+Jd~u-n"'uYln
MOHAMMED BIN RASHID
A 1 MAlCTOUM FOUNDATION
>+
r+ ;r! s--
i-p
J i L I J; ,.Leu LJA dLJ &i5>WI$ 2 2
+ ' ~ 9 Js 1 cuYI,
it;L,LJI,
G A L
c & d U l A > U I +&Y &dl +Jl l&\ Js -$I 23, &;>$dl Is,&, &&$I SF 'b1 -@I A L Y I & YJ i+Yl $6 t,+..b&&I $31 $ G p d l >&I,
j. 4
4
&k-IJl r w l
+I
ji>+
JJ>
aI;UI j. +U d f -+I
.1-
--I+YI
J+
J!
L~LS
$2 :&I,
b+
+ ' .2
.*-I31
rJI
Jl
$ +K
J+
$1 JT
Ii+I
a
a
~
9
2 JluJ1
++I i
rLA l
-
J,YI
&+
++I
A W J% GI>
J ~ Y& I jU
G%Jl > G Y l &LJ3 c i i p J l
&j Y l rI,JI,
~ J L &JI + d l ~ l c l + y l& ;2
k jX!eI rLJI
.aI,WI,
Y &p
&J+
d I j,dl
klhl J+ y&,
~+r-llJl
,y L > U I
$
~~((rtj) cL!i ifJlr;hlbT
'ljl
r ~ 1-b b& j~1 ~ 2 r+
y&-,
tbi & &&I
j.
-3-. . i L+
+WI a L j 4 J l
. + M I a l A Jj
iJWl
LIL
aKy
, l+=eL
L
abI+!
> J,
(c-z~,s
&&& +.Jl + d l Lkr $JL~.JI1-31 >@I ci-C @I, $ill
-1
. o p t
"i '+
L A L I JCIWI
+&G, j J! r+ J.GI> i WI a~,>\ ?f
i-j..
Ii + I
j.,
+AI i;UI
Jj
&L, ilL2 '+
3 c a k d l &I& Jfl .b
31 GL;.!
-6
,y a L W l 2
www.mbrfoundation.ae i i J l
ti,.
iJL;
r i i W
o-di
G I Ia Jq ~~ awbo
MOHAMMED BIN RASHlD AL MAKTOUM FOUNDATION
&V\
&+)!I
ZG-j "lrul lje j-"j-
The Enlightenment
0 Cambridge University press, 2005 All rights reserved jlzll j .kjli
41>ul>I, a, + &.1I.
+-I j+
*I &iYl Arabic Copyright02008 by Dar AL-FARABI
cj&I, Jjlj
(H1222) @UI L *.
Gg& Jb
c j U I
~ +LJJ
U &H1. I &+A
J! +dl9
.' L?WI 1 b . & >I (Veronica Fraser)
J!6;sdl ykq 1-
~ ~ I + I hi I
+
J% ci, Y j ' + IL +!
$. I p
u
3
J5]!
$I3
is r;iw
&j
'i+
abL+i
L + ~ L &*r L . u r n 1 I L a y &> hi
+I
$1
-44
+Lii
hh! a-I
G J ~ +C;S9 k;S ;r. L08j3> b e l 4 llkLtWll' +L ;r. i>~jl--KI+h~i +T -I
dpJ
+I
f~
L
hi ~
U . "Enlightenment" I
4 -I
$ 'J+
I
2 +JI
'y p i J I
&
L
..S ~ ~4 r q 6
I IL "
31
i.4 $>
J&
4 1
+.J I
l1
J!d>i +>
h l k ;
t l ~ '& - ~ rrL L
j.riY is41 +I
is-
&-a s
31 b 2 (! j
r l
xkll
3 @-dl d
Jl
l aL+
@ M I +I ..>+I
+ m l 3 clcll &dl
$ &dl
&j
G>+JI o&YI
.+-dl cXoY1 alSj
'JLJ13
2
J&
&dl & G U I
j!
eWI b L
'tJ!..& *dl q+
LA &dl
j439 Yg
& 3* ~k.LWl z W I &
+-dl
c K s Y l is$
S ;J ,;lI
M
I
$
I
Y +I
j;%
J W I -I
dl p +i+I
LfkL!
&-dl dj3
LLal
L& +I
A3
;to
+ >MI
'L+Lc&YI
$e
ik-!
9 3
&AI
>J j;jL 4 & Z+ls
' a..; w * l
4j L;S $'1
L j d33 J+
bHg b+j
l&&3
J U Y l A l s .j L A I csWl &A3
34-JI J
L+alP %+I
a
&& ' k c
i;, ;c
Z A I a&
c+LSsdI
3
..&LA a%
a\+ l j X a r p k l l J
L~JI
d$l
4
dIS As ..+dl:,
1 . b j;t!J.,dl
YJ cXpY13 r d l j+ Y #J
Jk
&I
>dl crdj &
-.ruIJ +I
y&lJ
9 1"
t+y
*JJ Q+
l X A l j &,&I
3 , y ~ r - !
--
J p i I dK3 'dj+T3
4 9
SjE d b &dl (y 4 J L "
++.&
' p l
&
$1
2
tfi ,*iT
& ' e-
cz"p p
Jg.'l
s k;;pHII
r&I
$ 'J"Y'
p
IJr
+ ,yWI
7-L'
2 3
3
L
+I
Y
\
aYL3
&dl9 p dls
r&JI Jb j 1-
+,I dK dpll
+-
dpll
I
t+YIj
'J&
I
a
31
yJ
2 3 -3
(Science)
e-
nL+'
&& 2 Y i r d l
r ~,...-. SiI
c-ldI & d l
LLy
&%dl
~ ji3 at +I & 3LS . & U l
c3; r?( ,r*'
l
' j 4 I
$3
L$
J W Y I j l S C i A I di j +I
JjLCJl
'tdz
'j-4
'+"cjS &-La
9Ln,r
U4I 9
414 j - .&GI .. d
UG 4rj [,+ad\ 4 4 +( J ~ &+a\
r+
t_p-
r;+I
L l S k!,
LLy
'apXII
a L + l CiK . U l
+~~+'--P+J+?%
.LA> j
+
2s +&J Lt,; 6 ~
dK
2 is&
ir;L
JbJ '&L& f , L J J
ciJI j
+$I
CUi *, c;i
L-p *I $3. ; , t k
s; d l ui
j keIJI
p~j..*ll p j s l J U l
JLph;l;&
31 d G ) 1 L
c+p
hi%
c;LSJI r+I
;jL!I
#I
d L d K 3 'i*
*6:
i)$l GI+
f+ CT$
A
iklhll
3 &I
*+I
k+IJ
d!
a$\
i,J-ll
+ 9 G"'
+bJl
'#I'
... >
G
9I
"&I
r + d l
't&e3
2~
LLYI i d u u -
$ 1
,y
@I
2 ~91 w\+& .G&J\ &\$I I
+ :JI+
I
~i
ilL $ fl $5 @I
>\ +?I
ibj
& LPi g
dJL
li.3
.W
2 ui;tU I+ o h
> ,!JLhJ\
.d\d\>&
3
A&-
t'i I
&Ip
+, . . j j l 1
&&Y\
++
&UI
+ ;rj& d l J W I iG CL
G m l JJ*P_JIj *JIJJ~I
'a\dfMJ '#y\'
6 k 3
uj .--$I
0-i.
aLJ+leyl
+-++I L3
j
&dl
3 jljxhJl ..
r&>L$J\1-
L iiy
LJ
6
GKJI
G Y I L U .dl/13
LC;
1-
"W3
&-irll r+)
GXJI +MI J3U &WI .LI_:
LC; Ij!
r+Jl)
rWl y &G3345;-i.;I&l"51,1
&I
rA
J+
+I
dlj32~1 -1
&\ LI P(&AKII
%&I
;4
GA -3
;* +&Yl
b41
G+
4
&JA
Jy J+JI
3
1-
&-FYI L K r&l
b\
Jbk
1 b .
441 4 1-w; 51 j%c;'ul, L1 9&WI +LA\ ++I
o
h
d\
.sI9U1g
il
29-+L fCUi;
dl
..
9 1 T I L L A +-
Y
&>;* 4 5 9 , w I LLLU j.j&JJI >+ +jW\ &CjXc> a9d\tp IL_&~ > U Y \ i j \ > j
a .**1&
dr
A+YI
+ 'I
2 +I &I
9
cA4l
IL
2 ++ + + '9 ?WI
L;Le $ z+! d l
jlsj .!!!d+Chlh L@l
ijla!
i+
L JIj
3j > ' 4 1 cllJi 2
ii%>
+ +r
JL- ; , dr A. Y +I
4 - 1 1 ui
V
rUij
2 +JI
~ L >+I S
f~
?I
2
j;l> +I
ri&
b> dK .C+LdA b+-
a+>
L
j(Cameralism) r d l y K J l aL+
f+
4 9
~L4s;xfli+> cd93JI e I j & &LO+\ +U4l3&L;II ib T j i ; @Wl ; -19 &=, (pW1 .L& ,AJ
blA4
& > J > ~ I JJdI jI+
IJ, a+> L4i 5331 j.&I; ,++ ~ ; i . l Ci]If 'f&lspJl &fJJ d > U I
c l t A,
'e-G+
tj+~~r-l~ ~y c+ &I Lck-J &+Vl JL &+I
LdWI a I j I X 2 Y I A3
&I
+ljYIg\ Css;JI a+g
pl >
I
fCUi;
+-4 J I
1
..;&I
iJ+19
I
C;L>&
reJl
9 & > W Y I +I!
%>LA\ LLdI JUI
>L,&YI UL!
&+
(Globalisation)
pl! $1
a41
GI
+I
41
&I
J! +yl r&Yl j T p l @ I 3\ dJ+~Ji d > k f j V l J U l jI J K A I C ~ +T M I GLS *iJ .j k ! l 4&YI iJUl
+I
$41d
3
qLJJI L d & l y y I
yLi 23 4 K - Y l
4 114L ~ $
LJJ-I
4; j c 3 L 2 & l y y l
d&Yl
+Lj j
s ;i
J,I
p3
2
L DLS ,+ I @Ul
& j iJrJl 1 j?b p j $ L o J I L J+I
J ~d \J L l j V I t.dIJ
- &wI ;x
WYJI
2 J W I /!, $ ; S J U l 1% si$
yY1 dL_l&\l-.y\
L3+lyyl
.&YI
iSj
j
M~
WKi
.(JLiidI&bI) J
& LJLr
b J i L&
cjJS;-
ad I
p T
L!
cJl $ * k d I
r;;G &+w\ UgJ\
kJWl ++I
+,d\ + .d>L+dVI
ah #I
.. i J U I J
,
&I+
(y
k;WI j
;iJUl +&I
e
l &I
GL-41 + d l UrJI ~ j S j
jJ +WI i_elWI
L. d l LJyJI i$
+I@,
rG$1
iJWI as &Al, y d J
&dWI
-.
naM\ll
d+
c General
>I &.& JUl &IJ
4
&A
w1, JsdI
J ~ > ~ ~ 9 J & ~ & ! ~ ~ ) l &
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
3 iAl
ijwl
Ji
liJ
.. w
ck:+W13
GUY!
0.b
e3 AJwleuj
I! . .$ &>\
JsdI
&L@l
2 +,"
&&dl
iAL pl& J3j
ipUl
&dl &jr
irilrL g-L
:@,S.LilrJlp
eLaflIJ>L;I:i+L,&Yl PI$! J ~p, IQ L J I ,jlYV! 2 &-I &>I+, .+Ul J3dl 2 c 2 U I VS 2 1 34-11, JWI j l y f ~4@J p :+b+dl pl$l +UI~ G V I 3 +dl d k 2 . &- > M I>\&I
JjJl
j;:
4 - A
c;$)")'
i.CisJ
d
I
j&19
q3#\
(Fiberoptic Communication) iij&
>Mg
--
l d gv l p J La;Y I, d L u... I
jib! 1-b& d9 ' ( P p d l kc* .di.+~
QI+I
YT-, 4 9 1 ;WI
& >I >I2141
J>L;II $Lsa+ : + b y l3 +WI pl$l cjl+Yl
&, '&LiWl 2. j l d l
q3T
QLG, >Wl
!
1
>+
.&A1A
&-dl A%
I > L p p$I
LJWI jrJIJ
3
JIjLs
i3~1-k-
I iSF
d i 1JSL; a+
-WLI
9
& JSL; dE>
i
dl*, SF
LS
& (Face book) Jy-
d5 SLJl j r+Lt
'
G-$1
+Wl *I,
py1
:*I
is\> i d I J93JJ i + U I &>
j
i.&&
.&-&I
j U 1 I L ja+!
alJlp! r d l i$
:&-! Q! Ja
3
d>lj
.;i?>JJ\ +g\
i,zLi!
&dl
hLL: iJyj \I;!
'>LA\
>>&I
& &L;d\
ks *, +Y 4Y 2 1ipUi JSLtJl e
a B m l 3 >>&dl + &I
L
~141
J!Zb)!; I h .&JMI p AJ~I .. iJ>ld\ a k a ! +> 2 J I i : ~ + wply1 I a+\ d l d G J d I iikJ> &A\L J W
J>L;a Q G I -L
U
JS &$J G i v l +wyl
*+
I
L
y-p" 23"~ $ 3 d I G 9 d&rfI LA kJ 1 Jb 2 .(U Tube) "4=;
I k Y
&t
'+IJ
d3
A> &J-1
LJ>>
+\+I
jtb 2
J>J-1
jl!+l
qul
gJ393
~!&b
dAl
z>Li
&\by\
3
~ U + I p*! j T k3u3.
~ L J I&$I
b3~
ckl idG +&J ;&I J+!I j&I ;+ a13>y13 (NIKE) Z$ j J W I
+I
$A
>+ 3"'
$1
&\$I
,I-!
a+"-
jL,A
Decent Working Condition
"
>Cztf
&-r;'I
&~LdYl+l
jr~coL&dI
GlerYl 19 >&I
2
J! L W \ a I r f ~ Y 4 J l+ & $1 & - U I J% 3
+
JL
JmI
Glh:
dYiJ ~ 3 >p ,AI l L
$
> A G ~L
&I *
&*.
jc~ / ~
Jg>
$ ! l & + + 4 ..
&b j
i!
J+ d~~
+>
&-1981 i; j j%403 %20 3 L c-l> ++
&.+ $ c31j$2 $s
g
J U+I i
P;: b&
~ UJ+JI I
F.\&\
w
~JI;J .j W I J > w l
aLIJ*ll
jis i! jr~+Wl j $1
% 50.1
LJl
+A
Fair Competition Act
% o Y L s P ; Y I J~,Lo 3 aL&
JJ.S
13
3jl>
;JI
3 3
Iju
badL..Al * " u+I
.and JL-
&JsydI
1.5
3 $1
j%2,2 &.+ >l>jl L+
j : J+dl
1415
+ IjL&\
+-L kJIL,) . (i+rl+I\j 2
j j rL+Yl
TL
Y > ~ Y >*LS I d L ,$I
2~
'GI>
i&..Jl a l + l ~ ! l
JL
i ~ 4 - 1 1 3
L+y
Jdl
I ~ f~ J U i IL @LJI ++ dm
w-4j .kc; y a h J I JsJI
aU$I
Z'd
L,2
d&LJl
+
aT je3 LU,~
J-53 .&->
.
rJ;
(Noam
kJiuj-I
*$dl
d
l h d! &> 9 3 .G&4
3 .
J! d&
IA
) I
+A1
j+
J! A&Ed1
zJWI J
qJL,d! j;,
>b
&&L
++I
L +j\ PT
6Le. i b l p
$LJjlbj
~ 1 9 3
J3d\& J W Y I
u
&+ d l b ' Y l J-5
r*ZI
3 Chornsky)
d l dr. pt..,
j+
i j l> L Y l
,.,a!
(
I iAL)
is; I>! ;clk;JI
c . 2 ++
.a41e;;i
.
