and Mandy Tie, thanks for proofreading my writing. I would like to thank my dear friends who have been so supportive and patient with me all these times. I could not have finished this without any of the hugs, coffees, music or prayers. Finally none of these words could be here had it not been for all the Hongkongers who braved the tear gas, faced the uncertain and achieved the unthinkable at Occupy Central. You were truly an inspiration. 17 April 2015

ABSTRACT In recent years urbanists and sociologists have been fascinated by the

In Occupy Central has prompted us to consider a lot of questions

many urban social movements, especially by the Occupy movements. From Tahrir Square in Cairo to Taksim Square in Istanbul, Zuccotti Park in New York to St Paul’s Cathedral in London, this wildfire-like phenomenon has greatly inspired discussions on our urban design and the ‘Right to the City’, a concept first introduced by French Marxist philosopher Henri Lefebvre. Much research has been done on the political implications of these movements, yet little research has been done on how those short-lived but powerful encampments have highlighted the problems in our Capitalist urban spaces.

regarding our public spaces: What is the purpose of the city? What should a good city provide? I would argue the greatest achievement of the Occupy Central movement was to prompt its citizens to reflect on the above questions, and revive the urban consciousness in them. This will be supported by news articles, self-conducted interviews and questionnaires.

In this paper I shall discuss the Occupy Central movement which took place in Hong Kong during September to December 2014. Protestors gathered to demand a truly democratic election system for the city’s chief executive. Tens of thousands took over the roads surrounding the government headquarters at Admiralty, causing major disruption to the traffic into the city’s financial district for 11 weeks. Similar to Occupy Wall Street (OWS), protestors at OC enjoyed free food, water, shelter and education. The zone was brimming with creative artworks and selfbuilt structures.

C O N T E N T

Introduction

From Eruption to Differential Space

Introduction

Study Space

Lefebvreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Differential Space

Occupy Central as Differential Space

Self-built Infrastructure & Other Public Amenities Lennon Wall

Research Outline

Organic Guerrilla Garden of Plurality

Methodology

From Location to Eruption

Event Outline

Location: Admiralty

Institutional versus Insurgent Public Space?

Homogeneity versus Diversity?

04 05 06 07

The Urban Oasis of Relationships and Meanings

Rediscovering Possibilities

Rediscovering Identities

Conclusion

Bibliography

Image References

Appendix List of Abbreviations

Questionnaire Results

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

S1115179 Haidee Sze Han NG

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Introduction

“Until they became conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious.”1 George Orwell

In recent years urbanists and sociologists have been fascinated by urban public protests, especially by the series of Occupy movements. From Tahrir Square in Cairo to Taksim Square in Istanbul, Zuccotti Park in New York to St Paul’s Cathedral in London, this wildfire-like phenomenon has greatly inspired the thinking of scholars like David Harvey and Manuel Castells among others, most of whom are basing their theories on that of the 20th Century French Marxist philosopher Henri Lefebvre. A prolific and influential scholar in his time, he not only published his theories in writings, but he also collaborated with architects in projects which allowed him to personally examine the implication of that on urban making. Most of the research has not come from within the architectural (or urban planning) discipline but other social sciences. Hence, there are numerous analyses of the political aspect of the Occupy movements, yet little research has been done on how those short-lived but powerful encampments impacted our urban spaces. In this research I shall describe the Occupy Central movement (also known as the Umbrella Movement2, hereafter abbreviated as OC) which took place in Hong Kong between September to December 2014. Against all odds, tens of thousands took over the roads surrounding the government headquarters at Admiralty for 11 weeks, which is next to 2

Orwell, G. (2013). Nineteen Eighty-Four, 81. London: Penguin. (Original published in 1949)

Some would prefer to use the name the ‘Umbrella Movement’ as opposed to the name Occupy Central. The original civil disobedience campaign, Occupy Central with Love and Peace (OCLP) led by Benny Tai, Chan Kin-Man and Chu Yiu-Ming, was originally scheduled for an official launch in October. Arguably this never happened because of the change in circumstances. Instead protestors termed it ‘Umbrella Movement’ to isolate the incident from the political intentions and ideas behind OCLP. However in this paper I will adhere to the term Occupy Central, referring to the sit-in protest in Admiralty during the period. For more see Kaiman, J. (30 December 2014). Who guides Hong Kong’s ‘Umbrella Revolution’ pro-democracy movement? The Guardian. Retrieved April 13, 2015, from http://www. theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/30/hong-kong-pro-democracy-protest-leaders-occupy 3

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

a main thoroughfare between the financial district (called Central) on the north-west of Hong Kong Island and the rest of the city. Protestors demanded a truly democratic election system for the city’s chief executive. Despite different political objectives, the form and characteristics of OC were strong parallels of those of Occupy Wall Street (OWS). Occupy Central has prompted us to consider a lot of questions regarding our public spaces, the same ones OWS made architecture critic Michael Kimmelman think about: What is the purpose of our cities in the 21st century? What should a good public space provide? “Who governs them? Who decides on their design? Their use?”3 Similar to OWS, protestors at OC enjoyed free food, water, shelter and education. In this modern agora, students, white-collars and senior citizens expressed and listened to each other. Solidarity fused very different worlds together, even if momentarily. In this makeshift settlement, everything from food, water to toiletries were shared among protestors. There was a library, a kitchen, study areas, even a guerrilla garden; there protestors slept, ate, studied, made music, debated politics – somehow ‘it produced the outlines of a city’.4 But first I shall turn to Lefebvre’s thoughts on the urban society and explain the departure points of this research.

3 4 4

Kimmelman, M. (2012). Foreword. In Shiffman, R., Brown, L., Bell, R., & Elizabeth, L. (Eds.), Beyond Zuccotti Park: Freedom of Assembly and the Occupation of Public Space., xv. Oakland, CA: New Village Press. Ibid., xvii.

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Lefebvre’s Differential Space Lefebvre was studying the transition of urban society from the industrial into the post-industrial period, and the reciprocal relationship between the production of spaces and everyday life. He began on the hypothesis that space is a social construct and every society produces its own space.5 In the modern capitalist society we live in, space is defined by exchange value, exploited to produce surplus value and characterised by homogeneity. He termed this an abstract space, in which abstract ideas (exchange values) predominate use values of a place. This is the backdrop of the neoliberal urban struggle across the globe today: The city is being absorbed into the capital-generating whirlpool; the production of oeuvres is replaced with products and the quality of everyday life is constantly being eroded. Lefebvre used the word oeuvre as an antonym of ‘products’ that has become our preoccupation since industrialisation.6 “A work [oeuvre] has something irreplaceable and unique about it, a product can be reproduced exactly.”7 When our environment is produced monotonously it loses touch with the dynamic everyday life that it sets out to accommodate. As a result, “the city […] is no longer lived and is no longer understood practically. It is only an object of cultural consumption for tourists, for aestheticism, avid for spectacles and the picturesque.”8 The capitalist is robbing the citizens of their right to the city because their humble everyday life generates no exchange value. This is what our cities has become – a compilation of symbols and objects that fails to carry the human dimension and has forsaken an intimacy with the everyday life. 5 6 7 8

Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space, 31. Oxford, OX, UK: Blackwell. Lefebvre, H. (1996). Writings on Cities, 65. Cambridge, Mass, USA: Blackwell. Lefebvre, H. (1991). Cited in Stanek, L. (2011). Henri Lefebvre on Space : Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory., 140. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. Lefebvre 1996:148.

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The discontinuity between our existence and the environment stimulates utopian visions and actions. The 1968 student revolt in Nanterre, France was the major empirical study in Lefebvre’s research, from which he formulated most of his ideas which were later published in The Production of Space (1991). He argued, with abstract space comes naturally the seed for a differential space, a heterotopia – the other place,9 as seen in Nanterre in 1968 and Admiralty, Hong Kong in 2014. Contrary to the homogenising tendency of the abstract space, this new space emphasises differences. It will “also restore unity to what abstract space breaks up - to the functions, elements and moments of social practice.”10 Differential space directly arises from its context, serves as its antagonist and “prevents the abstract space from talking over the whole planet and papering over all differences.”11. Occupy Central as Differential Space

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

riches in money and objects).” As romanticist as Lefebvre may seem, he strongly believed that the urban public realm should be used ‘unproductively’, almost carnival-like. 12

Rising in opposition to the authoritarian Capitalist system13, OC developed the exact opposite characteristics - spontaneity and autonomy. Though the 1968 Nanterre revolt failed, it substantially challenged Lefebvre and the society then, providing strong evidence for the ripple effect caused by a differential space. Similarly while OC was unable to change the status quo, it produced a moment “when disparate heterotopic groups suddenly see, if only for a fleeting moment, the possibilities of collective action to create something radically different.”14 This I would argue is the greatest achievement of the Occupy Central movement. Its eccentricity generated an unprecedented impact on the society, albeit the movement’s short lifespan of merely 75 days.

At Occupy Central in Hong Kong, colourful tents were set up along Harcourt Road, a major traffic thoroughfare, turning it into a temporary, carnival-like ‘village’, completed with facilities like Study Spaces, civic forum, first-aid stations. As the roads were paralysed, traffic had to be diverted and the quality of the area remarkably improved. International media was also impressed by the protestors’ good-manners, who cleaned up and recycled as opposed to causing troubles and vandalising. “The eminent use of the city, that is, of its streets and squares, edifices and monuments, is la Fête (a celebration which consumes unproductively, without other advantage but pleasure and prestige and enormous

Beneath all the political dissents on the surface, there is something fundamentally urban about the Occupy movements. David Harvey suggested that, Occupy actually has more to do with one underlying question that echoes throughout: “Who gets to shape the qualities of daily urban life?”15 Rather than obsessing about exchange value, the city should be restored of its use value for its inhabitants, “as a creative product [oeuvre] of and context for the everyday life of its inhabitants.”16

9 10 11

15 16

Stanek, 185-6. Lefebvre 1991:52. Lefebvre 1991:55.

12 13 14

Lefebvre 1996:66. Even though the students were rising up against the Chinese Communist Party’s decision, there are many evidences showing that the country actually functions in a more capitalist than communist manner. David Harvey was describing the observations Lefebvre made during the 1968 revolt and how it helped him form the theory of a revolutionary movement. Harvey, D. (2013). Rebel cities: From the right to the city to the urban revolution, xvii. London, New York: Verso. Ibid, xii. Purcell, M. (2003). Citizenship and the Right to the Global City: Reimagining the Capitalist World Order. International Journal Of Urban & Regional Research, 27(3), 564-590. 5

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

The brief episode had delivered civic education in a far more effective way than any traditional means. Owing to its dramatic character, it successfully grasped the city’s attention on the existing urban problems. In the conclusion of The Urban Revolution, Lefebvre believed that the passivity of the users of urban space was the reason why our urban revolutions continue to fail.17 I hope to demonstrate that OC has successfully raised the urban consciousness in the city. The episode has encouraged many to keep searching for a feasible alternative. It continually calls for more debates and, if needs be, uprisings to explore the possible heterotopia.

“In this sense an uprising is like a ‘peak experience’ as opposed to the standard of ‘ordinary’ consciousness and experience. Like festivals, uprisings cannot happen every day--otherwise they would not be ‘nonordinary.’ But such moments of intensity give shape and meaning to the entirety of a life. …things have changed, shifts and integrations have occurred--a difference is made.”18 Hakim Bey

17 18 6

Lefebvre, H. (2003). The Urban Revolution, 181. Minneapolis, Minn. : University of Minnesota Press. Bey, H. (1991). T.A.Z : The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism (EBook ed.), 53. Mt. View, California: Wiretap. EBSCOhost. eBook. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015.

