I[l[d MWoi Je ;Wj :_\\[h[dj ?le 7ZWc
B_c_j[Z ;Z_j_ed
Fh[\Wp_ed[ Lehmehj
8[dl[dkje M_bbaecc[d ¼ 9edi_Z[he kd fh_l_b[]_e [ii[h[ Y^[\ d[bbW Ð Iedd[dijkX[ Ñ Z[b# bW Il_pp[hW$ Gk_ _d J_Y_de ^e jhelWje jkjje Y_ Z_ Yk_ kd Xked h_ijehWdj[ ^W X_ie]de0 _d]h[Z_[dj_ \h[iY^_" cWj[h_[ fh_c[ Z_ WbjW gkWb_j}" kd WcX_[dj[ [YY[p_edWb[" kd j[Wc ce j_ lW je [" ded c[de _cfehjWdj[" Yb_[dj_ _dj[h[iiWj_ WbbW ]Wijhedec_W$ <_de WZ WbYkd_ Wdd_ \W 7iYedW [hW WdYehW YedeiY_kjW Yec[ bW Ð Ij$ Jhef[p Z[bbW Il_pp[hW Ñ$ ?d i[]k_je" bÊWjcei\[hW [\\[h l[# iY[d j[ ^W Y[Zkje _b fWiie W kdW iehjW Z_ fWii[]][he iedde ZW 8[bbW 7ZZehc[djWjW$ E Wbc[de gk[ije gk[bbe Y^[ c_ ijW# je hWYYedjWje$ :W gkWdZe ^e Yec_dY_Wje W bWlehWh[ d[b H_ije# hWdj[ I;L;D" Wll[hje f[h kdÊWh_W dkelW [ kdÊWbb[ ]hW i[diW# p_e d [ Z_ h_fh[iW$ :[i_Z[he gk_ h_d]hWp_Wh[ _ fhefh_[jWh_ Z[b h_ ijehWdj[" Ij[\Wd [ 8_h]_j 8h[k[h" [ bW behe \Wc_]b_W f[hY^ Yh[ # Zede _d kdW dkelW fh_cWl[hW f[h 7iYedW [ d[b deijhe j[Wc$ B[ h_Y[jj[ fh[i[djWj[ _d gk[ije b_Xhe iede Wb j[cfe ij[iie Yheiiel[h [ if[h_c[djWb_" h[]_edWb_ [Z [iej_Y^[" Yh[Wj_l[ [ W XWi[ Z_ fheZejj_ \h[iY^_ Z_ c[hYWje$ Jkjj_ _ f_Wjj_ iede ¼ WiiW]# ]_ d_ ½" Y_e YecX_dWp_ed_ _d f_YYeb[ fehp_ed_" Z[ij_dWj[ W [ii[h[ i[hl_j[ Yec[ Wdj_fWij_ [ Yec[ igk_i_j[ Wbj[hdWj_l[ WbbW YbWii_YW fehjWjW fh_dY_fWb[$ L_ fh[i[dje _d jkjje */ f_Wjj_" e]# d kde Yeij_jk_je ZW ) h_Y[jj[$ ?di_[c[ WZ [ii_ l_ \Wh YedeiY[# h[ WdY^[ bW c_W Xh_]WjW Z_ YkY_dW$ 7 le_ bÊWk]kh_e ZW fWhj[ c_W" Z_ gk[ijW iYWj[dWjW igkWZhW Z_ ]_elWd_" Z[bbÊ_dj[he j[Wc Z[b I;L;D [ Z[bbW \Wc_]b_W 8h[k[h Y^[ bW b[jjkhW Z_ gk[ije b_ Xhe l_ \WYY_W i[jj[ lebj[ f_WY[h[ ½
,
¼ ?d Z[h Iedd[dijkX[ Z[h IY^m[_p pk aeY^[d _ij [_d Fh_l_b[]$ >_[h _c J[ii_d ^WX[ _Y^ ][\kdZ[d" mWi [_d ]kj[i H[ijWk# hWdj XhWkY^j$ <h_iY^[ PkjWj[d" ^eY^ij[^[dZ[ He^mWh[d" [_d jebb[i 7cX_[dj[" [_d cej_l_[hj[i J[Wc kdZ d_Y^j pkb[jpj" _d# j[h[ii_[hj[ = ij[$ 7iYedW ^Wjj[ leh [_d_][d @W^h[d deY^ Z[d {X[hdWc[d Ð Ij$ Jhef[p Z[h IY^m[_p Ñ$ :Wdd m_Y^ Z_[ Wk\h[# ][d Z[ 7jceif^ h[ [_d[c leh X[h][^[dZ[d :ehdh iY^[d# iY^bW\$ Ie m_hZ [i c_h `[Z[d\Wbbi [hp ^bj$ I[_j _Y^ WX[h _c H_ije h Wdj[ I;L;D WhX[_j[" if h[ _Y^ M hc[ kdZ <h_iY^[ kdZ [_d[ bkijlebb[ 7k\XhkY^ij_cckd]$ ?Y^ c Y^j[ Z[d 8[i_jp[hd Z[i H[ijWkhWdji" Ij[\Wd kdZ 8_h]_j 8h[k[h" kdZ _^ h[h <Wc_b_[ ZWda[d" ZWii i_[ Wd [_d[d pm[_j[d <h ^b_d] _d 7iYedW kdZ Wd kdi[h J[Wc ]bWkX[d$ :_[ =[h_Y^j[ _d Z_[i[c 8kY^ i_dZ Yheiiel[h kdZ [nf[h_c[d# j[bb" h[]_edWb kdZ [nej_iY^" ah[Wj_l kdZ cWhaj\h_iY^$ 7bb[ =[# h_Y^j[ i_dZ ÐJWij[h Ñ" Wbie ab[_d fehj_ed_[hj[ AecX_dWj_ed[d" Z_[ Wbi Lehif[_i[ kdZ Wbi ][dkiilebb[ 7bj[hdWj_l[ pkc abWii_# iY^[d >Wkfj ]Wd] \kdaj_ed_[h[d$ :[h IY^m_[h_]a[_ji]hWZ _ij i[^h kdj[hiY^_[Zb_Y^$ ?Y^ ij[bb[ ?^d[d */ =[h_Y^j[ leh" `[m[_bi X[ij[^[dZ Wki ) H[p[fj[d$ PkZ[c fh i[dj_[h[ _Y^ ?^d[d c[_d[ A Y^[dXh_]WZ[$ PkiWcc[d c_j Z_[i[h m_b# Z[d @kd]cWddiY^W\j" Z[c ]Wdp[d I;L;D#J[Wc kdZ Z[h <Wc_b_[ 8h[k[h m diY^[ _Y^ ?^d[d [_d i_[X[d\WY^[i L[h# ]d ][d c_j Z_[i[c 8kY^ ½
Fh[\Wp_ed[ Lehmehj
?le 7ZWc
Gk[ije b_Xhe Z_ YkY_dW Yeij_jk_iY[ bW j[hpW ef[hW Z_ ?le 7ZWc$ CWb]hWZe e \ehi[ fhefh_e f[h bW ikW ]_elWd[ [j} [ bW del_j} Z[bb[ ik[ fhefeij[" _b feb_[Zh_Ye Y^[\" fWij_YY_[h[ [ ][h[dj[ Z[b h_ijehWdj[ I;L;D Z_l[djWje kdW Ò]khW _cfehjWdj[ d[b fWdehWcW ]Wijhedec_Ye [bl[j_Ye$ =hWp_[ WbbW ikW cW[ijh_W _d YkY_dW" 7ZWc ^W ejj[dkje dkc[hei_ fh[c_ dWp_edWb_ [ _dj[hdWp_edWb_$ Ý Wddel[hWje jhW ]b_ Y^[\ f_ Yh[Wj_l_" _d ]hW# Ze Z_ W\\[hcWhi_ d[b cedZe Z[bbW ]Wijhedec_W WdY^[ bedjW# de ZW_ \ehd[bb_$ L[Z[ _b fhefh_e \kjkhe b} Zel[ bW gkWb_j} i_ ifeiW Yed b[ fe# j[dp_Wb_j} Z_ il_bkffe$ ; b} Zel[ bW fWii_ed[ i_ Yed_k]W Yed _b f_WY[h[ Z_ \Wh[ _b fhefh_e bWlehe$ ¼ GkWdZe ^e ZWlWdj_ _b h_# ikb jWje Z[b c_e bWlehe [ be feiie eii[hlWh[" eZehWh[" ]kijWh[" jeYYWh[ e i[dj_h[" WbbehW Z_l[dje Yh_j_Ye$ CW WdY^[ ieZZ_i\Wj# je [ eh]e]b_eie Z_ Wl[h Yh[Wje gkWbYeiW Z_ dkele ½$ ?b h_ijehWdj[ I;L;D" Yed _b YedY[jje Y^[ ijW WbbW ikW XWi[" e\\h[ W ?le 7ZWc kd bke]e Zel[ i[dj_hi_ W YWiW fhefh_W [ bÊeffehjkd_j} Z_ ieZ# Z_i\Wh[ gk[ij[ [i_][dp[ Yed _b fhefh_e bWlehe$ IWh} ZWll[ he _dj[h[iiWdj[ eii[hlWh[ gkWb[ YWcc_de ?le 7ZWc [ _b I;L;D f[hYehh[hWdde _di_[c[$
mmm$_leWZWc$Y^ .