J*iJJ
a+
hull1 p ry +I
;&dl a\J\$\
*, . I s ~ J+ ~ b/Ld\ll
d j J > l j j...il
k,l+
J~ pL
+ ~i+L--
' ~ k l >Ip I>>L
JI+Y
J3Jl
3, &l;lYIs
wl q\+-d\ a \ J U L a+ &.+JI
+
Globalisation)
GJL,
+I>
.&+I
@I,
3 c (Anti
3
WL-L \AS
+kcj& ,$I ;iQiifl a b b l G Is>>
jlkL c J 4 l JJ-21
L+
2
Y dl
lja
++
332
35
4 W I
+9
kW I
(Secularism)
lip
'&I
d,
& & lib & @I3 .+I
, , 1-
$22
'+I
'y
0 . h
&
k l i s l ~ &!I t d, J9 (rk; ' * ;u-I& ..&I f i jk; a! +MI
*ljT3 &dl id\2 J+
. .. L+I
'y
+-dl d l 3 k Y L
due- a! *
+I
a\ L-IGkWl Lo
. e l f L k i k 9 i+ 2 L-Jl -+I
-MI
18 4 6
.adl
2
9
i j L
I-J
IL+I
(Secularism) +I
Jkj
C4j &I&\
.yY\ a93 i W
CiJI jGLWI @9
-
li;UI9
*-35; &+
dfi
i 3 L
L
A
G W I dK&l
.&JJI p ;r!J J I J - & t " ' i F &
-
& &.!
LZ . (j.
J~!
c-5 jL-4I
j(George Holyoake) 3TJr.
ci31 di j+I -. 1.h Z I b ;I.+.$kJ li*. ;-LL~&I , & Cy 'y Jr 4Jk.. &ill .1h . dl >CYI d&I J! GkWl jLG! J3I ~2 Yj
&I
$3
ijg+
a,.
(j.
41 L&\
&-dl 3 b Y l
&IaL:
,
lljlhd jg - ' .
Log
Jb
L ~ L
,+
&&I
'(Averroes) LJ fuj- f Q
T, s~~ ~ k r& l IL &+4.
+1 &
& -9Jl
al
iwlg
A J;\
CU; Lps
'&
5+-
GkWI j&#I
0 1L Z
LL&I
;ro 3 3 2 s
& L aZU- I -
+
&
>I >iJ W ~ J +A >id +&!&I> LLJI# GLWI j&L! G+- 3 &$I ,WI + Y p ,+. L L ~ i~i; . &> ...?-dl &L Cu k;! @> Y \ 01-
0&
>T p i djJ3 JESYI 4- Fr~ ..&*u blu >! dJ1 j&C9 i;d hY \ Z U I && .d>-dlo& OL+
1
I
I
I
'
1 >
L c - 4 ;
. "L U . I U I ipk; JL
IL
...
kr + =I
q'L+
*
Y
3 9
$~
WIjI+,
j91 JIL+ 3&+
*
..a+! y JWI 9 IL d l '&I>
3i iJ>&\ 4+9 .&
&*zJI&+
idiJl
o
h
LI> &$I
. L W I 0l+l
'y
(Democracy)
&b !+-A!
1
YJ
d3Skll>*i
CdJL 4 1+g
w 1++I
2
I+-*]
I 91; . !3 $A3 rr
p &sLl,d
l 9 y- u U l I& (;! ,illJ . M I chflJkll 2 o l k l l l
+Id\
(Anticipatory +Lid1 (Classic Democracy) L&A
ifbl++rll
L&
A h > +\+-dl
(Electronic) +>$Y
p.241
+ &-+I ++I
+I+-dl
A
(Illiberal , i
'pL3
W
I
I+L+JJ IJ
&L
&QI
I &b I+-d
!, (Deliberate)
rY>P - 3 9
aL+Z
cik, +(Democracy Centralism)
iiil+&
&
a19V&
Ab3
-
&J
ei~
dl .'>IJL &\+-dl -
J&
*l+-AI
+\+-dl
dLJ
(Defensive Democracy) +bd\ &bl+-dI3
&! j .jw , t _ d \
I
%I\ &b I++! I> Democracy)
(Constitutional Democracy) LJ-JJl
& ~fi! d l
d%lg
b3(Reconciliation Democracy) L.+$
l
& 3lh;l Jlbj j u
L
a & d d .l
&>\ +\+*A1
pJ1>j
Ql+-Al
ijl-.
3
? J
C&-
~ bklJL J
.--padl
I &b \+-A
Y >I
' U I
'&YI
. k t
131 u&I & d l &I3 *2
&$&I
&I3
u+l
a.
&
JS-4
&I,!
jiYl
j+ d l L5L&
(Liberal Democracy)
I
&blp.-?~~ 6 Democracy) u&
Y j i+l
&&I
L3 . U l J31sI,
$j
u4
iiljJI
# 2 -,1 ,
#j @
J3L;
3 &J3
3 3
Jr Z
w
; d l abYJ1 *,
.
CLUI
JJI
&d\l~$ (JW\
jL ~ L a z j Y i lgl
G,A &I
'j2&
..(A ~ 3 - l ~
&&S
J%
& *rL
' i ..w l +\+-dl
$
Y IL ~ j T Js .IS$ aLlj-L]!
dy u k 3 L b S L3CklI 6 *+I 1.b
d+
a&&\
a$J ;+&I
I i g
+yL~
+)
&
G3LazjYl9 GUI - \ d l
1 Cfwf .alt6jl $
4
+
I+-d I
G ~ W c~+ll I Jj &Cll +I+-dl
d\
f ~ \
cLI
+ d l aI3hYI
d g k ; j-11s L (Inclusive Democracy) LLfrJI .LL.I\~ .. ... + b y , 1
r';,Vl
~ j\ rb 1 o 3
ibIJ ~
(.+Wl
L@I
3 +Ul
$ 2%
Y
cki g J W I
;r. i & l p 4 - * U f +I+-*u @ ;I
u4
'UWI
fG9
j j&l
.u &&L4 ~ ~ I + + J J I2 4
3Ln;iL.
a&&
'j.4
-
L FJ1
Qs
&-Lg
~ V +U1I
jlI + k + Y I +I++lI J--" jsLT jjk; 37 +&Yl a L @ l js a d ! js -IJ-L]\ ~isLJ1~ ; ,+iLJI r U l
1 4
> &I
aK+I
..+3LPZjY19
L p V ipLi L+
+l++dI
$
&dl
-
.&A1 2
J1j LOs
2
?Jb
JS 2
rJpJIJGlcWl 2
dJk
d i djJ &I O
-Ij
h
-Ir
3
&j
d l &&I
.@l+-dlJ
2 k;- ilk $ Uj L L! ~jUp Ll]u *+;J .L+ L> a+&-ill JA..AI j L~J+ w dJ*. GJW
U l l + U I yL;il
L.+ Jy-
I
I
+-&I &+
+
iiw -dl iL
5Kj
6
'3+ & I& .
GWI
,+ 4jyj
LQYI
&+
'+Yl
4 4 +I ++
LL& C U lJjkj
2r
-5;jj
CUJ
L $1 a*sL: l
&I
i r ~ + j j j
2
9
c3Jr(I
ib
i,.
;*k; a w l
jyl&19 JKJl--
-1
$
~ y j T
@ i ,. d l +
& ,
JJrV~
&j
d l
iiiejl d j J+Liij
"iLpJ1j L-$l"
Q-2yI dl5 'djldJ.dI
e+YI &
~J
+? 4 9 1 J w l
3?plhz,l'+
+ #&L;*
'iLJI
>LJ
+$j
2 'cb &
&L+Jl
I +Is
Tij9 pJ
&-& >i
&G '&WI
L
J3 LIZ)
iWI
+$
$lyJl
I
I 9 "GUI &dl
ljj .&j51
i . 4 ~ &A j .
I
&LA1 G
l b
>JJL
4
&dl A G Y I
i,. I
> Uj L LI + dT
&.s
Js iiWl L ,JA~ ' s 9 j ~ L
C%y~~
-@UI
'djljLal J-+= L
JS
~ OL>>T
+LWl
jc'15-L d!
0
I
Y i,;UI
JPd Y 'y
04-4'
-
3I
C j r p
d l s !;I
d! J+-
yl
+-3
2b ,;l
ij
4 1dl t1 &A LLG
+,
L+
i,bl++JJl
c-~ YJ
by-,
& d l +,L;
cy,+.I
;* & d l
L @ l
tL,cjs dl & JyJI lip + +T
+b
L--+
J 'y *>I
+3
.$ 34
eJ+!I
&%YI*I
L=~x;~I, ->J1
' ' I J d I $LJ'j . .
3 6 - -4L,
t+l
~ ~ l ; V l
j& 2 j 3 .+UI
2 dL5
rr%p
r'
t4 j>lrJI
&d
L j,\;rlecUI
.;SF,
UiJ,
bCLLL
>J
z!d!
r'
'LAC;LL
Jkj~ I r Lf & L
& A593
i @ I
t+&
&
j; d l 2
d, LA d 3 l jd
+-dl
L 4 L&l>$J
37
L
J+ *, p x l l - d l W
9 +b!
bLri.Tcl dl J+-
*i
a 3 y j
.djdl j l k l l l +
LarJ
.'
+ :JI+
,I, &k
f ! & k 4 1fF &
+ b 353 +I
r
i l 3 L
iljdI
&+
ikU
--
fLsJJI iSy- ' 1 9 7 8 3Ljll
J!
illdly+J
@
'GALi>L GfCU Ii=) C%YI &I
2 >$I
a&-I jik;
+
3
j . 4 1G U LjL; CL)II
pL; SWI d l d y L ) ' I
ejiJS ~ ~ r +iI _ +I3
&A L a J
+*\
32Lu
d / j.iSj
d$lhl13
dT ~ & W I
23k-4
wJd-.&.b .iyl3
+
''.by\ dTP-. gL! ~ L G ~ lJ l. +..- e.u 4 1j r C ~+ y p3~ '++u3 JJAL si3
Lui+d
2
k;&l
2 l&t,,
+I (Forgein Policy) d2 ;r'3>
dfli &3 .+w~ d+ 'Ljj
j il;l*U
& 2+-Ji
i l 2 L
i+*ks
ir. LWI
j .L O O
T i ~ j dLS j
J I + J 3 Lg,i
G! JW
i 4 djJSjL
i>L
dj$jL
3 4ji;jU
LLS li!2JIdI
&LA
t-LJI
ubI <JI
@j
&Vl J!6 2 e L\ G G Y I &-..,J jJ6- 3 js-i L &dl JkJ&,o3 juyl it*L+ >JY. (yi I .UJI L;,
I iJ3+
'
+
+
(s&I
.cWI I L
ibli j rPWl
j jb &dl M r S ) I I
jL j l i l l pkJl JLbj $ &-$I
il'b-\ &G b 2
c + - l + ? %U
c- f Y J I
2 3
( S J ~ '2004
'+&I
-jJI
y l A l
qi-) j& d l
J+.t
3
'el+
,--J d
l 2
~
dJ1d3i!
d r J ~k \ r l
+Y
.djY GE
&-01 rLalI e
41 9 'dl *, ,L+Yl
+dl ;$I3
+Ul
i$I
& L W I i W I LIr+ a 3 L l
3
.@I
e
b
i
j4 kS " d l h j L N +
#
e~+13
0&&
&J&
JLJ13i@lj &3yI
2 J ~ J I3 iew~ ji b W I O Y
J3Iu jJ d I
$1
-Lo
..
+%
+
3kUl
vh
2
Jvf J! ikJI
+h;lY~
+I
,cl.
S U I &b 2002 ++/'$AI j?$s
hl J&
q-%-JJl fK.rYI
L
U &I
r%YI
*pL
&LA&$I>
dl dL j . ..& b Y I 3 r&l+J5 i"L-
e -
w9
.pr
&L dj dq riu-$I
irYl
-
'4 h
r i j v
LL!! 3 3 W I j .isrw
&3
o h
hi
+-8 y S L c r l r W L &A> i(Lj?JI 31 3 . . >I+-> Sky
dJk4
2 .el3 El3;">
&I
i
I
'+-!I &Ul h i 2 r%Yl
J" ..+Iy +ji
h3+9
OL IJ
OT~j I +b
,
l
+i
I
&-1
3 J;w h+-
d j Y l 1-0
I
,
qUl>
jL+
2 a+
2~
A
3
; ,PP;, hlks JXS
W ~ ; y ~ ~ z k , g B ~ ~ $ $ ~ ~ k - - @
J L +i Ji L j4
rSLP #Yl
A,
b3..&I ij
> d l h!
kli
+ 2 +I>
..+
&I
J) +, - g'~"3 J-
> +-dl3 + U I
gJI
itfs+JI
@I
ik
%
2 .L&YL
-
j L.. d I i r L U Y l 1-
&I
L U +L
TA
31 4;
JS d+-
2 r;&I
P.
t" a9L"
irI>+!L
;ic+
d y @I 9 y l l
L
d i JI.
Li .-&I
> : ..ru~ JIQI
+ ~ir T
&A1
G%Yl
3 ilk ' L l j
'41 L j IL
3 3
&&-L JI.~;i;L_d\ihs3L.
%J tLl
j w l ill+\
iSEj ,-,2
+-dl &fl;hll j % L
+I
&I&\
2919
d+\
Y +L j kly J b 3 1 :c-hi J W I j t+i d9
;4;L;!Xn,
.'
2
j p J 1
rj+
6~ J U I ;* +L"
$ L'U ;*I $ Y! ;t=!r0"1I
PI&
JI. L $U ~ ~ 1 4 Y l 9
.."+5Yl3
++
+I
lik(-+
~ a
I1-' Y &dl
dA&Jl&+
& +.A
+T3 P-;! 42 ~1
31
@& d ~ ; sd \$ h ..#I ; l edk!l $3 ' -.I I t" & - -Yj L& ;4il+I U I rraV J y l j ~. ~ .&&ST ,+h G , c-, 37 LJ 4 Y GY @I p&~ 3
&JJ~
c;i;11IyJlg t;ibIj;P?JJlg &I
2
'+
'U+I3 &+&I
';4ikW1 L_L,& j . L+l+YI
LLYIJ
Quoted in E, Cassirer, Rousseau, Kant and Goethe (New York, 1963).
(1)
D LS
&JL-y L (Illuminismo)
. .( 2 )
y;syi -.. l
2 , r . ~ I +3 r l t l l I
~ + y
r1783 rb jCI U
A;;. I $ I
~3
+ .,
4
L++o
(Berliniche Monatsschrift) &r';LJ9
+,$I+
L
L
j~J L J GJL ~ I i;l~ >I, ' L - . I*,. A, J I g 1 clli p +LL-! I+* 31 yai
a+k. BA&l JC ,j ,
& I>,
LIJdl --lS
&&I,
> '&L\, ~ , $1 f
;+d J l!
JL a b L ; Y l
a Y W I
&L;.
3j
r ( 1 7 8 1-1 7 2 9 ) (Gothold Lessing)
(Moses Mendelssohn) D
~
kiL5 &+Lu! @,itJI
c-$
G>~+JI
'(1786-1729)
(1 804-1 7 2 4 ) (Irnmanuel Kant)
aYLkpll
+ik;,.
: ; aJ -44
d&13
>,>J ip%
~
p L . . . L&
lir
3 JlLJl
L
o-L
jpll
j+I
&L$
&uf
* j T 2
i+u
ja& jJI i . i b d I 2L.U
H. Stuke, ((Aufklarung)), in 0. Brunner, W. Conze and R.
Kosselleck (eds.), Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe, Iexion zur politisch
-
Historisches
socialen Sprache in Deutschland (Stuttgart,
1972), I , 244, F. Venturi, contributi ad un dizionario storico. Was ist ((Aufklarung))? sapere aude, Rivista storica italiano, 71 (1959), 43-1 12.
(2)
, ~4.u i-1]4
a l .~( 3 ) t A 4 ~ ) )
L '
J L d I ;r j& L
+! '+3 1 +-315 r;\l
--&I
+ ~ b2j & $ LJ? L d (Reason) wl L& L l S &dl +I dl ea&& d15 ch; ciJ\j .&I si &' -I A2 1 j V l jr JLJI JLY > > A \> -J*.J\
J h l
aL;yI
pj;
L ii! "b)j a Y j L 'y
LLr'-
3!
pkll
+ L+
d>j?
~3
p ~ j >dJL-5 sl +l Ji r$.JI)l %&Y olzlkeJ
p; u;r 4W13+-dl3 p .-L$ k;. .&*I + ~ i $3;u A+;
PSI
ol*
oi;y
di 3 j .C--Xj d331,,,11 Lg> ;JI
ihil @I
,>dl
U\
F W l S l s c1780 j3 khi LQ-i LJ+ j
si ( 1 7 86-1 7 1 2) (Frederik the Great) +I
J L j--CV
i>k .TCI*UI L+G sl
N.Hinske
y?Z: $ I&C r ; U I j . JA
-->KI
. . .J l p
j S
(ed.), Was ist ctAufklarungn? Beitrage aus der
Berlinischen Monatsschrift, 2nd edn (Darmstadt, 1977), E. Behr (ed.) Was ist cAufklarungn? Thesen und definitionen (Stuttgart, 1974). Jean Mondot (ed.), Immanuel Kant, Qu'est-ce que les LumiZres? Choix de textes (1780-1790) (Paris, 1991).