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Research Outline In the following chapter I shall describe OC, its relation to its surrounding and the significance of the roads being paralysed. In Chapter 3 I will outline four major features of the Occupy camps, including a Study Space for students, self-built infrastructure and other public amenities, a wall for posting slogans and messages called the Lennon Wall, and an urban guerrilla garden. All of these has put together a somewhat utopian mise-en-scene: pedestrian-friendly, almost non-hierarchical and a ‘city for people not for profit’. Chapter 4 will explain how OC was like an oasis in the city, where a new community was formed and social relationships blossomed as it would in a small town. The camps have made it possible for everyone to participate in the daily upkeep of the spaces as well as creative projects, through which empowering them. It has demonstrated a radical

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

is a noticeable increase in their sense of citizenship and their sensitivity to our urban questions. To collect first-hand accounts of the OC camps a questionnaire was circulated to participants via the internet in early 2015, which received 50 responses. With the results (see appendix for the full report), I hope to demonstrate how this has heightened citizens’ awareness of the urban design issues in Hong Kong, especially the lack of an ‘agora’-like space and walkable ground space, and sparked off a new wave of discussions on city planning. In the concluding chapter, I shall address the questions: What is the purpose of the city? What should a good public space provide? This movement has brought society together in experimenting new ways and revived their urban consciousness. The alternative use of the urban spaces and the way of living at OC has liberated the citizens from the shackles of the Capitalist system.

alternative to the city which is governed by the Capitalist principles that places more emphasis on profit-making than the everyday living, which will be discussed in Chapter 5. In his book The New Urban Question, Andy Merrifield refined Rousseau’s hypothesis: “houses make a city but citizens make the urban [la cité].”19 The right to the city involves the right to participation, which means that citizens should play a central role in any decision that contributes to the production of urban space. In Chapter 6 I would highlight that due to its political history Hong Kong citizens never had opportunities for active citizenship and effective participation. After OC, however, there 19

The original proposed by Rousseau was “houses make a town, but citizens make a city.” Merrifield, A. (2014). The New Urban Question, 80. London: Pluto Press. 7

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

Methodology This research adopts both qualitative and quantitative approaches to data collection and analysis. Although it would be ideal to visit the occupy camp during the period, it was impossible due to the movement’s short-livedness. Instead semi-structured interviews were conducted in late 2014 and early 2015 with OC participants, including 2 students, an artist and an urban planner. An online questionnaire20 was created on Typeform.com and circulated on the internet in early 2015. A copy of the questionnaire and results is attached at the appendix. Most questions used Likert scale measurements to gather opinions. 2 questions asked for a qualitative account of the Occupy movement. 50 responses were received which provides the participants observations of the Occupy camp. While the participants tend to be students and 20 somethings, who frequently use Facebook, given the methodology, it was a trivial concern because the protest itself was dominated by this demographic group. The questions were in both Chinese and English, and some of the qualitative answers quoted in the paper were translated by the author. The rest of the data came from online news articles, blogposts, Facebook updates of activist groups.

20 8

Link to the questionnaire titled A Research regarding Occupy Central X Urban Space can be found here: http:// haideeng.typeform.com/to/Btoei5 (Accessed 9 Apr 2015)

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation

S1115179 Haidee Sze Han NG

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

P Fig. 1 Colourful tents were set up along Harcourt Road, a major traffic thoroughfare, turning it into a temporary, carnival-like ‘village’.

CHAPTER 2 From Location to Eruption

S1115179 Haidee Sze Han NG

CHAPTER 2 - FROM LOCATION TO ERUPTION

Event Outline Occupy Central started on 28 September 2014 and was finally cleared on the 11 December, lasted for 75 days. Through interviews with activists, news articles and Facebook feeds, I will briefly present the evolution of the movement. “No one expected the movement to last more than 3 days…Protests always take place here.” Connie Maoshan OC participant and artist (personal communication, 2015)

It started with a week-long student class boycott on the 22nd September 2014 which demanded Beijing’s withdrawal of its decision on a pseudodemocratic election framework on 31 August. Soon students moved their base camp from the university campus to the space outside the government headquarters at Tamar, Admiralty. The students congregated outside the barricaded ‘Civic Square’, which had been the main stage of intense protests in the past, but was suddenly fenced off with a three-metre-high fence by the government in July. On the evening of 27th September, some protestors attempted to enter and reclaim the Civic Square, which was immediately met with strong police force and 61 were arrested. Tear gas was fired by the police to dissipate the crowd, who had nowhere to escape but to run out onto Connaught Road and Harcourt Road (fig. 2). This act immediately led to city-wide outcry and thousands of citizens joined in to support the defenceless students who only had umbrellas to protect themselves (hence the name of the movement). There had already been plans to launch the Occupy Central campaign on 1 October. As the events unfurled that night the campaign leaders wanted to catch onto the momentum they announced its early commencement on the next day

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

R Fig. 2 Tear gas was fired by the police to dissipate the crowd, who had nowhere to escape but to run out onto Connaught Road and Harcourt Road.

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation

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28 September. 21 From then on for 79 days, Harcourt Road Admiralty became the main protest ground of Occupy Central and there launched a defining episode in the history of democracy in Hong Kong. The following week all three Occupy sites: Harcourt Road in Admiralty, Hennessey Road in Causeway Bay and Nathan Road in Mong Kok remained packed with protestors, mainly students, with tens of thousands of people joining in after work hours. Approximately 3,670 metres of carriageway have been blocked.22 At the Admiralty camp, the main stage (fig. 1), the first few marquees were set up as a raining precaution as a first-aid station and to shelter supplies including water, biscuits, cereals and noodles.23 Gradually more tents and plastic mats were brought to the site, followed by the set-up of Study Spaces, a public lecture venue, an urban garden, artist and media networking corners. All of which were demonstrations of creative and proactive appropriation of the physical environment they were in. By 15 October, there were about 2000 staying overnight and 500 tents were set up.24 “For an individual… to inhabit is to appropriate something, not in the sense of possessing it, but as making it an oeuvre, making it one’s own, marking it, modelling it, shaping it.”25 21 22 23 24 25

Cheung, T., Kao, E., Chan, S., & Lau, C. (29 Sep 2014). Occupy Central - The First 12 Hours: Full report as events unfolded. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 6 A, 2015, from http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/ article/1602958/live-occupy-central-kicks-hundreds-classroom-boycott-students-leave?ge=all Occupy Central - Night Three: Full coverage of all the night’s events. (30 September 2014). South China Morning Post. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015, from http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1604648/live-thunder-rain-fail-damn-sritshong-kong-democracy-otesters Barreto, E., & Pomfret, J. (11 October 2014). Pitching tents, Hong Kong democracy protesters dig in for long haul. Reuters UK. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015, from http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/11/uk-hongkong-chinaidUKKCN0I005720141011 留守學生：佔區溫書更專心. (12 October 2014). Ming Pao News. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015 from http:// specials.mingpao.com/cfm/News.cfm?ScialsID=137&News=aab9549f23750540c8fe411732d47722acdc4d613276542c 808c19792af6640d8a82 Lefebvre. (1970). Cited in Stanek, 87.

CHAPTER 2 - FROM LOCATION TO ERUPTION

LOCATION: Admiralty At the east end of the financial core Central (fig. 3), Admiralty mainly consists of government buildings such as the High Court, office blocks and high-end shopping malls. Heavily fortified by the strongest powers in the society, the military, the state and the commercial sector, Admiralty could have been the worst possible choice to stage a lopsided battle against the government. However just as how OWS took place in Zuccotti Park, right at the middle of the financial quarter, nowhere could be more appropriate as the arena than Admiralty. Just like Nanterre in 1968, the occupied zones on Harcourt Road arose from nothing else than its immediate surroundings. It was a heterotopia that was “simultaneously excluded [from] and interwoven [into the existing society] ”26 . The spatial organisation of OC was a direct response to its urban context. Firstly, contrary to OWS which took up the privately managed Zuccotti Park on Wall Street, OC did not take place in any parks, even though the 17,000 sqm Tamar Park sits right beside the occupied zones; instead it unfurled on a major thoroughfare, paralysing the traffic into the financial district. Secondly, the heterogeneity and spontaneity of the spatial organisation presents a stark contrast with the city that is so commercialised and globalised.

Lefebvre. (1969). Cited in Stanek, 186. 13

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

Fig. 3 Occupy Central took place in Admiralty, which is at the east end of the financial district Central.

Fig. 4 Protestors took over the main traffic road outside the government headquarters instead of Tamar Park, the institutional public space.

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation

S1115179 Haidee Sze Han NG

CHAPTER 2 - FROM LOCATION TO ERUPTION

P H arc our t Road: O c c u p ie d Zo n e

P P Ta m a r Pa rk A re a : 1 7 , 0 0 0 s q m

Fig. 5 A model showing the vastness of Tamar Park behind the government headquarters. In contrast the space on Harcourt Road was much narrower and more restrictive.

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

Institutional versus Insurgent Public Space? In recent years the agency of public space has been a central discussion in urban design and architecture. The human dimension that makes good spaces is often lost in the state-led bureaucracy of planning. Professor Jeffrey Hou at the University of Washington has done extensive research on the interrelation of citizens and their built environments. He identified two types of urban public spaces: the institutional public space, which is ordained by the state, like parks and plazas; and the insurgent public space, like the occupied zone.27 At Admiralty, OC did not happen in the spacious Tamar Park just behind the government headquarters, the institutional public space. Instead it took over the highways that were not meant for pedestrian use, let alone momentary occupation, creating an insurgent public space (Fig. 4 & 5).

different parties.’” The East Wing forecourt of the government complex was also named Civic Square, where previously protests and sit-ins could take place. Disappointingly it has barely been three years since its opening in 2011, but the government is already backing down from delivering the grandiose promise. Out of fear of frequent protests in the Civic Square (fig. 6), after constructing a 3-metre high fence around it to ‘improve security’, it finally announced on 22 October 2014 that “[the Civic Square] is neither a public place nor a public open space; in other words, the public do not have an absolute right of free access to it.”30 New rules deny the public access to the square between 11pm and 6am, whereas protests can only happen on public holidays and Sundays with prior consent from the building’s management.

The new 4 hectares Central Government Offices, the Chief Executive’s

Office and the Legislative Council Complex at Tamar, Admiralty was designed by Rocco Design Architects. It comprises of east and west wings, which join at upper floors creating a doorframe shape, a metaphor for ‘openness and transparency of governance’. To the north of the scheme is Tamar Park, which connects the bustling hinterland with the Victoria Harbour-front promenade, completed with all the architect’s favourite ‘public’ amenities: a landscaped garden, water features, a floating platform, an amphitheatre and café.28 “ ‘People will be connected’ — The essence of Tamar’s design is connectivity, both physically in terms of pedestrian movement, and symbolically in terms of dialogue between

Fig. 6 The new fence was constructed to ‘imove security’ and new regulations would further restrict blic access to the square. *Public events only allowed on Sundays and blic holidays

29 27 28 16

Hou, J. (2012). Making Public, Beyond Public Space. In Shiffman et al., 91-2. HKSAR Government. Leisure and Cultural Services Department. (2015). Retrieved on 15 Mar 2015 from http://www. lcsd.gov.hk/en/rks/tindex.html

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation

Tamar Development. (December 2011). Building Journal Hong Kong, Dec 2011:28-47. Retrieved on 15 March 2015 from http://www.building.hk/feature/2012_0224tamar.pdf HKSAR Government. (2014). LCQ6: East Wing Forecourt of Central Government Offices [Press Release]. Retrieved on 6 Apr 2015 from http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201410/22/P201410220438.htm

S1115179 Haidee Sze Han NG

“To stand here is a right... People have a right to exercise their power to say no.” said Pan-democrat lawmaker Albert Ho Chun-yan.31 Meanwhile the 1.76-hectare Tamar Park was the designated zone for public assembly and leisure activities, yet ironically it never interested the protestors for a simple reason: their intention was to occupy, in the way a professor of Philosophy Eduardo Mendieta puts it, “to ‘occupy’ means to ‘re-occupy’… to re-claim what belongs properly to citizens and the public…” 32 Just as OWS took over a privately owned public space against corporate greed, OC appropriated another distinctive feature of the Capitalist urban space, highways. Even though the headquarters failed to deliver its civic promises, its suppression of the freedom of assembly arguably planted the seed for the insurgent, real public space during the following months, when the protestors appropriated the surrounding roads, staircases and footbridges with numerous makeshift structures, banners and artworks.