:_[i[i AeY^XkY^ _ij ZWi Zh_jj[ M[ha led ?le 7ZWc$ :[h l_[b i[_j_][ AeY^" FWj_ii_[h kdZ =[iY^ \ji\ ^h[h Z[i H[ijWk# hWdji I;L;D _ij jhejp Å eZ[h l_[bb[_Y^j ][hWZ[ m[][d Å i[_d[h @k][dZb_Y^a[_j kdZ <h_iY^[ [_d m_Y^j_][i 7ki^ d][iY^_bZ Z[h IY^m[_p[h =Wijheip[d[$ 7ZWc [haeY^j[ i_Y^ pW^b h[_Y^[ dWj_edWb[ kdZ _dj[hdWj_edWb[ 7kip[_Y^dkd][d$ ;h p ^bj pk Z[d ah[Wj_lij[d A Y^[d" Z_[ i_Y^ WkY^ Wkii[h^WbX Z[h A Y^[ _d Ip[d[ pk i[jp[d m_ii[d$ I[_d[ Pkakd\j i_[^j [h Zehj" me GkWb_j j Wk\ ;djm_Yabkd]i# fej[dj_Wb jh_\\j$ KdZ Zehj" me i_Y^ B[_Z[diY^W\j c_j 7hX[_ji# bkij l[hX_dZ[j$ ¼ MWdd _cc[h _Y^ [_d H[ikbjWj leh c_h ^WX[" [i WdiY^Wk[d" h_[Y^[d" iY^c[Ya[d" \ ^b[d eZ[h ^ h[d aWdd" ZWdd m[hZ[ _Y^ ah_j_iY^$ 7X[h WkY^ pk\h_[Z[d kdZ ijebp" ZWii _Y^ [jmWi D[k[i [hiY^W\\[d ^WX[$ ½ :Wi I;L;D#Aedp[fj X_[j[j ?le 7ZWc [_d Pk^Wki[ kdZ [_d[ C ]b_Y^a[_j" Z_[i[d 7difhkY^ Wd i[_d[ [_][d[ 7hX[_j pk l[hm_hab_Y^[d$ CWd aWdd ][ifWddj i[_d" m[bY^[ M[][ ?le 7ZWc pkiWcc[d c_j I;L;D ][^[d m_hZ$
mmm$_leWZWc$Y^
Fh[\Wp_ed[ Lehmehj
I[l[d MWoi Je ;Wj :_\\[h[dj
:[iYh_l[h[ bW ÒbeieÒW Z[b h_ijehWdj[ Wb j[cfe ij[iie \WY_b[ [ _cfeii_X_b[$ BW c_]b_eh[ if_[]Wp_ed[ fejh[XX[ [ii[h[0 i[# l[d mWoi je \[[b Z_\\[h[djbo$ CW YeiW i_]d_ÒYW l_l[h[ ikbbW fhefh_W f[bb[ gk[ijW ÒbeieÒW5 D[iikde h_kiY_je ÒdehW W jhelWh[ fWheb[ f_ Wffhefh_Wj[ Z_ gk[bb[ Z_ kd ]_ehdWb_ijW Y^[ i_ eYYkfW Z_ l_W]]_ fhel[d_[dj[ ZW kd bedjWde fW[i[$
:_[ F^_beief^_[ Z[i H[ijWkhWdji X[iY^h[_X[d pk mebb[d" _ij pk]b[_Y^ [_d\WY^ kdZ kdc ]b_Y^$ :_[ [_db[kY^j[dZ[ ;hab # hkd] m h[0 i[l[d mWoi je \[[b Z_\\[h[djbo$ 7X[h0 M_[ \ ^bj i_Y^ ZWi Wd5 Jh[\\[dZ[h Wbi [_d H[_i[`ekhdWb_ij Wki Z[c \[h# d[d 7kibWdZ aeddj[ [i X_i^[h d_[cWdZ WkiZh Ya[d$ 7bi ?le 7ZWc _d [_d[c ?dj[hl_[m ZWi Aedp[fj led I;L;D [hab h[d mebbj[" kdj[hXhWY^ _^d Z[h @ekhdWb_ij0 ¼ :edÊj iWo Wdoj^_d] Å `kij b[j c[ ijWo \eh W m^_b[ ½ IW][d I_[ d_Y^ji Å bWii[d I_[ c_Y^ [_d \WY^ ^_[h l[hm[_b[d$ :[dd mWi iW]j iY^ed ZWi ][iY^h_[X[d[ Mehj" m[dd cWd \ ^b[d" i[^[d" ^ h[d" h_[Y^[d kdZ leh Wbb[c iY^c[Ya[d aWdd5 MW^hiY^[_db_Y^ c iij[ [i i_[X[d 8 Y^[h ][X[d" kc WkY^ dkh ^WbXm[]i Z_[ I[[b[ Z_[i[h =[dkiieWi[ Wkipkb[kY^j[d$ MWi [i m_hab_Y^ ^[_iij" led Wbb[d I_dd[d X[h ^hj pk m[hZ[d" a dd[d I_[ dkh _c H_ijehWdj[ I;L;D i[bXij [hb[X[d" Wbb[i WdZ[h[ ij[^j _d Z_[i[c 8kY^$
GkWdZe _d kdÊ_dj[hl_ijW ?le 7ZWc leb[lW if_[]Wh[ _b YedY[j# je Z[b I;L;D" gk[b ]_ehdWb_ijW be _dj[hhkff[ Z_Y[dZe]b_0 ¼ :edÊj iWo Wdoj^_d] Å `kij b[j c[ ijWo \eh W m^_b[ ½$ Ded Z_YW d_[dj[" c_ bWiY_ i[cfb_Y[c[dj[ ijWh[ gk_ f[h kd feÊ $ ?d Òd Z[_ Yedj_" Y^[ YeiW fk Yeckd_YWh[ bW fWhebW iYh_jjW gkWd Ze i_ ^W bW feii_X_b_j} Z_ jeYYWh[" l[Z[h[" i[dj_h[" eZehW# h[ [" iefhWjjkjje" ]kijWh[5 FheXWX_bc[dj[ i[hl_h[XX[he i[jj[ b_Xh_ f[h h_kiY_h[ W h_l[bWh[" i_W fkh[ iebe W c[j}" be if_h_je Y^[ _if_hW gk[ijW eWi_ Z[b f_WY[h[$ 9^[ YeiW i_]d_ÒY^_ h[Wb# c[dj[ [ii[h[ jeYYWj_ _d jkjj_ [ Y_dgk[ _ i[di_ be fej[j[ fhelW# h[ iebe d[b H_ijehWdj[ I;L;D" jkjje _b h[ije be jhelWj[ _d gk[ije b_Xhe$ I;L;D X[ij[^j Wki [_d[c H[ijWkhWdj" [_d[h H[ijWkhWdj# J[hhWii[" [_d[h Iki^_#8Wh" [_d[h Bekd][" [_d[h ;dej[YW" [_# ?b I;L;D Yecfeije ZW kd h_ijehWdj[" kdW j[hhWppW#h_ijehWd# d[h 8Wh" [_d[h I[W#Bekd][ kdZ [_d[c IY^m[ij[hX[jh_[X" j[" kd iki^_ XWh" kdW bekd][" kdÊ[dej[YW" kd XWh" kdW i[W# Z[c I;L;D [Wio$ B[jpj[h[i _ij [_d[ [djifWddj[ ?dj[hfh[jW# bekd][ [ kd i[YedZe h_ijehWdj[" _b I;L;D [Wio$ Gk[ijÊkbj_ce j_ed Z[i ][iWcj[d I;L;D#Aedp[fj[i" Wc WdZ[h[d ;dZ[ kdÊ_dj[hfh[jWp_ed[ Z_i_dlebjW Z[b YedY[jje Yecfb[ii_le Z[h F_WppW led 7iYedW$ Z[b I;L;D" i_jkWje WbbÊWbjhe bWje Z[bbW F_WppW Z_ 7iYedW$ mmm$i[l[d#WiYedW$Y^$ '(
mmm$i[l[d#WiYedW$Y^
=_Wffed[ @WfWd
H_jhWjje Fehjh j
7jiki^_ >_hWeaW
?b ike dec[ jkjje kd fhe]hWccW # 7jiki^_ iW _b \Wjje ike _d cWj[h_W Z_ h_ie [ f[iY[ YhkZe$ Ý eh_]_dWh_e Z_ Jea_e [ ^W _d_p_Wje bW ikW YWhh_[hW eii[hlWdZe f[h kd Wdde _dj[he _ Z_# l[hi_ ceZ_ Z_ YkeY[h[ _b h_ie$ :Wje Y^[ _d YkY_dW bWlehW fhe# fh_e WYYWdje Wb i[jjeh[ fWij_YY[h_W" ^W _d_p_Wje W eii[hlWh[ kdW Z_iY_fb_dW f[h bk_ dkelW0 ]b_ \Wh[XX[ f_WY[h[ Z_l[djWh[ f_ ZebY[$
I[_d DWc[ _ij Fhe]hWcc0 7jiki^_ m[_ii" m_[ cWd c_j H[_i kdZ he^[c <_iY^ kc][^j$ ;h ijWccj Wki Jea_e kdZ ^Wj i[_d[ AWhh_[h[ ZWc_j X[]edd[d" [_d @W^h bWd] dkh pkpkiY^Wk[d" m_[ cWd H[_i aeY^j$ :W [h _d Z[h A Y^[ ]b[_Y^ d[X[d Z[c FWj_ii[h_[#Feij[d WhX[_j[j" ^Wj [h Wd][\Wd][d" [_d[ \ h _^d d[k[ :_ip_fb_d pk X[eXWY^j[d0 ;h c Y^j[ ][hd[ i ii[h m[hZ[d$
7jiki^_ fejh[XX[ l_l[h[ \WY_bc[dj[ iebe Z_ h_ie [ fWijW$ ; Z_ jkjj_ _ f_Wjj_ Y^[ ^Wdde W Y^[ \Wh[ Yed bW ie_W$ ? \ehcW]]_ [hXe# h_dWj_" _dl[Y[" ded ]b_ f_WYY_ede f[h d_[dj[$ JhelW bW Il_pp[# hW kd feÊ ijhWdW cW" fe_Y^ lkeb[ fhelWh[ i[cfh[ _b c[]b_e" \Wc_b_Wh_ppW gkWi_ i[cfh[ WdY^[ Yed ]b_ Wb_c[dj_ be YWb_$
7jiki^_ a ddj[ beYa[h dkh led H[_i kdZ DkZ[bd b[X[d$ KdZ c_j Wbb[c" mWi c_j Ie`WXe^d[d pk jkd ^Wj$ IY^_cc[ba i[ ][^j ^_d][][d X[h^Wkfj d_Y^j$ Iem_[ie ÒdZ[j [h" ZWii Z_[ IY^m[_p _h][dZm_[ aec_iY^ _ij" WX[h ZW [h _cc[h ZWi 8[ij[ l[hikY^[d m_bb" \h[kdZ[j [h i_Y^ \Wij _cc[h WkY^ c_j Z[d ^_[i_][d B[X[dic_jj[bd Wd$
(.
L??