(3)
-
: . . . . j uYWl
o
h
p
+?( 4 )
W. Kraussh (ed.), Est-il utile de tromper le peuple? 1st der
Volkbetrug von Mutzen? concours de la classe de philosophie speculative de L'Acadernie des sciences et des Belles Lettres de Berlin pour l'annbe 1780 (Berlin, 1966). H. Reiss (ed.) Kant's political writings (Cambridge, 1977), 54-60.
(5)
zJ3+k
21 ~LSLJI
a&!
+:
u
+JJ+Ck:
9
j +L;.
.b
j
wl
6.b
I
'+I
A
12
LJ~L'!1b . j .+JL
J! ;++
LL
I
!
+JP d. U &
i b 'y+
j'&
+L.
dAy
(Charles Louis Montesquieu)
I
'
;
g J k - 3
$
2. j
~
G
iC;il 2
2
2 aL-1
~IJV! La
3 rpJI I L 3~
Jy-
~"'4 ;A+ 9 &I
.'&
A,!
$ u3 ++Yl
~2~Jj
iJL+
~ L . . A ~3+ ,1I
;1!9
. ' * ' ~ w>II
ab+9 L p J ~ !
I
I
;Ir. L+
ib A - 3
k j g l A'+
jL ~ + I
I
i& dL,J!l
LjJ Jj
s;,T
h - IJIj
\&LG
+
2 ~ 9'(1755-1689)
+>
! 'ywl
2A
JJL2
. ((k;Un 9\ (1784-1717) j ~>tr; L ' + LbJ j
. kJlJ3i + , bUl
1
+
Y
I
Jyf U
iyLL
jfj
JL L ~ U' y I w L l J ~sAI+ 3 (Denis Diderot)
J! LC\
D+-
iJ)p
hi
'&-dl3 GlpJ13
+: d i QL~J-C.JI~~ I A W I
d9 PIb
k
ifd~
(The
L L . b elS j(Emst Cassirer)
.& d l
l L j kiJb L% Philosophy of Enlightment)
b $&
+ b h -as-+
+ M I \La d>
>&I
J?>L-j)), ( 1 7 1 6-1 646 ) (Leibniz) 99))GWI
-
+.-,
ujfiISu
L+d.
~ l 4 - 4- ~ ! z k ; ~
."'(1804-1724)
cLLS
jL,+ oJJk 41 2 illii >&I
2 d k J <I&
DLS
t p y w!3L
1 b .
. bJ9\ j*$dl
315
31
&WI jLrLLrLrU341 j .U A l 0CL;wI OAJL
j4 6iJI o k ; Y I
y ~~~~J+>d~UiJl~&-JlJj~
234 1, j +
+.+YI,
i,l,Jl
$ 431 &1~19 l
&LA J
~ t &~I
~ d ld>&l j
@
J&r
dl+
ir3
e3GUI .+I
i
.Jlkiy~L.a
L I l n G9-l
2 I+
L I J
9
dl&+
JX;
L.L\ *iJ
.I+! &.ill b i & h
j .(Peter Gay)
r(8)1966 j
p, U++I
+, .-?A\ ~ J I
Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of Enlightenment (Boston, 1964, ( 7 ) originally published, 1932). Peter Gay, The Rise of Modern Paganism, vol. I , and The Science of Freedom, vol. I1 (New York, 1966-9).
(8)
fl&n
~~l
*+
'$J+
42
d$- t22z-JKlJh JI. ib *>I
JJY!
69
WI
A
h
3
+-3
(9)bA+
~,YI
adL))
tdkn
u .. I U l
4-egag (1774-1694) (Voltaire) Zlcljgj 3=;r"J-JIA,
(Jean
4A
-3
& jUl
fldL))d>I ;* &I,
IfJ (d
*&I
@%l
( 1 7 8 0-1 7 1 4 ) (d'Alembert)
bI . (1 7 7 8-1 7 1 2 ) Jacques Rousseau)
.LK3
& J+z
;.;u e l d l
&id& d l J L Y b
fik ij
>Ul
&'$-ill
(,
dU
&j l l +;I1
3 bL,!
4 b nA&l
c;;! d L y l a U S ;
+ &-T
+ul p
6jl1" r J J ~p bi.'UE \ J) a d L t n
.'$!>I I j .
y
((There was only one Enlightenmenb) (1.3).
61
cLA
dill ? d l 3
&+i
cL$
i@l
F&L
j .
LJJ
'v,
~ L k 31 i JLF\ &b
i3G
(yy
j.c&Lb) & &I
&
.
&a
WJI
IL
&-JeY( (c.ki J pl$i j?JI &I> -ks(1 826-1 743 ) (Thomas Jefferson) dl ' u . 1 &edb '( 1 790-1 70 6 ) (Benjamin Franklin)
dy*
&IJ e?;i
;W& LpIjZrq 1770
~J&I,
4 .(10) A&\ rLy-! '
2
&S*Vl
iJ&I
;>u\
&K
j4 ~ I P I+b.h e- ;;? + 2'&~ &+dl
j+ ,I
dy
1.L
2
O$J
p>&ki
ij3JJi +IJ
.iyUill JJlli j& jLLi
r3
+ L-;j
4
L;( ' + eIJW -+YI +Ab ~ f la1 i &j&UI yd~ cii-9 JL.
t +
.JkJI
eIj1 eL;II
LS
tdU)
Js iJ-
ihlriJl &.!I
4~ $ 1
From
the
>J>J
~
rLLD\
. J I ~ Y I+.c-l
-LLI
9
N ~ L ~ N
2!d & l ;;h.
9
isJl 3 Lfbll
ifjb 2 *L
preamble
to
the
American
&dl
2 @I,.Jl
Declaration
of (10)
Independence (4 July 1776).
.
o
h
>L d y (1 1)
G9
L G j Y L bjL . j b 9 &-I3
iyL
A&\
i$
e-a\ >L;F~'&-I9 rCj\JL
Ls ,
; ,aLJI j .
3-J3,=.U aClbL+l a&
&+ b;i Y!
oj+L
t-.&IIL iL ij3 l J+ As
-
JW1
d
>GI 2 yi $iY j
'&\in
9bTj *, .;rl+I jr'jp JL\ (Enlightenment in ~ K 3 ~rC&I"H.F. I
+1;S b'
i
c;K
@
.L~>>CU
.(12'~merica) i+
ikP
a\
9
.J%YI I+>
&L a! >\
+LS (A.Owen Aldridge)
ucijdln
j - jWI (JWl dJI 2
hi
r j L~ sr! W p LJJI
~
a l w l j
&k\ JL
May) &L
I
+ bsr
t-jdI
i+
.(13)K P $ %by1 J &-+ Li93 (J fi&Lt)]
J L *.3J3V~ i+*:
-
+i > b l
iLU 0 L ; C L '
uhJ 3l SF ;* i,b d K +,I
C;i L..& & a9 ~ a\ i& Jlflk
H.F. May, Enlightenment in America (New York, 1976). A. Owen Aldridge (ed.), The Zbero
a\+\
i J L F -.
(Bernard Plongeron)
(Urbana, IL, 1971).
(J b-;U
(1 2)
- American Enlightenment ( 1 3 )
j I
c&SpdI G%JI Jj
$1,
. (14) 1+13 6
WJ1 P
I
2
Ld1;4,
d I,
dLdJl,
G X J l U bLtrl
$1
J 'S
L J 'S
*i &I
+! &lS
L
4 1 ) J%> I tJ@I b 1
& 'bc;
2 ' 4,jJ
dlidl,
A!A,
& u&j&~
..ls-Vl3
2I +T
A&
j
3 dL &I
2\41
p &i+&I s
I > I ~ j1970 l j S
(Franco Venturi) isJ++
I
A+
jUl3
L+Sll
ALS .A&
i;s!
;jL?!I
.
jGJ\ 3
*+I
$LJI,
'-J*J13
dl+& (IS)
bJjt
awl
aI,+lt
+ .*U\+,'dl
I 31
q,b igli isp
ji 4ij1ud,+n
+-JL,
j ,j~
jl
LC *I
dl+!
LL2
++
.kJMI
2 4 . d ~r
j
2 ~1
Bernard Plongeron, <{RecherchesSur L'Aufklarung Catholique en ( 1 4 ) Europe occidentale, 1770-1820~, Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 16 (1969), 555-605, Theologie et politique au sikle des lumikres, 1770-1820 (Geneva, 1973). Franco Venturi, The End of the Old Regime in Europe 1768- (15) 1776: The First C r b b (Princeton, 1989), Translated by R. Bum
Litchfield, from Settecento riformatore. 111. La prima crisi dell' Antico Regime (Turin, 1979).
dK
+$I
+ >1.\11 +-Ul
3
oi.
j
.bi;6
*I;
bt
4 1 +W13 j L d l +Wi
.+I&\
k,! 4 (16)
L X . +Ul
;)1!
ALLY\
3 cy'j\J
F. Venturi, Utopia and Reform (Cambridge, 1971), 133. Venturi, Utopia, 118.
(1 7)
$ ;r. U1w;l
LA$!\
-9
+&id.4JI*jpl . >I b J > b ;r. rUiJl & ,I
ir-5 ... +,+ dqh;+\
o L ;
~
~
;r. >*u
215
&\dl
$9
&JI3 . k k l ,GLI .L4cil;>
rls j L L l
p -+d c&YI
>p; ;
,dl
l j $1 tJ@l
,WI
rL.i Jkdl ?&I
&LA1 i ~ f i%%dl
tjT
$i
JLI
& ,I
j .
2
JLT &I>
>IL+JI 3 1
ir^lJ
'L;IL+I
- j - p . j ~ \c+i ~ & Js . d A \U S j9J ,s
J I
J ~ IL
039,
& A d 1 3 Q+Yl pl+tl Y 9 19 ~9 (Mesmerism) b L+s 9-1 tjT pJ-I> 1 3Q
aop,\>n e-1 L> .""+JI
& ,I
4
j
~
A L a jU clh;
+ (Robert Darnton)
;r
+I
;*
jL+J\
1315,1$
@
,Gyl J k d \ ; .i .I -.
j. ,J Ll,
++ S,.J a+s+&- L +T ,&I &L.+
PYJA
+
~
Y
2 41 p-OI
4 L&3> 2,&AJI I+
&I
>&I
tjls .+WI 10-
Robert Damton, Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in (1 8) France (Cambridge, MA, 1968).
I
J! +I ji2Jl 3 &$I .L. l+lS 'dL.+!LJh 4 1j& jC,S *+>
aL&l
~ J J A
L b
US+,I~R
2I+
+L
. ( 1 9 ) ~ 1LA
++I
3 4 -
+j11G ~ U Y I ~ ~,4;11J I ~ Y I2 L.JLLIYI
4 i.-l]b
.(20) + - J l 3 > >J-+
j .
w
I&J+JI ~~I
.Lr
p
&h, ! ~ $ i*L+.YI
JS
1 jlkil
&
4+3&-4Y1
' - -.u ij*
yklJ Q1>
3 J . 5 . L k d l id12 d f i
alYL
$1
e3 ;p J j U k 14
L'J
0LqaJl
Lj
i3j?(
31 z'&
+Ul &C;II
L+Id
(Roland Chartier) G~;JL: &YJJ &+!I
d l s *i>
. >I-
+...dl
tj+!13 ij j S J I ~ ) LLU' + Lp&-
p 'y ~ L . l j * I l b . + b l a L s k L> - . > & + U \.& + d l 3 1 34JI IL 2 ~ d $ ~ l L~G) ) JjJ, .(21)
+ I.z '
&'>
L
L
.
4
Robert Darnton, The Literary Underground of the Old Regime ( 1 9 ) (Cambridge, MA, 1982). Robert Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing (20) Hktory of the Encyclopedie 1775-1800 (Cambridge, M A , 1979).
Robert Darnton, The Great Cut Massacre, and Other Episodes (2 1) in French Cultural History (New York, 1984), Commented upon
in Roger Chartier, Cultural History: Between Practices and Representations (Ithaca, New York, 1988).
Robert Darnton, da intellectual and Cultural History,>, In Michael (22) Kammen (ed.), The Past Before US: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States (Ithaca New York, 1980), 347.
E. g., K. M Baler, Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on (23) French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1990), especially chapters I and VIII.
+
JS + L,\-YI
L ~ J C ~ ;3I\ 3 3
LSA+I
fbYl
0 s
,1-
~L%h;li
"1);~
i J ~ 9
&p @I
iLy &.;
~
&
e
i3WI
-4 r 1 ~ iJpl
'LJ 0
~s
3
4
d 1
~
A..r;r~ dr +.A
"J"!
oL.~!
+J~b,
f k ; rj ~ . ~
3
+4 11-4 u-,J\
LA+\
~WI
j.9
.&&dl
1 3+I+I A
& JS + J i l l dl&
r*
>I I
j k t,I
>lt~3J (Max
;
f+
.;
(Dialectic of
g b
3
1
I+
021
1I
ljl
1947 j . + d +J l & dEI 5 J 9 &Lag
p d Jig, I
+y +L
iJ+
014j .+ d l3. j .
l&A
, I
f,d
L-J+b -
~ W.CS,I++A- AT I U , ~
2,1945
044
. d l L+%3 saI
p pJ-3d+JJ-Jl&
LLUI
+WI>;*+
2, &KkJ\, C d h ; l i
iJ$\
.+ 13-4
LJJ
i$b
'(Theodor Adorono) jlU1 Horkheimer)
L;S irb;y3 .(24)~nlighten~ent)
Dialektik der Aufilarung (Amsterdam, 1947), Translated as (24) Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York, 1972).
Dialectic, p. xi.
Ibid., p. 3.
+C-J
'&+Y
JJ-e
L+-,o
d F. Y l i+l
a
I
&jJI
t+
dl.
13-
JS &d a+
. j y J I J 2 L Y l 9 aliljJI
iyL a&
JL
iJdI
*
3 PAY-
. . . > I d \ Wl srj. LS WI +$I aT & .U>D 9 L G+ j++ Y 41 . . .J+ 3!JP3J &*LI +LYI >+I at + d l 3 j..;ij +dl &IJ >LYI> *?Wl & at 2
(Dialectic)
&I
lip9 r i 9 I
A- +
.J.!+l
a1 >+- a,! Ibid., p. 3-5. Ibid., p. 6.
31 ++I a33 oLIAI aL '+ 2 4.' p U I +JyI bl
1 b .
est . . .Jl+l
& +-Jl
&$
3
-b >1>1 ipU 6jUl J b l J! ,1.clsJdI $ &-LF L A
3d
dy
ZJk!
l f\&\
2, -91
qLJ)Il d l h 1 e
J! E J k ) zJ$JI3
(u)
;*I+
+I 3 G W I .[,.?+.Ill
Ibid., p. 87.
(29)
Ibid., p. 197. Alistair MacIntyre, After Virtue, 2 nd ed (London, (30)
3-6
;#J 'i.kL.~
JkW
+L
3-W
'$ib 6 2 3 1 j .oL&dl j 1 9 8 5 ) , LT -y AJ >3ci 2 A,A~ .?.+dl
I
..
"
L
ji9J9>t))
T . J U Y l Js j+l d c u .C63i;J ~ YO l h
161 &ISJ +I d3 dLyl J
bjlbf
6k.J
i4.G
bebL3
>r;U ( d J p f a L L Y I j
L ~ L i~/ W I
t%l jt i p L K j I I +&I
.h3,Yl
I L
j3 raLJdl +Ul
ijWl
,
?+.I\
A yc" 4 L I L jlS .Lhi 1L.
$1
iJ$
r 3
*(rJI $dlJ &&I .Qb-j j;J% JY &p 3 +! &- &! (Jurgen Habermas) &L2Cm rL
q b r p b *iJ . Lbjs
o
w
l j .i/WI
&U\E
~0 J bI &*I
#
4-
alrzt
++I
i! j l e l Y l &WI
*JP
4i
&A
b
2 1a+- ~
.JI$'
p
j . i.++
~
~
j&
-IJri
J a&w\ Y I ~
I+K L U~t.3 &I y ~ L I illJ&dl + l j J d l jJ iiJJJI i)62-3
,j&3 abL+Yl
J w l
j .