31 32

Karacs, S. (12 September 2014). ‘Unconstitutional’ rules on access to Civic Square set to face legal challenge. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015, from http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1590211/ unconstitutional-restrictions-access-civic-square-set-face-legal Mendieta, E. (2011). Occupy: To Dwell in the Space of Attentive Solicitude. Society and Space. Retrieved on 6 Apr 2015 from http://societyandspace.com/material/discussion-forum/forum-on-the-occupy-movement/eduardo-mendietaoccupy-to-dwell-in-the-sce-of-attentive-solicitude/

CHAPTER 2 - FROM LOCATION TO ERUPTION

Homogeneity versus Diversity? “Streets and their sidewalks, the main public places of a city, are its most vital organs. Think of a city and what comes to mind? Its streets. If the city’s streets look interesting, the city looks interesting; if they look dull, the city looks dull.” 33 Jane Jacobs As a global financial capital, it is not surprising that when you mention Hong Kong, all one could think of is its skyline of skyscrapers. It is one of the world’s most densely populated cities. Hong Kong was developed as a trading port under British colonial rule, residential, commercial and industrial developments in Hong Kong were mixed together.34 Unlike some ex-colonies such as Chandigarh, India, the spatial organisation of the city was never purposefully planned out and implemented, perhaps due to its topographical constraints and that most of its development was privately-funded and developed on an ad hoc basis.35 For this reason the urban planning in Hong Kong is a problematic one. With the evergrowing population and economy in the region, developments continue rapidly in this chaotic, inconsiderate manner. After the 80s when the government sold reclaimed land to developers, the requirement of streets has been left out altogether in the planning framework. To maximise their profits, developers design megastructures such as shopping malls and residential complexes that takes up the whole site, 33 34 35

Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities, 39. London: Pimlico. Smith, P. C. (2006). The Urban Design of Impermanence: Streets, Places and Spaces in Hong Kong =街道與空間 : 變奏中的香港城市設計, 35. Hong Kong: MCCM Creations, 2006. Ibid, 10. 17

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation

while nominally assigning roof terraces here and there to ‘public’ use to meet planning requirements. As a result, we now have corridors instead of streets, atriums inside shopping malls instead of public plazas.

The ground usage is also a visualisation of the power imbalance in the society. Most of the ground surface has been given over to traffic roads, serving the only 8% of Hong Kong residents who are car owners39, while

Almost everywhere within the city is served by an extensive network of flyovers, arching over highways, jostling its way among the forest of steel and concrete, the surreal quality of which reminds one of Fritz Lang’s Metropolis (1927) (fig. 7 & 8).36

the 92% daily squeeze onto packed buses, mass-transit railway and trams. Although the city is very small, the walkability of Hong Kong is notoriously low. According to a report published on the subject, people are only willing to walk approximately 400 meters40. To regain public spaces, we first have to push back the Capitalist’s homogenising effect and control over our city and bring back the diversity and chaos, encounters and conflicts of the streets. This can only happen on ground space, because all structures but the ground are owned and managed by developers. Hence, as Professor Tao Zhu of HKU Architecture commented, “a city without ground space can never have public space.”41

This system has created an efficient way to separate pedestrians and traffic, but ironically with this convenience come a sense of dissatisfaction. Jane Jacobs and many others have demonstrated how a city’s streetscape is a condensation of the city’s problems as a whole37. Streets were once meant as a meeting place. However walking on one those footbridges, there is nothing to pause and engage in. Contrary to ground level streets that are brimming with social and commercial activities, these ‘streets’ are reduced to nothing more than a passageway between workplaces. Spontaneity and diversity in the streets are replaced by the capitalist’s efficiency and homogeneity. Pedestrians are subordinated by traffic, citizens by the capitalist system. Alarmingly this has become the normal condition in Hong Kong, constantly reminding of one’s existence within the system of production. Here the urban qualities are strikingly similar to the 1970s Paris described by Lefebvre: “their mediocrity, their conscious and increasingly visible subordination to the needs of monopoly industry and profit.”38

39 40 36 37 38 18

For more see http://www.docomomo.hk/site/pedestrian-footbridge-system/ Jacobs, 446. Lefebvre 2003:20.

Cheng, L., & Woo, K. (October 2012). Car-free Hong Kong. Green Power. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015, from http://www. greenpower.org.hk/html/eng/2012_10.shtml Audi, M., Byorkman, K., Couture, A. & Najem, S. (2010). Measurement and Analysis of Walkability in Hong Kong (BSc Project Report), 19. Worcester, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 區樂融 & 崔誦恩. (31 January 2015). 【重奪】空間革命--朱濤談佔領運動的空間政治.學苑,Jan 2015. Retrieved 11 Apr 2015, from https://undergradhkusu.wordpress.com/2015/01/31/【重奪】空間革命-朱濤談佔領運動的空間政治-2/

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Fig. 7 Metrolis (1927) Fritz Lang

Fig. 8 Almost everywhere within the city is served by flyovers, which are nothing but monotonous passageways between workplaces.

CHAPTER 2 - FROM LOCATION TO ERUPTION

CHAPTER 3 From Eruption to Differential Space

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Lefebvre said, “every society – and hence every mode of production with its subvariants create their own spaces.”43 However in reality, our urban environment only expresses the Capitalist system we

“The best use of public space is illegal, and necessarily so.” 42 Peter Marcuse

are all under and the public rarely has the chance let alone financial means to express themselves architecturally. Astonishingly in the ‘temporary autonomous zone’ of OC they found the freedom and room for that. Within less than a week, the zone began to flourish with innovative devices to support everyday living and artful installations to inspire minds and souls. Individuals actively appropriated their environment, inhabited the zone in a Lefebvrian way, “making it an oeuvre, making it one’s own, marking it, modelling it, shaping it.” 44 The surrounding area’s sternness was juxtaposed with humour, playfulness and festivity in the zone. As the way author and OWS activist Gan Golan described Zuccotti Park, the level of energy and enthusiasm in producing these temporary public spaces demonstrated “the absence of and the deep desire for such spaces”.45 In this differential space “there was a sparkling animation – celebration, humour, elements of playfulness …blended with demands and aspirations, crystallising them and channelling them against a repressive environment.”46 There a heterotopia was born, where ‘something different’ was not only possible, but it also defined the course of the revolutionaries.47

Marcuse, P. (12 May 2013). Blog #33 - The Five Paradoxes of Public Space, with Proposals. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015, from https://pmarcuse.wordpress.com/2013/05/12/blog-33-the-five-paradoxes-of-public-space-with-proposals/

43 44 45 46 47

Lefebvre 1991:31 Lefebvre. (1970). Cited in Stanek, 7. Golan, G. (2012). The Office of the People. In Shiffman et al., 71. Lefebvre, H. (1969). The Explosion: Marxism and the French Revolution, 116. New York: Monthly Review Press. Harvey. (2013). xvii. 21

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Below I shall present four main features of the Occupy camps as a response to the present urban space which constantly fails to meet common needs: The Study Space and the open-air public lectures were the main activity areas where free education and tuition was provided. The Construction Workshop brought back DIY building into the city. At the foot of the government headquarters there was a flight of steps whose wall was renamed the Lennon Wall. Covered in colourful and playful post-it’s the wall acted as a community message board and a criticism of the pseudo-democratic government. A short distance away there was a piece of wrecked vegetation strip that was turned into the Urban Garden. Under the care of a few agricultural hobbyists, it flourished and produced fruits within the episode and stood as a silent witness to the city’s guilt of driving out agricultural land. “Transgression and creation go together.”48 Having crossed the boundaries, protestors proceeded to establish an alternative neighbourhood with these improvements, where it fostered more social interactions and more love and care towards their living environment.

P Fig. 9 Map of the Occupied Zone 48 22

Lefebvre 1969:118.

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OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

v Fig. 10 “Question 8: What did you do in the occupation cam? (Please select all that applies)”

CHAPTER MA(Hons) 3 - FROMArchitecture ERUPTION TO Dissertation DIFFERENTIAL SPACE

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P Fig. 11 During Occupy Central, protestors set up a Study Space on the highway for students.

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

Study Space The Study Space at OC was a radical yet excellent example of bottom-up architecture. A few university students came up with the idea of setting up a Study Space at the camp for students who constituted the majority of the occupiers. They began by simply balancing large timber sheets on top of the concrete barriers on Harcourt road, which separates eastward and westward car lanes. They envisaged that it could be extended all the way towards Central. TM, a final year secondary school student, mentioned in the interview (author, 2015) that he was one of the first students to study at the ‘tables’. He thought it was a good facility to provide so he decided to help out with its management. Since then he had been there everyday, distributing supplies, managing the Facebook page, as well as Some elderly men including Uncle Chan (see p. 28) also saw the need and stepped in and began making proper tables and chairs. This grew into a construction workgroup where TM and others also learned to make furniture from. All the materials came from construction waste in the area. Some office workers donated excess office furniture. Shortly after in October there was a heavy downpour which almost destroyed everything they had built thus far. Luckily they received a donation of 30 tents and waterproofs from the public after the rain and managed to rebuild the tents and reorganise the area. After mentioning the idea of a pedal power generator on their Facebook page, they also received two from fellow citizens. (ibid.) Others organised a voluntary tutoring group, in which many in the education sector took part. They visited the Study Space every night to help with the secondary school students’ homework. In addition to that there was also a makeshift classroom 26

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where academics and professionals would give public lectures on politics as well as urban design, free for and open to all. To everyone’s surprise even though the incident was by no means lawful, they had never been approached by police. Quite the contrary, the Study Space on the highway quickly grew to approximately 50m long, and was fully equipped by Wifi, lit by LED lights running on power banks for mobile devices. Witnessing its development, the people have seen how they are fully capable of working together without a governing body and producing spaces that are driven by its use and therefore most appropriate for facilitating their everyday life in the city.

s Fig. 12 Study Space Aerial View on 15 Oct 2014

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CHAPTER 3 - FROM ERUPTION TO DIFFERENTIAL SPACE

s Fig. 13a Study desks Elevation

s Fig. 13b Study desks Section

s Fig. 13c Study desks Isometric sketch

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation

Self-built Infrastructure & Other Public Amenities To transform the highway into a place suitable for living in, protestors realised they needed extra infrastructure to enhance the accessibility of the occupied zone and public amenities to meet basic hygiene standards.

A Fig. 14 Uncle Chan, who built many structures at OC

The most important infrastructure of the Occupy camps was the steps made to assist crossing over the 750mm high concrete barriers between traffic lanes. Uncle Chan (Fig. 14), who was in the construction industry, first came up with the idea to assist people in crossing the road. At first he simply stacked up sheets of scrap cardboard. Gradually he and a few others accumulated materials such as pallets and construction waste, which were turned into remarkable inventions. (Fig. 16) They also built road blocks, furniture for the Study Space (see pp.26-27). Elsewhere there was also a shower facility (Fig. 15), which is a tent pitched up above a drain on the highway, covered with a polytarp sheet, equipped with a plastic bottle filled with water hanging from the structural frame.49

s Fig. 15 Shower Facility 28

金鐘夏愨道出現街頭浴室 (18:28) - 20141009 - 港聞. (9 October 2014). Ming Pao News. Retrieved 8 Apr 2015, from http://news2.mingpao.com/ins/金鐘夏愨道出現街頭浴室/web_tc/article/20141009/ s00001/1412850674769

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CHAPTER 3 - FROM ERUPTION TO DIFFERENTIAL SPACE

s Fig. 16 Steps for crossing over traffic lanes

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

Lennon Wall A few days after the sit-in started, university student Ronald Wong and five friends wanted to facilitate reflections and to remind everyone of the bigger vision. Going from groups to groups with memos and pens, they collected about twenty answers to the question ‘Why we are here?’ on 30 September. As they walking by this concrete wall which was blank then, they decided to post them there. They left extra post-its and pens on the ground; by the next evening the wall was already covered with memos in vivid colours. With the first twenty post-its they planted the seed of creative self-expression, and it grew over time to an estimate of more than 13000 memos by early December. It was dubbed the ‘Lennon Wall’, alluding to the original one in Prague which expresses people’s call for freedom and democracy50. Just like OWS, the Lennon Wall and other artful installations came into existence even before tents were set up. These art spaces helped mark the presence of this differential space, declaring that this area does not abide by the society’s norm.51 The wall was something beautifully organic that could not be controlled by anyone. Ronald described it as a plant that grew naturally without needing intervention. The shape and form it took on was a genuinely democratic result. It was a message board open to all and a discussion platform. It was as dynamic as the camps nearby, and many of the messages came into existence in two parallel worlds simultaneously the physical wall and protestors’ instagrams and facebook “walls”.

50 51 30

The original Lennon Wall was established in the 1980s when Czechoslovakia was still under Communist rule. Golan, 73.

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation

In the digital age we live in, the idea of self-expression is definitely not something original. Yet there remains something only a physical manifestation like Lennon Wall could give: it visualises instantaneously the ability of collective power to change the city. It broke down the class separation in society by stripping it back to the physical dimension where everyone is equal, and giving each a voice to express something that otherwise would not be heard. Unlike a Facebook or an Instagram feed that can be flicked through and ignored, Lennon Wall demanded the world’s attention and response. Appropriation “transforms [a place]…into human property.”52 Regardless of the quality of design, an urban planned and built top-down by the government cannot make its inhabitants fall in love with it, because it is never theirs. Prior to OC, Ronald did not have any impression of the new government complex nor was he familiar with Admiralty. After OC, in his mind and that of many others, the government complex has a neon coloured, pixelated façade full of encouraging thoughts and wishes. However one day as he was on a bus passing by the area, he was struck by how unattractive and uninteresting the space looks ‘normally’ in its bland bare concrete.

Opposite Page: (Clockwise from top left image:) Fig. 17, Fig. 18, Fig. 19 Lennon Wall was at the staircase leading uto the headquarters. Protestors wrote messages on st-it notes and stuck it onto the concrete wall. Fig. 20 The staircase back in its normal state, taken in mid Decemeber 2014. 52

Lefebvre, H. Quoted in Stanek, 87.

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OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

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Organic Guerrilla Garden of Plurality The interesting array of experiments also included urban agriculture. An urban garden came into existence on a piece of land of 85m2 close to the Lennon Wall, where originally had shrubs growing on but were ruined by vehicles parking there and the tear gas incident. A week later all the shrubs had died, and Rishi, a Hong Kong-born German environmentalist53, saw it as a perfect opportunity to start an urban garden later named the Organic Guerrilla Garden of Plurality (the Garden). 54 A few others joined in and they grew all kinds of vegetables, fruits, herbs and flowers, using donated plants, seeds and gardening tools. They also collected dead wood, dry leaves, sawdust from the wood workshop and kitchen-waste from citizens for composting on site, striving to achieve zero-wastage. Various planting styles were employed, and to everyone’s amazement the garden was in use from late October to December.

Agriculture is one of the major sacrifices for the city’s financial success. There is currently only 4% (4 523 hectare) of land for agriculture in HK55, while the city relies heavily on mainland China’s supply. As the city constantly struggles for more land to build on, the government has launched plans to demolish the rural villages in the north to make way for the High Speed Rail (2010) between HK and Shenzhen and the North East New Territories (2014) developments. Though met with oppositions and largest-scale protests, unprecedented in the past 5 years, the government remains adamant. The Garden at OC acted as a promotion kiosk of permaculture. Day after day citizens walking by it have witnessed the incredible vigour of plants growing on a roadside flowerbed. Most citizens who have been growing up in HK are not familiar with the nature, let alone gardening and self-sufficiency. The garden provided a civic classroom for agriculture hobbyists to share their expertise and stories with everyone. “Plurality” in its name reflects the intent of inviting everyone to join in the crops planting and welcoming differences.” 56 The urban garden was not just a provoking critique of HK’s unsustainable mode of development, but has demonstrated the capacity for change into a city that retains land for agricultural use.

53 54 32

卓曼. (4 December 2014). 【Umbrella Revolution 】The Organic Guerilla Garden of

Plurality in Admiralty. InMediaHK. Retrieved 13 April 2015, from http://www.inmediahk.net/node/1029225 Farms for Democracy. (2014). Admiralty Demonstration Farm Report. Retrieved 13 April 2015, from http://drive.google. com/file/d/0B7cE4OzE8MH1elZONDVHUXVqY3c/view

55 56

HKSAR Gov. Food and Health Bureau. (2014). The New Agricultural Policy : Sustainable Agricultural Development in Hong Kong (Consultation document), 4. 卓曼, Op. Cit.

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s (Clockwise from top left image:) Fig. 21 The garden came into existence on a piece of land of 85m2 close to the Lennon Wall. Fig. 22 During OC the garden yielded all kinds of vegetables, fruits, herbs and flowers. Fig. 23 The garden was a critique of the unsustainable planning policies in HK.

CHAPTER 4 The Urban Oasis of Relationships and Meanings

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v Fig. 24 “Question 13: Please put down 3 words to describe the atmosphere within the Occupied zone.” A word cloud was then generated from the answers provided to the above question, using an algorithm to layout the words so that the size of a word in the visualization is proportional to the number of times the word appears in the input data. As seen from above the word ‘peaceful’ was the most used description of the Occupy camps among protestors, followed by ‘solidarity’, ‘rational’ and ‘organized’. 35

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

Georg Simmel wrote in The Metropolis and Mental Life that there are too many events and objects that demand our attention in the city. Therefore to maintain our sanity we have to constantly shut down our senses and take up a blasé attitude towards our environment.57 This cannot be truer in Hong Kong, the most densely populated city in the developed world.58 There are almost no open spaces in the city’s business districts where the public can escape from the hustle and bustle. Suddenly at OC we saw an oasis forming, where a slower community pops up and social relationships blossomed as it would in a small town. The camps have reconnected individuals, allowed them to participate in the daily upkeep of the spaces as well as creative projects, and through which empowering them. “[OC] has empowered many,” Connie Maoshan commented (personal communication, 2015). Modern cities are fundamentally flawed in the way that they have eliminated the possibility for its inhabitants to contribute to the development process. Bureaucracy has ensured that the elites alone get to make important decisions, resulting in an urban form which is moving further and further away from the ordinary citizen’s everyday experience. Contrastingly, it was possible for anyone to contribute at the OC, be it toilet-cleaning, waste-recycling or filmmaking. From constructing roadblocks to giving out food and drink, each activity reinforced one’s relationship with the locale. “Everyone contributed in their own way to help out the movement such as delivering food and medical supplies, providing medical services, teaching others to build 57 58

Simmel, G. (2002). The Metropolis and Mental Life. In Bridge, G. & Watson, S. (eds), The Blackwell City Reader (1st Edition), 11-19. Oxford & Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. (Original published in 1948) Hong Kong has a population density of 26,400 per km2, ranking 8th globally just behind Bangladesh, Pakistan and India. See Demographia. (2015). World Urban Areas: 11th Annual Edition: 2015.01 (Built-Up Urban Areas or World Agglomerations). Retrieved on 6 Apr 2015 from http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation

road blocks, providing free van services at midnight, etc.” (see Q14 of the questionnaire results in the appendix) (author, questionnaire, 2015) Every day, people brought their own views and suggestions to the public forum, and decisions were made collectively. By contributing to the micro-community there, they gained ownership of the space. They drew maps of every corner of the occupied zone, named every tent and its resident, took more photos and made more sketches than they have of the actual city. Each of them was passionate to protect the territory they have established and was keen to take turns serving, such as rubbishcollecting and toilet-cleaning. In fact, many students admitted that they never used to do those even at home. Ronald was also surprised by the high level of motivation when people started sticking memos upon the Lennon Wall themselves. For others, being able to contribute is deeply fulfilling. “There are some senior citizens who came to OC every day to distribute their homemade soup, to build. They probably never have a chance to contribute in the neighbourhoods they live in, they have nothing to do but chat and play chess. But at OC they have found their purpose,” observed Maoshan (2015). In the questionnaire I sent out, participants were asked to sum up the atmosphere at OC using three words (Fig. 24). Almost everyone put down words like ‘harmonious’, ‘loving’ and ‘caring’. The word ‘peaceful’ was the most used description of the occupy camps among protestors, followed by ‘solidarity’, ‘rational’ and ‘organized’. Participants also cited the moments they received caring acts from strangers the most unforgettable ones. “There would be strangers coming over to chat with me after a while of sitting there.” “Sleeping on Nathan Road someone would put a blanket over you.” “People care about each other even though they are strangers.”

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(Q14) (author, questionnaire, 2015) Here an individual is liberated from the protective mechanism that prevents reaction and interaction with his fast-changing metropolis environment, and allows for ‘feelings

78% participants in the questionnaire felt that “social relationships were horizontal, non-hierarchical that would allow citizens to have impact on the occupied zone as a whole.” (Fig. 26) (author, questionnaire, 2015)

and emotional relationships’, as Ronald, the Lennon Wall founder, said:

Uncle Chan who helped with furniture-making said that every time he needed help, there would be someone willing to lend him a hand. He made many friends with the senior citizens who gathered there every day to help out and hang out, and on his birthday he even received presents from this new community. 59 The OC community was similar to the one Lefebvre envisioned in his entry for the International Competition for the New Belgrade Urban Structure Improvement (1986), where individuals would take on a revived sense of citizenship, and “inscribe themselves into the movement of collectivity, of ‘vivre-ensemble’ [livingtogether]”60. Through interacting with others, taking up ownership of the place and appropriating it, protestors have richly overlaid the place with meanings and importance - qualities that are so absent from the surrounding areas, that will never emerge from top-down designs.

“The whole movement brought about different arts, colours… and you will see the connection between people, like a small community.” Ronald Wong OC participant, Lennon Wall HK founder (personal communication, 7 February, 2015)

v Fig. 25 “Q10”

v Fig. 26 “Q11“

59 60

Admiralcity. Facebook st, 2014. Accessed 7 March 2015. http://www.facebook.com/ouradmiralcity/otos/a.1450827015 166133.1073741830.1448127035436131/1450843275164507/?ty=1&theater Guilbaud, P., Lefebvre, H. & Renaudie, S. (2009). Cited in Stanek, 235. 37

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OC was also a cradle of creativity. It brought together creative minds and provided the space for networking, collaborating and creating. A wideranging collection of work was displayed physically at the camps, whether

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation

“The energy and space and the intimacy of people’s relationships, and the intensity of it, and the colours. That’s what pushed me toward what I’m doing now. Hong Kong created my life, and created the rhythm and the dance of the films we do.”62

it was a project begun online or an on-the-spot creation. Quickly they demanded the public and the media’s attention and further catalysed the creative process. Connie Maoshan, a researcher in an architecture conservation firm, described in an interview (Dec 2014) with myself how she has become friends with many with various talents and expertise. She realises there are more people than she expected who are passionate about the city and are willing to improve it. “Occupy has given us hope because we have seen we are not alone in this fight. Now we can defend [the values and things that matter to us] together.” After OC they still meet up regularly to discuss future action plans. One of these is participating in renowned cinematographer Christopher Doyle’s latest documentary, Hong Kong Trilogy: Preschooled Preoccupied Preposterous. 61 (Fig. 27) Doyle understands the power of the urban space. He never prepared scripts or narratives before shooting. He always allowed the space to

Christopher Doyle

inspire him and shape the course of his films, if not more so at OC.

V Fig. 27 The crew filming Hong Kong Trilogy: Preschooled Preoccupied Preposterous. 61 38

Kickstarter. (2015). Hong Kong Trilogy: Preschooled Preoccupied Preposterous. Retrieved on 6 Apr 2015 from http:// www.kickstarter.com/ojects/722057066/hong-kong-trilogy-eschooled-eoccupied-este/description

Pollari, N. (14 January 2015). An Interview with Christopher Doyle. Kickstarter Blog. Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://www.kickstarter.com/blog/an-interview-with-christopher-doyle

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v Fig. 28 “Q12”

Meanwhile, Ronald and the same friends he started Lennon Wall with are now running a project to connect with small enterprises in local areas. “The community network we used to have no longer exists in Hong Kong…Everywhere you go are [franchise] chains. Why would [the shop-assistants] interact with you?” Having seen what was possible at OC, he is encouraged to do more for the city. “Lennon Wall is not an art object….it is a spirit…of warmth and hope. What was important was the change of people.” (Wong, personal communication, 2015) Ronald thinks it is very important to take this spirit into local communities, encouraging everyone to express their thoughts and listen to others. He wants to keep the interpersonal connection that resurfaced at OC alive because this is what makes a place worth living in.

R Fig. 29 A protestor holds up an umbrella to shield a police officer from heavy rain.

CHAPTER 5 Rediscovering Possibilities

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CHAPTER 5 - REDISCOVERING POSSIBILITIES

The most fascinating aspect of OC was perhaps the fact that it took place predominantly on the traffic roads, unlike other Occupy movements which were sited in parks. Having grown up in this city

“There is no doubt that creativity is the most important human resource of all. Without creativity, there would be no progress, and we would be forever repeating the same patterns.”63 Edward de Bono

which is so devoid of the nature, then lived in a city like Edinburgh for a few years, I realised the harmful effect such a densely built-up urban environment could have on its inhabitants. The man-made environment has become so ‘natural’ to me while the Nature itself seems daunting. It has made me question: Why are we subjecting ourselves to the Capitalist rationality? Is it worth sacrificing our individual freedom and joy of wandering and exploring on foot to the efficiency of the system? By breaking down these territorial boundaries between human and traffic, OC has reopened the case of whether the institution should have authority over the built environment rather than its users. It has made the architect of the Tamar complex Rocco Yim reflect on the making of public space as a ‘space-maker’. Contrast to what his team envisioned during design stage, OC protestors appropriated their building in an unanticipated way. “As I walked through the occupied zones towards Central, which felt so much less congested and cleaner, I thought: do we really need so many roads? Can we do something to persuade people to use their cars less, and pedestrianise this area — if not permanently, at least occasionally? If we could experiment with fewer roads – not just for protesters, but as a civic space – it could have a very positive effect.”64 In fact Hong Kong Institute of Planners (HKIP) had proposed the Pedestrianisation of Des Voeux Road Central scheme (DVRC) in 2000. At present the sidewalks in HK city centre are very congested. 64

De Bono, E. (1993). Cited in Rickards, T., Runco, M., & Moger, S. (eds), The Routledge Companion to Creativity (2009), 340. London & New York: Routledge.

Sala, I. (23 February 2015). Hong Kong Government Office Architect Reflects on ‘Occupy’ Movement. The Wall Street Journal: China Real Time Rert. Retrieved on 6 Apr 6 2015 from http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/02/23/hongkong-government-office-architect-reflects-on-occu-movement/ 41

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Pedestrians have to weave through the jumble of trolleys loading and unloading goods, dustbins, bus stops, queues and more. The status quo exemplifies the power imbalance in our society, where the 92% of us

it was a good place to go.” (ibid.) With the surge of industrial activity in mainland China, the air quality in HK has been rapidly deteriorating.

who does not own cars is “forced into about 20% of the available public space”65. DVRC proposes to keep vehicular traffic off Des Voeux Road Central, which is right in the middle of the city’s financial hub, so that it will be served by the existing tramline alone. Due to the heavy traffic load and the high built-up density in the area, the scheme’s feasibility has yet to be recognised by the government. But with the completion of several important traffic-improvement schemes and infrastructure works recently, HKIP is optimistic about revisiting the idea. Townplanner Benson Poon has been in the team for 2 years. He was very impressed by OC because it just affirmed what benefits their proposal of “a peopleoriented environment with sustainable transport modes”66 could bring. “This is what we want to create, a space where people will find the convenience to walk, [where] they can really enjoy the environment and the air quality. It helps with businesses too. During OC more people were

In particular, nitrogen dioxide levels on roadsides increased by 9% from 2009 to 2013, resulting in an increase in the number of days with the roadside air pollution index reaching the ‘very high’ level (i.e. index exceeding 100) in recent years.67 The 79 days of paralysed traffic had dramatically improved the air quality of the area, which has been undoubtedly its most remarkable achievement.

walking around some of the shops there. A space where the community would come out to interact, a space for them to do art.” (Poon, personal communication, 13 February, 2015) (Fig. 30a,b)

2015) Encouraged by the radical episode, he is now determined to find a legitimate solution to achieve their grand ambition. He hopes to implement the scheme in smaller sections, step-by-step convincing the community of the project’s worth.

“What OC has brought [to the table] is a whole new level of how space can be changed into a community space.” He sensed that people were taking up ownership of the communal space in OC and striving to make the place more comfortable. However in a planning proposal where almost every party has conflicting interests, this could not be more problematic. “This is something we have to think about in our project too. Who will find ownership? Who will manage it?” (Poon, personal communication,

Poon has seen personally how such environment changed the people’s attitude towards the public space. “During OC lots of people raised the issue of how the air quality was better. Usually they stay in offices for lunch. But people actually came out of their office during lunch hour, and took the time to stroll along OC because they were curious. They felt 65 66 42

Coates, G. (2013). Cited in Civic Exchange (2013), Event Rert: Walkable City, Living Street, 85. Retrieved on 6 Apr 2015 from http://www.civic-exchange.org/materials/event/files/20130507%20Walkable%20City%20Living%20 Streets/20130507_WalkableCityLivingStreets_Rert.f Hong Kong Institute of Planners. (2015). Des Voeux Road Central Pedestrianisation Focussed Study - Final Rert(1). Retrieved on 15 March 2015 from http://www.hkiorg.hk/En/Content.asBid=8&Sid=15&Id=90.

l Opposite page Fig. 30a, b Proposed Pedestrianisation of Des Voeux Road Central Scheme

HKSAR Government.Transrt Advisory Committee. (2014). Rert on Study of Road Traffic Congestion in Hong Kong. Retrieved on 15 March 2015 from http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/boards/transrt/land/Full_Eng_C_cover.f

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CHAPTER 6 Rediscovering Identities

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CHAPTER 6 - REDISCOVERING IDENTITIES

Lefebvre preferred not to use the usual word for citizen (citoyen) but citadin, which means the urban inhabitant, the one who performs everyday life in the urban.69 He argued that the right to shape the city belongs to the citadins.70 They should play a central role in any decision that contributes to the production of urban space.71 This is not a right granted by the authority, but comes simply with their dwelling in the city.

“‘Citizens’ – there’s another dangerous word to set alongside ‘umbrella’.” 68 Chris Patten the last British governor of Hong Kong wrote in the preface to a memoir book by OC participants

Previously a British colony, now a Special Administration Region of China, Hong Kong’s complicated political history is the reason for its identity crisis. Its citadins are still testing out their relationships with their surrounding environment. The ambition is to establish one that stands between its colonial, capitalist tradition and the communist model in China. Under the century-long British rule, the Chinese majority in Hong Kong never had opportunities for active citizenship and effective participation. There had never been any civic education in place as part of a nation-building exercise. Upon its return to China in 1997, it has been promised a ‘one-country, two-system’ regime and a ‘high level of autonomy’, under which HK will be governed by its own law and people for at least 50 years. Nonetheless, as it turns out, the enticing promise could hardly be kept for that long. As evident from the government’s determination to abolish the rural areas of HK to make way for the Shenzhen-HK High Speed Rail (2010) and the North East New Territories (2014) developments, it is clear that the local communities’ interests are not the authorities’ top priorities. Quite the contrary, the purpose for the city’s future development is to be a catalyst for the economic growth

Patten, C. (2015). Preface: The World Ons Its Umbrella. In傘下的人. 被時代選中的我們, 6. Hong Kong: 白卷出版社.

69 70 71

Purcell 2003:577. Ibid. Purcell, M. (2002). Excavating Lefebvre: The right to the city and its urban politics of the inhabitant. GeoJournal, (2/3). 99. 45

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of the surrounding cities. Meanwhile its ‘foreign’ architectural heritage, arguably on which its identity is based, must be erased ruthlessly for obvious reasons. Without most of them noticing, the citadins are still

OC (Fig. 31a). Across all participants there was a significant rise in level of awareness of urban development issues after OC (Fig. 32), during which there was a lot of public seminars and lectures delivered on this

deprived of their rights to be in any urban planning discussions.

particular area of study. 76% thought they have learned much more about the city in terms of its history, development and potential after OC (Fig. 31b). Fig. 31a

To Lefebvre the urban space entails much more than just its physical appearance; it is simultaneously producing and reproducing all aspects of urban life. The taking down of important buildings and monuments therefore is just the same as the denial of its cultural and social identity. It should not surprise us, therefore, that most protests in the recent years in Hong Kong have been about the use of the city. From the demolition of the Queens Ferry Pier to the loss of agricultural land in Northern New Territories, the city has been fighting long and hard to preserve its distinctiveness lest it is reduced to yet another soulless profit-making city. Just as Harvey explained, this undermining of the qualities of daily urban life has introduced a type of ‘insurgent citizenship’ 72, where citizens felt united in one cause. This urgency has forced its inhabitants,

vFig. 31b

especially the post-80s generation, to turn away from their custom of following orders, and endeavour to change the status quo. All of a sudden, the surmounting tension broke at OC. The once invisible power struggles were manifested physically and dramatically, as thousands of tents were pitched along the 10-lane-wide highway. “The inconvenience caused by the paralysed roads forced those who were normally politically apathetic to reflect on the situation.” (Maoshan, personal communication, 2015) OC has sparked off waves after waves of discussions and debates regarding the city’s use of public space besides the politics. In the questionnaire 82% said that they were inspired by 72 46

Harvey. (2013). xii.

v Fig. 32 “Q6 & Q22”

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CHAPTER 6 - REDISCOVERING IDENTITIES

Urban geographer Andy Merrifield proposed a contemporary version of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s hypothesis in The Social Contract (1762): “houses make a city but citizens make the urban [la cité].”73 This urban suggested by Merrifield goes much broader than the physical reality of a city, into which “no passports are required and around which people the world over might bond”. Likewise his proposed definition of citizenship is a global one, in which they “live somewhere yet they feel they belong everywhere”74. This accurately describes the Occupy movements across the globe: protestors are strongly aware of what is happening elsewhere and are virtually participating in the same fight, whether it is in New York, Gezi, or Hong Kong. This global dimension to citizenship has enabled the fight to remain unquenchable. The moment when the flame is extinguished somewhere, it triggers off another elsewhere. This new sense of citizenship has paved the way for a successful planetary urban revolution.

3 OC Supporting Rallies in all over the world (Clockwise from top image) Fig. 33 Canberra, Australia Fig. 34 Tokyo, Japan Fig. 35 New York, USA

73 74

Merrifield. 80. Ibid. 47

CHAPTER 7 Conclusion

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CHAPTER 7 - CONCLUSION

Let us return to the question we started out asking: what is the purpose of the city, if it is more than just to generate surplus value? What should a good public space provide? Why do we find so little satisfaction with our cities today?

“Revolution was long defined…in terms of a political change at the level of the state [and] the collective or state ownership of the means of production…. Today such limited definitions will no longer suffice. The transformation of society presupposes a collective ownership and management of space founded on the permanent participation of ‘the interested parties’ [the inhabitants or users of space].” 75 Henri Lefebvre

When it comes to urban planning, it is very tempting to get caught up in debates over the optimum sizes, forms and legislating principles of the urban. However I argue that it is more than that. The city is a living collection of people, and it should aim to facilitate the social activities already happening within. Instead of designing the perfect urban object, city planners should look to design for the social processes, the environment that best allows civic activities to occur. We should look to design a city that promotes and sustains a high level of civic participation and democratic discussion. To achieve this, planners and architects have already started to experiment with different participatory planning approaches. Community-based architecture is no longer a unfamiliar term to many 21st century citizens. Their diminished role in urban design issues are beginning to change. However the basis for that is an adequate level of interest and activeness among the users themselves, which is still very much absent, both in Lefebvre’s time and ours76. Poon pointed out that the major challenge they face in driving forward the DVRC project is to convince the residents that the benefits of the project far outweighs the inconvenience caused, so that they would be happy to incorporate more walking into their lifestyle. Their number one task currently is to engage the public and let them understand what they are trying to achieve, which has already become much easier after witnessing OC. (personal commnunication,

Lefebvre 1991:422.

Lefebvre 2003: 181. 49

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2015) Borrowing Hou’s words, we should devote our effort “equally, if not more, [to] the making of the public than on the making of space.”77

me most. The public was willing to take up ownership of spaces and was able to keep up the operation, even though the management arguably deteriorated towards the end of the occupation. Perhaps too radical to

Owing to Occupy Central, Hong Kong rose 23 places up the ranking and was chosen by the GOOD magazine as the most inspiring city in the world in 2014, in terms of “ …‘possibility’—the pervading sense that though a place may be far from perfect, its citizens are taking a bold stake in its future through a mixture of creativity, hustle, and civic engagement” 78. Even though OC did not manage to change the election procedures, nor had there been more pedestrianised streets in the city in place (yet), it has certainly achieved one important thing – provoking the citizens to reflect on the problems with our urban environment and presenting an alternative, even if a radical and temporary one. From the Study Space to the construction of infrastructure and roadblocks among others, citizens have seen the possibility for them to (re)appropriate their urban environment and the creative talents available among them. The Lennon Wall has demonstrated that as a collective of individuals, they

be considered as a useful precedent, it was nonetheless a pivotal episode in both Hong Kong’s political and urban (r)evolution. Just as other Occupy movements that have ceased before, the seed of change has been sown, which will sprout again at an opportune time. Merrifield used Tocqueville’s description of the 1848 French Revolution to sum up the legacy of all the Occupy Movements: “The insurrection was everywhere contained, but nowhere tamed.”80 The end of OC is but the beginning.

are capable of generating a huge impact. The Wall has also symbolically connected them with other global citizens in the same fight. On the other hand, the Urban Garden has proved that the urban can co-exist with the nature, and it has encouraged the government to try out.

citadens actively take up ownership of the spaces they are living in, they arm themselves with the strongest weapon against the state’s control over them. Every protestor knew that OC would not achieve its goals, and each extra day they gained was a miracle. It is only by perseverance and collective effort can we defy the Capitalist mode of production that dictates our urban form, and ultimately win back our right to the city. To this formidable crisis Hongkong-ers are now waking up; the growing public awareness of the situation assures us victory is not far away.

This movement has brought the society together in experimenting new ways and learning from failures and successes, which, according to Jacobs, is what cities should be for.79 This intense outburst of energy and city-wide engagement in the production of public space is what interests 77 78 79 50

Hou, 94. Cheung, Y. (5 November 2014). Hong Kong: The Revolution Will be Civilised. GOOD Magazine. Retrieved 13 Apr 2015 from http://magazine.good.is/features/hongkong-rank-2014 Jacobs, 16.

A famous city like Hong Kong, its urban issues are not under-researched. However as I have discovered during my research process, few has been done by local Hongkong-ers. Like its local art and cultures, its urban too is subject to strong foreign (non-local) economic and political influences. The only way to defend the local spaces, values and identities is when the inhabitants actively join in to resist the current. When the

(Word count: 9,467) 80

De Tocqueville, A. (1971). Cited in Merrifield. P.34.

s. d. g.

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CHAPTER 7 - CONCLUSION

“Utopia is on the horizon: when I walk two steps, it takes two steps back …I walk ten steps, and it is ten steps further away. What is utopia for? It is for this, for walking.”81

Eduardo Galeano

Galeano, E. (2008) Cited in Racine, G., Truchon, K., & Hage, M. And We Are Still Walking … When a Protest Walk Becomes a SteTowards Research on the Move. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 9(2). Retrieved on 7 Apr 2015 from http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.fqs/article/view/404

P Fig. 36 Harcourt Road Occupy camps 51

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BIBLIOGRAPHY PUBLISHED LITERATURE Audi, Michael, Byorkman, Kathryn, Couture, Alison, & Najem, Suzanne. 2010. Measurement and Analysis of Walkability in Hong Kong (BSc Project Report). Worcester, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Bey, Hakim. 1991. T.A.Z : The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism. Mt. View, Calif: Wiretap. Golan, Gan. 2012. The Office of the People. In Shiffman et al. (eds) Beyond Zuccotti Park: Freedom of Assembly and the Occupation of Public Space, 70-73. Hannon, Andrew. 2014. Whose Streets?â&#x20AC;&#x2122;: Zones of Performative Occupations. Transforming Anthropology, (1), 7. doi:10.1111/traa.12023/abstract Harvey, David. 2013. Rebel cities : from the right to the city to the urban revolution. London, New York: Verso. 2009. Social Justice and the City. Athens: University of Georgia Press. 1989. The Condition Of Postmodernity : An Enquiry Into The Origins Of Cultural Change. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Hou, Jeffrey. 2012. Making Public, Beyond Public Space. In Shiffman et al. (eds) Beyond Zuccotti Park: Freedom of Assembly and the Occupation of Public Space, 89-98. Jacobs, Jane. 52

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1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. London: Pimlico. Juris, Jeffrey S. 2012. Reflections on #Occupy Everywhere: Social media, public space, and emerging logics of Aggregation. American Ethnologist, Volume 39, Issue 2:259–279. Kimmelman, Michael.. 2012. Foreword. In Shiffman, R., Brown, L., Bell, R., & Elizabeth L. (Eds.), Beyond Zuccotti Park: Freedom of assembly and the occupation of public space. Oakland, CA: New Village Press. Krivý, Maroš & Kaminer, Tahl. 2013. “Introduction: The Participatory Turn in Urbanism”. Footprint, Autumn 2013, pp. 1-6. Lefebvre, Henri. 2003. The Urban Revolution. Minneapolis, Minn. : University of Minnesota Press. 1996. Writing on Cities. Cambridge, Mass, USA: Blackwell. 1969. The Explosion : Marxism and the French Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press. 1991. The Production of Space. Oxford, OX, UK: Blackwell. Merrifield, Andy. 2014. The New Urban Question. London: Pluto Press. Mosley, Jonathan & Sara, Rachel. 2013. The Architecture of Transgression: Towards a Destabilising Architecture. Architectural Design, 83(6), 14-19. 53

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Architecture and Transgression: An Interview with Bernard Tschumi. Architectural Design, 83(6), 32-37. Orwell, George. 2013. Nineteen Eighty-Four. London: Penguin. (Original published in 1949) Purcell, Mark. 2003. Citizenship and the Right to the Global City: Reimagining the Capitalist World Order. International Journal Of Urban & Regional Research, 27(3), 564-590. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00467 2002. Excavating Lefebvre: The Right to the City and its Urban Politics of the Inhabitant. GeoJournal, (2/3). 99. Rice, Louis. 2013. Occupied Space. Architectural Design, 83(6), 70-75. Sennett, Richard. 2012. New Ways of Thinking About Space. The Nation. Sep 24, 2012, pp 24-26. Shiffman, Ron, Brown, Lance Jay, Bell, Rick, & Elizabeth, Lynne (eds). 2012. Beyond Zuccotti Park: Freedom of Assembly and the Occupation of Public Space. Oakland, CA: New Village Press. Simmel, Georg. 1903. The Metropolis and Mental Life. In Bridge, G. & Watson, S. (eds), The Blackwell City Reader (1st Edition), 11-19. Oxford & Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. (Original published in 1948) Smith, Peter Cookson. 2006. The Urban Design of Impermanence: Streets, Places and Spaces in Hong Kong =街道與空間 : 變奏中的香港城市設計. Hong Kong: MCCM Creations, 2006. 54

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Stanek, Lukasz. 2011. Henri Lefebvre on Space : Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. 傘下的人. 2015. 被時代選中的我們. Hong Kong: 白卷出版社. PUBLISHED LITERATURE [ONLINE] Cheng, L., & Woo, K. 2012. Car-free Hong Kong. Green Power. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015, from http://www.greenwer.org.hk/html/eng/2012_10.shtml Demographia. 2015. World Urban Areas: 11th Annual Edition: 2015.01 (Built-Up Urban Areas or World Agglomerations). Retrieved on 6 Apr 2015, from http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf Farms for Democracy. 2014. Admiralty Demonstration Farm Report. Retrieved 13 April 2015, from http://drive.google.com/file/ d/0B7cE4OzE8MH1elZONDVHUXVqY3c/view Tamar Development. 2011. Building Journal Hong Kong, Dec 2011:28-47. Retrieved on 15 March 2015, from http://www.building.hk/feature/2012_0224tamar.pdf

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BLOGPOSTS Lee, Anthony K. 2014. Hong Kong / Map of Occupied Streets. Asian Cities Research blog. Hong Kong: Department of Architecture, University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 13 Apr 2015, fromv Lubin, Judy. 2012. The ‘Occupy’ Movement: Emerging Protest Forms and Contested Urban Spaces. The Urban Fringe. Oakland, CA: UC Berkeley. Retrieved 13 Apr 2015, from http://ced.berkeley.edu/bpj/2012/09/the-occupy-movement-emerging-protest-forms-and-contested-urban-spaces/ Marcuse, Peter. 12 May 2013. Blog #33 – The Five Paradoxes of Public Space, with Proposals. Peter Marcuse’s Blog. Retrieved on 13 Apr 2015, from https:// pmarcuse.wordpress.com/2013/05/12/blog-33-the-five-paradoxes-of-public-space- with-proposals/ 05 December 2013. Blog # 41 – Right to the City – Organizational Realities. Peter Marcuse’s Blog. Retrieved 15 March 2015, from https:// pmarcuse.wordpress.com/2013/12/05/blog-41-right-to-the-city-organizational- realities/ Martin, Reinhold. November 2011. Occupy: What Architecture Can Do. Places Journal. Retrieved 13 Apr 2015, from https://placesjournal.org/article/occupy-whatarchitecture-can-do Mendieta, Eduardo. 2011. Occupy: To Dwell in the Space of Attentive Solicitude. Society and Space. Retrieved on 6 Apr 2015, from http://societyandspace.com/ material/discussion-forum/forum-on-the-occupy-movement/eduardo-mendieta-occupy-to-dwell-in-the-space-of-attentive-solicitude 區樂融& 崔誦恩. 31 January 2015. 【重奪】空間革命--朱濤談佔領運動的空間政治.學苑,Jan 2015. Retrieved 11 Apr 2015, from https://undergradhkusu. wordpress.com/2015/01/31/【重奪】空間革命-朱濤談佔領運動的空間政治-2/ 56

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NEWS ARTICLES Barreto, E., & Pomfret, J. 11 October 2014. Pitching tents, Hong Kong democracy protesters dig in for long haul. Reuters UK. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015, from http://uk.reuters. com/article/2014/10/11/uk-hongkong-china-idUKKCN0I005720141011 Cheung, T., Kao, E., Chan, S., & Lau, C. 29 September 2014. OCCUPY CENTRAL - THE FIRST 12 HOURS: Full report as events unfolded. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015, from http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1602958/live-occupy-central-kicks-hundreds-classroom-boycott-studentsleave?page=all Kaiman, Jonathan. 30 September 2014. Who guides Hong Kong’s ‘Umbrella Revolution’ pro-democracy movement? The Guardian. Retrieved April 13, 2015, from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/30/hong-kong-pro-democracy-protest-leaders-occupy Karacs, Sarah. 12 September 2014. Unconstitutional’ rules on access to Civic Square set to face legal challenge. South China Morning Post. Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1590211/unconstitutional-restrictions-access-civic-square-set-face-legal OCCUPY CENTRAL - NIGHT THREE: Full coverage of all the night’s events. 30 September 2014. South China Morning Post. Retrieved April 6 2015, from http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1604648/livethunder-rain-fail-dampen-spirits-hong-kong-democracy-protesters 金鐘夏愨道出現街頭浴室 (18:28) - 20141009 - 港聞. 09 October 2014. Ming Pao News. Retrieved 8 Apr 2015, from http://news2.mingpao.com/ins/金鐘夏愨道出現街頭浴室/web_tc/ article/20141009/s00001/1412850674769

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卓曼. 04 December 2014. 【Umbrella Revolution 】The Organic Guerilla Garden of Plurality in Admiralty. InMediaHK. Retrieved 13 April 2015, from http://www.inmediahk.net/node/1029225 GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS HKSAR Government. 2014. LCQ6: East Wing Forecourt of Central Government Offices [Press Release]. Retrieved on 6 Apr 2015, from http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/ general/201410/22/P201410220438.htm 2013. Speech by STH at Walkable City, Living Streets - Conference on Pedestrian Network Planning, Safety and Streets as Public Spaces in Hong Kong [Press Release]. Retrieved 15 March 2015, from http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201305/07/P201305070400.htm HKSAR Government. Food and Health Bureau. 2014. The New Agricultural Policy : Sustainable Agricultural Develoent in Hong Kong [Consultation document]. Retrieved on 13 Apr 2015, from http://www.fhb.gov.hk/download/press_and_publications/consultation/141229_f_agricultural/e_consultation_document.pdf HKSAR Government. Transport Advisory Committee. 2014. Report on Study of Road Traffic Congestion in Hong Kong. 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2015, from http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/boards/ transport/land/Full_Eng_C_cover.pdf INTERVIEWS

Maoshan, Connie. Wong, Ronald. TM. Poon, Benson.

Interview by author. Hong Kong. Interview by author. Skype interview. Interview by author. Skype interview. Interview by author. Skype interview.

30 December, 2014. 07 February, 2015. 10 February, 2015. 13 February, 2015.

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IMAGE REFERENCES Figure

Source

Description

Link (if available online)

Cover Photo

Pasu Au Yeung

Walking on Empty Traffic Roads

https://www.flickr.com/photos/studiokanu/15834023055/

Content Page

PL Photographic

Highway with camps

HK Golden Photography

Colourful tents were set up along Harcourt Road, a major traffic thoroughfare, turning it into a temporary, carnival-like ‘village’.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/umbrellagolden87/15868152058/

Huffington Post

Tear gas was fired by the police to dissipate the crowd, who had nowhere to escape but to run out onto Connaught Road and Harcourt Road.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/28/hong-kong_n_5897038. html

Author

Occupy Central took place in Admiralty, which is at the east end of the financial district Central.

Author

Protestors took over the main traffic road outside the government headquarters instead of Tamar Park, the institutional public space.

Author

Model showing the Tamar Government Development

South China Morning Post (SCMP)

Civic Square closure

https://www.scmp.com/sites/default/files/2014/07/17/6ee114fbeebee bc0a4f7eed9280e95be_0.jpg

The Blog of Big Ideas: Film, Architecture and other musings

Metropolis

https://niels85.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/metropolis.jpg

The Guardian

A city without ground

http://i.guim.co.uk/static/w-700/h--/q-95/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/ pictures/2013/2/21/1361440858394/Cities-Without-Ground-Bri-008. jpg

Author

Map of Occupied Zone

Author

“Question 8: What did you do in the occupation camps? (Please select all that applies)”

Study Space Facebook page

Study Space at night

https://www.facebook.com/295087864033030/ photos/pb.295087864033030.2207520000.1429201316./299255686949581/?type=3&theater

HK Golden Photography

Study Space Aerial View, Oct 15

https://www.flickr.com/photos/umbrellagolden87/15750400886/in/ set-72157646946435573 59

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation

13a

Author

Study desk elevation

13b

Author

Study desk section

13c

Swing, Lam Siu Wing

Study desk isometric sketch

Admiralcity

Uncle Chan

https://www.facebook.com/ouradmiralcity/ photos/pb.1448127035436131.2207520000.1428781369./1450843448497823/?type=1&theater

Author / Ming Pao News

Shower Facility

http://www.mingpaocanada.com/TOR/ftp/News/20141010/ HK/_10GG006_.jpg

Swing, Lam Siu Wing

Construction of Steps

https://www.facebook.com/occupywisdomhk928?fref=ts

ASTV News1

Lennon Wall

http://www.manager.co.th/China/ViewNews. aspx?NewsID=9570000117550

Art Not Arms. Wordpress

Lennon Wall

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Bz_AMG8CMAEfMPy.jpg

Channel 4

Lennon Wall

http://blogs.channel4.com/world-news-blog/wp-content/uploads/ sites/45/2014/10/06_hongkong_wall_w.jpg

Author

Staircase back to normal in December

Author

Location of the garden

InMedia HK

Keyhole garden

Admiralty Demonstration Farm Report

Garden banner

Author / Wordle.net

“Question 13: Please put down 3 words to describe the atmosphere within the Occupied zone.”

Author

“Q10”

Author

“Q11”

Christopher Doyle / Kickstarter

Hong Kong Preposterous

Author

“Q12”

@s-k-apegoat (tumblr post)

A protestor holds up an umbrella to shield a police officer http://s-k-apegoat.tumblr.com/image/98906261151 from heavy rain.

30a,b

Hong Kong Institute of Planners

Proposed Pedestrianisation of Des Voeux Road Central Scheme

31a,b

Author

“Q16” & “Q18”

http://www.inmediahk.net/node/1029225

Trilogy:

Preschooled

Preoccupied https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/722057066/hong-kong-trilogypreschooled-preoccupied-preposte/description

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Author

“Q6 & Q22”

SCMP

OC Supporters in Canberra, Australia

https://www.scmp.com/sites/default/files/2014/09/30/1463246_155 3101478254697_4444768021512447073_n.jpg

SCMP

OC Supporters in Tokyo, Japan

https://www.scmp.com/sites/default/files/2014/09/30/messagestokyo.jpg

International Business Times

OC Supporters in New York, USA

http://s1.ibtimes.com/sites/www.ibtimes.com/files/styles/v2_ article_large/public/2014/10/02/occupy-central-rally-new-york_4. JPG?itok=3rtU30dh

HK Golden Photography

Harcourt Road Occupy camps

https://www.flickr.com/photos/umbrellagolden87/15772206505/

APPENDIX

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List of Abbreviations DVRC

Pedestrianisation of Des Voeux Road Central scheme

Hong Kong

HKIP

Hong Kong Institute of Planners

HKSAR

Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region

HKU

University of Hong Kong

Occupy Central

OWS

Occupy Wall Street

SCMP

South China Morning Post

OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

A questionnaire was created on Typeform.com, which also published the report on the following pages. There are 23 questions, 2 of which are qualitative, while the remaining are opinion scales or multiple choice questions, as seen from the screenshots below. Link: https://haideeng.typeform.com/to/Btoei5 (Accessed on 13 April 2015)

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation



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

  S1115179 Haidee Sze Han NG

QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS

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䃻୿֐ᴹᴮ৳㠷ᒤᴸ൘俉⑟Ⲭ⭏Ⲵք么ѝ⫠㹼अ௾ 

䃻୿֐Ⲵ㹼ᾝᱟ Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼 

ᱟ



੖





ަԆ



ᆨ⭏





ᴽउᙗ





ᆨ⭏





୶ᾝǃ䠁㶽ǃൠ⭒





ᮉ㛢





ᯠ㚎ǃۣჂ





㰍㺃





ᯠ㚎ǃۣჂ





䟛Ⱳ





‫ޜ‬उ଑





⌅ᖻǃ᭯⋫



 

Q2 䃻֐൘俉⑟ትտⲴ᝻ᓖᱟ Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼





൏⭏൏䮧



䚧ት㠣↔ᐡа⇥ᰕᆀ



䚴൘ሻ㿃օ㲅⛪ᇦ





ަԆ





ᯠࡠง





䙾䐟ᇒ





Q3 䃻୿֐Ⲵᒤ喑ኔᱟ

Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼 











































൘քѝѻࡽᛘᴹཊ䰌⌘䂽䆈᭯⋫䐏䙢ᯠ㚎ǃ৳㠷⍫अㅹ  Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

     



ᒣ൷䂅࠶ 





























 

䃻୿֐Ⲵ㹼ᾝᱟ Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼 

ަԆ



൘քѝѻࡽᛘᴹཊ䰌⌘䂽䆈෾ᐯオ䯃Ⲭኅ  Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼



 









 OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground



MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation





൘քѝѻࡽᛘᴹཊ䰌⌘䂽䆈෾ᐯオ䯃Ⲭኅ 

֐൘ք么॰䙢㹼䙾⭊哬⍫अ઒䃻䚨᫷ᡰᴹ䚙⭘Ⲵ 

Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

     



ᒣ൷䂅࠶





‫ػ‬Ӫ৽ᙍ





⽮Ӕ





䙢伏





ⶑ㿪Ձ᚟





䳶億䀾䄆

























৳㠷䅋ᓗ











Ձ䯂။′‫ػ‬Ӫᡆൈ億





‫ػ‬Ӫᆨ㘂





ㆆࢳ㹼अ





ަԆ





ᐕ֌





Q7 քѝѻࡽ֐ሽᯬ俉⑟䙉‫ػ‬෾ᐯⲴᵚֶⲬኅᤱӰ哬᝻ᓖ  Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

ᒣ൷





ᛢ㿰



 ӻѾѝ䯃





 ′㿰

Q9 ֐а‫ػ‬ᴸབྷᾲᴳࡠ䁚ք么॰ཊቁ⅑઒ 











བྷᾲ⇿䙡а⅑









нᴳ⇿ᴸࡠ䁚









⇿䙡⅑









⇿䙡㠣ቁа⅑









ᒮѾ⇿ཙ

Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼



֐ᴹ੖ԫօ৳㠷Ԉࠪ䃻䚨᫷ᡰᴹ䚙⭘Ⲵ 

Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼



Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼



‫ػ‬Ӫ৽ᙍ





ᨀ‫׋‬伢伏





⽮Ӕ





␵▄๤ൠഎ᭦





䙢伏





ަԆ



     S1115179 Haidee Sze Han NG   ᒮѾ⇿ཙ  

⇿䙡㠣ቁа⅑



⇿䙡㠣ቁа⅑ ᒮѾ⇿ཙ

Q10

֐ᝏ㿪ࡠքѝᵏ䯃ᐯ≁ѻ䯃ӂ⴨ؑԫ઼ਸ֌Ǆ 

Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

ᨀ‫׋‬伢伏



ᨀ‫׋‬伢伏 ␵▄๤ൠഎ᭦

                  

                       

␵▄๤ൠഎ᭦ ަԆ ަԆ ࢥ֌ ࢥ֌ ‫ڊ‬䁚୿๡ሾ ‫ڊ‬䁚୿๡ሾ 㠚‫؞‬ᇔ 㠚‫؞‬ᇔ ᔪ䁝ᑣ㈧ǃ䐟䳌ㅹ ᔪ䁝ᑣ㈧ǃ䐟䳌ㅹ ㆆࢳᨀࠪ᜿㾻 ㆆࢳᨀࠪ᜿㾻 ᮁ䆧ㄉ ᮁ䆧ㄉ ᨀ‫׋‬䴫࣋ ᨀ‫׋‬䴫࣋ ᵘᐕ䜘



ᵘᐕ䜘 㙅ぞ



㙅ぞ





Q12

֐ᴹ੖ԫօ৳㠷Ԉࠪ䃻䚨᫷ᡰᴹ䚙⭘Ⲵ  ֐ᴹ੖ԫօ৳㠷Ԉࠪ䃻䚨᫷ᡰᴹ䚙⭘Ⲵ Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼  



Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

ᒣ൷







৽ᷡ੖ᇊ







ੳа㡜

 ᣽ᷡ䌺ᡀ

























俉⑟քѝѻᖼ䐏քѝѻࡽ⋂⭊哬བྷ᭩䆺Ǆ  Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

ᒣ൷

Q11

ք么॰‫ޗ‬֐ᝏ㿪ࡠӪ䳋䰌‫ײ‬ᱟ≤ᒣᔿǃ❑࠶䲾ኔᲞ䙊ᐯ≁ਟԕⴤ᧕ᖡ丯ք么॰ⲬኅⲴǄ  ք么॰‫ޗ‬֐ᝏ㿪ࡠӪ䳋䰌‫ײ‬ᱟ≤ᒣᔿǃ❑࠶䲾ኔᲞ䙊ᐯ≁ਟԕⴤ᧕ᖡ丯ք么॰ⲬኅⲴǄ   Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼  ᒣ൷

৽ᷡ੖ᇊ





 ੳа㡜





 ᣽ᷡ䌺ᡀ

ᒣ൷

Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

 



 

 

 

 

ੳа㡜

 

 















᣽ᷡ䌺ᡀ























OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation

Q13 請用三組詞形容佔中區的氣氛。Please put down 3 words to describe the atmosphere within the Occupied zone. 融洽很香港秩序互助互愛和平融洽守望相助團結 proud 堅定和平、友愛、紀律 Warm Hope Life Sad 團結真善美 peaceful Creative, flourishing, colorful 友善、浪漫、欠缺實際團結，熱血，無私緊張, 克制, 憤怒 peaceful organized tired

四方八面目標一致和而不同 Loving Peaceful Selfless inspiring, promising, 秩序, 開放, 創意團結，互助嘉年華有人冷靜分析有人為佔而佔 Cohesion, Peaceful, Helpful 遍地開花尊重共同目標 Peace, utopia, together Relaxing,Speak freely on the stage,Sharing 非常好 united pluralism organized

冇方向自己人打自己人友好、平靜、不懂絕望有組織（organized）自由（free）自主（self-determined）和平、理性、自發短暫的和平鄰里感情互相學習 Carnival, not alerted, but caring 創意；堅定；革命不認命情緒烏托邦和平頹歡樂趣熱情警戒衝突 peace, close, mutual respect 因為我很後期才去，所以：感動，但同時又覺得已經和在之前新聞看到的差很多，大家已經沒有了當初的熱誠；有不少奇怪的人，可以當時剩下的普通市民已然比較少，那些演講的人精神似乎有點問題；很包容，但也因此很混雜 Co-operative Constructive Creative

S1115179 Haidee Sze Han NG Q14

֐ᝏ㿪ࡠքѝᵏ䯃ᐯ≁ѻ䯃ӂ⴨ؑԫ઼ਸ֌Ǆ  Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

ᒣ൷

如果可以, 請你寫出你對佔中最深印象的一、兩件事? If possible could you write down 1 or 2 things during Occupy that were most unforgettable? 和朋友坐在佔領區談理想，談對香港的感情。好感動。九二六奪回公民廣場九二八催淚彈警方施放87枚催淚彈大雨下堅持不離開政治意識遍地開花，為港未來爭取令人感動。正反中立意見都融在香港，小小地方也有屬於她的自由自主。年青學生的組織性很強。後期金鐘佔領區充滿創作和平！ 87個催淚弾擲向無武器無武力的市民唔可以......講笑姐有個HKU法國教授教SOCIAL SCIENCE, 黎港已久, 話想保護佢既下一代既挺身而出被藍絲帶瘋狂罵漫超越4小時 people are self-motivated to contribute people are passionate to express opinion 警方發放催淚彈中大港大校長到訪見到好多不求回報但會不停努力負出嘅人義工不辭勞苦在各個崗位工作奮力抵抗警察大部分學生在自修室中溫習 People distributing food and hot drinks. Everyone contribute in their own way to help out the movement such as delivering food and medical materials, providing medical services, teaching others to build road block, providing free van services in mid night and etc.

警察發放催淚彈       放催淚蛋 People care about each other even though they are strengers ৽ᷡ੖ᇊ ੳа㡜 大家和平而理性討論  施放胡椒噴霧前市民迅速傳送雨傘給前方 People helping out each other with having to asked  Men/boys stood up for and protected the girls and young, they  put the girls/young safety first

 ᣽ᷡ䌺ᡀ

  













Q15 俉⑟քѝѻᖼ䐏քѝѻࡽ⋂⭊哬བྷ᭩䆺Ǆ  Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

ᒣ൷







৽ᷡ੖ᇊ







ੳа㡜

 ᣽ᷡ䌺ᡀ





























֐ᗎքѝ㹼अ⦢ᗇஃⲬǄ  Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

ᒣ൷















 

 

 

 

   OCCUPY CENTRAL: The Revolution is Of(f) the Ground  

Q16

֐⨮൘ሽ䙉‫ػ‬෾ᐯ䂽䆈␡ҶǄֻྲ↧ਢǃⲬኅǃ䶒ሽⲴড₏ǃ▋൘₏ᴳㅹ Q18  ֐⨮൘ሽ䙉‫ػ‬෾ᐯ䂽䆈␡ҶǄֻྲ↧ਢǃⲬኅǃ䶒ሽⲴড₏ǃ▋൘₏ᴳㅹ Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼 

֐ᗎքѝ㹼अ⦢ᗇஃⲬǄ ֐ᗎքѝ㹼अ⦢ᗇஃⲬǄ   Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼 Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

 

ᒣ൷ ᒣ൷

 

 

৽ᷡ੖ᇊ ৽ᷡ੖ᇊ

 

 

 

ੳа㡜 ੳа㡜

᣽ᷡ䌺ᡀ ᣽ᷡ䌺ᡀ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Q17

քѝнᱟа⅑ᙗケⲬⲴһԦ㛼ᖼᴹᖸཊⲴ䚐ഐ઼䁤≲Ǆ քѝнᱟа⅑ᙗケⲬⲴһԦ㛼ᖼᴹᖸཊⲴ䚐ഐ઼䁤≲Ǆ   քѝᱟа⅑ᙗケⲬⲴһԦ䎧ഐ㍄㋩ഐ⛪Ӫབྷᯬᴸᰕቡ᭯᭩֌ࠪⲴ⊪ᇊǄ քѝᱟа⅑ᙗケⲬⲴһԦ䎧ഐ㍄㋩ഐ⛪Ӫབྷᯬᴸᰕቡ᭯᭩֌ࠪⲴ⊪ᇊǄ     Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼 Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

䃚⌅ 䃚⌅

ᒣ൷ ᒣ൷

 

 

  ӻѾ‫ޙ‬㘵ѻ䯃 ӻѾ‫ޙ‬㘵ѻ䯃

 

 

  䃚⌅ 䃚⌅

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 









70 ֐⨮൘ሽ䙉‫ػ‬෾ᐯ䂽䆈␡ҶǄֻྲ↧ਢǃⲬኅǃ䶒ሽⲴড₏ǃ▋൘₏ᴳㅹ



ᒣ൷

Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

 

 

 

MA(Hons) Architecture Dissertation

























ᒣ൷

 

৽ᷡ੖ᇊ

ੳа㡜

᣽ᷡ䌺ᡀ

৽ᷡ੖ᇊ

ੳа㡜

᣽ᷡ䌺ᡀ





 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 





Q19 քѝ॰‫Ⲭޗ‬ኅⲴ⁑ᔿᱟ֐ᡰೞᖰⲴǄ  քѝ॰‫Ⲭޗ‬ኅⲴ⁑ᔿᱟ֐ᡰೞᖰⲴǄ Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼 

ᒣ൷

Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

























ᒣ൷

 

৽ᷡ੖ᇊ

ੳа㡜

᣽ᷡ䌺ᡀ

৽ᷡ੖ᇊ

ੳа㡜

᣽ᷡ䌺ᡀ





 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 











S1115179 Haidee Sze Han NG 

Q20





Q22

֐ްᵋ俉⑟㜭ᨀ‫׋‬ᴤཊ‫ޡޜ‬オ䯃䇃ᐯ≁ᴹ㠚⭡࡙⭘ণ֯䙉᜿ણ䂢オ䯃ཡ৫ቡ䙐㏃☏ⲬኅⲴ₏ᴳǄ  Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

ᒣ൷







৽ᷡ੖ᇊ





ੳа㡜



൘քѝѻᖼᛘᴹཊ䰌⌘䂽䆈෾ᐯオ䯃Ⲭኅ  Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

     





ᒣ൷䂅࠶

᣽ᷡ䌺ᡀ











































 

 

 









քѝѻᖼ֐ሽᯬ俉⑟䙉‫ػ‬෾ᐯⲴᵚֶⲬኅᤱӰ哬᝻ᓖ 

Q21

Q23

Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

൘քѝѻᖼᛘᴹཊ⮉᜿৳㠷᭯⋫⍫अ䐏䙢ᯠ㚎ǃ৳㠷⍫अㅹ 

քѝѻᖼ֐ሽᯬ俉⑟䙉‫ػ‬෾ᐯⲴᵚֶⲬኅᤱӰ哬᝻ᓖ        Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

     



ᒣ൷

 ᒣ൷



ᛢ㿰



ᒣ൷䂅࠶ 























 ᛢ㿰

       

Ӫ⮦ѝᴹӪഎㆄ䙉‫୿ػ‬乼

 ӻѾѝ䯃   ӻѾѝ䯃



′㿰



 ′㿰        



 







൘քѝѻᖼᛘᴹཊ䰌⌘䂽䆈෾ᐯオ䯃Ⲭኅ 



     



ᒣ൷䂅࠶ 