=_Wffed[ @WfWd
7d]k_bbW YejjW =[aeY^j[h 7Wb
( Wd]k_bb[" Yejj[" _d \_b[jj_ ( Zb ZÊWYgkW kd feÊ Z_ iWa
9keY[h[ W \keYe c[Z_e bÊWd]k_bbW _d WYgkW" Yed iWa [ p[dp[he" f[h Wbjh_ '& c_dkj_$ J_hWh[ \keh_ bÊWd]k_bbW ZWb ike XheZe [ bWiY_Wh hW\\h[ZZWh[$ 9keY[h[ WdYehW d[bbW iWbiW jkc[ l[Z_ f$ +, [ Z_ifehh[ ik kd b[jje Z_ h_ie f[h iki^_$
kd feÊ Z_ p[dp[he" jh_jWje h_ie f[h iki^_ ( 7Wb[" \_b[j_[hj" ][aeY^j ( Zb MWii[h M[d_] IWa[ M[d_] ?d]m[h" ][^WYaj Iki^_#H[_i
+*
7Wb _d MWii[h" IWa[ kdZ ?d]m[h X[_ c_jjb[h[h >_jp[ '& C_dkj[d pki jpb_Y^ ]Wh[d$ 7Wb Wki IkZ d[^c[d" Wkia ^b[d bWii[d$ ?d Jkc[#IWkY[ i_[^[ I$ +, pki jpb_Y^ aeY^[d" Wk\ Iki^_#H[_i Wdh_Y^j[d$
L??
=_Wffed[ @WfWd
IWbiW jkc[ Jkc[#IWkY[
) Zb Z_ ZWi^_ &"+ Zb Z_ iWbiW Z_ ie_W
9keY[h[ jkjj_ ]b_ _d]h[Z_[dj_ [ bÊWd]k_bbW" ]_} fh[fWhWjW l[Z_ f$ +* " W \keYe XWiie f[h '& c_dkj_$ :_l_Z[h[ bÊWd]k_bbW W c[j}" dWffWhbW Yed bW iWbiW _if[ii_jW$
&"+ Zb Z_ c_h_d iWa ZebY[ &"+ Zb Z_ iWa kd feÊ Z_ pkYY^[he
) Zb :Wi^_ &"+ Zb Ie`WiWkY[ &"+ Zb C_h_d i ii[h IWa[ &"+ Zb IWa[ M[d_] PkYa[h
+,
7bb[ PkjWj[d Å kdZ fh fWh_[hj[d 7Wb i_[^[ I$ +* Å X[_ ab[_d[h >_jp[ '& C_dkj[d aeY^[d$ 7Wb ^WbX_[h[d" c_j l[hZ_Yaj[h IWkY[ dWff_[h[d$
L??
=_Wffed[ @WfWd
F[hb[ Z_ Y[jh_ebe Wbbe p[dp[he cWh_dWj[ CWh_d_[hj[ ?d]m[h# ]kha[df[hb[d <Wh Xebb_h[ jkjj_ ]b_ _d]h[Z_[dj_ jhWdd[ _b Y[jh_ebe" je]b_[h[ ZWb \keYe$ 9ed kde iYWl_de [ijhWhh[ ZWb Y[jh_ebe Z[bb[ fWbb_d[" c[jj[hb[ d[bbW cWh_dWjW YWbZW$ BWiY_Wh cWh_dWh[ f[h ( ]_ehd_$
Y[jh_ebe ZW _diWbWjW &"+ Zb Z_ WY[je Z_ h_ie +& ] Z_ pkYY^[he ' Zb ZÊWYgkW '& ] Z_ iWb[ *& ] Z_ p[dp[he" jh_jWje ]heiiebWdWc[dj[
7bb[ PkjWj[d Wkii[h =kha[ Wk\aeY^[d" lec >[hZ d[^c[d$ C_j FWh_i[hb \\[b Wki =kha[d F[hb[d Wkiij[Y^[d" _d ^[_ii[ CWh_dWZ[ ][X[d$ ( JW][ cWh_d_[h[d$
IWbWj]kha[ &"+ Zb H[_i[ii_] +& ] PkYa[h ' Zb MWii[h '& ] IWbp *& ] ?d]m[h" ]heX ][^WYaj
+-
L[hZkh[ =[c i[
H_jhWjje Fehjh j
@ h] Akcc[hb dZ[h
;Z [YYe @ h]" gkWi_ f[h\[jje d[b fh[fWhWh[ YWhd_ Whheije$ BW ikW f[hY[djkWb[ Z_ ikYY[iie Z[b // f[hY[dje$ ?b f[hY[dje Y^[ ]b_ cWdYW b ^W f[hZkje _d kdW YkY_dW W :Wlei1 ZkhWdj[ _b MehbZ ;Yedec_Y <ehkc" c[djh[ [hW Yec[ Wb ieb_je Yed Y[d# jhWje d[bbW fh[fWhWp_ed[ Z_ kd Òb[jje" kd Yebb[]W ]b_ Z_[ Z[ kde if_djed[$ @ h] Wbp be i]kWhZe [ ijWlW f[h bWc[djWhi_" gkWd# Ze i_ jhel ZWlWdj_ 7d][b_dW @eb_[$ :efe gk[ije _dYedjhe _b Òb[jje ded [hW f_ Yecc[ij_X_b[$ ?b 8[bbe Z[bb[ YkY_d[ WcW cWd]_Wh[ \[jj_d[ Yed fWjWj[ \h_jj[ [ _diWbWjW$ ?b i[ZWde W Yeij[" _dl[Y[" f[h bk_ jWX " be jhelW ik f[hÓke$ H_j_[d[ _dl[Y[ bW b_c[jjW kde Z[]b_ Wb_c[dj_ f_ _dj[h[iiWdj_ _d gkWdje fk [ii[h[ _cf_[]WjW _d YkY_dW [ Wb XWh$ ?debjh[ [iiW \W WffWh_h[ _ccWdYWX_bc[dj[ kd iehh_ie ik e]d_ lebje" gkWdje f_ WY_ZW jWdje f_ YedjhWjje bÊWd]ebe Z[bbW XeYYW$ F[h bW \eje W Z[ijhW h_kiY_je Yeckdgk[ W ieh# h_Z[h[ i[dpW WbYkd W_kje$
,&
:Wi _ij @ h]" Z[h \Wij f[h\[aj[ <b[_iY^XhWj[h$ I[_d[ ;h\eb]i# gkej[ b_[]j X[_ // Fhep[dj$ :Wi \[^b[dZ[ Fhep[dj b_[]j _d [_# d[h A Y^[ _d :Wlei0 7bi [h m ^h[dZ Z[c MehbZ ;Yedec_Y <ehkc m_[ Xb_Y^ aedp[djh_[hj _d Z_[ PkX[h[_jkd] [_d[i <_b[ji l[hj_[\j mWh" iY^kXij[ _^d i[_d AeY^aebb[][$ 7bi @ h] Wk\iY^Wkj[ kdZ i_Y^ X[abW][d mebbj[" ijWdZ 7d][b_dW @eb_[ leh _^c$ :Wi <_b[j mWh ZWdWY^ d_Y^j c[^h [iiXWh$ :[h A Y^[d#8[Wk _iij i[bX[h b_[X[dZ ][hd[ IY^d_jp[b" Fec# c[i kdZ IWbWj$ IjWd][di[bb[h_[ ^_d][][d _ij \ h _^d JWXk" Z[d ÒdZ[j [h X[hÓ ii_]$ :_[ B_c[jj[ X[p[_Y^d[j [h Wbi [_d[i Z[h _dj[h[iiWdj[ij[d B[X[dic_jj[b" m[_b i_[ _d Z[h A Y^[ kdZ Wd Z[h 8Wh [_d][i[jpj m[hZ[d aWdd$ PkZ[c pWkX[hj Z_[ B_# c[jj[ kdm[_][hb_Y^ [_d B Y^[bd Wk\ `[Z[i =[i_Y^j Å `[ iWk# h[h" Z[ije l[hpe][d[h Z_[ CkdZm_da[b$ < h ZWi Fehjh j\eje Wk\ Z[h h[Y^j[d I[_j[ aeddj[ [h Wbb[hZ_d]i e^d[ >_b\ic_jj[b Wkiaecc[d$
?L
L[hZkh[ =[c i[
<edZk[ Z_ lWY^[h_d [ p_][h LWY^[h_d#P_][h#<edZk[
&". Zb Z_ l_de X_WdYe ' if_YY^_e ZÊW]b_e" jh_jWje ,& ] Z_ ]hko h[" ]hWjjk]_Wje ,& ] Z_ LWY^[h_d
<Wh Xebb_h[ _b l_de Yed bÊW]b_e$ ?dYehfehWh[ _ \ehcW]]_" WZ [iYbki_ed[ Z[bbe p_][h" \Whb_ iY_e]b_[h[ b[djWc[dj[$ ?diWfeh_h[$ IY_e]b_[h[ bÊWc_Ze d[b a_hiY^" h_c[iYebWh[$ 7]]_kd][h[ be p_][h" c[iYebWh[ Òde W ejj[d[h[ kdW iWbiW Z[diW$ I[hl_h[ d[_ YWddeb_ Z_ fWjWjW" l[Z_ f$ -,
<h_Xekh][e_i" ]hWjjk]_Wje *& ] Z_ j_bi_j[h WbbW fWddW f[f[" deY[ ceiYWjW ) ] Z_ Wc_Ze Z_ cW_i &"( Zb Z_ a_hiY^ + ] Z_ p_][h" ]hWjjk]_Wje