. d C p fj !L
j W Y l ILjEj 8
Lh j , jE3 . . .Jly=Jl Lil; $ j rsjJ
-
Oj-0
qJ&
a&L2b) J 3 L
4 dgl J + J D + M 2 .LA >+!I + ..- i>bj
(Structural Transformation in the Public Sphere)
[(Ajj.~) 6jJ ;r.
1+3~3>l))3
LL-d
I(/\
.(1962)
G
J. Habermas, The structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: (3 1) An Enquiry into a Category of Bourgeob Society (Cambridge,
MA, 1989), trans. By T. Burger from strukturwandel der offentlickeit (Damstadat, 1962). G. Eley, Nazism, Politics and the Image
of
the Past:
Thoughts on
the
West German
Historikerstreit Past and Present, 121 (1988), 171-208.
>Iki&I,:
LZ y? adLAbl ..GI
&L &I
u Y ~ LJ-G
.>WIDGJ +
4 *b & jL jlk; dT
I
9 3
L+!?*j
+lJYl irilr.
+UI I& ~ .(i ( d b A ~ ~hJ .+JI J~
+ &Li
u. L .I ,
dl +1.;rYI
O J b k
1-b
u
p
d
j
41 L + J I JI
ja+\.,
++
C 5 1 ~ ~1 E I
ii?pll-
1 4 0
+MI
3 1 4
JLj
i*-r i . h. . J ~ Y ~ $A
L . 9 j
l &IJ dLS LL iiWl i r Ua L b d
6 3 9
hi
2 OWI LL hi)!Y l i dllilli
L&
,y L ' -l
+ &T,
'y
$*
'L@l
-i
3-
I &*
UI & jadL,:bn
dl
yWI &i31 d\
L. .d l 641 &
I
~~ J~I j J&
d! b 'Ta d b b n b
L;-'
+&I
W Ia ~
i
.
JBT
a+!\ j
;r.WI
c+
L ' A A J L qL;ll pL5
L j J l +$I
+t
I &I.
(1 803-1 7 4 4 ) (Johann Herder) J>P 3bs
c jUl
L&
JIJlj
++&IJ
$II1'bj flj &y U
2 daklyl &+dl
JS
lij
I
G l J l d+3
I
0 ; s j
013 O j j 3
'y
a>jJ93Tnj
31
+I
;-I+&
t W I
\L3 41 & 1 b . dK LjL
2
.J+ hi3
+J h*
+ .~lj+Yb g > U l +&[S pjj> i y &UI 411 +*- 2 L
04 i
j
~ ~ j l . /C6fljT G \ ~J>&j LjL j?>
G
&Isdl
udLAbn
'
e,t
2 1I
* ; ; ;01
LiChtJ &JWI
\
I
. wc,
t" d b ! @ k
&~+JI+
(Michel Foucault)
$9
A
$ ,I.
j , Jp
&,
rkJl I$+. ,
&&A
d&l
J+ jadLALa
L,c; c ; cb;Kn ~ i l j!~ 'be $9 \ &I, ir?j w >Ii&JI ~ h i l y ik2$9 &I
'&&I
-13
iJ+I
Js
jLUI
jU j S l
J+.+
+i!l
( ( d ~ A ~ +
>&I
I L L
2 L L 2 I (Lls))
"+l.G,j,e$A$~"L&+&is).&
JLU 4GdI J L ? A J
2
I L
yCJ t - l. Lhk5 ~
~ikilS))
.A +$ + ; > ~2j y&~ + -1
L a 3 5 dl*!
. ( 3 2 ) + ~ ~
-
-
Michael Foucault, ((What is Enlightenment?)) in Paul Rabinow (32) (ed.), The Foucault Reader (New York 1984), 45-56. Heberrnas'
responses in aMit dem pfeil ins Herz der Gegenwart: Zu Fouceaults Vorlesung uber kants was ist Aufklamng?)>, in J. Habermas, Die neue Unubersichtlichkeit: schriften v (Frankfurt
Kleine politischen
- am - Main, 1985), 126-31., Also in D.C.
Hoy (ed.), Foucault: A Critical Reader (Oxford, 1986), 103-19 as aTaking Aim at the Heart of the Present)).
j ~412 r'31 ~s+ ,d G>LT , i
G b
d*ell
2
+ ,I
Jl 3T
J-J
LL
(($>J3>&
&Jpf ir.LALL~) . i&.ul
& jk J l j
di c;j~ li ((LLs))
j U
~ $ 1 &> &
p]
.+
&4WIJI
r]
&I
eJUI JL,
gw@.&dl
.CmI
$I,'
&\+!I
j
&
&
~ ~ JL!Y I.;+j ipll;?;
- ,+
3 L + ~ W ia;y13 I~
J-JI ;r. JS LS i ; l r ;r;M 315 + ,I
IL~5
.+MI -I
2
Lo-
6 1 2
&
kGy
3i+LAC:
Qir *,Ir;iW
a1 $-c, 'b-i
irpl~3
p
9
+3L-
+A
U&-YL
d u !;I
id41jJd4dj L S ~
d~U1
S o~ Y L , i ir;i I+$
LJI*. 3
>$I
e3
Lo 4tUg
L l * A d l jc &&I
isb3J
#I
p] ((JIZfk;Kn
'k-i14
di
L;+G
A
j . 2 ~
;LLI& L W I Jlkj\ll W &I
; ; ,pl
JlwLp & $3
2
&I
+c
'I2
$1
& (J 'b-\z!+ .+13 a % & d L . i;JCIJI G I ~ > + 0j L -
&-dl +I
JWY
"Li
' k ,+&I151: r
QLWI
JAT
h * l l & - dT
.WI ...\ I - ; :
- ~ l r ~
>La4
+&l;Il
41 ~p +L$ cJdn A*, LS
! --~ ?-j r ~plrel~
. I 7 8 3 &A
W.R. Scott, Adam Smith as Studenf and Professor (Glasgow, ( 1 ) 1937), 344-5.
& ibLb
&&dl
$ 23
I-
y~~
(Robert ~-JI> e l 3 1
2 4 1+I\ ."'z$I
LU;
a L
+.
21 ++UI
+I
G+J
&I S I Z ~ aI+13 I ~
+I
IyLi (Robert Muchembled)
(The Wealth of Nations .I776 j
- ry\
i9 j'
FdI j .&Is
&.+r.
3 1769
R. Darnton, The great Cat massacre and other episodes in French Cultural History (New York, 1984), ((The High enlightenment
and the low life of literature in pro-Revolutionary France)) past and preset, 51 (1971), 81-115, the business of Enlightenment: A publishing
2
Chartier) GJLsJIJ J L ~3 d p J j j l
JG!J W l
2 4 &I
t
Jbij .d + ~ p . cis3 w I ;r. '& lp-9 Darnton)
L, I
a L j
~ A ~ J (Roger J I
JGi& L+SI
a * 3 ~
jr i*)+JI
$J
~LIJUI&\
history
of
the
Encyclopedia
1775-1800
(Cambridge,MA, 1979), the literary underground of the Old Regime (Cambridge, MA, 1982), Mesmerism and the End of Enlightenment in France (Cambridge, MA, 1968).
(2)
G W I ;4 '&dl +L+YI
&j
&
I
J!
a+\ .
(
3
)
;yo
ZWI ~ ~ ~J Ii
j
+W13irI$I
. 4 i l l i y J i b l i l l +I
a L y j 3 '~ 39 4 4 1J+JI +I c-JJ Jl' k' > K i Y l $ 2 L L J I JLYI 2 >?-$k> J 5 ; 4 ~ +ljl~s,;~j, . .+*I iauly*
.
j .~ * r'5'(~homas Crow)
$a m , .WLJi+&I
*4Lu
>$
bJ JL! j .p J p
-L.
Jj 'b->L5f !
am\> q,kll$Ul Roger
Chartier,
Cultural
hLdl
History,
L>>>I
& &I
Jlsj\ll d&l
Between
utz3~
o
h
practices
jS
&a .
and
(3)
Representations (Ithaca, New York, 1988), Robert Muchembled, popular culture and Elite culture in France, 1400-1750 (London, 1985). :-,dl
'y -3
E ~ VLlLJl I ah,
Culture populaire et culture des Clites dans la France moderne (Paris, 1978). R.A Houston, Literacy in Early Modern Europe (London, 1988), (4) R. Darnton, ((First steps Towards a History of Reading)), Australian Journal of French studies (1986), 5-30. Thomas Crow, Painters and public life in Eighteenth century Paris (New York and London, 1985).
(5)
~
~
D. Roche, Le sikle des lumikres en province: AcadCrnies et
(6)
acadkmicians provinciaux, 1680-1789 (2 vols, Paris and the Hague,
1978), M.C.
Jacob,
The
Radical
Enlightenment:
Pantheists, Freemmons and Republicans (London, 1981), N . Hans
((UNESCO of the Eighteenth century: la loge des Neuf soeurs and ets venerable master Benjamin Gayot, la Franc
-
maconnerie francaise. Textes et pratiques, XVIIIe-XIXe sikcles (Paris, 1980). b d
2, '$YI &
rS-
k;ri
& jrSlS
:\.b & +;? )h
1760 j (7) y~3 fJ .;l
Crow, Painters and Public life, 104-34, J. Lough, Paris Theatre Audiences in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Oxford:
Oxford university press, 1957), R.M. Isherwood, ((Entertainment in the Parisian Fairs of the Eighteenth Centuryn, Journal of Modem History, 63 (1981), 24-47.
&L,b;I,L, (8)
F~ $ .
2 +Y
$6
&A
>Ltll
,sf
p 'jZ.+ .l.
JW,
i i , ~ S~YGYI
I+,
2J ;'I
~LSL
#'I $1 EL+"$'L-I3 I 3 j I
IL
L.,
-
. a i s L d I ~ ~ g t l S+J@I ln
--
LL
SJI
d l 3GJ1 ilk
3 L
+> JU3 & U I
JU, I d p 3 LjLSAj .+I>T
&dl
~ j ,
3 4 1 ~ + 2 ~~1
p-! $ .d &UlS p l l ja
3 i&l
J.&I
i+ 4b3-b~ &I+ 3 ~9bl; & ' d l + j .+Wl j&
2 ~LL, G3La51 L '+
r;
&I
J ~ ! l l +b
p31 C U ~ilp
SLS
j
yp, d
LI,+
.z!+!l
j , L~, JIT
h j i l l +&I
i;w,+pills Lr &+&
-
isL+Yl
'L-I
Lbluu$+A
LA
L&
.&+
jlbl L Jj
chi,
~ L Ai*r + EL! JI+I
+dl
A
c;,~L >I
~
dGJ31 l
J. Habermas, the Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Enquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge,
MA, 1989).
.GUY\
&Yl
3 (T.Burger)
Strukturwandel der Offentlichkeit ( D a m Stdat, 1962).
WJ
(8)
P. Mathias, the First Industrial Revolution, 2nd ed. (London,
(9)
1983), M. Berg, The Age of Manufactures: Industry Innovation and work is Britain, 1700-1820 (London, 1985). N. Mckendrick, John Brewer and J.H. Plumb, the Birth of ( 1 0 )
Consumer Society: the Commercialisation of Eighteenth Century
(London, 1982), T . H . Breen, ((Baubles of Britain)), the American and consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century, Past and
+ i3Lj J a+
'+$I dl5
6
ij
L;h2 r !L L d l & J I pkU yi di ''t.+i -3,
A ciJli++lldy,+ ..
;% i I ij&
2 bbjI
0.b
aL3WI CU; (c6i
i si, e, $1
ai
.;+!I
(jA
& $1
QLiAl,
--*ill
a'L
2 &a
i+&I
L+ .i i W l kL31
d 3 3
,Lkj!i\
ikjll
; ,i b l , &\ (Franco Venturi) di++i
&I j
2 -1
& I ~ I
i,& j! Y! d j s + (jALLI1 j41 J+ .LG L ~ ~ -& ~- \ l j l L J b I aLJ&Iy! if(JIJJIY/
a w l LJLJI
'w~+yLj$ JJ*ll
3*5
>LG!iI C-LP, .L^I;,*;! P"L .&jjj!
dl,
;+
@I
.( 1 1 ) &,,I 2
Y,
yi
ijlitll iu'LJ10 . i ~
j91
j .t 3 W I LJWIplJl &I3
fca?J &MI
Y n&YI
3t, dl+l
L3 Ql
dl+\
L 5 3 ~ &I I
I'L
ak.-Lo .,GW
a
h
ySL? $ &.-.L.J&
Present, 19 (1988), 73-104, G. Barber {{Books from the Old
=
World and for the New: the British International Trade in Books in the Eighteenth Century)), studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth century, 151 (1976), 185-224, Darnton, the Business of Enlightenment.
.J,LI
F ~(1J1)
~
k9J3! 2 4
1
a
b
aL;JLP]13 ,TW L - 9 9 bl$ +IJ
IJyL-;J I z J
191+>
I
d
aI-
l
j) 1-
&>$ (a\+\
d+-
dl$
.'*..+!I3 I . abWl
y
a!+\
Jr-. . LJJJ jA@ a L k Jj L.JI+\ L A W ! a b - W I JS & A JILjW &MI J>~-JIdl a L L h i Y ? , itjWl + I , 2 I v J I +J!&a! JJ IL e9 .+\&I &u9 41 s9419LAI .. 9 J$l
$ cGCkzll*
i l g U l ;4
+LlI j+L+;I &ILJ . i. W I
U 'dy3J3Vl .. j w l +
Lg?!
-9
Js
a+~ JU II J T i > L j j'b-II L PL U .Lbi; QCkzll +I &IS iJv j &*r;
6u W I Ij+-
;j+I
4~3 khr
01$1
OGWI3 LLT j .aL+dl
dl
wl dl iJWl .&+I a l 3 U Y I a*;
4)
+ W I +I
a$\ jQL ICJL 41
(44
j .
Ly3
(12) J&j .+ ~ b.
jWI
&I+ j
j+3JJv~J3dl yhi! 2 ++I\
pl iiK y iddJ3Yl iilhtll &I
LAG 4ji
+ ;suI
Houston, Literacy, Francois Furet and Jacques Ozouf (eds,) (13) Reading and writing: Literacy in France from Calvin to Jules Ferry (Paris, 1977).
Danton, ((First steps Towards a History of Reading)).
(14)
5000 12000
(Leipzig)
J!l j J 1
E&
2~ E-C;S
1 L . p J l 1800, +I
1764 L
6-1
+b
+I
j(15)
3d l 9
: d *k u . . d i p Paul Raabe, ((Buchproduktion und lesepublikum in Deutschland 1770-1780,).
:
9 'b-1,
Philobiblon, 21 (1977), 2-16.
:$l . . L jjL1-'
Ley
515 LA --;:&'dlJ
Robert Estivals, la statistique bibliographique de la France sous la monarchie au XVITIe siecle (Paris and the Hague, 1965). :$I
..:+I
K ~ JLI2,
G.T. Tanselle, ((Some statistics on American Printing, 1764-
1783n, in B. Bailyn and W.B. Herch (eds.), the Press and the American Revolution (Boston, 1981), 3 15-64.
j'
4
1
i+ha I + 9
3 3
k3J3i $ W
I
JLYI
W-
9 ++JI
2 ir+I.
W
& aLJL h .b!
JS ji Y!
OL
l y LlrZ'l J k l 9
;+@I
6
6
)
u
I
d
cii c j j 1
2
YT LA .&YI
3
'&-I*jjJ~A pj
i+
t,i~ + \ .;+I
~ w L I
o
h
j-
I+
I>
a b +I J!(Rolf Engelsing) e l ; , 3E3 + >UI b_jJl .+k ah&ai+I$\
b! JLi
JIF
4 4
t b LG 3
1
.cd-"g
0s-L+& iJ$b
.<
&j
L&
~,.CL+
I
I
I+K
.+
'
+I ~
UWI ~ ' d 1 l ,-y1>+4
, ~+u i bls ++y4
-.
j l ~
2
+MI clr~ (Bunyan Pilgrims Progress) b L L 4
I$&\
o
h
L l s .;+dl y Y l
w3
j h
+EGYI
UI
C*O
& L g L 'p,4
LflY
~ biyi? i&-I3 dly3 'G-i
d.il
is LK
Darnton, ((Towards a History of Reading)), 10-12, Daniel Roche, (1 6 ) La Reuple de Paris: Essai sur la culture populaire au XVIIIC sikcle (Paris, 1981), 204-41, Rudolf Scheuda, Volkohne Buch. Studien zur soualgeschichte der popularen lessestoffe, 1700-19 10 (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1970), 46 1-7.
~
~
~
L w l
& 'b-i d++-
a$\ -QL& jC j
9 ih ;el>
419 J+ &3l+l dl
3
a 3 l j
e
Jc;jVl dj
Gw
1
Jl >I j -91 ... r
I+--
dl
L&ei
&I
,+A
+&I3
'bj &'a,
&%I
+ *Ip
diS3 I+ ;S , y W l d g l
~ ++I!
L+pdI, +I3
iel$l
+&
+>
$14 ik, iJ+l .L a91ie\+l\ 2 L I 3 b
&I,
.cs
IL
L;31&lg a b & Y I g
$1
Leo3 &dl (David Hall) J p
&
&I y; L&g '-p3+ +h+l
l 3 &dl a+\
J ~ C~ I "r-4 . .L&I~ L& L y 4 il+
tj,L-ZS
&- I i 3 b
.LLkaJI ;iolUI
dK
jl 'be (+ID\
j \ S ieIPL &I
I
&I
&>Is!
. ( 1 7 ) + 4
3-3
34
C' ",I
>-+-5u
L,!
,\-
+>LYI,
J+- . .L&l
n+lo
+-9,;el$\
I&
d U I&,
dY9l
&>l+Y\
t>-'frJI j2 7
>-91 a l 3 b
.18503 1600 @LG
Rolf Engelsing, ((Die perioden der Lesergeschichte in der ( 1 7 ) Neuzeit. Das statische Ausmass und die sozio
kulturelle
Bedutung der dekture)), Archiv fur Geschichte des Buchwesens, 10 (1969), cols. 944-1002, Der Burger als leser: Lesergeschichte in Deutschland, 1500-1800 (Stuttgart, 1974).
d
&
l irl> >I+-
6 5 k l
&
041~313 i++ Gg4-e aWYI @ 3 2 L &
i
A
a5Kg i 5 + - d l
edlrl13a % j i s
AE .&I
JUYI .
i?3
i+I$I aI>bj$AI
;t. i+
+ JS LG ';r~&>WI
* + a-I
it.s
.+I
u J ~ ) )u+I) ~
ff-" ; r . i > ~ + JLLdlh "L;
+&
4 $4
1 ykr! i r l j >I& als+ll I * <
Jl
bJ
.e GJJI ~ U I 2 +I$\
Li!LJl i*I$l
>I
&I>
I uWI
*
2 Lr
iJuy'b-i
+-s
-931
&+ikuuJS
(;**1.
IL
I
+
Ji&%I
JS 4&1+I & +' I
f+I
'y
i&
uiifJ& k;lJJl
;r. QL a Y k A cdi& &I Jjg(Clarissa)
+ u-
L d W 9(Pamela)
4 8 / 17 4 7-1 7 4 0 j (Samuel lhchardson) A Y > > b J
riu - 3 . > \ + ! I &G &l .17 6 1 j Ab A W Nouvelle Heloise) (Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe) 4 5 A 3 ?l+!sJI be
(Julia ou la i+&l
jl&
~
J
J
j (Sorrows of Young Werther) d
l jJ dlPi 3
David Hall, ((The uses of literacy in New England, 1600-1850~,(18) in W.L. Joyce (ed.) Printing and Society in Early America, 1-47.
j Lgs
a,
(desewnt) G U ~ L _I! ; + I 9 1
+ &-
L (19)
: j U (Kurt Rathmann) blJJJ a$
Erlautorungen und Dokumente:Joham Wolfgang Goethe: Die leiden des Jungen Werthers (Stuttgert,
1974), R. Darnton,
((Readers Respond to Rousseau: the Fabrication of Romantic Sensitivity)>,in the Great Last Massacre. 215-56.
D. Roche, Les republicains des lettres: Gens de culture et (20) lumieres au XVIIIe siecle (Paris, 1988). Albert Ward, Book Production, Fiction and the German Reading Public, 1740-1800
(Oxford, 1974).
LJPNI +L & hI3J\
i&$
b JL
2 3
;+dl
& 3%-&A 4 1 ; I .is ~ PI ~ +-I ; .j;? IJ,
ah@Y13
2 &I
jhjl
Liil&l
y
e l 3 1
jJd4 d W Y l @ , LLkill L5L3+.a! aL+I .(21) Jk el+ @ + L a \ &dl 4 - 2 $ 0 1 9 1 $ -Ld bf 1 j j 4 I 3 b u f 0 . b
241 ji+ ..
+W
-k ;;zu, 3WI JS 2 +&ll 1780 j .(*'((OUI id*)
$
k w
-
i e l g l k;
. 2$ulJ
LL.0;
qillt.
edL
4
,&A~I
1
J-
-3
(Histoire de la Republique des lettres en France) L.L+
. . .JG b k g LA j J IjL;)!I
o h
a u 1 ;L3*
wJ+ $1 oLS'3JI
(DanielMornet) GJy &la
+S
L 9 &%I1
@I
Jlj L,
=
Des Enseignments des bibliothiques privtes (1750-1780) Revue d'histoire litttraire de La France, 17 (1910), 449-96. Jan Watt, The Rise of the Novel (London, 1957), Michael (2 1 ) Mckeon, The Origins of the English Novel, 1660-1740 (Baltimore and London, 1987). (Republic
LJ+ct-;r
9 " l d l j3
~ 3 kl
.[p$l]
i,jy-Ji .of Letters)
(*)
, .
:,y
(22)
L. Daston, <<TheIdeal and Reality of the Republic of Letters in the Enlightenment)), Science in Context, 4 (1991), 367-86 (367-8): from Anon, Histoire de la Republique des lettres en France (Paris, 1780), 5-6.
:L1'-
p,
S. Neumeister and C. Wiedemann (eds.) Res publica litteraria: Die Institution der (Wiessbaden, 1987).
Gelehrsamkiet in der fruhen Neuzeit
Daniel Mornet, des Enseignements des bibliothtques prides.
(23)
.axcJl+& U-. I r,LJl &dl p iA,il, ( j j 4 ~& ) +dl
&!,I
&JI
pUI I#\
r"LI
jlS
;r &I
j39r +I
LZ
pJS,
A,
2 'G 39 L ~ V I +&I\a j + j I ~ dA3jJ
u,I
&I
CUiSJ
E ? + ~ ~( ~ .4 .) ~ p JI ?ryiA> &I
&Ij.
j.
3 j 2 1-
aL+I,
>MI
yi
&Ul jp,.+ l+K&Jl
i+ .. IF)?-
&-dl
bl+jVl
1-
L J ~ Y3 I i& L z - j ~ JS GJ&
-
i&b3
'w 42 a - - ,Z G
.id\ JUI Z
2 W I j+ilI JfL*( .PL+YI
&
&A .
.L&;;IS
G
+UI
t+"hfI
&j
G u \
+UIJ
dk.!l;* 4 13 i*, liwl o h -I+ (Mozart) &jljy ' J U I & Js '.kb3 .)..dl3
L p i b EL
alJb\3 &S
(Hayden) j+b3
& J+ L US, is,! $LsJ& (25) 3 (4 JS &, . &yJl J+
qS 4 ; 1 1J.A
Lei
Darnton, ((The High Enlightenment)), the Literary Underground ( 2 4 ) of the Old Regime. (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) (1 79 1-1 75 6) ajlj?
dJ1 7 8 1 ; r pXj.!L.L L . 1 +LA y-dlt) . i W I pUI
d U (25 )
is ~
~j.
l l i ~ f
2 6.9 $ a 1 ~ ~'~a,j \ 1+S1
d b
+,+A\
'b-1
d JL
~ (Joseph Hayden) (1 809-1 7 3 2 ) 3 4 b J h j(Esterhazy)
djls,+l
.Ad> j+l
a>*,
iYf
~f
=
+lcJ
*KT CWI
Jean d'Alembert, ccEssai sur la socittk des gens de lettres et des (26) grands sur la rtputation, sur les mtdnes, et les rtcompenses litteraires~,in Mtlanges de littkraire, d'histoire et de philosophie (Amsterdam, 1759).
LtWl L ! k j
(The e *I; oY
J!
0
3d l tLl
i+
-1
~
LbL* 3
lb+*Yl~
1-
~
l 6\ .*+dl
(27)
J G 9 dJwl
3 6 - dyn
L Y .Business of Enlightenment) . . u~+!&+Y\D A >\"by1 2 $>Yl
/ ~ y l
W
@,>+>)
l oL+dl 2
c a i l ~ l c;lbgf ij L J I 3 ; i p L $L.+YI +A\ 2 - - dl "lXf
$+)
+ , i
j .JGJ jr
>b
aL+LSYl
+y
L&&+YI :j
G' -1
b>tsj
.+iLPS
K.M. Baker, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (Chicago and London, 1987), 71-89. .74
j bl;,
Darnton, {{The High Enlightenment)).
+I,
2 $1
L@l
2
~ l d +,Jl l ,S dy
(2 8
&J L ELUIJ!
~>,>J~ ,Iy @I
.$Al,
3 , 3 ~ ~
eu\&\
1 b . (29)
I.+
d
1 b . 2
+I
i\&13
P*
w1 jr & z . I
i-LJl
"pij . * eIJI
#I
y;u: 2 ..),&
+dls
$6
2
& & ,dl
2a U I
&Jl
L @ L
2 ,y +LJI 5. a ~s tlb r ; ; ~ L+
+&I
iyLeU ++
j~i.+L.+YI
j&5 $1,
(Ernilie
JkJ1 +&I .
&I
z+
o
(Emile) a&\r
L
a-I
b
+Id j
&I
QL .
(30)duul,
L;J\
L+).,
yfl,.)
;\&I 31 i$ p, . r 1 7 6 2 jJ>WI
ii*
y-?J L b l y J L
kii 33;- 3Y
JL jl+ f,?d 'Lb ' * U I ;.)A
+*r
I
)
;GI j01-
&JL
&I +&I
j 3Lm 3 U djj (1749,1706) Chatelet)
e4;
I
4 T J+
r L j
t.sJWI 4 1 ;3
&I
&L:
$1
&I,
i3+
ass;'
j-I
b-ss;'
ib crrJdl && +i\Jl a,!
w, dlJ3+ L& +,d &$ it41 A Cd~ IL 3~ I ~ W .(31)~~y~ i~cs.L-3
+-)
+is
Jocelyn Hams, ccsappho, souls and the salic law of wit)), in A.C. (30) Kors and P.J. Karshin, Anticipations of the Enlightenment in England, France and Germany (Philadelphia, 1988), 232-58.
Maurice M. Bloch and Jean H. Bloch, ((Women and the (3 1) Dialectics of Nature in Eighteenth-Century French Thoughb, in
C.P. MacCormack and M. Strathern (eds.), Nature, Culture and Gender
(Cambridge, 1980), 25-41.
=
",
(y (+&
is+
'+La,
I
.;A&, & E X .
o
(Manchester
& * e~;rrylj 4
i-CLLJl O
+jt
h
i,4-lhl13 L.>. ~ I+L
&I Literary ,I . L&C;
k 2. Q3-+dI 1-
2 r;lk
C-" ++-A
2.L d l
and Philosophical Society) l j L3 1785
&jL;d
L4
d, .(Lunar society)
pLfJ13 (Josiah Wedgwood) >+lr>, Gfl L L d I
+ p.3
$b
(Erasmus Darwin) ?>jl>
(Joseph ij1,-SJ1
k+
i
b
S~LPj+
-iH l dl
++ +.
II
j ~ Y 4
j ,
ZJ>6:&* +I
&IJ
iA+ tLS2I &jS j C r ; Y I j itil;lI
'~GYI
J>Q &
vpLrsJl ~
$>
tyZzl\
Jkjl
+QJI
hI j .& 4 1
dl + b y !
o L W I ,y
Owl &
b j. .. 9 l ->I
(1 8 82-1 809) (Charles Darwin)
.tCh;>YI,
1
4efiL ."2)~rkwright)
U L U I DLJS .&I ..
3 A,,
-
.(*I 4- .- . L
t-!,
;&*
*i,
jljl 4
- aAJ\a
cJ1 d, t+LI +f
J! +IA
*
(a)
p,
.[,e;-rII R.E. Schofield, the Lunar Society of Birmingham (Oxford, 1963). (32)
-> ~
+A\ ,y ++!I
+I
'+i i J W I >
jj'b.1 .
&j - &> ,-IJ .J G V I
JiWl 0 9 > j I . i c ; y W l JiWl 3 ';tk~ ~SL ,~ I;
rvl
&A
L;I.L,:
b l ~
&+\
+L+\
S; 2 i c ; y ~ ~
d i S >>l+. ,Y-I
Ply\
3
kJI! 2 (rkJI .L>J>~ LJ J-'L j 6-1
JJy l + l j 3
(Francis I)
w
L +
4JJ31,
u+,
IL
Ad+j
6
2
. . . a+ +-y d L S ;J-I &U\ j - &I. jlkrll -. j~ ~ i u y l + f i > yb.i .&W! G S I & JaV
O%LdI
L2dL
&A
+k+
ClS> ' P U l
SJa
S W I &-I
t+
01 P ~ VJjk I L+
-
grl.1 c;J $IJ
U
Ld+Yl
(The &+I
-
-
$dl
.>%Vl
Lgr + y w l d- k + Y I
L K .G3&l
bl*ijh
LJI J+d ylJI
3 ib13, j
2 .+y;EJ\
I WLk; CIS
! , I
I
I
c;K L.+sl
eb)rl
Ji
l h 2 -1
k>\,
g hi,:
01.
L+
I .LI>
++YI aLbdl
magic flute) a!&!
j .P 1jl 1 pi! &A
$Wl
j1y-U $Iy
+j-% V l
J! tv.i'l ;?1> / u Y l ,
3 +JL
irlS y y W I
jd Y
d E > +l$u
i;LJVl
lj,
>wIA
&"b! J h L A!+y31 kwr" a>! &u\ fi i)i3 i ~& u ~ 1 3 i a-I A > +b\ I+ &y U I & J
I>++I$L
XZJI
.bpll
4 3
L
is3 .+&I
&b; j . L.. T U l j $ l
<A-
+
~
(Illuminati) > L a .. d..l
d l 5 &I
i)\
~
L
(JUI
(+MI
~~ L jb ~ Li3 I
G
U lL +yLllajA!a w l > $ L$&l 4iJ! . .i++ 4 ~i>&IJI 2 cL;r b\I *+I b
&LJ, d
b l
@>
aL-9
~
&i ++$I i
j .
9 .. i.l*ry
iJJl
L
J h l dl5 . ( 3 3 ) ! !'lJ+J
6 . b
JP
'+
QLLb Lj j
j~
133
jGI JF
2 3
I
L
L
&lS
.i,h-Jl
i)dl 2
G W I
;r. i
.r*zJIJ
> &.&J
3*r
pi-: ~ L G I ~A,
-,
d
1
YLP-,~>IS\
~ T . I I LYL+I ~
Reinhard Koselleck, Critique and Crisis: Enlightemment and the (3 3 ) Pathogenesis of Modern
Society (Oxford, New
York and
Hamburg, 1988).,
:&Y\
&Yl
'js
~2 A,
Kritik and Krise, Eine studie zur pathogenese der burgerlichen
Welt (Freiburg and Munich, 1959), 86-97.
:> L j 2 +.Jl
a&+IsYl
&J>
(34)
D. Roche, Le siicte des tumi2res en province: Acadgmies et Acadkmiciens provinciaux, 1680-1798 (2 vols., Paris and The
-
Hague, 1978). ,&I dl$!
KT,-
'bd
vJl
. .+
j . &I. & d l
,kl
bpllJ+
+I
2
&=\
JL i
s &+I
GJ>
Lr;U
cUI b$I +I,\
j
"~>uI
~~~4j &
Roger Hahn, Anatomy of a scientrfic Institution: The Paris Academy of Sciences 1666-1803 (Berkeley, CA., 1971), James E.
Mc Clellan 111, Science Recognized: Scientific Societies in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1985).
e
w
'
l
~i
~ l cJk 2 yW\ &\dl &-j W l bls LlL
y * s - - r&I l
&j
l A l h. yI*rYl
++
&
L~-JIS!~I
,PP+. /&
>\ .17 84 j (Academy of Metz)
dF -LZL!+ &+Yl
& 33;
a L
J 1 ~ 6jJl c ; ~ L A \
.'35'1750 j(Dijon) byr;, j&L
(Daniel Roche) j3J t&l
iF69 F$p
LS\ is&
j~+ +2
; ' ~aLp..!l
~JJG
U*SL
* b - 1 I+SJ>
jW
L 5 Y l c%)II
pA3\
+LZ iJ~>>
L+
d 3 A,
la 1
LS
=
. .&xu' Robert J. Shofer, The Economic Societies in the Spanish World, 1763-1821 (Syracuse, 1958).
-
(Pierre Louis Lacretelle) &JsY
(Metz)
-k jU :*
<<Discourssur les peines infamantes, couronne
A L'AcadCmie de
Metz, en 1784 et ensuite a L'AcadCmie francaise en 1785, comme L'ouvrage le plus utile de I'annke, in P.L. Lacretelle, (Euvres Diverses (3 vols., Paris, anx, 1802), I, 171-329.
u, &u
&I
(Discours &+
~
~f .;$b J.d1
y
& d l ;>$I J (Dijon) d P-:, L+
J ~&I.LJIJ !
$a$> JS r+J Jk
+KT
&L
i>wI
JfL. ,d,
bj-b!
;jib jli_( sur les sciences et les Arts) W
l
.gut
(3 5 )
:J!~ ~ 3 &I1
2 C+l
II" i"iU (36)
Habermas, Structural Transformation, 89-117.
$ 1750
2
ay,,b
\I"+I
5K 1-
:$ *&,
3
J,I -41 $
( ~ ~ +9W1 I ) drJIJ rJJI j
+
R.D. and J.R Masters (eds.) the First and Second Discourses (New York, 1964), 50. &&)!I
e 1 j 9 1 ~2~
&I
2 he i,K ,b fu\t & Y \
L!%p
(Oxford j
L.5 178 1 ji,&)!l
3kJI 5 A l 3 2 cG)!\ &
d l
>,
&A
j& si,
. '-+Is
.English Dictionary)
++ m i +. &.. b y \ d L L J!J" d w L I &*. J!Pd*JI Y $I3 ; d l LJl;JI ..
rdJl
e
l
j&+
l_&U;r?dI LLJ\
b 0 7 &y)WIi ~ ~~ ~ 3 b u y \ 3 A h & $1 @I&\ i+vl a\+! 3 +.Ah J U I dK
L
I
>
*J@\
1 4 1 $3 I
&&YI
aLIJ>i*c
Y
J
f2Ul
i+
i! ~ 1975 L ,y *\-+I d9ji r L Y 1
Ll* J -!,l
jrJl
~3$ 2 .;--b
J!+ .I$\
+%D
u,Y
3 Lr-"
s;Ul
ryJj .
J6-
L
2 GLYI
j&I
dl $13
I
jr iJl+ir;WI
dl> Y W
dls;!
+I
l
; .-
-.I ,
L@ (Oudot) aJ>3\ iS$
Y T & i~Lp-liC
L+
b u (37)
. .+U J,& ,J+:,+5A, GJJI i+L.+YI L d 4 1 &j . .d \,I* bT +-I &l, Y &dl :'y +L
1 -
,.+Jj
A&\
J.P. Berlin, Le mouvement philosophique de 1748 a 1789 (Paris 1913), 73.
4 1
j .&+vl
LUg . (Bibliothkque Bleue) +tiJ$!
il?j r-JI
$1
r
~
. ! P Q ~JWI ~ ~,+ ~ IL jd U I ,y &I
I
0 . b
ClJi
i
J I * ~ &4
1
-.
L+Jl
al+I3
&S-KhU
d 3
o
d
l
+
-3
+-J1
@4
(Troyes) >JUI
j
& d l r_*.ll Cd,-,3
kS '+dl
& d l aLI3JJ ; +
16.&' S
(Roland L
.( 3 8 )
Gljll >I
J h y l J! i i b y b +IJJ g ~ l r ; !
5 3
el.4 & &&I
+LA
c++l
h
&IS
y s Y ~ LJUI 23
Y ji ~ ~& i,;L3J\ (Chevalier Bayard)
+-dl
A31 J&l A J & ~
&JW I3 Deeds)
?Jy \ P J&IJJ~.(The four sons of Aymon) -JV \ d! 51 J ~ V IClkl~ j ~ 3 QLSI p CIS JLVI OL LTI LL. Jj
j .*cr
LiJy dIS +I Cln Ji dJ+l .d3+!l
p
l3L (Bollum) 9 12 v\>v\ 3 4% 29 & 2 &K dl
1-
dl
FLJj\
$ ~>s-=Jl L ; ,G U I j d l i l l al&l k-; j $l+ -1' -. 6WI3 SIJI 6W4 u-
@- +$I
6E
$.LidI
ojs!
+1;jj\+\ &>
G . Bolltme, la Bibliothe'que Bleue: Litttrature populaire en France (3 8 ) aux XVIP et XVIP siicles (Paris 1980); R. Mandrou, De la culture populaire en France aux XVIP et XVIT siecles: la bibliothe'que bleue de Troyes (Paris, 1964).
Jl
+dl
$WI
& + P,I
a . t W l iju,
3+4
I\L~f *1; iilirl~ LX L;L!*
+L+YI
awl 3 &JI
&&
'eLJ$l i $ d l
J!
+dl
d r l T
WWJ blhtllj >Is
L+
6 s d.iJl
4 dJ1j ,
o&L.JJ jjy; ' 3 U l iLjl>l ikiklj ' b l ouCjL,>l a L 6 s @I+!! (Bibliothkque a41JJ-! i-J WI I ' T I I 2 +\11 +>pTL. 42334 Univenelle des Romans) 'bj .(3gX*)(~othicRevival) 991+rY l ~ b ! 2 LI, j r l L U l o L & I +Sf DT jY! MI>
J d I
&
+
*LJ j I +Yl
; ,t+p .(Gothic literature) &,ill
+ pkll
&I,\,
a+\
+
b$l
jliJl
JS +I
a L ; l j ~ W\,l t W I
&&I
pJ3UI T,
e
~
L Y& L
+
(',
(William #+j
G + J I&$I ~ .[FJjlll
.+I
&IJ,-!\
&A,\
A$\+YI -31,
(Bibliothique Universelle des GIJ& a%-&
Jj S
L *I;,
d
&MIj
& Walpole)
- -;\IJ
CUJJ (Henry James)
&UI
4231
DL5 .*I
(Ann Radcliffe)
(+)
j j S dl&\
d p J I 3 lC,i
f.y
(Horace - JdI, &lJp p dJi
~JI
2 -1
+I,\
9 1 2
+'JI
&+A -2
l rPbLp
u-Y
I
Faulkner)
+ iJl;JI
W I + L d I a+ 1789, 1775
Romans)
. (Comte de Tressan) yi
(39)
&LJI JYYl
JjUI
63;
J.-1'3
+* j
~JLZ!
. ~ 3 * i r
*3
c*i 2 -
j fJ33 ;I dls ~ ~ X h l d l,
+dl
PI
6-1 j - LL; +A\ ... 3iLLJI ... G M I ~ +~JIGMI
j J3Al 'La 32
ptoLJ J b 4 - 4
j &I
3
+ul
&,lI
*kJI
d gA , l.
db
d
,
l
Js 3W&
o
.(40
Dpll
J41
2
a1 ;*lpll
du&u
jjw
pj)
+dl
2 . j a y \~ 7 2
@ ;s*~I
+dl
j
+bj6j.
'bL;L,+ '>*
& ,J(&j\jplAjT
+@I
+jL*
$lJl
&I $ 2 1
d&-
&! .+
+,
LLtill*
$LSI
,y 'bj jrPfl C;;U (American Philosophical Society)
e
l
:$& . .&MI
;+I
.j+lI
JIS;i\
d l t k l l (1764,1697)
Hogarth, vol. I1 (New Haven and London, 1971), 109.
tpll
+I
Hogarth)
&\ ,y 175 1 2
(40)
Jb
+*YI
Jkdl J+ (William A j G p t.l;l,J
6UI
.+I
aIJC6JIjJ&LSJJI iJ
l&c.L $1,
&
bJ31 +>
L $YI
+ >L!I
(y+a
;r_b js iiWl
plJILiv-l* t R3J u . 'L I
j W l eJW Lj
l *&I
&I
*iJ .&LJI *I3
3w1d 3 1 @ +/
jljb a1 29 a1 l+b
~ ey3 +*-
i d l jlki jyyJl
+JI
y'
+;
a d \
c;K
&+A
-
& ;+dl
L-JG .. &Y>J
2G & I>$J
0.b
~l>b JS l Ul
4+
W
a>+T a + ~ p
(Roland Chartier)
+@I
J W y ~ a3l P l + l l Jj Jg! j\ JJb p J5
VJI 3
+jy PI+\
a a& 2 a+..~\
3 ?k!l
JL!
3J W l j
iGJk)) +s~L\J> d l >+.I .?>YI> A+
+ - c ~ k uj- 6 - q plb ~
-
L+
j # iCL iJy.
JLJ&I
;r',&\ G+ Ig,;
LA%3LzJ+!I 3 1 L
(42)
JW& dlg
. ( 4 3 ) &dL j4
i ~ dy L L - L+A . . aITIPJI
3JJ2 3CS &UI> dJ+*.
.LL
;i;;.,k, -31 3 L
$dl
*z?,Al
pl.JL>
p
& h Y l
-
,y $31 Q l j- d 3 + d l
1 +&I
&*C
j . &\>I j. ifp I**\
~ A > J
jl;stYJ
kjj . ?l+;jYI -4JIcqy\
4 &k d l &&!k
ifp
L$k
Robert Muchembled, Culture populaire et culture des blites dam (4 1 ) la France moderne (Paris, 1977).
Roger Chartier, ((Figures of the Other: Peasant Reading in the ( 4 2 ) Age of the Enlightenment)), in Cultural History, 151-71, and in Dix-huitikme sikcle, 18 (1986), 45-64. Darnton, The Great Last Massacre, especially the title study.
(43)
Harvey Mitchell, <<Rationalityand Control in French Eighteenth (44)
- Century Medical Views of the Peasantry)), Comparative
Studies
in society and Hzktory, 21 (1979), 81-1 12, D. Outram, The Body and the French Revolution (New Haven and London, 1989) 41-67.
$lb .e WI J.4
(45)
69
A_r;Il
i+
->ziL A
+LL+
,y b+
.>dl
&jL b*
J+
3%
wy,y st51 r ~ Y U l 3 i+WI ~
~ ~ Ju J> A d 3
*jg\
b! b L ; ,JWrJ &I
131j
j
Q
2
+hrUl
4 4
bAI +MI
Johann Pezzl, Marroknische Briefe (Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1784), Hegel, Phemomenolgie des GeLtes (ed.), Johannes 174-5, G.W.F. Hoff~meister(Hamburg, 1952) 397. :
j
r (The
1
(Johann Pezzel)
,y b 3 s 1-'
&.dl L+.J
cS;-*I1
+
JS Jj 2 iklrL r+y *r* Y La,
+-dl el& &$rO-! \
>
+ L.S
'&!jJ
++La &A
*&.dl3
'p -. 'G -. .\5+1+
ai;&l
P;
Phenomenology of mind) t &y
l &.dl
J.B. Baillie (New York and Euonston, 1967), 576, Voltaire Philosophical Dictionary (1764), article c(Theo1ogian)).
(1)
1
I
I
I
i
3 df+s
3141
&ad\ &I) l 3p:+>
+'dl
ti&&\
341
LSb dl
scs,
'GI+--!
bi L
L$ I
i
(&I) D\
P-,,&LJ
I.+\
S.L--~I &,,@I
@!I
9 (Peter Gray)
alp
Gj>ll
>IIL ;I!
J+
P-,,
@
4-A
JGI + \+&
j
a u-L+)
.-!/I
iilb
j+\
(JWI
L
c;z;*+I
+ +l+ +s p U I
S $1~
&443
J CK +dI +I
CiilrJl
~.,5
$ Lti.i; ++!I
1789
pl&n
p +Ul,p-B
I
A+
+-dl
(Keith Thomas) &L+
+&dlSJ JWI .'LL
,iJI
.d &7~4
3 ibidl ~
i.L+Ij
r+dI
LgeF,
I
.(?WI
+-. D K
&I,
-.
3
>
&$&
J+i*C
c J ~
...
+&!/IJ% 3 & d l & TJp,&-a F\ . ' 2 ' y ~i1j.U ~ l GjskJI L&Il &l$I Lj+j DT P-,,.+LSlrb 'udL+r > pl + h ~ sjuju . 35
1-
$ dJ&
&L\ J+
J+
&\
91 +-dl
Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Belief in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century England
(London, 1983), 640-659.
(2)
si $1 .+
OL
s 4 1 U ~ I +L ++JI &I L+.J yd >+
>WI
jjl! & d l + U I &UI
p y l 9 (Michel Vovelle) +J+Ui.,
%+I>
L
si
,,
2 +-dl .+-dl
2
,>L+Jl
3
PJ~
'gb.5 Jy
\I& I+
I
3,
$2 jl>l
s
J& 012.
0
L
hi,
4 ~ 1~ , LJI
e1,'(11 &%I
&I <!
j .ptZIb
ikp: ~ , L S I
L-LI
~ L b l Jj -)L!d Y L I L i I I 1789 L3j j l > k Y I - d-
> b Y I, L I I
I
pp .-
0IJl+JI J h l , G I gs Ih
~ I ~ Y UWI I
3j ?;dl
&I+
.&&yh Ij ' & .. . I,L;I p LI*;,I)) L L+
U
*; &I
'L+l
LJJI
&IJ
&.i &A+
L j +* U+=-.JI
&I
L
$ (J
ZJ-
+ L J I
I
.(3 )&I
s! J,z 9 ~ I+! 1 $ LA& \ly- ,i '$dl d tk,!
.A&
&dl j. +*r
&I
;+*r 3,
+ adLy, $
l O
L
'&
&9>
Lp
& (J, 0,
Michelle Vovelle, Pie'te' barouque et dechristianisalion en Provence au XVIIP sie'cle: Les attitudes devant la mort d'apris les clauses des testaments (Paris, 1973).
L!
(3 )
& W I
J! l d i, 3
*Jpll
.sUId$l
j;',$I9
J! ;$Jl
Y L+lpu\ Z W I
y&I
23 rpWl 3jr;ll
'b-t
if-jJI
IYJ3
.La
y*,
&+ F ljuvl& ;I &.il ~941 ILa jdl; LA1 s . (183 1-1770)
Hegel)
&
;*I
(G.W.F.
1
(Dialectic of Enlightenment)
;is, r
~ L >
(4)
j 9 r b AJP t.$ JS ~ J - i l l a! L a T ~ rJ! j +S ijdl
& jk
$2
j' b - 1 r 4
jL e k s &+
.LS
cyJl
dlS l?lg j-.;
+yl $i &.Awlp i! C*P Lj +-3 rz!+13 zLPyl 3 $ j l S .+* L, +&I &kd 'pJ Y ? &&&MI &\, i &! '& ucJJ( &F dL.5 +g\ 2 jJ~ j Lonj . .+ G9J\
Gj3JI &I
$J
LLS &$I
dU . ' ) d l
;&I
G+
t k ; T A+I
+t
d! Jzp J+-
IL
3 ,,,LJb3
. ' ~ d & - d ? ~ d- q l d l 3 1
& LLWI rw
a ihkJl - - JKi\l~$ d l i j ;
'+
' ~ - i y .~..z r ~ & CUU JA+ G3J\
Horkheimer and Adomo, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York, 1972).
(4)
:dUL
Lewis
Hinchman,
Hegel's
&, tlf+ 4j
Critique
of
j?+ '+dl
the
lib
(5)
Enlightenment
(Gainesville, Florida, 1984), chapter 5.
:
q r ~IL,
H.R. Trevor-Roper, ((The Religious Origin of the Enlightenment)) in his Religion, Reformation and Soul change, 3rd ed. (London, 1984). : ,-pri+L
Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit. :b y 9
A.V. Miller (Oxford, 1977), 5.
;t.eLJl d,dl @I
j&+I
AT & fJI; 4 +-LjI
.% d:, -js (Edward &A,.+ (Charles
&f
+, rkiJtl
+K;rc
+
dpllJ
iPL ikp? + I! j c l L + J I J LLI dL;yI j
9
@I &JLkl 2JlJ2!
P (Deism) iS;L>I
+-2
[c?W r_+l
v +e U l
iJa
392 JLJI JLCCJ!
;I$\j,i;LJl
gJG, (John Toland) s i Y + 2 ++!I & I d \ U
21jJ
3-9 l4
Herbert) 9
Blount)
(*)
3 a.'L& ;P
& iJ>U
GY
'((A_ti)) +E.5
.bydl
$A
W I L&dJ
>
~
+> D U5
>vl
JL dy.>LdI . &+>
t..j
SLJl, W L j&' -I
JL a t U p dJJL)) .'6'&d\ jb&\
j (Systkme de la Nature) k,bll r L k
4 1 $a+ 91 Ldi;i
j .
.(7)-, ..
(cbd;T
2 Zr;l9, %f
. . &i;i
$ Z=&*dl >&I iy
z~djlCl.5;
a;\, + ~ J I
'A,
IJUj
kJl jJ U (1751-1709) Mettrie) JL .br. $ &j 1 7 4 7 3 Machine) abwl 2 j - j- L 2 4 1
JS DL
L;j
+ +
~ L L + J ' I ,I+?fI
(Julien de la
6
dp* Jl;JI
G+
>
G ,I
i>lp
J+ L D! (L'Homme
a
d!
+a\ y+-dl iL.91
Lii
j
,--J5.
d&-
6
I+!+!
2
X+I
&e I+Iw
(34 t l F D
&J,
-dl
?f Cj '1771
.Lc;ik;, a
fi~p Jjl>b3
$
(Unitarianism) d+&l
&e>
b L
*L-.\+ L+
jf
1 4 1=
& &Lj,
vJG\
. [ F + l \ ] .(Modernism) J d I , Julien Offray de la Mettrie, L'Homme Machine (Paris, 1981).
(6
Paul-Henri Thomas D'Holbach, Syste'me de la Nature ou des Iois
(7)
du monde physique et du monde moral (Paris, 1969).
iljkJl 6 ( * ) ( ~ n ~ l i sMethodism) h
j&$I
&I+
LJJl
L&UJ&> l
J&t
G
(Great Awakening) L = ! U l L
3 4 1
-
ir) ... ( * * ) L..~ ^ J I
&UUI2 *
&
ja\++Jls L l j - d I j ;~&d &P; +$I 1 729
(4 %&'
(Methodism) &a+l
iub +.b
5al;lI ~ j s j
>jk
&&JI
. +dl
2 G j U l iSAI
4 10-
3; UT~9
-Li,
*\+I
3j
L
& &I
aPY , b ;~ T
0
J! r.-dI
U \+La; l L+-
~~l
+*ljLhllJ.S2,
WL &L
?I
pLLLJ\>
&I
Lij
,+& +.
4 1 , + > d l i>WI
j L;U\j a& +$,-I zbiSF ! I j ~ L - y;+ l LJL9 p+!l > d l
- (Collegia Peitatis) ;r.?YI
*
(**)
JLYI,
L&JI
.C,e$Il
z U
1
>klI b p l l h a& -12G d I &+.dl L\.$&I J L d
d$l
Y!
iSiF (Hassidism) &+.dl
clkl\.b!t,L j ~
+-, c&\
2a+Jl
'+b I d ~ ! 2 2zw1 &A 3 ~ ~ ij$l9 .[ ~ ; - o J l l .(John Wesley) bs 9 XZJl
>
8.L
LdI,
4, (Predestination)
&JI z3$I
i U - 9 C Y ~ I b j b \ Lie
&,.b
8.L
(*)
4
3 by
$&I> -I % byj& I j K 531 Jl ijL.51 jLd\ 3 ~ & E B &&I y &a&\
~f
~
+..dl XpdI
I
+l-;,J! iSF
aJ+\
S
+&
l L -I
l+A&b E $1
.is+\
(Pietism) +$I
(***I
18-1 7 siJ
OLCkYI
~
a L W l .&WIJ
1 dLJI
4
~ s J jJ>@
?J 'b-ILg] dLS +&I3
& &&I
& +I
&3'r"
o h
3 +*lI
+...dl
j +3WI
j @I
,&I
a&/
aLIJJJI
Jj ~JLU iLL: ;>b!
2 G W I +JI
Xy
d j Y
& I J .;>Litlp j +IJ
La>, L.+
1 5 ~ Y-
d j l l I h djlS
Y JI,
L&I
J
aI>ljllj
j
i s 4 1 Z, L+
;&I
~
d J l j
.&.!-!I
j1w1js &+ hi&CS;; d l +&dl j;jl,Aill
. dfll
;>&I3
L
+ Js
&I dl
A I P;
~
L +J
Lj U& L+
& (Ecrasez L'infame) kli 9 9 wi >;]I
,Lc
.+I
-1
L.IJ
I+-
& I ~ \ p-! ~ I a+\ &IJ
9e U I
,y X A I
1-
J!tJI J&3 pJb .&-A\ $1
6 . b
~
s
k
+9 .(Philip Jacob Spener) !
bjt'a&\j;+OISXAI
Js
.[vrjlll
a$, .+>&I
r u l
d+dI j L ~ I&! J j
i U l S J ~ G ~ &I ,L p >\A1 ,y b,+
2 +-A\
L>
IJ,L
@,
2 LtLI-L;LOJI +WI .I&!
j(Puritanism) +#L ,Js aj I 41 L J 'SYIJ &I!
yL~
=
aI,lpll
J&
dill 9
+ irrltll
&+ LA,
.Q.+.Jl
' & &Is, u" e 9
&.dl
d W d l p 1689 j
Yl L Y U I 1 b . 2 bWl aI&Ul,
a> Jj
.
j!
L&I
+ A
rs
L e
~ 3-LUiLb1
&h2 j rLdl A j L j & J l (ypi jb) + ... +-+ yj djJIJ in Great Britain) Wb-&$&-i dl u ,! "L,2 ++UI a&+\
(Toleration Act #I
J*9!1787
j .j?>+JIJ
d.LJ$EJI
if;LkC,?I
j JWI J , Js dJjJ +-dl r L ; I I &L (1 7 6 3 ) (Traite de la Tolerance) UI $ + $9
"Lts
Gl-wI &.,I
L l j u y l i&ul
&LYl
&Yl
-L
dL5
dt i13*ll - A
ik-f +5;
"
&I
*+I
i+U
rL
+-3
L&u
kJA & '&*y/
.I
.Lz; I&j
.r'
c;K 'ZLlJl
&SLJl j .
+--dl L J I S U Y I 2 J&\
(Summus episcopus)
J - ~ ~ J W I ~ $
k13dl
3 JLsI
4-
*L+? p-"; dT zJ3+L
AL+
2 ;JgJ\ y*u +Yd13
i j U I
. .A j w 'L+.L U I p tl+l $1 f L L Jj i+-~lj yli Cyb I>> L j L J j e W 9 4 r J W l & & .+rsil rLL 3J U Y I
di 9
bJ33
i*c
9
3
d l a91 d l 3 L.d\
ikl. (Maria Theresa)
j+IJ u'U3
223 JL
-91
u l y ;r. d Y i
jJ-JI
CLLL~~I
&
. Lb a- j-j l s a33 i p y li. 'lJ91+
.+A3
L*
+
LL!
&4
dU
((>WI chjJrr))&jJ &I3 J f ilsL j L ) ) c J U l
&
d U ~ p$ , ;*;! d U J l i . iy kp3 I ?U;; +b 2 &&A aLJb j&iJ b3 ~ ( u i ;31JT ~ ).+MI ) ~ 3 3 j - +5uk3 6 4 1
r U l P
+.+-dl ijp!
a l ' L d Y l 3 +I Jl> Y
d*
/LYI
yX- rU;; J!>> ((I>;
&LA j . LJLUc;LS
1777 +3/blr?* GJ &I
Y ,A
#dl
,y &&
+1
2
aIj!j
LdLB
>! Ij U I is^ 4
cU; ;bl,
i;b>
1-b .llhjJ+
.iJ,JJ\
cL+>
Ay,
cl,>v I ij. +t
iLLT +d
A y
LjJkj..
31 *Ir
A
JJI?
& &\&I 61 UQLY
> I .
: @&.g l JI a+l
&LA1
A. von Ameth, Maria Theresa and Joseph II: Ihr Correspondenz
(2 vol., Vienna, 1864), 11, 141-2.
(8)
:> a$> H.W. Koch, A History of Prussia (London, 1978), 41.
(9)
& b y jbj 2 . i>UI 'b-I irbJI J W I
uAd&>u d K .d&yl j &
& k3JJT
JS 2 . &>J &IL,dJlS ~ I U Y +II r ~ ; !
f+ S t3U .+dl% '
24
i ~ U& l
~
J
e>
&>$I
+ *
r~ &I
d -A 3
lh jt l W I ; , ... ckiI$I
U . . L& ~
'LJA
s ~ (( j>U I
&+))
3
6
aL%I
&I
;?MI
2 J+Jl $>
4GU
; ,J J I
Gr
+4
A*$$, dl
i;p
h Js
LLUI . . L.UI + I U Y I
Pjy 41 ; ,ptJ4
L+
a
JIL
&,&A))
w&&A! j d L
1 ;yC.
j J>AGLja*lI i+
dK
..
$
.c++ L%>L.,AI
A 3 Y+ #\j?>
'Y+
L3L))
&
$ . L J b 3 b2 j3& &U3g&dl &;IUI r~~ ~ Lii,i p pi 'w YI K I L d 4 .t+pJI ILa 2 & L 3 ~ l ~ (JGLJL d L > & l 9 d p Luywl* +h& +I ; ,+JL) j + l J 2 i L K ;I&.+ *- I
eJ1
d33
&I- j . ( L ~ L L$1
4 +&)I\
i+
iLL d p 4 I j K L
i3lr
. L 4 '+u2A LLbT .. ali & d l ;I'J + Lg] $ dlJ ~~1 J U +-iA,+ j'41 J*S JS j .'L-\ j &I, pis . , + ~ A Lc ; ii ~+I .... p c ;j ~.+~ dT -. &I+\ JS pi 3 ((Ld+>~ d l 4 1 6-9
L+S-
& i j \ IL
.d
$3
dls,
ipl;
.+
?kJl
JSLL d$l
+ a&\
a.Li J+)"
-
pl kt
jis +>+ d& &-ill ?+Yl
~*?i;l~ ~ L Y J I!
C;LS
.I
WL~.j-k
.+I
1.b
&l,ll
ky I>+-
j3,
! '&+LI aL@l & *ii G+ *I ((Ad+>)) dl +I L jls &-dl +UI 'y .L& c-j &I a 4 4 1 &I'+I +b &t - ;r. $1 .+ eLJl d$l 4 4 2 J3dI ~ +-A\ +3+I IL ' 4 1 +j t -I L~;I+I A ~ L S I
1648
4 1ys.? t1
rlr + . bj4 4 1 & d l
khi J2UI jji\& d l 9 + d l Jy
$3
&dl
&Id1
i; 'LLgll a I e L Y I ybL!
rlr
L &,LlI,
Z'L j .$1
.&A1
-
4
'&~,ll
elJJI
L+.JI
&I$
4 3 i 1G>UI
d l & \ J5 ;r. ~ @dl j .J+
+>
+lr
2i L=!+
.
J Se
~\&b 1 4 i1 i y j\ 'L-! dl +G3J\ ~ l _ g kj ll ~ j Y l & &L+
YL-1Jlj
eLL_.
;r. $+
&I
+L.5)) (John
a&\ jJ
&
pl .;+u 1
*
P
\
~
C
,y d L y l
a\+
hi
a
y ' 'k-1
alr&JI
- - swq j.+Yl tq " J L I j.+
LA1
J3dI
Locke)
L+L
i j L
p o \ +&I
+
3 3
~ $ 1
e-
J! +WI j3, 3 3 dJrr >*PI l 695
lr
dl+
a-I +MI
1-
> >Ul
iSLr L L S JI
1
a$\
2, J+
'9>kI\ A b
(Calais)
c^ij
+-A1 a l 3 I d l 2
eLJ
3 9 1 a&+
5;s; &$
j*-&A\
ljls L d b J Ly -.. .
3 L S LijL $!/I
>A9
+ >WI
l L I J ! j(Sirvin)
j W I .&JL..JI d
o ~ L & Y I o h dd!1-
$C. bj9++& iJ+I
j .
9 1 04, +
. ( l O ) h ~ 3 ~
;++
dls .LA ~
L j jt j l t j J A I b( ?li
o k J !j .el+\
4 6
> -su\
dlJ
f3
3 L;I& j 5; ; k 9 _ r l ~l
~;L~JI
J
L .I+
ijp31 3 ~ +
+&Y\
wl
&'-1
I+
'y j r l a&>J1
,j + J3Al
d+l
h*?;.; , 10
I U
2itlkl ~~l
;* ablb&l
-9
.U i - j
e
$ +jL+
d$I
e~ d
Reasonableness of Christianity) + . - d l
9 9 (The
U ..
..
l d! Yj
$ ~ l G ~ ; , L s ~ ~ I > d Jl .Lg;l+ s ~ t d\
yk9! &dl
I
$ JWI L&
L . j % dC-;! 2 J-
I:-'
&dlJ L~L;!/I,
CJLi
& d l y u ! l I iili;-J
&JJ
i3!+!.JkJ
D . Bien, The Calas Affair; Reason, Tolerance and Heresy in ( 1 0) Eighteenth-Century Toulouse (Princeton, 1960).
~
Hans Frei, The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative (New Haven, 1977), (1 1) P.J. Marshall,
The Brirzih Discovery
of Hinduism in rhe
Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1970), G.R. Cragg, Reuson and Authority in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1964). >
I
J
raLiUlo
;jr
I
'L I
j(sX) hL-)! &I
3
Ld USJ4 8 3 7 .[F+JI]
.146-139
,
,
&LEI
(+I
dl
ct: ; ,3 K
j .UJ u
&+Yl
~ L & : , jL-4 @+jS &*]I ~ I J J J!432 'f t+&\1 . b .dl>&+YI #
eJUl (David Hume) f p+\A
&I
c b Y I
aL;&& &l+I
uL.5
j' J U l
---
el LS .I757 j(Natural History of Religion) VL- 3+
L: 3 4 1 JI+
c b Y j ~
+I*\
+ .cii,WI
Y L&l;jJI
$LE,p] U i S A + J l
4A-i
-
3 4 l Y 4 PLKI C
,jbYln
+&
+
;;?- z J U l A ~ A sq!'$*]l &JJik.lt ;*kll J!,L& dl A
Y I
jA; +
-
l SLYI
d
L l J A +&I
i J y
i;ls;,k, . &FYI
C
3
Jl+.dl
+ 4+I
$LJ ~
0
j. I315 d 3 j
.&.+A
"9 .A&l
4
51iJ & pjPlz kmJ@& !
L '
& & /3f
>L
~ $ 3
S~ Jii
I L
4 r 3
'>,YI
4djl~
j41
1 ?I 3 (12)-
A A g4 c~
'&
&I
&+ L+ &+Yl +&JI JLYI
K. Thomas, Man and the Natural World (London, 1983).
146
alj+JI
w3i
(12)
+I
9
Y UYI
9
>4,Y1 4 9 .A&
* 1.j,
; ,+&
A! (Kepler) &= .5,
$41cT+
+Wl
GI; *, 9
;r.
bdLr;
;L, j
b-t!JZ+
ALS&
((;~+tr;"
++ '
.GU&
'pY1
jl
--
&&I
.+U
A-;PI*(
+dl ilrJ4
6, ((491) JL ((;s+))
j;g
61 3 L j l
aj;+a
,
TIL
'LL
sI+l--
&A
is41
5+
cL;; LS ~ f lj! \ &I Js 'L& ,
pl I,+\
is j L .I$\ g3LJ A +GI
3 AJ,
+ dcT ,i
$ $MI
bbl&,
ijer
.&I
''%IAAC; LI,, w
aLil+Yl
dj
s ~ cI+-
41 A I ~j I.
ALS G+ 31 rI T+I
i;g~ -, ,,3.ir Js Jp 2 Lg iaL+WI
L L . ~3
!
b l g l 9l-c
L G I ~i
2 &I JA js J j U I js
'
~
2, UWI 14ALS CGL_,
JI& +A
.
ii: pt
J
j L l
.Principles of Natural Philosophy)
ci I+ ;! + ,-I! 14 LS
+, .iL$I ".
4 1JF
3
L.&d +bJI
(Mathematical -I
j s
4 L 3
$4 2
(1727-1642) (Isaac Newton)
hw
(Copernicus)
A
j!
ifLtrhll cU+ A$, ~ L G
+,I
JLI '41;
P. Gay, Deism: An Anthology (Princeton, 1968).
(13)
it'
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;r-liY1
3 - -
~ = ~ i $ ~j ! ~ / l~ j y l
2 p.". & L++ L U l
I
y Llji t A + d l oLil-YI3
-.
+ *$I J~rc ' j L ) 1 1 iL$ fGlJ
k;> .djJI
d3L;
I
e
I
u
+wq d,*rp-
+ + S L I ; I _LJA~W I
+$1
Lk
it'
Cj&UI
CiK LA
&ST
. ~ ? - J ~ ! ~ ~ W I ~ +j ! Ic+J1 $
-.
I-
~3
J .fJ I
L '
&Sy;$ J!
Cl.5
A-
illc j .j i j y l
+d i j ~ l
.9+4
I
.+I
'y
f&
bL, jJI
; 0 ;;
yeil
jA*
-I
j
& @liJI
dl i;yl
@ Labj
+MI IA +;& I
2
Z ~ J J2 I
-1
LICJ~I
021 dl U l S & U W 4
p4 1& ++ ;,393
'y pc;? d\
& ;)1.Is~i
CJIJ&I 1-
I
L&I
+I
by L\j*-p.
D L - c%
p-Jl
-4T tl
John McManners, Death and the Enlightenment; Changing (14) Altitudes
to
Death
among
Christians and
Unbelievers in
Eighteenth-Century France (Oxford, 1981), C.McDonnel1 and B.
Long, Heaven: A History (New Haven, 1988).
,i 'a41
,+JI
. & l i *, t W I 31 'LL d p
2
2 + ,J!
LLJ-">I+ L b y l dy\ bJj+ dV &I
$6"
-4.A
(Essay on Miracles) &
\
3
6
JLI;L. +J
~ ~ ' 241 1 1 ibCLel
+
OM *I
(Questions sur les a
LJ,
+pi
PI
-.
I
a
h
.LUJI~ >-I
> b U l dl>&
I
&I
I-+
C+
3
Ji3
Ag&- i+1SCp!
a>J3
Ju~J;!
pIJI
&I
;>&s &I
2 dJWI j
+ +j45 . .JILL liJ .&
@I*,
31~s-WipL3i>lj$U> @ j;; pL
dW
. Miracles)
I a\+l
.A3 p A Y
&+I
(Handel)
l 3 a Y j U 1765
d
I
21 dLk;,YI
0I>L&l
l
17 4 8
~pk >LA-\
((A>)) dl5 G G y L Ui
3
2 3
&dl9 (Messiah) *I
t p , &YI ,>Wl
&
d3$l
((~p 1
oJ& >I3
A+
c;LS LgU
&+
JS a ! +
J3r.
eLdl
l3 k l L
d
&+
.J+LVI
L L ~J.L
jq b 4
I
((fp ,kI ) ). t + l
d 3
&+I o ~ Ld39 y + dT > +5'
pi
rlb
j)Cbyl
Js
Iii
P . & > J ~ $1'
a 1 4 1 r"V
;JWI+iL -. di G i
&-LVI
YIJ) &I/\
J! 'i-! + l k L a
++LS $ + $41 &I i>L& d l Y j ( u 3 + er d L S d l L J I ~ Y I . L J I ~ V I& ifjl*pJI o h
c.3
& d l G W I irJl
$13
&!dl
2 $
Js &Ls . %$I
U -. L.
-.
W s S +jUI a b & d I ~ W Y ILLWl .A+\
*I&-
i d s
Jy
(1 7 8 1-1 72 9 ) (Gothold Ephraim Lessing)
j%Yl
d
d Y
LA d d -3
+ di J&%4 eju
JX
&I
I
+,+
(Edward 9k.S
Ji-
l&
& $;- +@I -@I j-jlrn aL+I l 22 ;.>LLJ\ jjJl+,+ .LJ> b9 &dl J4asfl i& >L+I jl 3 > L i4' ~ c a , ~ & ~ CJWl y% &I
I
A\
.-
i;
&Is-Yl
7
J
(Giambatista Vico)
w
b))& d l
.LJILW 2-1
I@
d L y I & &I J
r?l jl
l J ~ (1814-1762) i Fichte)
PULJ*~
l
I
J l j Y L+ls
&YI
d
c-\
&>
~ L J;+ id.+yl3
(Johann Gottleib d &J+ I
p
J)*vl
$A
I
J+Jl
-
4
$
'+MI
Lr-;Ll ..+2L+12L+11t J g I W
.
&J - &Jk!l j&P; iJIJ>! .p L ~ ! l
j$j c J k d 1
I
p
&&
$13
(1744-1668) d L ) l l iJsi
'(1794-1737)
Gibbon)
(Decline and Fall of
++bsJ1 LJ&le)/
&dl
.tpj (+
(c6hi bi &+A
2
,&I
>
17 76 the Roman Empire)
-+
ibu + ; i
J ~ Y I +=-.dl
LJ*Y L 1 6 , l " i d l
iJ+lYyJ
b+>
I
+$L
b,+
. L@ % $ > G*c;. 4 1IL .(d9Holbach) iUp> &a
>r;41+I&,
*lil
>I
&K
+>
j+
bK
31 - W l
+ b I
.cSL3 I+
&ill
j51+iJ ISW . .'u-\ b4yl
'4, 'il j .PJL
j~
&+ Jj cr*-: u > T >i(22))
& A 4
J.6
LK.L
a 1 4 1
y, j , LA JS P q L J I > * Y p Ls h,L
J+JI
L*>~JJI J &I+ j .' k - 1
;,,A
;r.
d l 5 al+l-
+ i+L
+ J! &I
&I
2 *$dl
*-dl
+
&I
j
-1
d4
Y %%
%L>JI
l L > U I oGL 3
d
I
r4j
2 p>
1.6 &,JA IjK
4
3k-Jr k, 2,'L-
A-,+l> 'iSL1;MI .. ..
; . '& i ; q CJJ, I+
>)Cfll LA + I*
+-2Y-&>jrqkY~tLJlJa-I$p.U*I I JL ,+l .+! +dl + Y J L
.*I
j k Y I
*I
j& J+I
zJ&
I
2
AILVI
j1-L
G+
L+
4 P,dI
6
0
9
3
d
1755 j d L 5 & $ d l
L a b
d l
10.000 ; ,
~AjnJL .JWI J! Jyl
j l W l 31 +I
$ uUC!
+I
&*. j& d3s3
I
j ehyl
l d l
.+I
JI$j J5
Z+!
Jr3
uii3Ll
-3
d E dl e
3I
+*
A ia,i ii ~ .J+I
LL+l & d l I&
& d l IjP d+
&I
yd!
dl
.. L . 5
&;;ls;n3,hlSsd\+d\+1~P~U\~
9 >MI
JI$j & & d l
1;JI
*y 2 3
+
2' d9+ -
dl
d&\
a
f ldjJrllJ1 ~
& & d l ..+\+dl
Jjlkll
hJ*l LC: JjlkrJl 1 b .
4 1ilk;(p; + d l
&,I
dJL3iJ+&lI (
s . 3 &,a
1/+4
Ghdl )
$JI
df
-3
9
41 2
2 3
.&I
p o !
d$u
kb (Leibnitz) 4 ...
+ d l *I
(Theodicy)
&dl
; I \ ~
2 i++
d+!I
oY3WI
Gffi! y '&+
d . e 1759 j .?$I3
O
J
Lid+
$
1
4
~
J
j 3 W I $Wl
(Candid or Optimism) JgGdls j d l dip .AD
+2 (j---?n
w-d\ 2
iuJ
Francis
- Maria Arouet de Voltaire,
Candide ou L'Opfimisme (15)
(Paris, 1759).
:dl $4
2s +$I
y gldl L 5 U I (16)
M. Fulbrooke, Piety and Politics: Religion and the Rise of Absolutism in England, Wurttemburg and Prussia (Cambridge,
1983).
+@I
; .+i 9 I .J!+-.dl ~ I A ~ g ?I
OUUI
OISL. l $.dl
>KJI d
&
++I j'l
L W I
LL J.6
~
w-+-i y d I
L+l
.by isF W eF I
&I j .
kui j +U>JI
llhr jy+l
~ > W Ij s i++ -I
;+WI
j9
4
J.&
L+2Jl
' e l j .. &..-2
+j l I +$!I JI
r U A &d++ p3I
I
O&
&i ; ,&+I zSj
6
&+.dl +L+l
~
L L S
'p- i -& I
dL5
~9 j t &> ySL
(1740-1688)
@I>
ilJ,rll L*;> +I&\
i3
L+
+>
L*;
> y&+I
w3 dLd+jl
r]WI
@WI
CGl
2+ \,I
$ k;CI '$Vl
j W I +&I
&I
U J
William)
ru GI @>&I
&WI
+-dl QJJ
jJs-1;
cir-JI
$ LJA $ -9
;JP
r b Y I j .
& ;>>ti
&I&!
JL&JI
i T ; U I :i+
t+yy
+lyyl 2
+I*\
i ; u l j
(Frederich
.d+l
k h l $ +>$I
OLjLdVl
+ I d 1 X+I
3
$1~5113%+l
IjK
.+MI i + J I Lg:
.$_;,lI
bps1 j l l
.~;kll>+~l
"I"zSj&4lJA;SJ ++
' 5 K .L+I>
++I
.&&
, U 1 3 &..4l=d>
* L 42 &IS
G&" J-Z&I
a
&I
aLiKJI
$ I;,>$\
l 31 il&Y$13
w
~ rj . lw idjlu Lg.a 2 dK
&;sr.JI
Lu
o&L
dl, *lyYl
cji" J-L aL.p ;*s ;>lrjf S W I +I . c - Y I j . >3? 29 J!d,;3JI $ .J ;;~I bA-kd E ipLi 2 9 (Fulbrooke) $49 Jli LLS h+l 10
L+aI
$
;p.J\&=
+&Yl
&3
+MI "$1
3
c'*;
fSCSWl;+
&&& ;>Li
2
&>$I
2 9 e3
.&\A\ &3A &1j1 4 . J 1 3 * p 9 1 LS bwl flij .;eib J ! &>$I
6 4 1 ;$; J b I +WI &y;J ' ~ L T
+
dE ~ & l > j d I
. k31!Jl-Y?)
u 2+* d L
. t++ &, r
s b Y l
wl
L * Lj ~
a&
+
st dls
$3
b
k
,*-+I
u
l
+ ~ Y I+UI
&q\k3 b*
;> ?I$-." $
cbaKF ! &&>$I
'b-1 1 L .
GUI,
JI
Wl
y>kl
2b11b .
+ at J!2 dl L'+T $ *I.,
72@ ~ ' $I
alhl +L Y $dl
,44K;s\
2 ju
jc
ih;b
+
41 &&
~+-r'9 $
41 2 3
.bJA 2 t3;J1
161 a&
+-.dl
jI;,+\ a+
L+
dI>LitrYI
.k+l
+
+
$ +&d 13 L &&l$LSJ or& CL,*,jn *Yl +I
dl+&
CLK
;LiI
.I740
L.L J. y l U
;3!lSLy' _I
t
L j JL J3JI
Jg3
&++ll
+ GJLu
cL,J+i))
&pU
&JL I$Ej&l
;.is
'+
j' 0 3 - y
i$!
J.G
f
C;E 691 L9;4i,
yp.rkl3
2 flw ~
f&
ji , , j l $41 c& d l & 6jJl 9 fSWl ;jeJj
.+ &-!A1 i& Aji? $ q ( U I
&,ib dls
f+ $ $+I
$ ..W'L~.-~
IL
2 1740 3j b ul+ ;+" "+Yl
i
c b y l $ YJj (CSL
.&*U G k Y I
3
I
LS I.it;K&>l l S+ .
i! (Peter Leopold)
j .+J+ &I
kq
j(Jansenism) *'I-
dillis +Xpyl4Lk
&3
+I ih'lkil r*i;l
I
+
* J I
eL&\
dK C y
+ +I.; l \ &J.
w\iklJ!2 ~ 4ep" 1 &
- 1
L&i+@L elJ 3
+dl
h l LILA bL5
fUi;
$
+dl
'bj U j .. fi j W
I
3%
2
l LL.~))
.
'
9
29
J
I
J!
2
&*I
'c--lrJl
ju
3>
v-kiJI! /GYI
$31 j U . W I -I
L b Y l pi.Gl>*c
3
. y 3 &
jy b i 1
+
9
~
1
TJP&
~ 9 3
-
+\+I3
U
I
J.s
~
I
$1
&-&.!J
& $$
o
k;
$1
.ij a Y 3 L .+*dl
Jdq
$ w l
9-4-
p '3lS W b LI - y \
;+*
3
&IJYI
ZJWl jy
a w l
d l ;J+l
+ ;to +-3
kr.s]\ U
j
L ; Cj ~ (Charles 111)
a L + ! I I+
&&dl
JjJI
bK
JL &!>Kll
2 i j l l l a w l L+
~
iJ&')'I
fl pkrl dm -\
&lJy{
Y &IJ 3 @IJ
.i ; u l
A L.IJI
& '
?+
Lj
3 J U l
cky13
$,L9 G W l
P'
$9
>-3L4;iYI
&K Z- .w I p k l l dlJ
f-1UI
+I
Js
~3
PK b9 .>+I IL
&IJ$!
>>*c
L9J
j p 17713 1759
'k-i k c 241IL .r''Ldl & i f l o
db
3 .L??
J j J I JS ; ,'d2L$I >+I
ij?;LUI
3 I"j
I
kp
2
J U Y I i)* 42
((
--
I
. ' p L
(y ',AIL& G-3 O I L ,y L-kb dl+
I 3 &+dl
t*r ++ -
&K
9
&+f &
3 $1
h
:(Carl Beeker)
JJK 2ils FIJ (17)
The Heavenely City of the Eighteenth Century Philosophers (New Haven, 1932).
William Derham, Physio
- Theology: or a Demonstration of the
(1)
Being and Attributes of God, from His Works of Creation (2 vols., London 1798) 1 1, 349.
:J! r,\ djs,
1713
3 JJY1
;*hll
Johnathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels (1726) (London, 1967), 223-4. U ,I.
3"' .C-'UI $I.
.LxY J! iL_,
S -L. & a \ + LijI $ IsYl SWl +I 31 LlPJ >+ +I z& d d u &dla a d I b d J 3u r&\ "&n tp* $2 'p lrjK ,1 0 *ry .r;\ 9.L.- u.& Y l o - Q J 1 4 .'2'+!~
0-L
a +J
jdJWIJ
$ Sj
Yj
2 Lib &I& N+SIJ~'
+I
aL;i'b!I
((+a . +.UI iiJlkll k& j 1830 L
.I+!
2.
9 k l >Yl
+ Y!
& k;> a+
(Scientifique)
3IG s k y & &I
b\)
l
u
d L 5 IL
-41
>\ ~ i + d l~ ~ C i;Uj
+b\ .&MI &!J
+dl
+ LaU a,+llr"
I& a
& + I
&a
4 2
(Wissenschaft) i; WY I jL& (Science) 2-E gJ9&&
GAL
LLS J L I LS kL2>+
Jj i4k
Ge
LLp
ii,+
A . 0 Lovejoy, ((Nature as Aeshtetic Normw, in Essays in the History of Ideas (New York, 1960), 66-77.
Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences (New York, 1973). A,,
;+I\
A,,
4-
o
h
2 +I1
aI2lul L+G
'k.1 d,' l a 2
,+ ' MI
.&\
,&? j i ,J5,i, &&I
p J xu1 +dl
bWI $J +dl S j U I
ill (2)
9 cT.+I&.
(3)
-3 lid A &-b i ck ; .\j13 drJ&
;F J J U I
Jj
+rLA1 b$l
+\>I
b
&&&A
pl
&AL.
;r. -3
>I
' u c+la $ 6 '$1 &dl &i j j;? IJ &a is&+Yl U y l
ijkJl
;Z
JA
b y J L
.rjknd
Y j U I 3 6 4 1J L U Y I byJL+
213 ; ; :pl &.in
t+
LA d d l
-
@ 'U
21dlL J k c4;b
jblS L+
I d l >+ ;I
aLpkll, d b & d l
p 0 1 3 ~&K &I
#
dAJ>
>I
J L L s Y l ;* (Supplement
&L3L J U I
a
*i &@I
LLL
AlJ~yi
U;3r. dWl;ll9
&b3 6~
3 9
'$1
d3
b~
Ck;
1-
aYjLtll 3
4
AAG
mJ
j
a s J 2 +& & + l&
>I
(Romeo's Nephew)
blJJ
. au
+\
GIAJIj'$4"
+&I
Ji
'kj
Voyage de Bougainville)
LUl+
bi
Sydney Ross, ((Scientist: The Story of a Word>>, Annals of Science, 18 (1962), 65-86, Raymond William, