Professional Electrician & Installer October 2021 by Hamerville Media Group

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TO EE FR DE RA ET TH

PROFESSIONAL

ELECTRICIAN THE BUSINESS MAGAZINE FOR THE ELECTRICAL TRADE

& INSTALLER O C TOBER 2021

THE NEXT GENERATION THE LATEST INNOVATION IN LEVER WIRE CONNECTORS IS HERE

PRIZE DRAW FRENZY £250 MULTI-STORE VOUCHER, HOLESAW SETS, WORK TROUSERS AND OUTDOOR SOCKETS TO BE WON

ALSO IN THIS ISSUE: CAUGHT ON CAMERA ● NEW PRODUCTS ● TECHNICAL INSIGHTS ● CODEBREAKERS AND MORE…

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Total Average Net Distribution: 68,683 Certification period 1 January 2020 - 31 December 2020

October 2021 Volume 37 No.9

Regulars 7

VIEWPOINT

10 NEWS 24 THE DRIVE TO NET ZERO NEW 28 CODEBREAKERS 34 DR. ZZEUS 39 THE TRAINING GROUND 40 MADE 2 MEASURE 74 PRODUCTS IN PRACTICE

What will the next digital switchover have in store for electrical professionals?

76 CAPTAIN C-TEC 96 CAUGHT ON CAMERA

Special Reports 18 Are we heading for a gridlock with electric vehicles? 21 We learn more about Shane's story and the support he has received from our industry charity

42 What are the BS 7671 requirements for emergency and mechanical maintenance switches?

45 The key markings and relevant documentation you should check for when sourcing and using cable products for your projects 49 Everything you need to know about emergency lighting compliance

Lever Wire Connectors: generation next

Products & Business Solutions 53 Exploring the benefits of using Ideal's new Gen II Lever Wire Connectors

72 Steve Hewish tries out the FL series floodlight from Collingwood Lighting

57 What are the key considerations when selecting and installing LED floodlights? How the EIC has helped to support Shane

Technical & Training 31 Understanding luminaires and lighting installations 37 Discovering more about at the 4 Steps apprentice training programme 38 With the next digital switchover on the horizon, ECA looks at the challenges associated with meeting the 2026 deadline

58 How installers can comply with legislation dictating the separation of Band I and II cables 60 Following the launch of the company’s new integrated LED downlight, we catch up with Megaman 63 How to ensure residential properties are adequately protected against CO 67 What is Alternate Flow Heat Recovery ventilation and why will it be vital to the retrofit market?

Gary Fisher puts the C.K VDE Combicutter 3 MAX wire cutters to the test

79 Rounding-up the latest products, tools and equipment to help you in your work

Prize Draws 22 WIN! C.K PRO COBALT Sheet Steel Holesaws to be won 27 WIN! Bag a new pair of Snickers trousers 27 WIN! Get your hands on a Timeguard Weathersafe Vision socket 27 WIN! A £250 multi-store voucher is up for grabs

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN October 2021 3

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@proelectrician

professionalelectrician

Meet the team Editor RICHARD BOWLER email: pe@hamerville.co.uk Editorial Assistant PATRICK SWAN email: pswan@hamerville.co.uk Digital Manager REBECCA MCGEOCH email: rmcgeoch@hamerville.co.uk Advertisement Manager ANTHONY SCOTT email: ascott@hamerville.co.uk Assistant Advertisement Manager IAN TURNER Design CREATIVE UNBLOCK Production Assistant KERRI SMITH Group Production Manager CAROL PADGETT Distribution Manager KARL CLARK Managing Editor TERRY SMITH Printed by: WALSTEAD PETERBOROUGH Published by: HAMERVILLE MEDIA GROUP Regal House, Regal Way, Watford, Herts, WD24 4YF Tel: 01923 237799 Fax: 01923 246901 Email: pe@hamerville.co.uk PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN is the business journal for the electrical contracting industry. It is available to the trade at leading electrical wholesalers throughout the UK. © 2021

Subscriptions to PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN are available. Please contact us for rates.

Image References (Adobe Stock): Pg 18 Traffic gridlock © Forenius Pg 31 Light switch © EggEggJiew Pg 38 Data stream © Dago Pg 38 Broadband © William Pg 49 Emergency © Robert Kneschke Pg 67 Green house © Adam121

pe@hamerville.co.uk

Professional Electrician, Regal House, Regal Way, Watford, Herts, WD24 4YF

Editor’s Viewpoint

Not “panning” out as we hoped! One of the great hopes for life in this country – after such a devastating pandemic – was that we would see the emergence of a generally more caring, honest, and tolerant society. Unfortunately, as we now see a return to something resembling normality, it is becoming increasingly apparent that we were distinctly naive to think that such a seismic transformation in attitudes could last in the longer term. Nothing bought this closer to home for us than a recent survey which concluded that, during the lockdown, tool theft in London alone cost tradespeople more than £17.5 million – around £57,000 every single day. A mind boggling 32,000+ power tools were taken from either the jobsite or vans and, scandalously, only one per cent were ever recovered. One can put forward many arguments for this depressing scenario, of course, including an apparent lack of respect for tradespeople, and what the loss of tools means to them, an unregulated second-hand market for cheap tools and a police force already overwhelmed by other anti-social crimes. Long before COVID arrived, tool theft was described as reaching 'pandemic' proportions as hardly a week went past without hearing from another victim who had again been cleaned out. Now, as then, the sneak thieves rely upon the fact that trade professionals often have to restock to earn a living, so they return with clinical precision. The sophistication and organisation of the thieves makes it clear that we aren’t simply looking at people feeding an addiction or opportunists. Many of the gangs are known to police and have previous convictions, so it shouldn’t be difficult to track them down.

All that is required is the political will and resource to pursue the criminals. Aside from the intolerable burden this is putting on self-employed tradespeople, there is a knock-on effect to the consumer also. As skilled professionals are forced to leave the industry rather than replenish their tools for the second or third time in a year, the current skills shortage is further exacerbated, which means consumers pay more and wait longer for a good electrician. Meanwhile, the cowboy armed with a boot full of ill-gotten gains goes out to fill the void. Buying stolen power tools on the quiet is far from a victimless crime. It’s high time stiffer sentences were handed down to people who are depriving hardworking tradesmen and women the means to earn a living. For far too long it’s been treated as some sort of occupational hazard. They may well have a lot on their plate right now, but government minsters and police chiefs need to highlight the problem and the detrimental impact it will have on getting the economy moving once again if things continue as they are. As it is, trade professionals need to look out for themselves and be diligent when looking after their prized possessions. On such a note, Ring is launching a brand new campaign this month, offering ideas and security measures that electricians can put in place to better deter the thieves (see more on page 15), so take a look. We may have hopefully seen off the worst of one horrible pandemic, but the tool theft variant looks like it could still be around for some time to come yet. Have a good month and, as always, if you’ve got something to get off your chest drop us a line at: pe@hamerville.co.uk

Richard B owler PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN October 2021 7

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news @proelectrician

For the latest electrical news visit www.professional-electrician.com

professionalelectrician

pe@hamerville.co.uk

Professional Electrician, Regal House, Regal Way, Watford, Herts, WD24 4YF

BAFE and NAPIT team up to introduce fire competency scheme The BAFE Fire Safety Register and NAPIT have announced the launch of a new scheme to assess the competency of organisations who provide design, installation, commissioning and maintenance services for BS 5839-6 Grade D fire detection and fire alarm systems in domestic premises. BAFE DS301 (For the Design, Installation, Commissioning and Maintenance of Grade D Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems in Domestic Premises) supports appropriate British Standards and best working practice, most notably the latest iteration of BS 5839-6 (Code of practice for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of fire detection and fire alarm systems in domestic premises).

Acknowledging progress of recognising both organisational and individual competency following the Grenfell Tower fire, the BAFE DS301 Scheme will also focus scrutiny on two key personnel roles required for an organisation to become Third Party Certificated/BAFE Registered for Grade D systems. These are a Principal Duty Holder (the person appointed by the organisation to

have responsibility for the maintenance of the overall standard and safety of the fire detection and fire alarm system work) and a Qualified Supervisor (a Competent Person who meets the requirements of the BAFE DS301 Scheme and with specific responsibility on a day-to-day basis for the safety, technical standard and quality of the fire detection and fire alarm system work). The BAFE DS301 Scheme (For the Design, Installation, Commissioning and Maintenance of Grade D Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems in Domestic Premises) is now available for application/assessment via NAPIT. REGISTER YOUR INTEREST AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE001

Ovia showroom is back on the road Ovia's custom-designed mobile lighting showroom will once again be taking to the roads, following a forced hiatus. An eye-catching, state of the art, branded truck when in transit, the 5-tonne unit transforms into a spacious and stylish showroom, fitted out with a comprehensive selection of Ovia lighting and lighting control products which are mounted on display panels.

With room for a hospitality table and concealed storage for presentation materials and samples, the air conditioned, fully glazed unit provides an ideal space in which to host seminars and presentations and provide product training sessions for visitors. Its schedule for the remainder of 2021 will include branch visits and product training for key trade days.

NICEIC’s talking technical NICEIC has announced the launch of its ‘Technically Speaking’ podcast series. Aimed at electrical contractors wishing to expand their knowledge, the podcast joins the brand's technical webinar series, The WIRE, and complements the regular NICEIC Live Stream events and Low Carbon Fix podcast. “Following the events of the past 18 months, we're acutely aware that our customers are increasingly looking for new and more convenient ways of

10 October 2021

undertaking learning,” said Paul Collins, NICEIC Technical Services Manager. “Taking the questions and answers from our Live Stream Q&A events, we've added this technically rich content to our growing Podcast platform, allowing contractors to tune in whilst in the van, or at a time and place to suit them.” Available now via all popular podcast channels, including Spotify and Apple Podcasts, the ‘Technically Speaking’ launch package includes eight episodes.

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN

CATCH UP WITH THE PODCAST AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE002

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news

For the latest electrical news visit www.professional-electrician.com

‘The Electrician Podcast’ reaches significant listener milestone Schneider Electric has reached the 10,000 listener milestone with ‘The Electrician Podcast’. Launched in March 2020, the podcast welcomes business leaders and experts from the electrical sector to discuss how electricians can grow their knowledge, skills and business. Top episodes to date include ‘Set up for success: Mastering your operation’ – where industry professionals discuss the benefits of job management software for tradespeople, as well as ‘Being an influencer in the electrical industry’ – where two electricians discuss how becoming influencers in the electrical space has transformed their businesses. Nico van der Merwe, Vice President of Home and Distribution at Schneider Electric, said: “We’re proud to see that our

partnerships with key electrical professionals have resonated with our electrical audience. “The vast range of topics, interviews and advice that we’ve provided throughout the two series’ of the podcast has helped electricians to stay up-to-date with the latest news and regulations, in turn helping them in their day-to-day job. “Throughout the series we will continue to discuss the key opportunities and challenges facing the industry and how to succeed in this increasingly competitive market.”

LISTEN TO THE ELECTRICIAN PODCAST AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE003

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@proelectrician

professionalelectrician

pe@hamerville.co.uk

Professional Electrician, Regal House, Regal Way, Watford, Herts, WD24 4YF

All-electric Transit begins customer trials Ford’s all-electric Transit is starting work on European roads as customer trials commence with a selection of major fleet operators ahead of the volume sales launch in spring 2022. The trial kicks off with 10 E-Transit prototypes being put to the test across a variety of intensive real-world operating scenarios in the postal, municipal and utilities, last mile and grocery delivery sectors within Germany, Norway and the UK. The trials ﬂeet features a full range of E-Transit variants including van, double-cab-in-van and chassis cab derivatives with gross vehicle masses from 3.5 to 4.25 tonnes, and a variety of specialised vehicle conversions that reﬂect the complex operating requirements that Transit vehicles need to support. The trials mark the latest phase in Ford’s development of the new E-Transit, following a demanding testing programme at Ford proving grounds and engineering facilities. Trials partners will operate the E-Transit prototypes over six- or 12-month periods. The E-Transit customer trials programme follows an earlier

successful initiative featuring the Transit Custom Plug-In Hybrid, during which a cross-section of city-based customers covered over 150,000 miles and found they could operate in zero-emission mode for 75% of their mileage when in central London. Further testing in Cologne, Germany helped demonstrate the beneﬁt of an innovative dynamic geofencing technology, which automatically triggered zero-emissions EV Now mode in areas with particularly high air pollution to help improve local air quality in urban areas. GET MORE DETAILS ABOUT THE ALL-ELECTRIC TRANSIT AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE004

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news

For the latest electrical news visit www.professional-electrician.com

Grants available for energy boosting projects Low Carbon Workspaces are offering grants of between £1,000 - £5,000 to help small and medium sized businesses to subsidise the cost of projects that reduce commercial energy consumption and carbon emissions. Applicable to businesses based in Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Hertfordshire, Milton Keynes and Northamptonshire, grants are available to help fund a third of the cost of projects such as new boilers, infrared heating, smart radiators, ground/air-source heat pumps, and more. This can lower your customers’ costs, without you having to lower your prices. The application process is quick, easy, and a dedicated Project Officer will guide

businesses through it all. To apply, a potential applicant only needs to send in: ● A quotation for each measure to be

undertaken ● 12 months’ energy bills relevant to the

project (e.g gas bills for a new boiler, or electricity bills for infrared heating) ● A completed Application Form (available on the Low Carbon Workspaces website). Suppliers and installers are routinely invited to work more closely with the scheme to generate and secure business and may be listed on the supplier directory, free of charge. Applicants can see what you offer, and where you are.

Promotional material, along with copies of the application form and T&Cs, can also be provided to suppliers which can be used when discussing the grant scheme with potential clients. With many companies now implementing plans towards net zero, upgrades and changes to heating systems will be imperative to meeting these targets. A Low Carbon Workspaces grant can help to cut the initial costs of this, and signiﬁcantly reduce the ROI period for these investments. LEARN MORE AND ACCESS AN APPLICATION FORM AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE005

Prestigious awards return this month hiatus, we can celebrate and recognise the achievements of our Members through a particularly difficult period for our industry.” The winners of the ECA Industry Awards 2020/21 will be announced on the evening.

Tickets are now available for the 2020/21 ECA Industry Awards Dinner. Guests will enjoy an evening of entertainment, including top TV personalities, live band and a photo booth. The event, being held on Friday 22 October at the Hilton Bankside in London, will be hosted by leading TV personalities and presenters Steph McGovern and Alan Dedicoat, the ‘voice of The National Lottery’.

ECA Director of Member Services, Helen Atkinson, said: “After a year-long

GET MORE DETAILS OR BOOK YOUR PLACE AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE006

JTL keeps learners on course JTL is continuing to support the professional development of electricians with the launch of its latest, free bite-sized digital course – ‘An ‘Introduction to Security Systems’. The course is intended to help both apprentices and qualified electricians identify best practices for the installation of security systems. As part of this course, the learners will gain a comprehensive understanding

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around the wiring and configuration of security systems, as well as the knowledge surrounding system types and corresponding components. Designed to take a minimum of 30 minutes to complete, it has been produced to facilitate the learner’s journey towards CPD and is intended to increase workplace competency. The course is now available on JTL’s new online learning portal.

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN

ACCESS THE FULL SUITE OF TOOLBOX RESOURCES AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE007

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@proelectrician

professionalelectrician

pe@hamerville.co.uk

Professional Electrician, Regal House, Regal Way, Watford, Herts, WD24 4YF

Ring launches tool and van theft prevention campaign

Beginning this month, Ring is launching a nationwide campaign to not only boost awareness of tool theft and van break-ins, but also provide helpful advice to support trades professionals with securing their work tools and company vans. Van break-ins and tool thefts are a growing problem in the UK that have the potential to impact over one million tradespeople per year. At the heart of Ring's mission is a desire to make neighbourhoods safer. The tools that trade professionals rely on to perform their role are expensive and much sought after. As a consequence, company vans are a popular target for opportunistic thieves. According to a study conducted by WhatCar, since 2016 over 43,000 vans have been stolen, and a further 117,000 vans break-ins have occurred.

The study highlighted that tool theft and van break-ins have cost UK businesses more than £61.9 million in lost revenue, replacement tools and lost wages. What’s more, many businesses have found themselves the victims of repeat break-ins. Help and advice Ring works with partners worldwide such as Secured by Design (SBD) – a police initiative that works to reduce crime by improving the security of buildings and their immediate surroundings to help keep communities safe. They've produced a series of guidelines to help stop van thefts in their tracks, with advice such as keeping all keys and valuables on hand or getting a slam lock ﬁtted onto a work van which automatically fastens when a door is slammed shut.

Another precaution to consider is using a lockable, portable chest to securely store any tools, day or night. Additionally, ﬁtting vans with alarm systems and taking out comprehensive insurance cover can provide extra peace of mind. Finally, you should always park a company van in a well-lit area, ensuring all windows are closed when unattended. Tool and van theft is an important issue impacting installers and businesses across the UK, so, as part of Ring's ongoing commitment, it will also be revealing exclusive product offers in an effort to support professional installers in protecting their tools and company vans against theft. GET MORE INFORMATION AND DETAILS AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE008

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SPECIAL REPORT

ARE WE HEADING FOR

EV GRIDLOCK?

As EV adoption continues to gather pace, we talk to key representatives from Actuate UK to find out why the 'electric revolution' could grind to a halt if the correct infrastructure, equipment, skills and incentives are not in place.

n November 2020, the UK government’s Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution said that all new vehicles must be zero emitters by 2035. This summer the Transport Committee highlighted the need for a clear policy framework to deliver this ambition. According to nextgreencar.com, last year saw 175,000 electric vehicles (EVs) registered – that’s a growth of 66% on 2019. There’s no doubt that the UK is about to undergo an electric revolution. Just as the combustion engine revolutionised our roads in the 20th century, so our landscape is set to change again to accommodate a new breed of vehicles.

Network needs EV prices are becoming more affordable all the time, but for the whole of the UK to shift to EVs a coordinated network of public charging points is vital. Indeed, one of the biggest considerations for individuals who might be considering purchasing an EV is 'range anxiety', which describes the feeling of concern as to where they'll charge up. The

18 October 2021

dream of a net-zero future essentially hinges on the charging network. Ofgem recently approved £300 million of upgrades for EV chargers, including 1,800 ultra-rapid points at motorway services. But, Steve Bratt of Actuate UK says new hardware must be reinforced by joined-up thinking: “Drivers are understandably worried about being stranded without fuel so we must make the EV charging network a priority in the shift to fossil-free motoring.” Alan Wilson, also of Actuate UK, adds: “Scotland currently has a joined-up approach through Transport Scotland, but without a similar network across the whole of the UK, customers won’t make the necessary switch to EVs.

“Having an integrated plan is going to be crucial if we are to create an attractive electric future for motorists. It is, therefore, vital to provide the right infrastructure UK-wide to help inﬂuence consumer choice”. Scotland has a public network of charging points. However, drive elsewhere in the UK and you’ll ﬁnd a plethora of providers, with varying payment systems. This can be frustrating, even for the committed EV owner. Getting into the fast lane With an uptake in EVs and other initiatives, the UK aims to reach its net-zero target by 2050 – but other countries are already in the fast lane. Steve Bratt, who is also CEO of

“A SYSTEM OF MINI-GRIDS WITH BATTERY STORAGE IS ONE-WAY TO CAPTURE ELECTRICITY GENERATED IN SMALL-SCALE VENTURES. THIS WOULD GENERATE ENOUGH ELECTRICITY TO POWER LOCAL CHARGING POINTS.” Adam Smith, NRT Eco

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN

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electrical trade association, ECA, says: “Germany has already committed to spend nearly £5 billion during the next three years to provide EV charging points at every service station to boost consumer demand for EVs. The UK must step up to provide a similar infrastructure to demonstrate to the world that we're serious about the switch to EVs.” Closing the gap Actuate UK is also concerned about the many aspects of large-scale charging installation yet to be considered. Alan Wilson comments: “While businesses may provide the charging stations, the surge in demand for electricity needs forethought. Scottish Renewables 2019 ﬁgures show that renewable energy provides 97% of Scotland’s gross energy consumption. In the UK, that ﬁgure is around half, but more is needed. The solution to the charging surge is collective thinking about energy storage.” The gap between EVs and traditional vehicles is closing. New vehicles have a

400-mile range before needing a recharge, plus they're getting faster to charge. It's also vitally important that they're installed by a qualiﬁed electrician. Paul Reeve, Director of CSR at ECA, adds: “Sufficient, functional and customer friendly EV charging is an essential element of the UK drive to net zero. We welcome the Transport Committee’s recognition of what must happen to enable successful and cost-effective EV charging not just on homeowner’s driveways but, crucially, right across the UK”. A final message Finally, Steve Bratt has a message for world leaders meeting at the upcoming COP26 summit in November: “Give us a plan, not just promises. At ECA, we believe the future is electric, but individuls need incentives to start switching now.” LEARN MORE ABOUT ACTUATE UK AND ITS INDUSTRY-WIDE ACTIVITIES AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE009

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SPECIAL REPORT

SUPPORTING SHANE

As Niglon continues its relationship with the EIC, we learn more about one individual who has been personally affected and why this brings the importance of charity support to light.

onating to charity can sometimes seem a little impersonal – especially in the modern times of online giving and direct debits. But when Niglon made the decision to partner with the Electrical Industries Charity (EIC), the company felt a real affinity with the charity and its beneficiaries. The team wanted to help the EIC improve the lives of their peers across the electrical industry who had been impacted by mental or physical ill health, ﬁnancial worries or COVID-19. And that’s why they're keen to share the stories of those individuals, to show these are real people for whom the EIC’s support has made a real difference. People like Shane – an electrical distributor who contacted the charity after becoming unwell.

Shane's story After starting a new job that involved long hours and lots of travel, Shane began feeling tired and breathless. When the symptoms worsened he was sent for various tests – a stressful time for him, his partner, Emma, and his children, Eva and Mya, who were all about to travel to Great Yarmouth for a holiday. Shane’s employment was terminated just before the end of his probationary period, and he became even more unwell to the point where he spent the family trip away bedridden. He found out he had fluid on his lungs, and by this point, had swollen up so badly he could barely get his trousers on.

A day after he returned home, Shane was rushed to hospital and diagnosed with a Dilated Cardiomyopathy. He was just minutes from having a heart attack, was in severe heart failure and had developed two blood clots in his heart. This was all despite leading a healthy lifestyle and not drinking or smoking. For the ﬁrst two days he was in a critical condition, and he spent a further ﬁve days on an Acute Cardiac Unit. When he was discharged, he still needed to

attend hospital appointments most weeks (some of which could be 70 miles away from his home) and was unable to start his new job because of his condition. Making ends meet While the family could cover the costs of their rent and utility bills, without Shane working full time and with the added costs of travel and hospital parking, they were having to sell clothing, toys and other items to afford their weekly food shop.

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SPECIAL REPORT

PRIZE DRAW

W IN

WIN A BRILLIANT

C.K HOLESAW!

We have three cutting edge C.K PRO COBALT Sheet Steel Holesaws (set of three) up for grabs in this prize draw.

“THE EIC IS SO PLEASED TO HAVE BEEN ABLE TO HELP THIS LOVELY FAMILY CONTINUE AFTER A LIFECHANGING INCIDENT” At this stage the family turned to the EIC for support, with the charity able to provide a food voucher, pay for school uniforms and shoes, top up the girls’ school dinner cards, and secure funds from League of the Helping Hand for the new carpets the family had been in need of before Shane’s ill health. And when he felt well enough, the charity even organised for Shane and his family to enjoy a day out at the Magna Science Adventure Centre in Yorkshire, booked their train tickets and sent some fun activities for the girls to do on the journey. Tessa Ogle, Managing Director of EIC, said: “Fortunately, Shane’s health has now improved and the family are in a better financial position. They've now relocated and both Shane and Emma have new jobs. The EIC is so pleased to have been able to help this lovely family continue after a life-changing incident.” Paul Dawson, Niglon’s Commercial Director, added: “Hearing Shane’s story really brings to life the impact the EIC can have, not just helping the family with the practical things they needed but also ensuring they were able to have a fun day out together after the incredibly stressful time they’d been through. “It also highlights the reality that any of us could need his type of support. Shane was a healthy and employed young man, and then suddenly began struggling with his health and his finances through no fault of his own. This emphasises just how crucial it is to have the charity on hand to support anyone who finds themselves in need.” Earlier this year Niglon began donating 10% of the profits from all sales of its Median products to the EIC as part of the ongoing partnership between the two companies. IF YOU REQUIRE SUPPORT FROM THE EIC, EMAIL: SUPPORT@ELECTRICALCHARITY.ORG, CALL: 0800 652 1618 OR VISIT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE010

enowned for its high-quality power tool accessories, C.K offers everything trade professionals need to power through jobs quickly and efficiently. The company has recently enhanced its holesaw range by bringing together two of its most popular sizes in a convenient triple pack. The C.K PRO COBALT T3202AVI is a premium set of holesaws, optimised for sheet steel cutting, that provides a superior cut for a variety of materials. This sheet steel variant is no different, offering quick and effortless cutting for up to 1.6mm of mild steel, stainless steel and aluminium. Manufactured from premium grade, 8% cobalt steel alloy and featuring a low proﬁle design with optimised teeth conﬁguration, C.K PRO COBALT holesaws offer the best cutting action to consistently create smooth, precise holes. The automatic slug ejection system also ensures the efficient ejection of waste slugs from within the holesaw. C.K power tool accessories are designed to work seamlessly with power tools from all the major manufacturers. The C.K PRO COBALT range is no exception and offers maximum performance, ultimate reliability and an efficient output.

HOW TO ENTER TO ENTER YOUR NAME INTO THE FREE PRIZE DRAW TO WIN A C.K PRO COBALT HOLESAW VISIT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE011 Deadline for entries: 10/11/2021. Usual T&Cs apply.

22 October 2021

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN

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THE DRIVE TO NET ZERO In this regular series, Nico Van der Merwe, VP of Home and Distribution, Schneider Electric UK&I, looks at the growing role that the electrical industry can play in helping to meet net zero targets.

Net zero homes: The best sustainable innovations

he last 18 months have highlighted the need for our homes to make a leap forward in terms of sustainability. While conversations have traditionally focused on policy and multi-national initiatives, they've now turned to the carbon usage in UK households. According to the Committee on Climate Change, emission reductions from UK homes have stalled compared to other industries so, to make net zero a reality, drastic measures need to be implemented. As with most challenges, innovation and ingenuity will be key to a lasting solution. To help make smart, sustainable and future-proof decisions, let's look at some of the top innovations that can help with reducing carbon-emissions at home: 1. Driving to greener pastures The future of driving is electric. However, to make EVs truly viable, better access to plug-in points is required. While 90% of EV owners charge their cars at home, people without a driveway nor access to a charging point rely on public chargers – a primary limitation to EV adoption. The smart platform ev.energy is making charging easier, greener and cheaper. The company’s solution aligns charging times with renewable energy generation and electricity market prices to enable zero-carbon charging, load management and peak shaving. By saving customers money on their charging bills and reducing the carbon emissions created by charging an EV, ev.energy are promoting the adoption of electric vehicles. 2. Next level intelligence Modern sustainable solutions need to offer something that households don’t already have, be it visibility, increased control, automation or cost savings. We now expect new innovations to apply data and learning to think for themselves and be one step ahead of us. Smart home energy specialist geo is combining consumer expectation

with innovation to create the first fully connected, comprehensive heating control system to use smart meter data intelligently. While the smart meter market now has many options on offer, the geo solution takes things up a gear by applying household data to inform home energy management and give back control to the consumer. 3. Stock up on power With energy prices fluctuating based on demand, we can end up paying more simply because of the routine of normal life. Powervault, a home electricity storage solution, enables households to maximise their energy use. The solution works by storing up solar energy or cheap, off-peak electricity from the grid during the day and discharging it during peak evening hours. By optimising energy storage, Powervault shifts energy usage to when carbon emissions are at their lowest. This enables households to take greater ownership of their energy consumption, cut energy bills by up to 65% and even earn income from supporting the grid. 4. Sustainable foundations Government legislation is being introduced to tackle climate change and energy consumption in new builds, but existing buildings present a more complex challenge. As 2050 nears, retrofitting sustainability will become vital. Sero Group has designed a solution to optimise low emission and net zero homes. The company uses smart controls, metering and monitoring to improve energy consumption, life span and robustness of existing homes. There are 29 million homes in the UK, each contributing to carbon emissions. While smart technologies play an important role in sustainability, to see a big reduction in household emissions, the house itself must adapt. Accelerating the journey to net zero homes is a matter of urgency that requires us to think smarter, be efficient and get connected.

LEARN MORE ABOUT SCHNEIDER'S DRIVE TO NET ZERO AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE012

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S Y A W ] A E V I G [

PRIZE DRAW

3 to win

SNICKERS WORKWEAR 3 X ALLROUNDWORK CANVAS+ STRETCH WORK TROUSERS TO BE WON You’ll make great strides at work with these tough work trousers from Snickers Workwear. Made from durable and comfortable Canvas+ fabric, they come with ventilation openings at the back of the knees, CORDURA reinforcement at the knees and lower legs, holster pockets, a cargo pocket and an attachment for ID badge. There is also a tool holder, leg pocket and knife fastener, and front loops with key holder possibility. The trousers come with a pair of kneepads to ﬁt the KneeGuard Pro system which is certiﬁed according to EN 14404. ENTER THE FREE PRIZE DRAW AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE013

TIMEGUARD 3 X WEATHERSAFE VISION SOCKETS TO BE WON!

to win Outdoor power without the compromise, Timeguard is helping customers to enjoy the outdoors safely with a high quality range of power accessories. With the latest Weathersafe Vision sockets there's no need to run extension cables outside as they feature a fully IP66 weatherproof casing with a see-through clear plastic cover and a highly visible power ON indicator. Neoprene seals, stay-clear front windows and easy opening and closing mean there’s no temptation for users ever to leave the covers open. We have single sockets to give away in this month's prize draw, and you can also check out the full range of double and RCD-protected options at: www.timeguard.com ENTER THE FREE PRIZE DRAW AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE014

WIN A £250 MULTI-STORE VOUCHER! WIN

Get your hands on this great prize, thanks to Ovia. via has taken its popular Inceptor Omni fire-rated, tri-colour, dimmable downlight and made a number of significant improvements to enhance its overall performance. First launched in 2017 as part of Ovia’s premium Inceptor product range, Inceptor Omni has proved a popular choice for installers thanks to the ease of installation and flexibility it offers. It incorporates Ovia’s Flameguard system technology and is I-joist rated for 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The new Omni V2 now boasts a recess depth of just 53mm, thanks to the Flow integrated driver, which means there is no need for an insulation bracket. The unit is supplied with push-fit Flow connectors which feature push-in, low maintenance terminals to offer another time-saving benefit for installers. With the driver now incorporated into the Flow connector, this means that insulation can be laid over the fitting. Among other key features is a CTA switch (colour temperature adjustable) – a built-in, three position switch which allows for instant change of the colour temperature. Omni V2 also offers the option for a fixed bezel (IP65 rated) or adjustable bezel (IP54 rated) in one fitting, with a simple twist and lock feature ensuring the bezel can be quickly and easily replaced.

HOW TO ENTER TO ENTER YOUR NAME INTO THE FREE PRIZE DRAW TO WIN A £250 MULTI-STORE VOUCHER, SIMPLY FILL OUT THE CONTACT FORM AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE015 Deadline for entries: 10/11/2021. Usual T&Cs apply. PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN October 2021 27

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THE

CODEBREAKERS TIM HANLEY: WHILST CARRYING OUT AN EICR I FOUND THIS WIRING TO A METAL LIGHT. THE LOOP WAS CONNECTED DIRECTLY TO THE EXTERIOR METAL WORK OF THE LIGHT AND NO CPC IN THE LIGHTING CIRCUIT MEANT THE EXTERIOR OF THE LIGHT WAS PERMANENTLY LIVE! IT WAS OK, HOWEVER, AS THEY'D FIXED GREEN AND YELLOW TAPE OVER THE THREE LIVE CONDUCTORS! The ingenuity of fools and incompetent people never ceases to amaze me! We see this so often, and it is almost always a 'DIYer' or other trades looking to maximize their profits by carrying out shoddy work in the hope it isn't found. In this case, the probability of receiving a shock from the casing of the light is high, the severity and fatality of that shock risk are also likely to be high. It shows a lack of understanding of the Line looping system on a standard lighting circuit, which is normally terminated in an accessory but not connected to it directly, as it then passes through a switch line. So, in this case, the installer has connected the Line loop cluster to the Earth point of a Class I fitting, making the whole casing live.

After that, they've installed the switch Line and Neutral but connected the switch to the Neutral conductor in the fitting (530.3.3). Likewise, the Line conductor in the fitting is now connected to the final circuit Neutral conductor, giving reversed polarity as an end result. Reversed polarity in a light fitting of this type will still result in the fitting operating. The casing isn't connected to the circuit in a healthy install, so in this case, the Live casing won't affect the operation of the fitting but can cause serious injury. Regardless of blame, there needs to be a code attached to this. Before I code it, we'll look at the BS 7671 infringements: ● Manufacturers' instructions (134.1.1): it's unlikely the

GET THE BOOK AND CRACK THOSE CODES!

fitting has been installed within manufacturers' instructions or guidelines. ● Access to live parts (416): as the casing is now live, regardless of the switch position, we have a serious safety concern and no basic protection. ● Correct polarity (643.6) throughout the installation has not been maintained. ● The light fitting switch has been installed in the fitting's Neutral conductor (530.3.3). Switches in Neutral conductors are dangerous, as any maintainer may feel they’ve isolated the Line, when the Line at the fitting is actually still energized. Safe isolation/confirmation should highlight this. Given the severity of the consequences to the installation user, the coding outcome must show the need for remedial action.

Updated for BS 7671:2018, NAPIT’s EICR Codebreakers publication is purpose-written to aid contractors, inspectors and clients, and now includes updates to align with the 18th Edition of the wiring regulations. A 2018 Professional Electrician & Installer ‘Top Product’ award winner, the book is the perfect technical aid for electrical professionals and their customers.

28 October 2021 PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN

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Need help with cracking those all-important EICR codes? Every month the technical team at NAPIT will be studying your latest ‘Caught on Camera’ photos and offering advice on the next steps, should you find a similar installation. If you want the team at NAPIT to help crack your codes then send your pictures through to us at: pe@hamerville.co.uk

ANDREW KELLY: A CLIENT RECENTLY HAD ANOTHER FIRM IN AND LEFT THE LIGHTING LIKE THIS: CPC CUT OUT, DOWNLIGHTS WIRED IN 2.5MM T&E, AND THAT 2.5MM AT THE BOTTOM JUST LOOPS ROUND AND IS THE SAME 1M OF T&E YOU SEE IN THE TOP RIGHT OF THE PICTURE. VERY PECULIAR! This is a sight often witnessed on rewires, where the previous installer thinks the loft is out of sight, out of mind. That philosophy, though, is a dangerous and foolhardy take on reality and safety. Loft spaces aren't classed as an enclosure, and any terminations in conductors must be adequately made. Cables must also be contained and supported to mitigate the effects of any mechanical stresses that may damage them or any connections in them. There are a few things here that need to be coded, and it’s unlikely that any of them will be favourable or satisfactory. Firstly, as mentioned earlier, loft spaces aren't adequate enclosures, and any termination of a Live conductor must be

taken into an enclosure as defined by Regulation 526.5. As with the terminations, the exposed single (basic) insulation must also be taken into an enclosure (Regulation 526.8). The failure here is leaving terminals and basic insulation exposed to possible contact and damage, which is potentially dangerous. Also, some of the cables appear to have cut marks in them, which could expose a Live conductor, and would result in access to live parts, attracting a C1. Secondly, the cables aren't supported in any way, and are a potential shock risk as they can be moved or accessed by any traffic in the loft, such as: ● Tenants storing goods, such as Christmas and other festive decorations.

● Other trades carrying out works, assuming that any electrical works are safe and to a recognised standard. ● Unsupported cables can cause a strain on terminations (Regulation 526.6) which can loosen them, causing arcing, making them potentially dangerous. Finally, where the CPC has been cut on several cables, there's now a lack of CPC continuity, and the CPC is likely not taken to every accessory or point of termination in the cable (Regulation 411.3.1.1). There is significant potential for danger here, especially if light fittings are changed, and the installer assumes that the CPC is intact. Of course, any installer altering fittings or lights should check for continuity of the CPC at the fitting they're changing or working on, but the reality is that DIYers often don’t have the capacity for this and can cause serious harm to themselves and others.

The 18th Edition Codebreakers publication is priced at £17.99* (members) or £19.99* (non-members). Hard copies and digital issues are available. * Prices exclude VAT, postage and packaging

ORDER YOUR COPY OF NAPIT CODEBREAKERS BY VISITING: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE016

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TECHNICAL & TRAINING

LUMINAIRES AND LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS

The team at NICEIC and ELECSA look at the selection and erection of luminaires and some of the requirements of Section 559 covering lighting installations intended to be part of fixed electrical installations.

Switching arrangements In modern electrical installations a neutral conductor is often required at switch positions to accommodate the connection and consequent functioning of electronic switching devices (Regulation 559.5.1.208). Therefore, as shown in Fig 1, to cater for switching and control devices electrical wiring in typical domestic premises may require the installation of a three-core and cpc PVC insulated and sheathed cable for the switch drops, rather than the traditional twin and earth cable. Additionally, deeper back boxes than the traditional 15 mm switch box may be required to accommodate the additional control module associated with the switch or dimmer. Irrespective of whether cables are concealed in the walls or not, AC circuits that supply luminaires in domestic premises should be provided with additional protection by an RCD having a rated residual operating current not exceeding 30 mA (Regulation 411.3.4 refers). With the exception of certain control devices for lighting circuits, such as contactor control circuits, a single-pole functional switching device should not be

Fig 1. Provision of a neutral at switches

placed in the neutral conductor (Regulation 463.1.2 refers). Whilst various types of electronic dimming devices are available to control lighting levels within rooms and areas of premises, the importance of providing appropriate switching arrangements for lighting circuits should not be overlooked (Regulation 559.5.1.207). Although lighting circuits should be wired to provide the user with the ﬂexibility to switch off (manually or automatically) a proportion of the lights when they are not needed, it is not uncommon to encounter switching arrangements that provide minimal ﬂexibility.

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TECHNICAL & TRAINING

Fig 2. Maintaining continuity of metallic conduit systems (conductors ommited for clarity purposes)

Indeed, even the benefits of energy efficient lighting can be significantly undermined by inflexible switching arrangements. One example of this is ‘all or nothing’ arrangements where the luminaires installed in a particular room or large area are controlled by a single switch. Fixing of luminaires Luminaires should be adequately supported by means such as chain, screws, conduit boxes or enclosures and, in all cases, consideration should be given to the recommendations of the manufacturer of the particular fixing device. Whichever means of fixing is used to support the luminaire it must be capable of carrying a mass of not less than 5 kg, and if the mass is greater than 5 kg the fixing means must be capable of supporting the luminaire (Regulation 559.5.2 refers). For twin flexible cable, such as that used to connect a ceiling rose to the luminaire, the maximum mass that should be supported by the flexible cable is given in Table 4F3A of Appendix 4 of BS 7671. Where a luminaire is to be fixed to a wall or ceiling, the weight of the luminaire and any associated accessories should be compatible with the structural capability of the ceiling, or the building fabric (as applicable) to which it will be fixed. Flexible cables must be installed between the fixing means and the luminaire where vibration or movement is to be expected (Regulation 522.7.2). Suitable means shall be provided so that there is no undue mechanical strain placed on the conductors, terminals and terminations from any expected stresses during normal use (Regulation 526.6 refers). This may be achieved by cord grips, stuffing glands or similar. Where a device for connecting the luminaire to the fixed wiring is not provided with the luminaire, one of the devices listed in Regulation 559.5.4 should be used. Protection against thermal effects The selection and erection of a luminaire should take into account the thermal effects of radiant and convected energy on the surroundings. Regulation 559.4.1

“THROUGH WIRING IS PERMITTED ONLY IF THE LUMINAIRE IS DESIGNED FOR SUCH WIRING (REGULATION 559.5.3.1)” requires the following points to be taken into account: ● the maximum power dissipation of the lamps ● the fire-resistance of adjacent material ● the minimum distance to combustible materials, including material in the path of a spotlight beam ● the relevant markings on the luminaire. Luminaires are required to comply with the relevant product standards and be installed taking account of the manufacturer’s instructions. Where a product is not suitable for particular mounting or installation method, the manufacturer is required to indicate this on the luminaire and control gear (see also Regulations 422.3.1 and 422.4.2). Table 55.3 of BS 7671 provides an explanation of BS EN 60598-1 symbols applicable to luminaires and controlgear (see also the note to Regulation 422.3.2). Where a luminaire is installed in a pelmet, the electrical installation designer is required to take steps to prevent adverse effects, such as fire risks, caused by the presence of the blinds or curtains, or their operation (Regulation 559.3.3). For luminaires installed in a location where, due to the nature of processed or stored materials, there is a particular risk of fire, the relevant requirements of Section 422 of BS 7671 should be met.

32 October 2021 PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN

Through wiring Through wiring is permitted only if the luminaire is designed for such wiring (Regulation 559.5.3.1). The type of cable to be used must be selected in accordance with the temperature information on the luminaire or in the manufacturer’s instructions, if any, and as specified in Regulation 559.5.3.2. Wherever possible, the luminaire should be connected so that cables of the fixed installation do not have to travel through the fitting past heat generating items, such as chokes, in order to connect to the terminal block. If this is not possible, the cables should be routed away from heat-generating components and effectively secured in place. Where necessary, heat resisting sleeving or shielding should be employed to protect cables from the effects of heat and ultra violet (UV) radiation, generated by the luminaire or its lamps (Regulation 559.5.6). Maintaining earth continuity Steel conduit is commonly used to supply luminaires, and in some installations the conduit may serve as the circuit protective conductor (cpc) for the lighting circuits contained within it. Where this is the case, great care needs to be taken to ensure that the cpc is not compromised if an existing light fitting is replaced. In circumstances where earth continuity is lost there is a risk of the metal conduit attaining line-to-earth voltage under fault conditions (say, due to mechanical damage or insulation failure), and this voltage is likely to remain undetected and pose a risk of electric shock to persons coming into contact with the conduit. Where a separate protective conductor is installed in the metallic conduit, it is still necessary to earth the conduit, which is an exposed-conductive-part. If a run of conduit is to be earthed at one point only, continuity must be maintained throughout the run. If this is not done, each section of conduit would have to be connected to the internal protective conductor. One way to ensure earth continuity of the conduit is maintained is to fix the fittings to the conduit system using appropriately spaced conduit boxes, as shown in Fig 2.

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Where the protective conductor is formed by a metal enclosure such as a conduit, the earthing terminal of each accessory should be connected by a separate protective conductor to an earthing terminal incorporated in the associated box or enclosure (Regulation 543.2.7). Reference should also be made to Regulation 411.3.1.1 where a protective conductor must be run to and terminated at each point in wiring and at each accessory except a lampholder having no exposed-conductive-parts. Stroboscopic effects Stroboscopic effects can give a misleading impression of moving parts being stationary or slower moving than is the actual case, and as a result persons may be exposed to the risk of injury. While such effects are generally associated with fluorescent luminaires operating at 50 Hz, other types of luminaires incorporating certain types of LEDs and electronic drivers have also been known to produce stroboscopic effects, and so electrical installation designers should take these effects into account when selecting luminaires (Regulation 559.9).

“STROBOSCOPIC EFFECTS CAN GIVE A MISLEADING IMPRESSION OF MOVING PARTS BEING STATIONARY OR SLOWER MOVING THAN IS THE ACTUAL CASE...” In order to avoid stroboscopic effects the designer may select discharge luminaires with high frequency control gear or, where available, distribute the lighting in the area concerned across all the phases of a three-phase supply. Alternatively, industrial type ﬁlament lamps may be used to provide task lighting for a particular piece of equipment, such as a lathe. Note: If luminaires are divided across three phases using a common neutral at least one device should be provided that simultaneously disconnects all line conductors (Regulation 559.5.5 refers). Summary Lighting installations should comply with the relevant requirements of Section 559 of BS 7671, which as outlined in this article requires, among other considerations, account to be taken of the provision of neutral conductors at switches and appropriate switching arrangements. In addition, the replacement of a luminaire or similar maintenance should not compromise the continuity of any part of a metallic conduit system installed to supply luminaires. GET MORE DETAILS ABOUT NICEIC REGISTRATION AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE017

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Dr. Zzeus

‘DR. ZZEUS’ TOM BROOKES, md of zzeus training and CHAIRMAN OF THE FSA, ANSWERS YOUR QUESTIONS RELATED TO FIRE SAFETY COMPLIANCE. Q. How do I know which category of fire alarm and detection system to install?

client wants anything less in terms of a system, let them specify it. The BS5839-1:2017 categories are:

It's hard to give a short answer to this. Current UK fire alarm regulations state that all business premises must have ‘an appropriate fire detection system’. This statement doesn't automatically mean that all business premises need a fire alarm system. Clause 4 of BS5839-1:2017 “Need for a fire detection and fire alarm system and type of system”, states that the need for a fire alarm system in any specific building is usually determined by the fire authority and/or by a fire risk assessment. The Regulatory Reform Safety Order (RRFSO) requires all commercial businesses to carry out a fire risk assessment. If the fire risk assessment has been carried out competently it should state which category of system or, as a minimum, if the assessor has limited BS5839-1 knowledge, the areas of the building requiring fire detection system coverage. The fire risk assessment is key here and if it has been carried out by a competent fire risk assessor the fire alarm technician will know exactly what system to install. What should you do if there is no fire risk assessment? My advice is to always err on the side of caution if you're going to propose a category, unless you're a competent risk assessor. One system category you can safely specify is a category L1 system that covers all parts of the building. If the

Category M systems = Manual This category classifies manual fire alarm systems where the alarm needs to be activated, by a person activating a break glass unit. These basic systems rely on a person discovering the fire and acting upon seeing it. Manual call points must also be installed alongside any of the L categories.

34 October 2021

Category L systems = Life protection L4 – Protection of fire escape routes Fire detectors should to be installed along escape routes and circulation spaces, such as stairways and corridors. The aim is to ensure escape routes are protected by providing warning of smoke within escape routes. L3 – Protecting paths to fire escape This covers all the same areas as the L4 category, though L3 also involves installing detectors in rooms that open on to an escape route. The objective of this system is to ensure that all occupants of the building are given enough warning to escape a fire, before their exit is impeded by the presence of smoke. L2 – Fire detection in specified areas L2 category protection is the same as L3, but also requires fire alarms and detection to be installed in any other specified areas of high risk such as plant rooms, kitchens etc. The high risk or defined areas should be specified

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN

by the fire risk assessment or specifier of the category. L1 – Earliest possible fire detection Alarms and detection should be installed throughout the whole building to provide the earliest possible warning of fire. L5 – Specified fire protection In some buildings, fire detection systems may be required to fulfil a specific fire safety requirement. In these circumstances, detectors would be necessary in these high risk areas – whether this is one specific room or a certain area of a building. L5 may be required in addition to those mentioned under levels 1, 2, 3 and 4. Category P systems = Property protection P1 – Complete fire protection for earliest possible warning P1 systems offer the earliest possible fire warning. Detectors and alarms need to be placed in all areas of a building. P2 – Fire detectors for defined parts of a building Where the threat to property is high in certain areas of a building, more specific detection coverage may be required. Areas with high fire risk will require special warning. This could be a single room or an entire floor of a building.

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TECHNICAL & TRAINING

4 STEPS TO SUCCESS

ost electrical contractor businesses in the UK comprise of five employees or less, and often one contractor and a mate. The thought of training an apprentice when there are so many other things that need your attention is, for many, simply pie in the sky. While many contractors will support the idea of apprenticeships, the reality is that if the apprentice is on a standard training program, they can (for the first couple of years at least) be a drain on your time and energy rather than an asset that frees you up to concentrate on the important parts of your business. I’ve spoken to thousands of contractors over the 16 years that I’ve been running Tradeskills4U and one thing that has always struck me is that while most contractors start out with the idea of running a business with a small team, over time they'll stop acting like a business owner should. Instead, they turn into employees who simply pay themselves, running around like headless chickens just to make a living, and never quite making enough money to achieve the goals that having your own business should give you. Does this sound familiar?

Carl Bennett, Founder of Tradeskills4U, looks at what makes the company’s 4 Steps apprenticeship training programme unique.

How do we fix the issue? At TS4U the apprenticeship training programme we’ve designed and launched is intended to enable a small contractor to employ an apprentice, regardless of age. Because we front-load the practical skills and knowledge training, the candidate is more likely to be a real asset, quicker, so you can give them proper responsibility to complete jobs using their trained skills and knowledge at the beginning of the programme. The process is easy to manage with TS4U's close support and delegates are typically individuals who’ve backed themselves to start a new career, so are committed and motivated. Developments in apprenticeship funding for adults means we’ve been able to design our 4 Steps training programme so that it maps to the route that TESP (The Electrotechnical Skills Partnership) recommends. The programme is unique in that it enables people of any age to take up funded apprenticeship training as well as helping those who can’t get an employer

at the beginning to start their training as a self-funded individual. They then transfer to a funded apprenticeship programme upon finding an employer who is willing to give them a chance and support them in their journey. As an employer you can place your untrained or partly trained employee on a funded apprenticeship course with us, regardless of age, experience or the level of training they've received before. As well as being able to train your own people, we also have a bank of motivated and committed adults undertaking training with us now across the UK at our centres in Leeds, Warrington, Coventry and Gatwick. They're all looking for an employer to take them on (so they can work for you whilst being on a funded apprenticeship programme) and we're currently looking to match them up with suitable businesses. WATCH A VIDEO EXPLANATION OF THE 4 STEPS TRAINING PROGRAMME AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE018

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TECHNICAL & TRAINING

ARE WE GETTING ENOUGH FIBRE?

With the next digital switchover on the horizon, Shahid Khan, ECA Technical Manager, looks at the challenges associated with meeting the 2026 deadline.

any readers will recall the national switchover from analogue to digital television, which was rolled-out, region-by-region, between 2008 and 2012. Now, another landmark analogue-to-digital switchover is all set to happen – this time involving the nation’s telephone lines. Demand for faster broadband and other digital communications services has skyrocketed in recent years, and especially during the coronavirus lockdowns. Between now and 2025, telecommunications providers will gradually be switching 14 million traditional Copper phone lines to new ‘All-IP’ (Internet Protocol) networks, which utilises ﬁbre optic cabling. Some of the customer benefits that are anticipated to result from the switchover include: ● Larger businesses will be able to consolidate multiple sites onto a single platform – reducing operational costs and requiring less equipment and maintenance (simpler network structure). ● Improved telephony via laptop/PC, and general improvements in functionality e.g. voicemail to email, call recording, instant messaging, call management and diary integration.

38 October 2021

To retire the UK analogue network by the 2026 deadline, an average of 50,000 analogue lines will need to be upgraded to digital every week. Some parts of the UK are switching to All IP this year, and some areas will already be experiencing the beneﬁts of faster connection speeds. However, some of the rollout has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, with restrictions affecting several areas that were scheduled to switch over the summer, and where connection is now planned for the autumn and winter months.

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN

Impact on essential systems Not surprisingly, the national switchover will have implications for any crucial system that depends on phone lines, such as alarms, lifts, and other technology. The new network will be conﬁgured in two formats: ‘Fibre To The Premises’ (FTTP) and ‘Fibre To The Cabinet’ (FTTC), with FTTC being phased out sometime in the future, in favour of FTTP. Back-up power arrangements will be fundamentally different for these new networks. This will be a key consideration

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A VERY WIDE REACH Across the UK, Openreach is responsible for 192 million kilometres of network cable, 110,000 of the ubiquitous ‘green cabinets’, and 4.9 million telephone poles and junction boxes. In a typical year, more than 9.9 million engineering jobs are carried out by the company’s 35,000 engineers, many in extremely remote or challenging locations. for contractors and installers, to ensure continuity of alarm protection and monitoring when using an All IP connection. This is particularly important for vital CNI (critical national infrastructure) organisations, who will want to ensure digital upgrade can be completed smoothly, and with minimal disruption for customers and the public. National awareness Openreach has launched a national campaign to raise awareness and understanding of the roll-out process, and it recommends that organisations join its ‘Call Waiting List’ to stay informed. The ‘Call Waiting List’ aims to provide the latest information, guidance and advice for businesses of different sizes, in different sectors and with different needs to help them make informed decisions in relation to the coming upgrade. “This is an important early step in upgrading the UK,” said James Lilley, Director of Managed Migrations at Openreach. “We know businesses are time-poor and the choice to upgrade may sit at the end of a long-list of other priorities that will seem more pressing. “By launching the Call Waiting List we hope to help those businesses plan their upgrades effectively, with regular updates about our activities and the potential implications on their operations, as well as guidance and examples of how they can make a smooth transition. “We’re also working closely with service providers to make sure any changes happen as smoothly as possible.” Matthew Evans, Director of Markets at techUK, added: “I encourage all organisations, particularly those in the CNI sectors or those that depend on services provided over analogue lines, to sign up to the Call Waiting List newsletter. “The upgrade to digital services is a key stepping-stone on the path to full fibre and while 2025 may seem a long way off, it’s essential that organisations start to take action today. The best first step is to sign up to the ‘Call Waiting List’ newsletter to stay engaged and find out more about the action you need to take”. LEARN MORE ABOUT THE SWITCHOVER AND THE CALL WAITING LIST AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE019

THE TRAINING GROUND Q. What’s the best way to prepare for the Inspection and Testing element of my forthcoming AM2? It seems to be an area where a lot of candidates have difficulty and I want to give myself the best chance. The Inspection and Testing section of the AM2 is certainly one where candidates have difficulty achieving the required standard. There are some common avoidable mistakes, such as not preparing the test instrument correctly before they start, or not recording the test results accurately. Making sure you get the basics correct is really important. Another major stumbling block is not carrying out the test correctly. During the assessment you’ll have Guidance Note 3 and the On-Site Guide with you, so you’re not having to rely on memory. It’s essential that you follow these testing procedures to the letter – it’s such a shame when people don’t achieve simply because they don’t follow the correct procedures. But we understand that a lot of candidates don’t get adequate opportunity to practise Inspection and Testing before their assessment, so we also wanted to do something to help them in this respect. Recently we've developed and launched a new interactive Inspection and Testing App, in conjunction with well-known industry ﬁgure Sparky Ninja, to help candidates try out some of the tests they’ll come across in the assessment. For each test (Continuity of Protective Conductors, Continuity of Ring Final Circuit Conductors, Insulation Resistance, Earth Fault Loop Impedance and Prospective Fault Current) you can watch an instructional video with Sparky Ninja showing you how to carry out the test. Then via the interactive tasks you can drag, drop and tap to carry out the test yourself – why not try this out and have a go yourself? Finally, take a look at the AM2 Pre-Assessment Manual on the NET website which gives more details on all the common errors made during the assessment. ACCESS THE AM2 PRE-ASSESSMENT MANUAL AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE020

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Working on your own? Need some technical advice? Don’t know where to turn? Ask Megger. What it doesn’t know about installing and testing electrical systems isn’t worth knowing. Every question will be answered by the Megger Technical Team, and the best will be published in Professional Electrician. So, take advantage of the ‘every question answered’ guarantee today. Email your questions to: meggermeasures@hamerville.co.uk

You asked: SOLAR PV SYSTEMS ARE GETTING VERY POPULAR IN MY AREA. I’D LIKE TO QUOTE FOR WORKING ON THEM, BUT I WANT TO BE SURE THAT I HAVE THE RIGHT TEST EQUIPMENT. WHAT DO YOU RECOMMEND?

Megger says: The important thing to bear in mind is that some PV arrays produce very high DC voltages – 1,500 V or more, and your test equipment must be able to handle these voltages safely. You’ll also want an instrument that comes with test leads that connect directly to the PV panels. Our suggestion would be Megger’s new DCM1500S solar PV clampmeter, which meets all of these requirements. You can use it to measure DC voltage up to 2,000 V, AC voltage up to 1,500 V RMS and AC or DC current up to 1,500 A. You can also check continuity as well as measuring resistance, frequency, capacitance and temperature. It’s got Bluetooth connectivity, so will connect to the Megger Link App to allow you to display or send the measurements directly to your iOS or Android smartphone or tablet, making report creation a breeze. There's also room in the case for the Megger PVM210 Irradiance meter. Like all Megger products, it’s been designed with safety in mind and has a CAT III 1,000 V/CAT IV 600 V safety rating. You’ll find it perfect for working on solar arrays and LV installations of all kinds!

VIEW THE MEGGER DCM1500S SOLAR PV CLAMPMETER TECH SHEET AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE021

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SWITCHING OFF NAPIT's Technical Development Engineer, Richard Townsend, discusses the differences and BS 7671 requirements for emergency and mechanical maintenance switches

switch is a switch…. isn’t it? Often misunderstood is the topic of switching, either for emergency purposes or for mechanical maintenance. Although they both seem to have a similar outcome with simple enough requirements, they have very different implications and ultimately can have serious repercussions when incorrectly interpreted. Switching off for mechanical maintenance (Chapter 46, Section 464) As the name suggests here, we are looking to switch an item of equipment off to carry out some form of isolation, which may fall into one of the following categories: ● Maintenance (planned preventative – proactive) ● Repair (through damage – reactive) ● Replacement (through damage, end of useful life, or upgrade). The maintenance carried out may well be to the mechanical non-electrical parts of a piece of equipment. We are switching, or isolating, the electrical side for the engineer’s safety. Mechanical switching for this purpose can take many forms, from rotary isolators in an industrial setting to shower or extractor fan isolators in a more domestic setting. Fig 1 gives representative examples of these devices. There are a few places that mechanical switching is called for in BS 7671, but one which we generally give the most credence to is Regulation 132.15.202,

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which requires every ﬁxed electric motor to have a readily accessible and easily operated switching. This Regulation doesn’t state that it is an emergency requirement or exactly where the switching should be. As Regulations go, this one is very much aimed at industrial and commercial installations to ensure larger motors can be isolated quickly and safely if needed; this does not mean in case of emergency, see Fig 2 for examples. Of course, from a domestic scenario, we see motors switched in accordance with this, more by accident than from a Regulation perspective. Bathroom extractors will often have their own multi-pole isolator and hob extractors will often be fed from a fused spur, as are central heating boilers, which will invariably contain a motor of some description. It can become a little trickier where domestic extractor fans are fed from lighting circuits, but the key here is accessible.

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the potential knock-on effect mentioned earlier and clariﬁed in Regulation 465.4. This will require a risk assessment and desktop design process to consider all of the possible processes and outcomes; on a production line in an industrial setting, this is a colossal undertaking and is critical for the safety of the operators or anyone coming into contact with an installation or production line. Some of the areas that would need to be looked at in a risk assessment and design process, but not limited to these, include:

The supplying Consumer Unit (CU) should be accessible, and that means we can switch and isolate if needed, giving us the required multi-pole, all live conductors isolation required by Regulation 464.1, providing, that is, we remain in control of the installation throughout any maintenance or repair (see Regulation 464.2 for greater clarity). This can be as simple as a lock-off kit, lockable isolator, or for more complex installations, the use of a controlled tag out system. I must stress that this could also be different in a commercial or industrial environment, where the designer may want to isolate an individual motor for maintenance or where there are standby and duty motors in place. So, we can see where the confusion can start to creep in – where does “switched off safely” in accordance with Regulation 132.15.202 end, and emergency switching take over, and to what extent? Emergency switching off (Chapter 46, Section 465) As the title suggests, we are looking to switch off in an emergency, which means there is either an expected or unexpected danger present that we need to act upon to control the supply effectively. We can see straight away that this differs considerably from straightforward switching for mechanical maintenance. The general principles are the same, multi-pole isolators disconnecting all of the live conductors, see Regulation 465.2, but there are some subtle extra requirements and differences. The switching devices themselves are generally marked specifically for this purpose, and a key requirement is that one action operates them (see Regulation 465.3). When we say one action, we mean that we won’t be looking to hold a switch and then turn it, which would arguably be two actions; we are looking to trigger the device almost instantaneously. To instantaneously disconnect in this way, we use push to isolate using mushroom-style

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● switches. See Fig 3 and Fig 4 for examples of emergency push switches. These push to switch devices are often spring-loaded and, once close to their locking point, will use the spring power to complete the action and lock the switch. In order to re-set the switch, there can be particular processes for this, incorporating mechanical and/or electric interlocks, to prevent inadvertent reenergisation of an isolated supply, which may give rise to danger (see Regulation 465.4). Also, adding to these already complex arrangements, there is a need to ensure that when an emergency switch is operated, it does not directly or indirectly harm, or put at risk, anyone that is associated with or could be affected by the primary isolation by introducing a secondary danger, through the isolation of the primary fault (see Regulation 465.4). A key area that sets out emergency from maintenance switching is assessing and carefully designing each system or process. This has to be done to prevent

● ●

Assessment of environmental inﬂuences Process type and complexity Number of process operations Skill level, training and understanding of operatives Possible injuries from malfunction or failures Possible malfunctions or failures Level of interaction with working areas of equipment Historic injuries from similar industrial processes New innovations to reduce the danger Automatic isolation of previous or next operations for safety due to operation emergency isolation.

Conclusion We can see that the requirements for these two methods of switching are different and very speciﬁc. Both have safety implications, but emergency switching carries unique requirements that almost demands in-depth attention and risk assessments before installing them. Guidance on understanding risk, what risk assessments are, and how to carry them out is given in the NAPIT publication, Risk Assessment and Management Code of Practice, which is available as an E-book. FIND OUT HOW TO PURCHASE THE CODE OF PRACTICE AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE022

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WHAT'S THE LABEL ON THE CABLE?

The team at BASEC discuss the key markings and relevant documentation you should check for when sourcing and using cable products for your projects.

o ensure the relevant safety and quality standards have been met and reduce the risk of sourcing counterfeit and sub-standard cables, there are some key cable markings and identiﬁcation that you should always look for.

Product certiﬁcation offers a safety benchmark providing peace of mind to cable suppliers, installers and end users and reducing risk of potential issues in future. So, what should you look for when identifying a cable product? There are several key pieces of information that should be observed, including:

Evidence of third-party approval The use of non-compliant cable products that do not hold third party approval presents several risks. Quality and performance of the cable in its end application can be impacted, whether that is lighting, a communications system or an emergency ﬁre alarm.

Manufacturer name: Displayed as the company logo or name printed onto the cable sheath. Relevant standard number: Highlighting the relevant local, British, or international standard that the cable conforms to. Harmonised cable marking: Shown as a HAR mark demonstrating inclusion of the pan-European scheme representing harmonised European standards of cable certiﬁcation. Third party approval mark: evidencing third party approval through the inclusion

of the testing and certiﬁcation provider’s company name such as 'BASEC' printed or embossed on the cable and the BASEC mark, as shown above, displayed on the cable drum and packaging Voltage rating: Referring to the maximum voltage to which a cable may be connected e.g. 600/1000V which is a requirement in relation to British Standards CPR rating: The Construction Product Regulation is a mandatory requirement applying to all cable products placed on the market within Europe. The CPR rating, ranging from Aca through to Fca, should be displayed either on the cable itself, stated within the Declaration of Performance document, or on the packaging label of the cable product UKCA and CE marking: UKCA is a new UK product marking that is used for goods being placed on the market in Great Britain which previously required CE

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marking. The transition period to ensure the new marking is in place ends on 1st January 2023. Businesses must ensure they are prepared for the new system well in advance of this date. CE marking still applies to products available within the European market. It is not a requirement for UKCA and CE marking to be applied to the cable product. The relevant UKCA or CE marking must be included within packaging labelling and DoP documentation. All cable that is third party approved under the BASEC Product Certification Requirements (PCR) scheme, will have the mark “BASEC” embossed, indented or printed on the outer sheath of the cable, together with a manufacturer’s traceability mark. This can include the manufacturer’s name, brand name or a unique reference code. If the word ‘BASEC’ isn’t visible on the cable it isn’t BASEC approved and therefore may not meet the relevant standard.

selected and retesting undertaken to demonstrate ongoing conformity. Through this process of regular surveillance, potential issues can be quickly identified, minimising risk of potential future problems for the end user as the cable is traceable back to the manufacturer. Maintaining levels of safety To gain the BASEC mark, manufacturers will be subject to a number of annual surveillance audits, where the quality management systems of the company are thoroughly interrogated. Alongside this, cable products must undergo assessments to test key characteristics in line with relevant standards. The areas include electrical, material, mechanical, chemical, fire resistance and fire reaction. To ensure the cable maintains the same levels of quality and safety, ongoing surveillance testing is carried out annually for every cable carrying the BASEC mark, during which all areas of the Product Certification Requirements are checked, in addition to new cable samples

Key points Sourcing and specifying cables products that have been independently approved by a third party and display the mark of the chosen testing partner, such as BASEC, provides peace of mind that it has undergone the necessary stringent testing and certification processes in line with safety requirements. It is a mark of recognition that stands for quality, clarity and impartiality, to assure those specifying cables that the product is fit for purpose. SEARCH FOR BASEC APPROVED CABLE PRODUCTS AND STOCKISTS AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE023

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EMERGENCY LIGHTING

COMPLIANCE

When it comes to building safety and emergency lighting, electrical contractors have a pivotal role to play, writes Tamlite Technical Manager, Stephen Biggs.

ver the last few years, the safety of buildings has reached an ever-higher profile in the public consciousness. Dame Judith Hackitt’s independent review of building regulations in the aftermath of the 2017 Grenfell Tower tragedy concluded that major reform was needed. Many of her recommendations regarding the delivery of a more robust regulatory system were reflected in the government’s draft Building Safety Bill, which easily represents the most sweeping change to building safety in the last 40 years. But building safety was once again put under the spotlight earlier this year following a fire at New Providence Wharf, based in London. In releasing London Fire Brigade’s initial findings, Deputy Commissioner Richard Mills, said: “Despite our response to this fire and drawing on the many lessons learned from the Grenfell Tower fire, in many cases we are sadly still not seeing a culture change in all those responsible for

fire safety in high rise buildings. “The New Providence Wharf fire needs to be an urgent wake-up call to all building owners and managers. Look at the fire safety solutions inside your building and take action if they are not performing correctly. It is too late to wait for a fire to see if they work.” Building a safer future It once again highlights the work that needs to be done and the importance of everybody in the supply chain working together to make way for a safer future.

“THE REVIEW OF BUILDING REGULATIONS IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE 2017 GRENFELL TRAGEDY CONCLUDED THAT MAJOR REFORM WAS NEEDED”

Given the essential role emergency lighting plays in providing vital time for the safe passage of occupants out of the building in the event of a fire, it would be easy to assume that it is a de facto priority in the development and maintenance of all buildings. Unfortunately, our experience indicates that, all too frequently, it is still an issue that is being tackled in the later stages of a project, and sometimes with inadequate knowledge of the technical and legal requirements. Due to their involvement at every stage of a project, electrical contractors are arguably amongst the best-placed to ensure building owners and managers are aware of the implications and requirements of emergency lighting, with our check-list – available via the Tamlite website – helping to ensure this vital building safety system is fit for purpose. Legal requirements: Now required to be installed and tested in line with British Standard BS 5266:1 2016, emergency

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lighting should provide adequate lighting levels and directional indication in the event of a mains failure. We often explain to our end user customers, that contractors are arguably the best-placed ‘cog in the wheel’ to provide the specialist insight they need to ensure regulatory compliance. It is also the contractors who can best convey the beneﬁts of investing in high-quality and durable systems to clients. Tamlite provides assistance to installers, with supporting items such as our emergency lighting checklist, and can always liaise in order to ﬁnd the correct solution.

It is important to ensure that the luminaires address a number of core issues. These include: the function of the building or room/area; the mode of operation (for example, office, commercial or residential); the extent to which users are familiar with the building, including consideration of whether it receives many short-term visitors; speciﬁc usage and how it is likely to change over time; aesthetic requirements, including compliance with listed status if applicable; and the fact that different ﬁxture heights and distances will be required for lighting in various areas of the building.

Risk assessment: One of the most common mistakes made with emergency lighting is missing risk assessments, yet it is a legal requirement to have one. Taking accountability throughout the lifecycle of a building will play a key role in restoring conﬁdence in the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of premises, so it is important to ensure that risk assessments have been carried out and that the systems in place are ﬁt for purpose.

Maintenance and testing: Another common mistake is a lack of maintenance checks and regular testing of emergency lighting systems. Like all emergency equipment, emergency lighting should be maintained and tested regularly to ensure it is in full working order, and it is a legal requirement that emergency lighting be tested in line with of BS 5266:1 2016. For example, a daily visual inspection can be carried out to check the batteries are operational, whilst a monthly test must be carried out to ensure luminaires turn on in the event of a power outage.

Lighting design: Emergency lighting products must conform to BS EN60598-2-22.

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Any remedial work on failures should be carried out and recorded. Emergency lighting systems must undergo a full test on an annual basis. This test ensures that all emergency lights continue to function for a three-hour duration. Choose the right partner The importance of emergency lighting cannot be understated. In this context, it is advisable to partner with a specialist lighting provider such as Tamlite, safe in the knowledge that this provides the most direct route to achieving an emergency infrastructure that is entirely fit for purpose. We provide an elite range of compliant emergency lighting, catering for multiple applications. There is no doubt that it will take some years for the public in general to feel confident about the safety of buildings. But, collectively, we can all play a key role in constructing a culture of responsibility, providing the way forward to a brighter, safer future.

VIEW TAMLITE'S COMPLETE EMERGENCY LIGHTING RANGE AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE024

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THE NEXT GENERATION

ver since IDEAL Industries ﬁrst began pioneering its innovative In-Sure Push-In Connectors in the UK almost 20 years ago, followed by SpliceLine and Lever Connectors, they've been a huge hit with electricians and the electrical contracting sector alike. Providing a faster, easier and more consistent approach to wire terminations, the patented innovation has become widely used on all kinds of installations, from domestic properties to complex commercial projects. But IDEAL isn't a company that rests on its laurels. Known worldwide as a business that reinvests to drive innovation and make products that aid speed, ease and cost-efficiency of installation, it focuses on continuous improvement through R&D. Thanks to an understanding of electricians’ evolving needs, the complexities of contemporary projects and the importance of safety and compliance, the next generation of lever wire connectors – the Gen II range – has now arrived. With

Brett Smyth, General Manager EMEA of IDEAL Industries, discusses the benefits of the company’s new Gen II Lever Wire Connectors for faster, easier and safer wire terminations.

even more features and functionality, they're poised to make installations faster, easier, safer and more consistent than ever. Innovation in wire termination Ideal for a quick, simple and safe wire termination installation with a high level of power consumption up to 32A, the IDEAL Industries Gen II Lever Wire Connector range provides a versatile solution suitable for joining solid, stranded or

flexible connectors. Two-, three- or five-port models are available to enable electricians to select the right connector or combination of connectors for each termination. Offering a faster, easier and more cost-effective alternative to terminal blocks, the range allows electricians to secure cables in place in seconds, with no screwdriver or crimping required and a simple strip, push, connect action. The levers have been designed to open in the opposite direction to the insertion port, locking the cables into position to prevent any accidental loosening or pull-out, ensuring a safe and secure connection throughout the lifecycle of the installation. The clear housing for all the Gen II Lever Wire Connector models enables easy inspection and there's a check port for testing, enabling full safety and consistency verification at the point of installation.

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“FOR FLEXIBLE WIRES, THE LEVER IS LIFTED BEFORE INSERTING THE CONDUCTOR AND CLAMPING IT IN PLACE” Versatility built-in The Gen II range is re-useable and allows the use of multiple wires of different sizes and types within the same lever connector. All models can be used with solid or rigid stranded cables of between 0.2mm2 and 4.0mm2, while the units are suitable for use with any flexible cable from 0.14mm2 to 4.00mm2. Each connector features a built-in wire strip guide to enable installers to check the correct stripping length and, for solid and stranded cables, once the wire has been stripped, it can simply be pushed in with no need to lift the lever. For flexible wires, the lever is lifted before inserting the conductor and clamping it into place. The Gen II Lever Connectors have been designed to prevent errors and ensure consistency, enabling wire terminations to be carried out more quickly with less risk of snagging. Wide-ranging applications The ease of installation and versatility across different wire types and sizes makes the new range suitable for a wide variety of applications. The compact design enables easier fitting in junction boxes and enclosures, where space is often limited. This can be particularly useful in lighting and access control installations, where multiple conductors often need to come together in a tight space. The versatility of the Gen II Lever Wire Connector range isn't limited to lighting and access control installations, however, as the product has been designed for any application up to 32A, including radial and final ring circuits. Safety and compliance Making wire terminations faster and simpler has an important role to play in safety, but testing and certification are also integral to safety assurance. The Gen II range is CE marked, UKCA and UL listed and is also ENEC

54 October 2021

accredited and fully compliant with the 18th Edition wiring regulations. It meets the high standards of manufacturing delivered by IDEAL Industries across the entire product portfolio, thanks to in-house production capabilities and quality assurance.

20 each of the 32A-rated two- and three-port Push-In and Gen II Lever wire connectors, along with a 20-piece bag of assorted 32A connectors, which includes the popular SpliceLine and three-port Push-In, as well as the new two- and three-port Gen II Lever wire connectors.

Convenient and cost-effective As always, we've listened to the market to understand what different types of users need from us in terms of how we deliver the right products at the right price. As a result, we're providing a variety of pack sizes, enabling contractors to try the Gen II range for the ﬁrst time or buy in bigger quantities for larger installations. Gen II Lever Wire Connectors are available in a variety of pack sizes, including boxes, bags and kits. Amongst the kits, is a new Twin & Earth Kit, which includes a stripper, cutter and

Gen II Innovation for all generations Whether you’re an experienced contractor that has always used terminal blocks or a recently trained electrician that has used lever connectors before, the Gen II range brings fresh ideas to site that combine safety and ease of use with all the quality and cost-effectiveness you’d expect from IDEAL Industries.

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN

GET MORE DETAILS ABOUT THE RANGE BY VISITING: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE025

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NO MORE FLOOD AND BLUNDER

What are the key considerations when selecting and installing LED floodlights? Simon Shenton, Head of LED Lighting Development at Luceco Lighting, looks at some of the common mistakes when selecting/installing LED floodlights and how to avoid them.

hen specifying an LED floodlight, the first consideration is where it will be installed. Generally, floodlights are categorised for either domestic or commercial use. Using a domestic floodlight in a commercial setting, where the light will be left on for longer and often encounter more arduous conditions, is a false economy and will shorten its lifespan. It’s important, therefore, that they are specified correctly. Correct position Secondly, floodlights must be installed from the horizontal – not pointing upwards or fitted upside down. Wrong positioning can cause water to pool in places that it shouldn’t, which can lead to the failure of the fitting due to water ingress.

While LED floodlights are IP rated, which ensures they can be used outdoors safely, IP testing is conducted on the fitting as it should be installed and doesn't account for incorrect installation. This is why, even when using a product with a waterproof IP rating, it’s vital that a floodlight is installed in the position it is designed to suit. There are certain features to look for when specifying an LED floodlight. Fins on the back of the unit help to dissipate the heat generated by LEDs. It is vital that the floodlight is installed in the correct position, otherwise the effectiveness of the fins to cool the LEDs is compromised, which reduces the lifespan of the fitting. Light pollution The final consideration is that floodlights pointed into the sky contribute to light pollution. Fitting LED floodlights correctly

reduces the amount of light spilling into nearby properties. The good news is there are ways to overcome the rigidity of the required installation. The new Castra range of residential LED floodlights, for example, have been redesigned with innovative features to aid installation. Floodlight positioning can be adjusted with the use of a unique, patented-pending ‘fit, turn and tilt’ rotatable ball joint bracket, which enables not only up-and-down adjustment but also side-to-side. In addition, the optic of the reflector is designed to throw light forward, as well as down. This helps to cast the light over a large area and reduce glare, as well as removing the need to tilt the fitting up to obtain the desired spread of light. When combined with the rotatable ball joint bracket, both features help the contractor to accurately position the floodlights at exactly the right position for each installation – reducing light pollution and the risk of disturbance to neighbours. Castra LED floodlights also offer a high llm/W output and include an adjustable PIR with settings and override functionality, allowing dusk till dawn use only. Both the floodlight and PIR are IP65 rated and are supplied pre-wired with 1 metre of cable to save installation time. When installed correctly and in the right applications, the new Castra range of LED floodlights will provide years of high-performance, aiding security and safety for your customers. GET MORE DETAILS ABOUT THE CASTRA FLOODLIGHTS RANGE AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE026

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JOINED UP THINKING

s our world becomes increasingly digital, the amount of data cables required in new build projects is set to continue to rise. It is therefore increasingly important to pay attention to the regulations around separating electrical and data cables, as speciﬁed in the segregation clause of the 18th Edition wiring regulations, BS EN 7671.

Band I and II cables Separation of Band I low voltage cables and Band II high voltage cables is mandatory to stop electrical interference. This is to remove problems between power and data cables due to electrostatic or electromagnetic ﬁelds surrounding the installation. Band I cables can include telecommunication, signalling, bell, control, and alarm circuits, whereas Band II covers electrical installations of all voltages, meaning 230V/400V supplies. BS EN 7671 prohibits Band I and Band II from sharing the same cable enclosure unless every cable is insulated to the highest voltage cable present in the tray. The only exception to this is within the legislation of BS5838 which states that ﬁre alarm cables need to be separated out from all the others and cannot be mixed at all.

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Mark Kimberley, Senior Product Manager at Gripple, looks at legislation dictating the separation of Band I and II cables and how the latest solutions can help installers ensure compliance.

Take the Fast Trak There are products available that simplify the process. The Gripple Fast Trak segregated bracket recently hit the market as an alternative to threaded rod, channel and separation dividers and is completely adherent to the regulations, keeping data and electrical cables apart up to 300mm. It can be daunting to switch to new methods and materials after many years of installing the same products, but with the emerging technology in the suspension and cable management industry, some alternatives can offer the same reliability and sense of stability but with increased versatility and safety, reduced costs and environmental effects. The Fast Trak range is fire tested to F120 and includes accessories such as cable baskets, which simply clip onto the Fast Trak bracket. The range also incorporates conduit and trucking clamps, all benefiting from the simplicity of being attached to the bracket with a quarter turn fixing, making this an easy and tool-free process to help save time and money on-site.

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN

Further recommendations With electrical containment regulations differing around the world, we recommend researching the individual legislation applicable in each country. Alternatively, source universal products which are compliant across the board. The entire Fast Trak range is BS7671-compatible and will adhere to legislation globally up to 300mm. This includes accessories such as the cable basket adapter which is also ergonomically designed with a release button to make adjustments easy and is faster to install than traditional suspension systems with a 55kg load capacity. As with most legislation, after the BS7671 18th Edition was introduced in 2019, companies were required to spend time and money on ensuring they were compliant and constructing safe and secure buildings. With careful selection of products and suppliers it is possible to ensure complicity, while saving time and budget on smarter modern suspension solutions. VIEW THE FAST TRAK PRODUCT INFO SHEET AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE027

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PRODUCTS & BUSINESS SOLUTIONS

WHAT’S NEW WITH YOU?

Following the launch of the its integrated LED downlight, TEGO 2, we catch up with Megaman’s National Sales Manager, Micaela Abbott, to find out more about the product and some of the changes the company has made over the last 18 months.

The past year has been a challenge for many in the sector, how has your first 12 months as National Sales Manager with Megaman been? I’ve actually been with Megaman for 15 years but was promoted to National Sales Manager just before COVID-19 hit. Some people might have seen this as unfortunate but it’s really worked well for me and our wider sales team. The last year has provided us the chance to innovate and adapt, both in terms of how we function as a team and also how we interact with the market place. Sales are buoyant and up on previous years, which is all we can hope for as the industry recovers.

What changes have been introduced during that time? We’ve taken a few steps to help our stockists, for example we have reduced our carriage paid, allowing customers to do smaller orders on a more regular basis and we're also now doing multiple stock cleanses a year – making us a much easier company to deal with. On an installer level, we’ve taken a step back to look at our ﬁxture offering and launched a number of innovative products, with many more to come, each developed to make life easier – whether that’s through ease of installation or adaptability.

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What makes this latest launch so significant? I believe this new product fulfils a really key need, and there is nothing else like it currently available in the market place. I recently had some work undertaken in my own house, including some new lighting, and when I looked at the finished room, one fitting had the wrong colour rendering on it and didn’t match the others. When I pointed this out to the electrician he was devastated and I realised then that issues like this were not only common, but a real pain to fix. Errors aside, many an electrician will have carried out an installation to a customer’s preferences, only for them to change their mind about colour temperature or beam angle once installed. For many downlights, making these alterations requires removing the light from the ceiling, and either amending the settings from the back of the fitting or switching the fitting altogether. This can cause significant damage to a ceiling finish, particularly in modern properties

using plasterboard. With our new TEGO 2, there’s no need to remove the fixture from the ceiling. Everything you could possibly need to change is accessible from the front of the fixture. The colour temperature can be altered by twisting the lens itself, while the beam angle can be changed by pressing the lens into the fixture. A number of magnetic bezel styles are also available that can be changed easily from the front of the fixture by the installer or end user, without the need to worry about removing the light from the ceiling and subsequently ‘making good’. How can 'one box' solutions like TEGO 2 benefit installers? With solutions like TEGO 2, installers have everything they could need in one product. Rather than stocking a number of different downlights in the back of the van that fulfil different beam angles, colour temperatures and fixture design, installers

now only need to keep hold of one – and that’s the same across all our ranges. We have at least one product like this in every Megaman range that can be adapted by plugging in modules, sensors, emergencies, and more. We believe one-box solutions are the future. Do these fixture products mark a new era for Megaman? Over the past couple of years our fixture range has gone from strength to strength. We’ve always had a fixture offering but now we really do have a comprehensive range that is reliable, competitive and meets the needs of contractors. We’re emerging as a serious, innovative player in the fixture market and TEGO 2 is just the first of many new products due to launch in the near future – stay tuned!

WATCH THE TEGO 2 DEMONSTRATION VIDEO AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE028

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PRODUCTS & BUSINESS SOLUTIONS

RAISE THE

ALARM

Steve Boggis, Trade Business Unit Director for FireAngel, discusses how electrical contractors can ensure residential properties are adequately protected against CO and the technologies they should be installing to achieve the highest standards of safety.

t is estimated there are around 60 deaths due to accidental carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning throughout England and Wales each year, as the winter season quickly approaches and individuals increase their use of solid fuel burning appliances, Alarms provide the only method of detecting the presence of CO, due to the poisonous gas being tasteless, odourless and colourless. However, in 2018, the English Housing Survey evidenced only 42% of dwellings had a CO alarm, with owner-occupied and social rented homes more likely to have a CO alarm installed than private rental sector dwellings. Due to the impact of COVID-19, the installation of a CO alarm throughout all types of residential properties is more important than ever, as many individuals delayed the annual servicing of their appliances, including boilers. There are some key considerations that professionals should therefore address when recommending and installing CO alarms throughout residential properties this winter season:

Placement In accordance with European Standard EN 50292, CO alarms should be fitted in the

CO alarms shouldn't be installed within enclosed spaces, directly above sinks or next to a source of ventilation, such as a door, window, extractor fan or air vent. It is also important to ensure the alarm isn't installed in a location where the temperature may exceed 40˚C or drop below -10˚C.

same room as fuel-burning appliances, such as an open fire, gas cooker or boiler, and can be either wall or ceiling mounted. It is advised that additional alarms should be located in bedrooms relatively close to the breathing zone of the occupants, whilst alarms should also be installed in any room where there is a flue running through it. For ceiling mounted installations, the alarms should be at least 300mm away from any wall. For wall mounted alarms, they should be at least 150mm from the ceiling and above the height of any door or window. For both types of installations, the alarms should be between one and three metres away from the potential source of CO, to ensure the highest standards of detection.

Certification Some online resellers may supply devices that only display the CE mark but installers should always ensure that CO alarms are approved to European standard EN 50291-1 and carry a third party approval mark, such as the BSI Kitemark, to demonstrate independent testing and certification to the standard. Regulations CO regulations currently vary throughout the UK, with the main legislation applying to England and Wales included throughout the Smoke And Carbon Monoxide Alarm (England) Regulations 2015 and Building Regulations Document J. These regulations require CO alarms to be fitted when any new or replacement solid fuel burning appliance is installed, in addition to all rooms where there is a solid fuel burning appliance throughout private

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residential properties. The alarm must be either mains-powered or battery powered, with the battery designed to operate for the working life of the alarm. Both power types should also feature a warning device to alert users when the working life of the alarm is due to pass, or in the event of a sensor failure warning. The latest government consultation: Domestic Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Alarms: Proposals to extend regulations, is calling for amendments to be made to the statutory guidance (Approved Document J), which supports Part J of the Building Regulations, requiring CO alarms to be fitted alongside the installation of fixed combustion appliances of any fuel type, excluding gas cookers.

It is also requesting the amendment of the Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Alarm (England) Regulations 2015, requiring private and social landlords to install a CO alarm in any room used as living accommodation where a fixed combustion appliance is used. The requirement for landlords to ensure appropriate checks are made to ensure each prescribed alarm is in proper working order is also proposed. Interlinked technologies FireAngel’s Specification Range FS1326-T Wireless Interlink Carbon Monoxide Alarm meets current regulations. It features a 10-year sealed for life lithium battery, combined with advanced electrochemical sensors and intelligence diagnostics.

Smart RF Ready for enhanced protection, the device can be wirelessly interlinked with additional FireAngel Smart RF enabled smoke and heat alarms to form a private network. This means when one alarm sounds, they all sound, providing the earliest possible warning of the presence of CO, in addition to fire. To create a wireless interlinked network, simply fit a Smart RF Radio module into the alarm, either upon initial installation or at a later date, and interlink multiple smoke, heat and CO alarms together onto a hybrid network. GET MORE DETAILS ON THE FIREANGEL SPECIFICATION RANGE AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE029

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PRODUCTS & BUSINESS SOLUTIONS

GO WITH THE

FLOW

Although Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR) is ideal for new build properties, it is Alternate Flow Heat Recovery ventilation that is set to be vital to the retrofit market and existing homes. Tom Wodcke, Product Manager at Vent-Axia, explains more.

ater this month the UK is set to host the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) where it is likely there will be a call on all countries to set 2030 emissions reductions targets to put us on a path to net-zero by 2050. This is important since the UK has enshrined in law the need to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, but there is a long way to go. To reach this target, however, improving the energy efficiency of existing homes is essential since almost 40% of carbon emissions are currently generated by buildings. To achieve these reductions, it will mean improving insulation, making homes more airtight, and adding heat recovery ventilation to ensure good indoor air quality. It can be difficult to retroﬁt a whole house mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) system in an existing home since it requires an electrical rework and the addition of ductwork, which then

becomes a major project and is almost impossible to accommodate in small homes where ducting can steal valuable space. With whole house MVHR far from ideal for retrofitting, traditional decentralised mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (dMVHR) may offer an alternative option since it is simple to install through a wall. That said, although dMVHR is very effective for single room use – such as in the bathroom or kitchen – it isn't scalable to provide a whole house system. Alternate Flow Heat Recovery Fortunately, there is now a new type of decentralised heat recovery ventilation available that is ideal for retrofitting in existing homes and can be combined into a system of up to eight units to provide a whole-house retrofit system – Alternate Flow Heat Recovery. Alternate Flow Heat Recovery is new to the UK and offers a balanced modular customizable ventilation system that can be easily retrofitted, supplying both supply and extra while recovering heat from the air.

This new type of technology, such as Vent-Axia’s Lo-Carbon Heat Save, provides extract and supply ventilation to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) and supply fresh air to rooms as part of a modular system. Using two or more fans in habitable rooms, the units use a reversible fan that alternates between supply and extract fan modes every 70 seconds to extract dirty air from the room and replace it with outside air that has been passed through a ﬁlter to ensure that clean air enters the room. It is ideal for use in pairs – as one unit is extracting, the other is supplying fresh air to provide a single room or whole house balanced ventilation system with heat recovery. It’s also easy to expand as required, adding more units for a whole house solution which can all be controlled from one controller that can operate up to eight units in synchronisation. Fully customisable via a control panel, this type of technology achieves up to 84% heat recovery, via an innovative ceramic thermal accumulator.

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This new type of dMVHR uses the warmth from outgoing air to heat incoming air to avoid heat loss, reducing a home’s carbon footprint and energy bills. The heat recovery is achieved by a thermal accumulator, which features a highly efficient design (inspired by beehives) that maximises the surface area of the contact between the thermal accumulator and the air passing through it. Benefits for households and electricians For electricians, Alternate Flow Heat Recovery increases ventilation to prevent condensation while providing multiple avenues for up-sell. It is also easy to install since there is no need for ducting, a wall sleeve is included and the unit simply goes through an external wall. For households, Alternate Flow Heat Recovery offers ‘Fresh air without the breeze’ – no need to open windows and let out heat in winter. As a retroﬁttable heat recovery ventilation unit with a G4 air-cleaning ﬁlter,

households will see drastic energy consumption savings and improved IAQ. The units are also easy to maintain and clean, with ﬁlters simple to change since the units are not in the loft. Offering sophisticated controls, the Heat Save has a SENWZP Sentinel wired-zone controller, which is fully modular and controllable with customised

ventilation proﬁles available to ensure that every room in the house can have perfect ventilation. GET MORE DETAILS ON ALTERNATE FLOW HEAT RECOVERY FROM VENT AXIA AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE030

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PRODUCTS & BUSINESS SOLUTIONS

A CUTTER ABOVE THE REST

For this review, Gary Fisher of Lougar Electricial puts the C.K VDE Combicutter 3 MAX wire cutters to the test.

.K has a more than decent reputation when it comes to wire cutters, so it was with great excitement that I was sent a sample of the brand's latest effort – the Combicutter 3 – which combines all the important cutter functions to allow the user to perform multiple tasks with one unit. The Combicutter 3 wire cutters are 160mm in length ( just how I like them) and fit comfortably into the hand. I also like the weight ratio, which provides the operator with easy use between the fingers. As well as the cutting technique, there are a few other interesting features associated with this product. For starters, the tool is equipped with two notches along the cutting edge, enabling the user to strip back the insulation of 1.5/2.5mm cables. This will effectively ensure that you can do away with a second pair of stripper pliers, so less tools to carry around with you. Once you've stripped the cable ends, you're more than likely to want to bend the exposed copper conductor over, giving the cable termination more strength in the final turn of the screw connection of the face plate. The Combicutter 3 solves this issue by incorporating a wire bending anvil in the inner jaws of the handles. Again, no need to lug additional tools round with you. And there's more! When you've connected your face plate and are screwing it back to the wall, what happens when you require a longer threaded 3.5mm screw? I tend to carry 50mm in length, but then need to cut them back slightly.

Alternatively, you could use the cutter edge, as most faceplate screws are made of soft metal, but this creates the problem of burring the ﬁnished cut edge, making it difficult to screw back on to the back box. Because these cutters come with a pattress screw shear, they're able to cut the screw in a clean and tidy way, eliminating those irritating burring and no-screwing issues. The unit's metal construction is of the normal high alloy steel which is hot drop forged, hardened, and tempered for good strength and durability. The cutters are also completely VDE certiﬁed. Putting the Combicutter 3 to good use Having used the Combicutter 3 for a while I've been very impressed with the tool and was surprised at how quickly I was able to get the hang of using the unit and the various functions it offers. A lot of work we carry out involves the cutting of old cables etc, so most electricians will generally have a pair of cutters on them at most times. There are, however, plenty of occasions where you're required to terminate an item (even if it's to attach a cable to another for pulling purposes) so the Combicutter 3 really proved its worth as there was no need to fumble around looking for my other cutters. Another thing I notice when investing in a new pair of cutters is the way the two cutting edges meet. Some other makes I've tried don't meet along their edges so won’t give you the best cut. These offer a fantastic cut, and are even able to cut paper which is always a good test of their cutting ability.

WATCH A DEMONSTRATION VIDEO OF THE C.K COMBICUTTER 3 TOOL AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE031

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PRODUCTS & BUSINESS SOLUTIONS As key lighting season sets in, Steve Hewish, Approved Electrician at Turrell (Electrical Contractors), tries out the FL series floodlight from Collingwood Lighting.

LET THERE BE LIGHT!

hese days, outside lighting is simply a must-have security item, especially during the darker winter months. Sometimes, just having the ability to see that someone has come onto your premises will be the only deterrent required to send unwanted intruders scarpering. The Collingwood Lighting FL Series flick-free floodlight with PIR sensor, a product I was recently given the chance to review, is a perfect example of a fitting that is designed with both the end user and installer in mind. It features a fully adjustable 180˚ PIR with sensitivity setting to minimise unwanted triggering from hedges, animals or cars driving past. The built in tri-colour switch is another welcome addition, as some customers have existing outside lights that they want a colour temperature match for – not an easy task when you're trying to match the existing warm white, cool white or daylight colour temperatures that the existing lights may be utilising. The combination of the lux level and sensitivity settings allow you to adjust the darkness level required before the light is triggered. This makes the fitting perfect for all scenarios, such as where a client

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wants a bit of extra light (outside of street lighting), or they own a property in the countryside that requires lighting for both safety and security purposes. All of the PIR settings can be easily located and adjusted on the reverse of the PIR that's mounted on the bottom of the light ﬁtting, though I found the time setting required a bit of trial and error before I achieved the timing I wanted.

Easy on the eye The light itself is compact in size (dependent on the wattage you opt for) and very appealing to the eye. One client even described the fittings as ‘cute’ which I think was mainly down to the fact they were expecting a large halogen floodlight, rather than a slimline LED fitting. The unit is also lightweight, making it easier to mark out and level up when fixing it in place. The light comes with a 360° adjustable bracket for mounting, making it easy to adjust the position of the fitting, depending on the angle you want to be picked up. The bracket offers the user an added bonus as you can mount it and then fix the fitting to it with a bolt, rather

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN

than awkwardly holding the fitting and having to fix it at the same time – a job that requires three hands. The bracket and fixings are also resistant to harsh conditions as the fixings are made from stainless steel and the fitting has a salt mist protective paint, making it perfect for coastal areas. The length of the cable was perfect for my requirements (drilling straight through to a switched spur), but, depending on how far away your connection is, you may still require a weather resistant joint box. The cable being rubberised also makes it ideal for outside use and it is easily coiled to leave some slack for future adjustment or to minimise water ingress to your outside box or running back into the property. With the range available in 10 - 100W options (without PIR) and 10 - 50W options (with PIR), you'll have no issues with finding a solution to meet your customers’ requirements. VIEW THE 20/21 COLLINGWOOD CATALOGUE AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE032

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Products IN PRACTICE

British suburbia reimagined with Gira solutions Gira's latest switch technology has been utilised within a contemporary suburban home in London. Shaking up the suburbs with an ultra-modern design, the Tree House in Ealing stands out from its neighbours. The Cubist-inspired new build by Fletcher Crane Architects of Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, is set right in the middle of the street, on the site of a former garage, disrupting the streetscape at first glance then blending in harmoniously. Elegantly restrained Its cuboid shape and materials complement the surrounding forms and while the neighbouring buildings are ornamental with period details, the Tree House is elegantly restrained. Using primarily three exterior materials: grey brick, black timber and anthracite metalwork, the palette is simple when the rough brick contrasts with sharp black details. The simplicity and rawness is carried through to the internal fit-out where brick walls, bespoke ash joinery, terrazzo tiles and delicate metal balustrades contribute to a comprehensive and confident vision. Living spaces flow from the front to the rear of the site with the kitchen and living room on the upper most storey

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optimising natural daylight. Two bedrooms and bathrooms are located within the semi-sunken ﬂoors which lead out to a planted garden, ﬁnished in black cobble setts. The décor is characterised by straight lines, with strong focus on the essentials.

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN

Easily adaptable With such a design-led focus and attention to detail, the Gira Esprit Linoleum-Plywood Design Line of switches proved to be the perfect blend of form and function for use in this modern home. Jacob Muijnck, Director at Gira UK, says: “We're very pleased that we can offer a wealth of switches and socket outlets for the modern home which will help interior designers and architects alike focus on an element which has previously been overlooked. “Our iconic Design Lines are constantly evolving so that you can now find lighting design solutions in innovative colourways, wood-framed fittings, linoleum, stainless steel, aluminium, chrome and even glass.” He continues: “An added benefit of choosing Gira Design Lines is that the property owner has the ability to upgrade to a smart home system, which can be integrated in the Gira Design Lines. “This ensures that their house can be adapted to suit lifestyle changes and varying needs.” WATCH THE VIDEO OF THE PROJECT AT: WWW.RDR.LINK/EE033

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