&". Zb M[_iim[_d ' AdeXbWkY^p[^[" ][^WYaj ,& ] =hko h[" ][hW\\[bj ,& ] LWY^[h_d <h_Xekh][e_i" ][hW\\[bj *& ] HW^c#J_bi_j[h F\[\\[h" CkiaWjdkii ) ] CW_iij ha[ &"( Zb A_hiY^ + ] P_][h" ][h_[X[d
-*
M[_d c_j AdeXbWkY^ Wk\aeY^[d$ A i[" Wkii[h P_][h" [_dh ^h[d kdZ bWd]iWc iY^c[bp[d$ M hp[d$ Ij ha[c[^b _d A_hiY^ WkÓ i[d" [_dh ^h[d$ P_][h X[_\ ][d" i c_] h ^h[d _d AWhje\\[bh ^h[ Wdh_Y^j[d" i_[^[ I$ -, $
?L
L[hZkh[ =[c i[
9Wddeb_ Z_ fWjWjW AWhje\\[bh ^h[
( ]heii[ fWjWj[ 9^Whbejj[ " iXkYY_Wj[ (& ] Z_ Xkhhe de_i[jj[ &"' Zb Z_ eb_e Z_ deY_ f[f[ Z[bbW LWbb[ CW]]_W
JW]b_Wh[ W c[j} b[ fWjWj[1 h_YWlWhd[ Z[_ Y_b_dZh_ Yed kde ijWcfe hejedZe" bWlehWdZe d[b i[die Z[bbW bkd]^[ppW$ 9ed be iYWl_de" ilkejWh[ _ Y_b_dZh_ WbbÊ_dj[hde" ejj[d[dZe Yei kdW \ehcW Y_b_dZh_YW lkejW YWddebe $ IXebb[djWh[ _ YWddeb_ _d WYgkW iWbWjW" Wl[dZe YkhW Z_ cWdj[d[hd[ bW Yedi_ij[dpW$ <Whb_ iWbjWh[ _d Xkhhe de_i[jj[" eb_e" iWb[ [ f[f[$
\_eh Z_ iWb[
( AWhje\\[bd 9^Whbejj[ " ]heii" ][iY^ bj (& ] 8[khh[ De_i[jj[ &"' Zb 8Wkcdkii b CW]]_Wf\[\\[h <b[kh Z[ I[b
-,
AWhje\\[bd ^WbX_[h[d" c_j [_d[h hkdZ[d <ehc Z[h B d][ dWY^ Wkiij[Y^[d [h]_Xj [_d[d Pob_dZ[h $ C_j FWh_i[hb \\[b Pob_dZ[h Wki^ ^b[d [h]_Xj [_d[ H ^h[ $ H ^h[d _d IWbpmWii[h X_ii\[ij XbWdY^_[h[d$ ?d 8[khh[ De_i[jj[" zb" IWbp kdZ F\[\\[h iY^m[da[d$
?L
L[hZkh[ =[c i[
8WijedY_d_ Z_ hW\Wde Yed iWbiW Wb Ykc_de 8_[hh[jj_Y^#< Z[d c_j Ah[kpa cc[biWkY[ JW]b_Wh[ W ¼ `kb_[dd[i ½ ijh_iY_eb_d[ cebje iejj_b_ _b hW\Wde$ Fh[fWhWh[ kd Zh[ii_d] Yed ]b_ Wbjh_ _d]h[Z_[dj_" \hkbbWdZeb_ Wii_[c[$ L[hiWhbe ikb hW\Wde$
'&& ] Z_ hW\Wde '& ] Z_ Ykc_de iYWbe]de" jh_jWje \_d[c[dj[ '& ] Z_ ]hWd_ Z_ f[f[ heiW ( YkYY^_W_ Z_ WY[je XWbiWc_Ye X_WdYe ( YkYY^_W_ Z_ eb_e Z_ YWhjWce iWb[" f[f[" pkYY^[he
8_[hh[jj_Y^ _d @kb_[dd[i iY^d[_Z[d$ :_[ h[ijb_Y^[d PkjWj[d pk :h[ii_d] c_n[d$ 8_[hh[jj_Y^ ZWc_j X[jh k\[bd$
'&& ] 8_[hh[jj_Y^ '& ] Ah[kpa cc[b IY^Wbejj[" \[_d ][^WYaj '& ] F\[\\[ha hd[h" heiW ( [b m[_ii[h 8WbiWc_Ye ( [b :_ij[b b IWbp" F\[\\[h" PkYa[h
--
9[h[Wb_ =[jh[_Z[
??
9[h[Wb_ =[jh[_Z[
HWl_eb_ Z_ \ehcW]]_e \h[iYe [ cebbkiY^_ <h_iY^a i[#CkiY^[b# HWl_ebe (&& ] Z_ fWijW \h[iYW (&& ] Z_ \ehcW]]_e \h[iYe <_bWZ[b\_W ( jkehb_ ZÊkele
Fh[fWhWh[ Yed bW fWijW . Z_iY^_ iejj_b_$ C[iYebWh[ jkjj_ ]b_ _d]h[Z_[dj_" jhWdd[ _ cebbkiY^_$ 9ed bW jWiYW ZW fWij_YY_[h[ _d_[jjWh[ ik * Z_iY^_ _b Yecfeije" i_ij[cWhl_ _ cebbkiY^_$ 9efh_h[ _ Z_iY^_ Yed _ * h[ijWdj_ [ fh[c[h[ ik_ XehZ_$ 9keY[h[ (Å) c_dkj_ _d WXXedZWdj[ WYgkW Xebb[dj[ iWbWjW$
( ] Z_ j_ce Z_ cedjW]dW ( ] Z_ [hXW Y_febb_dW" jh_jWjW \_d[c[dj[ ikYYe Z_ ' b_ced[ p[ijW jh_jWjW Z_ b_ced[ +& ] Z_ fWhc_]_Wde" ]hWjjk]_Wje
+& ] Z_ gkWha cW]he iWb[ '&& ] Z_ cebbkiY^_" Yejj_
(&& ] FWijWj[_] (&& ] <h_iY^a i[ F^_bWZ[bf^_W ( ;_][bX ( ] 8[h]j^oc_Wd ( ] IY^d_jjbWkY^" \[_d ][^WYaj
' P_jhed[" IW\j P_jhed[" P[ij[" ][^WYaj +& ] FWhc[iWd" ][h_[X[d +& ] CW][hgkWha IWbp '&& ] CkiY^[bd" ][aeY^j
/.
7ki Z[c FWijWj[_] . \[_d[ J[_]hedZ[bb[d Wkiij[Y^[d$ 7bb[ PkjWj[d Wkii[h CkiY^[bd l[hc_iY^[d$ C_j Ifh_jpiWYa Wk\ * J[_]hedZ[bb[d ifh_jp[d" Z_[ CkiY^[bd Wk\i[jp[d$ C_j h[ijb_Y^[d * J[_]hedZ[bb[d pkZ[Ya[d" H dZ[h Wdfh[ii[d$ ?d h[_Y^b_Y^ IWbpmWii[h (Å) C_dkj[d aeY^[d$
??
9[h[Wb_ =[jh[_Z[
HW] Z_ Yepp[ [ iYehped[hW IY^mWhpmkhp[b# CkiY^[bhW]ekj ' a] Z_ Yepp[ XekY^ed ( YWhej[" ' fehhe X_WdYe [ ' Y_febbW" jkjje W f_YYeb_ ZWZ_d_ ( if_YY^_ ZÊW]b_e"
HeiebWh[ b[ l[hZkh[ _d eb_e ZÊeb_lW$ 7]]_kd][h[ b[ Yepp[ [ Yedj_dkWh[ W heiebWh[ f[h kd feÊ$ 7bbkd]Wh[ Yed l_de [ De_bbo FhWj" YkeY[h[ Yef[hje f[h ) c_dkj_ Òde W \Wh Wfh_h[ b[ Yepp[$ I]kiY_Whb[" h_Zkhh[ _b \edZe" kd_h[ be pW\\[hWde [ bW febfW Z[bb[ Yepp[ [ Whh_YY^_hd[ _b iWfeh[ Yed fWddW
jh_jWj_ \_d[c[dj[ ' iYehped[hW" jW]b_WjW W \[jj[ iejj_b_ ( Zb Z_ c[hbej X_WdYe ' Zb Z_ De_bbo FhWj
' ] Z_ \_b_ Z_ pW\\[hWde ( Zb Z_ fWddW
' a] 8ekY^ed#CkiY^[bd ( AWhejj[d" ' m[_ii[h BWkY^ kdZ Pm_[X[b" `[ _d ab[_d[ M h\[b ][iY^d_jj[d ( AdeXbWkY^p[^[d" \[_d ][^WYaj ' IY^mWhpmkhp[b" _d \[_d[ IY^[_X[d ][iY^d_jj[d ( Zb m[_ii[h C[hbej ' Zb De_bbo FhWj ' ] IW\hWd\ Z[d ( Zb HW^c
'&&
=[c i[ _d Eb_l[d b Wdp_[^[d$ CkiY^[bd X[_\ ][d" akhp c_jZ dij[d$ C_j M[_d kdZ De_bbo FhWj WXb iY^[d" pk][Z[Yaj ) C_dkj[d Z cf\[d" X_i i_Y^ Z_[ CkiY^[bd \\d[d$ <b[_iY^ Wki IY^Wb[ b i[d" <edZ [_dh[Zkp_[h[d" IW\hWd kdZ CkiY^[bÓ[_iY^ X[_][X[d" c_j HW^c l[h\[_d[hd$
??
9[h[Wb_ =[jh[_Z[
9Wlebe hWfW _d eb_e Z_ pW\\[hWde Z_ CkdZ ;_d][b[]j[h Ae^bhWX_ _d CkdZ[hiW\hWd b JW]b_Wh[ _b YWlebe hWfW _d Z_iY^_ iejj_b_" iXebb[djWhb_ _d WYgkW iWbWjW [ hW\\h[ZZWhb_ _d WYgkW ]^_WYY_WjW$ IYWbZWh[ ]b_ Wbjh_ _d]h[Z_[dj_ W ,& ]hWZ_" \hkbbWh[$ 9efh_h[ _b YWlebe hWfW Yed _b Yecfeije ejj[dkje [ bWiY_Wh cWh_dWh[ f[h ' ]_ehde$ 7b cec[dje Z_ i[hl_h[ _d jWlebW" iYWbZWh[ _b YWlebe hWfW Yed bW cWh_dWjW [ Z_ifehbe iejje _ hWl_eb_$
' YWlebe hWfW ' Zb Z_ eb_e ZÊeb_lW iYehpW ]hWjjk]_WjW Z_ ' b_ced[ ' ] Z_ \_b_ Z_ pW\\[hWde Z_ CkdZ ( YkYY^_W_ Z_ WY[je Z_ \_Y^_ ' YkYY^_W_de Z_ c_[b[ c_bb[\_eh_
Ae^bhWX_ _d \[_d[ HedZ[bb[d Wkiij[Y^[d" _d IWbpmWii[h XbWdY^_[h[d" _d ;_imWii[h WXiY^h[Ya[d$ H[ijb_Y^[ PkjWj[d Wk\ ,& =hWZ [h^_jp[d" c_n[d$ Ae^bhWX_ c_j mWhc[c zb][c_iY^ X[Z[Ya[d" ' JW] cWh_d_[h[d$ Pkc 7dh_Y^j[d Ae^bhWX_ c_j CWh_dWZ[ [hm hc[d kdZ kdj[h HWl_ebe b[][d$
' Ae^bhWX_ ' Zb Eb_l[d b ' P_jhed[" 7Xh_[X ' ] CkdZ[hiW\hWd\ Z[d ( [b <[_][d[ii_] ' jb 8b j[d^ed_]
'&'
L
9[h[Wb_ =[jh[_Z[
H_iejje W_ YhWkj_ IWk[hahWkjh_iejje
' iYWbe]de" jh_jWje )& ] Z_ Xkhhe kd feÊ Z_ eb_e Z_ YebpW (&& ] Z_ h_ie f[h h_iejj_
HeiebWh[ Xh[l[c[dj[ be iYWbe]de d[b Xkhhe [ d[bbÊeb_e" gk_dZ_ W]]_kd][h[ _b h_ie$ :khWdj[ bW YejjkhW ',Å(& c_dkj_ l[hiWh[ YeijWdj[c[dj[ l_de [ XheZe$ :efe '& c_dkj_ Z_ YejjkhW W]]_kd][h[ _ YhWkj_ [ W Òd[ YejjkhW bW fWddW [ _b fWhc_]_Wde$ ?diWfeh_h[$
'"+ Zb Z_ l_de X_WdYe *"+ Zb Z_ XheZe Z_ l[hZkh[ '&& ] Z_ YhWkj_" Yejj_ +& ] Z_ fWddW" cedjWjW (& ] Z_ fWhc_]_Wde" _d iYW]b_[ iWb[" f[f[
' IY^Wbejj[" ][^WYaj )& ] 8kjj[h M[d_] HWfi b (&& ] H_iejjeh[_i '"+ Zb M[_iim[_d *"+ Zb =[c i[Xek_bbed '&& ] IWk[hahWkj" ][aeY^j +& ] HW^c" ][iY^bW][d (& ] FWhc[iWd" _d If d[d IWbp" F\[\\[h
''&
Pm_[X[bd _d 8kjj[h kdZ zb akhp Z dij[d" H[_i X[_\ ][d$ M ^h[dZ Z[h AeY^p[_j led ',Å(& C_dkj[d aedj_dk_[hb_Y^ M[_d kdZ 8ek_bbed ZWpk]_[ii[d$ DWY^ '& C_dkj[d AeY^p[_j IWk[hahWkj X[_\ ][d$ 7c IY^bkii HW^c kdZ FWhc[iWd X[_\ ][d$ 7XiY^c[Ya[d$
L
9[h[Wb_ =[jh[_Z[
B_d]kW b[iiW Z_ l_j[bbe =[aeY^j[ AWbXipkd][
' YWhejW" ' fehhe X_WdYe" ' Y_febbW" jkjje W ZWZ_d_ '& ] Z_ Xkhhe + Zb Z_ l_de X_WdYe ) Zb Z_ XheZe Z_ l_j[bbe
HeiebWh[ Xh[l[c[dj[ d[b Xkhhe YWhejW" fehhe [ Y_febbW$ 7bbkd]Wh[ Yed _b l_de [ l[hiWh[ _b XheZe$ 7]]_kd][h[ bW b_d]kW [ bÊW]b_e$ 9keY[h[ f[h *+ c_dkj_$ ;ijhWhh[ bW YWhd[ ZWb \edZe [ fWiiWh[ Wb i[jWYY_e b[ l[hZkh[$ 7 \keYe l_le h_Zkhh[ _b b_gk_Ze W &"+ Zb$ 7]]_kd][h[ eb_e" WY[je [ iYWbe]de$ JW]b_Wh[ bW b_d]kW W \[jj[ iejj_b_ d[b i[die Z[bbW bkd]^[ppW [ h_c[jj[h[" _di_[c[ Wbb[ l[hZkh[" d[b \edZe$ <Wh hW\\h[ZZWh[ [ c[jj[h[ _d \h[iYe f[h kd ]_ehde$ Fh_cW Z_ i[hl_h[ _d jWlebW" h_iYWbZWh[ Xh[l[c[dj[ W \keYe ceZ[hWje$
' b_d]kW Z_ l_j[bbe ( if_YY^_ ZÊW]b_e ) YkYY^_W_ Z_ eb_e ZÊeb_lW ) YkYY^_W_ Z_ WY[je Z_
l_de X_WdYe ' iYWbe]de" jh_jWje \_d[c[dj[
' AWhejj[" ' m[_ii[h BWkY^" ' Pm_[X[b" Wbb[i _d M h\[b ][iY^d_jj[d '& ] 8kjj[h + Zb M[_iim[_d ) Zb AWbXiXek_bbed ' AWbXipkd][ ( AdeXbWkY^p[^[d ) [b Eb_l[d b ) [b M[_iim[_d[ii_] ' IY^Wbejj[" \[_d ][^WYaj ''(
AWhejj[" BWkY^ kdZ Pm_[X[b _d 8kjj[h akhp Z dij[d$ C_j M[_d WXb iY^[d" 8ek_bbed Wk\]_[ii[d$ Pkd][ kdZ AdeXbWkY^ X[_][X[d$ *+ C_dkj[d aeY^[d$ <b[_iY^ Wki Z[c <edZ d[^c[d" =[c i[ Wkii_[X[d$ <b ii_]a[_j X[_ ^e^[h >_jp[ Wk\ &"+ Zb [_dh[Zkp_[h[d$ zb" ;ii_] kdZ IY^Wbejj[ X[_\ ][d$ Pkd][ Z[h B d][ dWY^ \[_d jhWdY^_[h[d$ PkiWcc[d c_j =[c i[ pkh Ya _d Z[d <edZ b[][d$ 7kia ^b[d bWii[d" [_d[d JW] a ^b ij[bb[d$ Leh Z[c I[hl_[h[d X[_ c_jjb[h[h >_jp[ akhp [hm hc[d$
L
9[h[Wb_ =[jh[_Z[
L_dW_]h[jj[ Z_ hW\Wde Yed YWff[hed_ C[[hh[jj_Y^#L_dW_]h[jj[ c_j 7f\[baWf[hd C[iYebWh[ jkjj_ ]b_ _d]h[Z_[dj_$ 9edZ_h[ Yed WY[je jhWZ_p_edWb[ [ ]kWhd_h[ Yed Òeh Z_ iWb[ [ f[f[ Z[bbW LWbb[ CW]]_W$ I[hl_h[$
&"+ Zb Z_ WY[je XWbiWc_Ye X_WdYe ' Zb Z_ eb_e ZÊeb_lW &"+ Zb Z_ ikYYe Z_ c[b[ + ] Z_ hW\Wde" ]hWjjk]_Wje ' YWhejW" jW]b_WjW W ¼Xhkde_i[i½ ZWZ_d_ " iXebb[djWjW '( YWff[hed_" jW]b_Wj_ W c[j} '& ] Z_ [hXW Y_febb_dW" jW]b_WjW f[f[ Z[bbW LWbb[ CW]]_W" \_eh Z_ iWb[
7bb[ PkjWj[d l[hc_iY^[d$ 8[_c 7dh_Y^j[d c_j 7Y[je jhWZ_p_edWb[" <b[kh Z[ I[b kdZ CW]]_Wf\[\\[h ]Whd_[h[d$
&"+ Zb m[_ii[h 8WbiWc_Ye ' Zb Eb_l[d b &"+ Zb 7f\[biW\j + ] C[[hh[jj_Y^" ][h_[X[d ' AWhejj[" _d 8hkde_i[i ][iY^d_jj[d" XbWdY^_[hj '( 7f\[baWf[hd" ^WbX_[hj '& ] IY^d_jjbWkY^" ][iY^d_jj[d CW]]_Wf\[\\[h" <b[kh Z[ I[b
'')
F[iY[ <_iY^
L??
F[iY[ <_iY^
Iek\\b Z_ hecXe Iek\\b_[hj[h Ij[_dXkjj
(&& ] Z_ \hWjjW]b_[ Z_ hecXe ( Zb Z_ fWddW '(& ] Z_ jkehbe ZÊkele '& ] Z_ iWb[ ikYYe Z_ ' b_ced[ &"( Zb Z_ F[hdeZ .& ] Z_ fWddW" cedjWjW
C[iYebWh[ \hWjjW]b_[ Z_ hecXe" fWddW" jkehbe ZÊkele" iWb[" ikYYe Z_ b_ced[ [ F[hdeZ" Yed][bWh[ d[b Y[ij[bbe Z[b FWYe`[j [ fe_ ic_dkppWh[ _d kd Ykjj[h ZW YkY_dW$ ?dYehfehWh[ Z[b_YWjWc[dj[ bW fWddW cedjWjW [ bÊWbXkc[" iWbWh[$ Ij[dZ[h[ _b Yecfeije ik kdW j[]b_W h_l[ij_jW Z_ f[bb_YebW jhWifWh[dj[ [ Yed][bWh[$ Fe_ W\\[jjWh[$ FeiWh[ b[ \[jj[ ik_ Òb[jj_ Z_ f[iY[" fWiiWh[ _d kdW j[]b_W ZW ]hWj_d _cXkhhWjW [ l[hiWhl_ _b \edZe Z_ f[iY[ [ _b l_de$ Fh[h_iYWbZWh[ _b \ehde" Yed [c_ii_ed[ Z_ YWbeh[ iebe ZWbbÊWbje" W ((& ]hWZ_ [ ]hWj_dWh[ f[h .Å'& c_dkj_$
.& ] Z_ WbXkc[" cedjWje W d[l[ *&& ] Z_ \_b[jj_ Z_ hecXe" _d * \[jj[ ( Zb Z_ \edZe Z_ f[iY[ ( Zb Z_ l_de X_WdYe
(&& ] Ij[_dXkjjWXiY^d_jj[ ( Zb HW^c '(& ] ;_][bX '& ] IWbp ' P_jhed[" IW\j &"( Zb F[hdeZ .& ] HW^c" ][iY^bW][d .& ] ;_m[_ii" ][iY^bW][d *&& ] Ij[_dXkjj\_b[ji" _d * Ij Ya[d ( Zb <_iY^\edZ ( Zb M[_iim[_d
'+&
Ij[_dXkjjWXiY^d_jj[" HW^c" ;_][bX" IWbp" P_jhed[diW\j kdZ F[hdeZ l[hc_iY^[d" _d FWYe`[jX[Y^[h [_d\h_[h[d" WdiY^b_[ii[dZ Ykjj[hd$ =[iY^bW][d[d HW^c kdZ ;_m[_ii ieh]\ bj_] ZWhkdj[h ^[X[d" iWbp[d$ CWii[ Wk\ 8WYaXb[Y^ c_j FbWij_a\eb_[ ijh[_Y^[d" [_d\h_[h[d$ 7diY^b_[ii[dZ _d JhWdY^[d iY^d[_Z[d$ JhWdY^[d Wk\ <_iY^Òb[ji b[][d" _d ][Xkjj[hj[ =hWj_d\ehc ][X[d" <edZ kdZ M[_d ZWpk]_[ii[d$ ?c leh][^[_pj[d E\[d X[_ ((& =hWZ EX[h^_jp[ .Å'& C_dkj[d ]hWj_d_[h[d$
L??
F[iY[ <_iY^
<ehc[dj_de ]bWiiWje =bWi_[hj[h <[bZiWbWj
(&& ] Z_ \ehc[dj_de (& ] Z_ \e]b_[ Z_ Yeh_WdZebe ' iYWbe]de" jh_jWje
<Wh WffWii_h[ Xh[l[c[dj[ d[b Xkhhe _diWbWjW" Yeh_WdZebe [ iYWbe]de [ Wbbkd]Wh[ Yed _b \edZe$ ?diWfeh_h[ fe_ Yed b[ if[p_[ [ YedZ_h[ Yed bÊeb_e Z_ jWhjk\e$ I[hl_h[ Yed kdW iejj_b[ \[jjW Z_ Wd]kh_W$
)& ] Z_ Xkhhe ' Zb Z_ \edZe Z_ l[hZkh[ iWb[" f[f[" deY[ ceiYWjW kd feYe Z_ eb_e Z_ jWhjk\e
(&& ] <[bZiWbWj (& ] Aeh_WdZ[hXb jj[h ' IY^Wbejj[" ][^WYaj )& ] 8kjj[h ' Zb =[c i[\edZ IWbp" F\[\\[h" CkiaWjdkii M[d_] Jh \\[b b
'+(
IWbWj" Aeh_WdZ[h kdZ IY^Wbejj[ _d 8kjj[h akhp Z dij[d" c_j <edZ WXb iY^[d$ 7diY^b_[ii[dZ m hp[d kdZ c_j Jh \\[b b WXiY^c[Ya[d$ C_j [_d[h Z dd[d IY^[_X[ MWii[hc[bed[ Wdh_Y^j[d$
L??
F[iY[ <_iY^
IWbiW Wb Ykhho 9khhoiWkY[
Ie\\h_]][h[ fWijW Z_ Ykhho" c[bW" XWdWdW" f[f[hedY_de [ Y_febbW d[bbĂ&#x160;eb_e Z_ YWhjWce$ 7bbkd]Wh[ Yed _b \edZe" W]]_kd][h[ bWjj[ Z_ YeYYe [ b[ced]hWii [ YkeY[h[ W \keYe XWiie$ <hkbbWh[ [ Ă&#x2019;bjhWh[$ 7]]_kd][h[ b_gkeh[ [ Xkhhe" \hkbbWh[ f[h h[dZ[h[ bW iWbiW ifkceiW$
&"+ Zb Z_ eb_e Z_ YWhjWce ( YkYY^_W_ Z_ fWijW Z_ Ykhho" heiiW c[bW" W ZWZ_d_ Z_ XWdWdW" W\\[jjWjW f[f[hedY_de" jh_jWje \_d[c[dj[ Y_febbW" jh_jWjW ( Zb Z_ \edZe Z_ l[hZkh[ '"+ Zb Z_ bWjj[ Z_ YeYYe ( ]WcX_ Z_ b[ced]hWii" fh[iiWj_
&"* Zb Z_ b_gkeh[ Z_ YeYYe +& ] Z_ Xkhhe
9khhofWij[" 7f\[b" 8WdWd[" 9^_b_ kdZ Pm_[X[b _c :_ij[bÂ?b ZÂ&#x201D;dij[d$ C_j <edZ WXbÂ?iY^[d" Aeaeic_bY^ kdZ P_jhed[d]hWi X[_\Â&#x201D;][d" X[_ ab[_d[h >_jp[ aeY^[d$ C_n[d" fWii_[h[d$ B_aÂ?h kdZ 8kjj[h X[_\Â&#x201D;][d" iY^Wkc_] c_n[d$
&"+ Zb :_ij[bÂ?b ( [b 9khhofWij[" hej 7f\[b" ][mÂ&#x201D;h\[bj 8WdWd[" ][iY^d_jj[d 9^_b_iY^ej[" \[_d ][^WYaj Pm_[X[b" ][^WYaj ( Zb =[cÂ&#x201D;i[\edZ '"+ Zb Aeaeic_bY^ ( Ij d][b P_jhed[d]hWi" p[hgk[jiY^j &"* Zb Aeaeib_aÂ?h +& ] 8kjj[h '+)
9Whd[ <b[_iY^
??
9Whd[ <b[_iY^
I[bbW ZÊW]d[bbe Z[_ F_h[d[_ _d YheijW Z_ f[f[ Z[bbW LWbb[ CW]]_W Foh[d [dbWcch Ya[d c_j CW]]_Wf\[\\[hahkij[ *&& ] Z_ \_b[jje Z_ i[bbW ZÊW]d[bbe )& ] Z_ Xkhhe de_i[jj[ '& ] Z_ ]bkYei_e *& ] Z_ f[f[ Z[bbW LWbb[ CW]]_W '& ] Z_ Xkhhe '& ] Z_ \Wh_dW f[h _cfWdWjkhW
HeiebWh[ Xh[l[c[dj[ bW YWhd[ d[b Xkhhe de_i[jj[$ Fe_ YkeY[hbW d[b \ehde W '*& ]hWZ_ f[h '& c_dkj_$ BWiY_WhbW h_feiWh[ '+ c_dkj_ d[bbÊ^ebZecWj \ehde W ,& ]hWZ_$ IYWbZWh[ _b ]bkYei_e [ if[dd[bbWhbe ikbbW i[bbW ZÊW]d[bbe$ FWiiWh[ d[b f[f[$ <Wh \edZ[h[ _b Xkhhe$ 7]]_kd][h[ bW \Wh_dW f[h _cfWdWjkhW [ _b j_ce" bWiY_Wh hW\\h[ZZWh[$ 7]]_kd][h[ jkehbe ZÊkele [ iWb[" c[iYebWh[$ IfWbcWh[ _b Yecfeije ikbbW i[bbW ZÊW]d[bbe$ =hWj_dWh[ Wb \ehde WbbW cWii_cW j[cf[hWjkhW" Yed [c_ii_ed[ Z_ YWbeh[ ZWbbÊWbje$ JW]b_Wh[ W jhWdY_$
+ ] Z_ j_ce Z_ cedjW]dW" jh_jWje \_d[c[dj[ ' YkYY^_W_de Z_ jkehbe ZÊkele Yh_ijWbb_ Z_ iWb[ Z[bbÊ>_cWbWoW
*&& ] BWcch Ya[d\_b[j )& ] 8[khh[ De_i[jj[ '& ] =bkaei[ *& ] CW]]_Wf\[\\[h '& ] 8kjj[h '& ] FWd_[hc[^b + ] 8[h]j^oc_Wd" \[_d ][^WYaj ' jb ;_][bX >_cWbWoWiWbpah_ijWbb
',(
<b[_iY^ _d 8[khh[ De_i[jj[ akhp WdXhWj[d$ 7diY^b_[ii[dZ _c E\[d X[_ '*& =hWZ '& C_dkj[d ]Wh[d$ ?c >ebZecWj E\[d X[_ ,& =hWZ '+ C_dkj[d hk^[d bWii[d$ =bkaei[ [h^_jp[d$ <b[_iY^h Ya[d ZWc_j X[ijh[_Y^[d$ ?c F\[\\[h m[dZ[d$ 8kjj[h iY^c[bp[d$ FWd_[hc[^b kdZ J^oc_Wd X[_\ ][d" Wkia ^b[d bWii[d$ ;_][bX kdZ IWbp X[_\ ][d" c_iY^[d$ CWii[ Wk\ <b[_iY^h Ya[d ijh[_Y^[d$ ?c E\[d X[_ cWn_cWb[h EX[h^_jp[ akhp ]hWj_d_[h[d$ JhWdY^_[h[d$
??
9Whd[ <b[_iY^
Fkh[W Z_ fWjWj[ Yed \ehcW]]_e Z_ YWfhW AWhje\\[bf h[[ c_j P_[][da i[ (&& ] Z_ fWjWj[" 8_dj`[" iXkYY_Wj[" W ZWZ_d_ ' Zb Z_ bWjj[ +& ] Z_ Xkhhe iWb[" deY[ ceiYWjW ( \e]b_ Z_ fWijW \_be
B[iiWh[ b[ fWjWj[ _d WXXedZWdj[ WYgkW iWbWjW$ IYebWh[ [ bWiY_Wh [lWfehWh[" iY^_WYY_Wh[$ IYWbZWh[ bWjj[" Xkhhe" iWb[ [ deY[ ceiYWjW$ ?dYehfehWh[" c[iYebWdZe" WbbW fkh[W Z_ fWjWj[$ Ij[dZ[h[ bW fWijW Òbe [ Z_l_Z[hbW _d . h[jjWd]eb_$ IfWbcWhd[ * Yed Xkhhe [ kiWh[ ]b_ Wbjh_ * f[h Yefh_h[ _ fh_c_$ <ehcWh[ Yed bW fWijW * hejeb_ Z_ Y_hYW ) Yc Z_ Z_Wc[jhe$ <Wh ZehWh[ Wb \ehde W (&& ]hWZ_$ ?dÒbWh[ _b \ehcW]]_e d[_ hejeb_" Yecfb[jWh[ Yed bW fkh[W Z_ fWjWj[ YWbZW iWYYW ZW fWij_YY_[h[ $
'& ] Z_ Xkhhe" b_gk_Ze '&& ] Z_ \ehcW]]_e cebb[ Z_ YWfhW" _d * jhWdY_ eXbkd]^_
(&& ] AWhje\\[bd" 8_dj`[" ][iY^ bj" ][m h\[bj ' Zb C_bY^ +& ] 8kjj[h IWbp" CkiaWjdkii ( <_bej[_]Xb jj[h '& ] 8kjj[h" \b ii_] '&& ] P_[][dm[_Y^a i[" _d * b d]b_Y^[d JhWdY^[d
',*
AWhje\\[bd _d h[_Y^b_Y^ IWbpmWii[h m[_Y^ aeY^[d$ 7X]_[ii[d kdZ WkiZWcf\[d" ijWcf\[d$ C_bY^" 8kjj[h" IWbp kdZ CkiaWjdkii [h^_jp[d$ Kdj[h AWhje\\[bf h[[ h ^h[d$ <_bej[_] Wkib[][d" _d . H[Y^j[Ya[ iY^d[_Z[d$ * Ij Ya c_j 8kjj[h X[ijh[_Y^[d" h[ijb_Y^[ * Ij Ya ZWhWk\ b[][d$ :[d J[_] Wk\ * Hebb[d led [jmW ) Yc :khY^c[ii[h Wk\hebb[d$ ?c E\[d X[_ (&& =hWZ XhWkd XWYa[d$ A i[ _d Hebb[d iY^_[X[d" c_j ^[_ii[c AWhje\\[bf h[[ Wk\\ bb[d Ifh_jpiWYa $
??
9Whd[ <b[_iY^
9ecfeijW Z_ c[b[ 7f\[baecfejj
<Wh Xebb_h[ ikYYe Z_ c[b[" WYgkW" iY_heffe" WY[je [ p[ijW Z_ b_ced[$ JW]b_Wh[ bW c[bW W \[jj[" Z_l_Z[hb[ W c[j}$ L[hiWh[ _b \edZe YWbZe ikbb[ \[jj[ Z_ c[b[ [ bWiY_Wh hW\\h[ZZWh[$ ;ijhWhh[ b[ \[jj[ Z_ c[bW ZWb \edZe$ H_Zkhh[ _b \edZe Òde W ZWh]b_ kdW Yedi_ij[dpW iY_heffeiW$ 7]]_kd][h[ _b ik]e$
( Zb Z_ ikYYe Z_ c[b[ ' Zb ZÊWYgkW &"- Zb Z_ iY_heffe Z_ ]hWdWj_dW &"' Zb Z_ WY[je Z_ c[b[ _dl[YY^_Wje p[ijW Z_ ' b_ced[ ' c[bW ' Zb Z_ ik]e Z_ W]d[bbe
7f\[biW\j" MWii[h" I_hkf" ;ii_] kdZ P[ij[ Wk\aeY^[d$ 7f\[b _d IY^[_X[d iY^d[_Z[d" ^WbX_[h[d$ >[_ii[d <edZ X[h Z_[ 7f\[biY^[_X[d ][X[d" Wkia ^b[d bWii[d$ 7f\[b Wki <edZ d[^c[d$ <edZ i_hkfWhj_] [_daeY^[d$ @ki X[_][X[d$
( Zb 7f\[biW\j ' Zb MWii[h &"- Zb =h[dWZ_d[i_hkf &"' Zb Wbj[h 7f\[b[ii_] ' P_jhed[" P[ij[ ' 7f\[b ' Zb BWcc`ki
',+
L?
9Whd[ <b[_iY^
<_b[jje Z_ X_iedj[ _d cWdje Z_ l[hpW 8_ied\_b[j _c M_hi_d]cWdj[b *&& ] Z_ \_b[jje Z_ X_iedj[ iWb[" f[f[ +& ] Z_ Xkhhe" Y^_Wh_\_YWje h_f_[de Z_ febbe \e]b_W Z_ l[hpW" iXebb[djWjW
*&& ] 8_ied\_b[j IWbp" F\[\\[h +& ] 8kjj[h" ][ab hj =[\b ][b\WhY[ M_hi_d]XbWjj" XbWdY^_[hj
'-.
?diWfeh_h[ _b Òb[jje [ heiebWhbe d[b Xkhhe$ Fe_ YkeY[hbe d[b \ehde W '*& ]hWZ_ f[h '& c_dkj_$ BWiY_Whbe h_feiWh[ d[bbÊ^ebZecWj \ehde W ++ ]hWZ_ f[h (& c_dkj_$ IfWbcWh[ _b h_f_[de Z_ febbe ikbbW YWhd[ [ Wlleb][hbW d[bbW \e]b_W Z_ l[hpW$ 7lleb][hbW _d kd \e]b_e ZÊWbbkc_d_e$ 9keY[h[ d[b \ehde W (&& ]hWZ_ f[h + c_dkj_$ JW]b_Wh[ W \[jj[$
<_b[j m hp[d" _d 8kjj[h WdXhWj[d$ 7diY^b_[ii[dZ _c E\[d X[_ '*& =hWZ '& C_dkj[d ]Wh[d$ ?c >ebZecWj E\[d X[_ ++ =hWZ (& C_dkj[d hk^[d bWii[d$ <b[_iY^ c_j =[Ó ][b\WhY[ Wdijh[_Y^[d" _d M_hi_d]XbWjj [_dm_Ya[bd$ ?d 7bk\eb_[ [_dhebb[d$ ?c E\[d X[_ (&& =hWZ + C_dkj[d XWYa[d$ ?d JhWdY^[d iY^d[_Z[d$
L?
9Whd[ <b[_iY^
B[dj_YY^_[ WbbW b_gk_h_p_W BWah_jpb_di[d
(&& ] Z_ b[dj_YY^_[ 8[bk]W (& ] Z_ YWhej[ [ '& ] Z_ i[ZWde jW]b_Wj_ W ¼ Xhkde_i[i ½ ZWZ_d_
HeiebWh[ Xh[l[c[dj[ d[b Xkhhe b[dj_YY^_[ [ l[hZkh[$ 7bbkd]Wh[ Yed _b l_de$ 7]]_kd][h[ _b \edZe$ GkWdZe b[ b[dj_YY^_[ iede W c[j} YejjkhW" W]]_kd][h[ b[ YWhWc[bb[ Z_ b_gk_h_p_W$ ?diWfeh_h[ Yed iWb[" f[f[ [ ik]e$
iYWbe]de" jh_jWje (& ] Z_ Xkhhe
' Zb Z_ l_de heiie I^_hWp ) Zb Z_ \edZe Z_ l[hZkh[ + ] Z_ YWhWc[bb[ Z_ b_gk_h_p_W" ded ZebY_\_YWj[ iWb[" f[f[
&"+ Zb Z_ ik]e Z_ l_j[bbe
(&& ] B_di[d 8[bk]W (& ] AWhejj[d kdZ '& ] I[bb[h_[ _d 8hkde_i[i ][iY^d_jj[d IY^Wbejj[" ][^WYaj (& ] 8kjj[h ' Zb Hejm[_d I^_hWp ) Zb =[c i[\edZ + ] BWah_jpXedXedi" kd][i iij IWbp" F\[\\[h &"+ Zb AWbXi`ki
'.&
B_di[d kdZ =[c i[ _d 8kjj[h akhp Z dij[d$ C_j M[_d WXb iY^[d$ <edZ X[_\ ][d$ DWY^ ^WbX[h =Whp[_j Z[h B_di[d Z_[ BWah_jpXedXedi X[_\ ][d$ C_j IWbp" F\[\\[h kdZ @ki WXiY^c[Ya[d$
L?
9Whd[ <b[_iY^
IWbiW WbbÊklW Wc[h_YWdW 7c[h_YWde #JhWkX[diWkY[
<hkbbWh[ bÊklW [ ÒbjhWhbW$ 9keY[h[ Òde W \Wh WZZ[diWh[ _b ikYYe$ C[iYebWh[ bW \Wh_dW Z_ h_ie d[b fehje" l[hiWhbW d[b ikYYe [ Xebb_h[$ IWbWh[$
+&& ] Z_ klW Wc[h_YWdW &"+ Zb Z_ fehje '& ] Z_ \Wh_dW Z_ h_ie ' fh[iW Z_ iWb[
JhWkX[d f h_[h[d" fWii_[h[d$ IW\j [_daeY^[d$ H[_ic[^b _d Fehjm[_d c_iY^[d" pkc IW\j ][X[d" Wk\aeY^[d$ IWbp[d$
+&& ] 7c[h_YWde#JhWkX[d &"+ Zb Fehjm[_d '& ] H[_ic[^b ' Fh_i[ IWbp
'.'
:ebY[ :[ii[hj
H_jhWjje Fehjh j
CWh_[ =[_ii[dZ h\[h
Ý ZeddW bW if[Y_Wb_ijW Z[_ ZebY_ [ ded ijkf_iY[ Y^[ b[ f_WY# Y_Wde f_ Z_ jkjje b[ fh[fWhWp_ed_ ZW_ iWfeh_ \hkjjWj_$ Ell_W# c[dj[ WdY^[ _b Y_eYYebWje 7dY^[ gkWdZe gkWbYeiW b[ lW ijehje _d YkY_dW" ded YÊ ZkXX_e Y^[ _b \WjjWYY_e iWh[XX[ WYYWZkje i[ CWh_[ ded \eii[ Z_l[djWjW YkeYW [ fWij_YY_[hW$ Ieij_[d[ Z_ leb[h c_]b_ehWh[" jkjj_ iede Y[hj_ Y^[ Y[ bW \Wh}$ 7]b_ Wbjh_ Yedi_]b_W Z_ fhelWh[ [ h_fhelWh[" Z_ ded h_Ó[jj[h[ jheffe [ Z_ c[jj[hY_ cebje Wceh[" Yedi_]b_ Y^[ lWb]ede f[h bW YkY_dW [ f[h bW l_jW$ B[ f_WY[ be i\ehcWje Z_ ifW]^[jj_ Z_ ikW cWZh[ [ WcW _b XkZ_de Z_ ][bWj_dW l[hZ[$ B[ YWhWc[bb[ ]eccei[ WY_Z[ bW \Wdde WdZWh[ _d l_i_X_b_e$ Ded b[ f_WYY_e# de _dl[Y[ _ cebbkiY^_ [ ded c[jj[h[XX[ cW_ b[ cWd_ ik kd f_d]k_de e ik kd [b[\Wdj[$
((&
7bi <hWk \ h ZWi I ii[ [hijWkdj [i d_Y^j" ZWii _^h Wbb[i <hkY^# j_ ] [ pkc PkX[h[_j[d Wc X[ij[d ][\ bbj$ DWj hb_Y^ WkY^ IY^e# a e bWZ[ 7kY^ m[dd X[_ _^h _d Z[h A Y^[ cWb [jmWi iY^_[\ bWk\[d aWdd" ie m h[ [jmWi iY^_[\ ][bWk\[d" m[dd CWh_[ d_Y^j A Y^_d kdZ AedZ_jeh_d ][mehZ[d m h[$ I_[ iW]j" ZWii i_[ X[i i[h m[hZ[d c Y^j[ Å [i pm[_\[bj d_[cWdZ" ZWii Z_[i abWff[d m_hZ$ 7dZ[h[d h j i_[" l_[b c[^h WkipkfheX_[h[d" d_Y^j pk l_[b dWY^pkZ[da[d kdZ l_[b B_[X[ h[_dpkij[Ya[d Å Z_[i[h HWjiY^bW] ]_bj \ hi AeY^[d kdZ \ hi B[X[d$ I_[ cW] IfW]^[jj_#7kÓWk\ led _^h[h CWcW" b_[Xj ]h d[d MWYa[b # fkZZ_d]$ IWkh[ =b ^m hcY^[d ][X[d _^h [_d[d A_Ya$ I_[ cW] a[_d[ CkiY^[bd kdZ i_[ m hZ[ i_Y^ d_[ Wd [_d[c F_d]k_d eZ[h ;b[\Wdj[d l[h]h[_\[d$
?
:ebY[ :[ii[hj
FWh\W_j Wb i_]Whe 9_]Wh#FWh\W_j
' i_]Whe ("+ Zb Z_ fWddW '(+ ] Z_ jkehbe ZÊkele '&& ] Z_ pkYY^[he (& ] Z_ ]bkYei_e ' Zb ZÊWYgkW ( \e]b_ Z_ ][bWj_dW" WccehX_Z_j_ ' YkYY^_W_e Z_ m^_iao
L[hiWh[ d[b i[hXWje_e Z_ kd f_YYebe dWh]^_b ' Zb Z_ fWddW" _dÒbWhl_ _b i_]Whe [ WYY[dZ[h[" Wif_hWh[ Yed kd Wif_hWfebl[h[$ C[jj[h[ _d \h[iYe$ IXWjj[h[ _ jkehb_ ZÊkele$ FehjWh[ W [Xebb_p_ed[ be pkYY^[he" _b ]bkYei_e [ bÊWYgkW$ 7]]_kd][h[ bW ][bWj_dW [ \WhbW iY_e]b_[h[$ L[hiWh[ be iY_heffe YWbZe ejj[dkje ik_ jkehb_ ZÊkele iXWjjkj_ [ Yedj_dkWh[ W iXWjj[h[ _b Yecfeije f[h + c_dkj_ Òde W gkWdZe i_ iWh} hW\\h[ZZWje$ 7]]_kd][h[ _b m^_iao$ CedjWh[ bW fWddW W\\kc_YWjW Yed gk[bbW h[ijWdj[ [ _dYehfehWh[ d[b Yecfeije$ L[hiWh[ _b Y_eYYebWje \edZ[dj[ _d kde ijWcfe Y_b_dZh_Ye" fh[fWhWh[ _d gk[ije ceZe b[ \ehc[ f[h _ i_]Wh_$ H_[cf_hb[ Yed _b Yecfeije" Yed][bWh[$
i_d]b[ cWbj Y_eYYebWje \edZ[dj[
F[h bÊ[\\[jje Y[d[h[0 c[iYebWh[ be pkYY^[he W l[be [ bW b_gk_h_p_W _d febl[h[$
iY_ebje" j_[f_Ze pkYY^[he W l[be b_gk_h_p_W _d febl[h[
' P_]Whh[ ("+ Zb HW^c '(+ ] ;_][bX '&& ] PkYa[h (& ] =bkaei[ ' Zb MWii[h ( 8bWjj =[bWj_d[" [_d][m[_Y^j
' Zb lec HW^c _d [_d[ ab[_d[ MWii[hf\[_\[ \ bb[d" P_]Whh[ Wk\ij[Ya[d kdZ WdXh[dd[d" c_j [_d[c IjWkXiWk][h ZkhY^p_[^[d$ A ^b ij[bb[d$ ;_][bX Wk\iY^bW][d$ PkYa[h" =bkaei[ kdZ MWii[h Wk\aeY^[d$ =[bWj_d[ X[_\ ][d" WkÓ i[d$ >[_ii[d I_hkf _di ;_][bX bWk\[d bWii[d" + C_dkj[d aWbj iY^bW][d$ M^_iao X[_\ ][d$ =[h kY^[hj[d HW^c c_j h[ijb_Y^[c HW^c Wk\iY^bW][d" kdj[h Z_[ ;_cWii[ ^[X[d$ 8_jj[hiY^eaebWZ[ _d H ^h[d\ehc ]_[ii[d" P_]Whh[dh ^h[d ^[hij[bb[d$ FWh\W_j _d H ^h[d WX\ bb[d" [_d\h_[h[d$
' [b I_d]b[ CWbj M^_iao 8_jj[hiY^eaebWZ[ \b ii_]" j[cf[h_[hj IjWkXpkYa[h BWah_jpfkbl[h (((
< h 7iY^[0 IjWkXpkYa[h kdZ BWah_jpfkbl[h c_iY^[d$
?
:ebY[ :[ii[hj
=[b [ Z_ m^_iao M^_iao# =[b[[
( Zb Z_ m^_iao i_d]b[ cWbj &"+ Zb Z_ iY_heffe Z_ pkYY^[he &"+ Zb Z_ ikYYe Z_ c[bW WZZ_p_e#
<Wh Xebb_h[ jkjj_ ]b_ _d]h[Z_[dj_" [iYbkie _b m^_iao$ BWiY_Wh hW\\h[ZZWh[ Òde W kdW j[cf[hWjkhW Z_ *& ]hWZ_$ 7]]_kd][h[ _b m^_iao [ c[iYebWh[$ JhWlWiWh[ _d X_YY^_[h_$ C[jj[h[ _d \h[iYe$
dWje Z_ Wd_Zh_Z[ YWhXed_YW ' ] Z_ W]Wh#W]Wh
( Zb I_d]b[ CWbj M^_iao
7bb[ PkjWj[d Wkii[h M^_iao Wk\aeY^[d$ 7k\ *& =hWZ Wkia ^b[d bWii[d" M^_iao X[_\ ][d" c_iY^[d$ ?d =b i[h WX\ bb[d$ A ^b ij[bb[d$
&"+ Zb PkYa[hi_hkf &"+ Zb 7f\[biW\j" c_j Ae^b[di kh[ ' ] 7]Wh#7]Wh
((*
?
:ebY[ :[ii[hj
=hWd_jW Z_ c[b[ 7f\[b]hWd_j
C[iYebWh[ jkjj_ ]b_ _d]h[Z_[dj_$ L[hiWh[ _d kdW j[]b_W [ Yed][bWh[$ :khWdj[ bW Yed][bWp_ed[ jh_jkhWh[ f_ lebj[ Yed kdW \ehY^[jjW$
)& ] Z_ ikYYe Z[die Z_ f[h[ 8_hd[b &"( Zb Z_ iY_heffe Z_ pkYY^[he ' Zb Z_ i_Zhe ) Zb Z_ ikYYe WY_Ze Z_ c[bW &"+ Zb Z_ ikYYe Z_ b_ced[
7bb[ PkjWj[d c_iY^[d$ 7k\ 8b[Y^ ]_[ii[d kdZ [_d\h_[h[d$ M ^h[dZ Z[c =[\h_[h[d c[^hcWbi c_j [_d[h =WX[b p[hijeY^[hd$
)& ] 8_hd[dZ_YaiW\j 8_hd[b &"( Zb PkYa[hi_hkf ' Zb 7f\[bm[_d ) Zb iWkh[h 7f\[biW\j &"+ Zb P_jhed[diW\j
((+
L??
:ebY[ :[ii[hj
IfkcW Z_ ]WppeiW =WppeiW#IY^Wkc
ikYYe [ p[ij[ Z_ ( b_ced_ ) \e]b_ Z_ ][bWj_dW" WccehX_Z_j_ )"+ Zb Z_ ]WppeiW WYgkW
IY_e]b_[h[ bW ][bWj_dW d[b ikYYe Z_ b_ced[ Yedj[d[dj[ b[ p[ij[$ 7]]_kd][h[ bW ]WppeiW" bÊWbXkc[ [ be iY_heffe Z_ pkYY^[he$ <_bjhWh[$ JhWlWiWh[ _b jkjje _d kd i_\ed[ f[h i[bp % i_\ed[ cedjWfWddW" cedjWh[ bW YWhjkYY_W$ C[jj[h[ _d \h[iYe f[h ( eh[$
c_d[hWb[ WhecWj_ppWjW Yed [ii[dpW Z_ b_ced[ &"+ Zb Z_ iY_heffe Z_ pkYY^[he (& ] Z_ WbXkc[
( P_jhed[d" IW\j kdZ P[ij[ ) 8bWjj =[bWj_d[" Wk\][m[_Y^j )"+ Zb =WppeiW C_d[hWbmWii[h c_j P_jhed[d][iY^cWYa &"+ Zb PkYa[hi_hkf (& ] ;_m[_ii
(*.
=[bWj_d[ _d P_jhed[diW\j c_j P[ij[d WkÓ i[d$ =WppeiW" ;_m[_ii kdZ PkYa[hi_hkf X[_\ ][d" fWii_[h[d$ ?d I_f^ed % HW^cXb i[h WX\ bb[d" IeZWfWjhed[ cedj_[h[d$ ( IjkdZ[d a ^b ij[bb[d$
L??
:ebY[ :[ii[hj
9h[cW ZÊWhWY^_Z_ ;hZdkiiYh c[
IYWbZWh[ W *& ]hWZ_ _b Xkhhe ZÊWhWY^_Z_ [ _b bWjj[ YedZ[diWje$ 7]]_kd][h[ _b cWiYWhfed[ [ bW iYehpW ]hWjjk]_WjW Z[b b_ced[$ ?dYehfehWh[ Z[b_YWjWc[dj[ bÊWbXkc[ cedjWje W d[l[$
+& ] Z_ Xkhhe ZÊWhWY^_Z_" pkYY^[hWje +& ] Z_ bWjj[ YedZ[diWje" ded pkYY^[hWje +& ] Z_ cWiYWhfed[ iYehpW ]hWjjk]_WjW Z_ ' b_ced[ +& ] Z_ WbXkc[" cedjWje W d[l[
;hZdkiiXkjj[h kdZ AedZ[dic_bY^ Wk\ *& =hWZ [hm hc[d$ CWiYWhfed[ kdZ P_jhed[dWXh_[X X[_\ ][d$ ;_m[_ii ieh]\ bj_] ZWhkdj[h ^[X[d$
+& ] ][i iij[ ;hZdkiiXkjj[h +& ] kd][i iij[ AedZ[dic_bY^ +& ] CWiYWhfed[ ' P_jhed[" 7Xh_[X +& ] ;_m[_ii" ][iY^bW][d
(*/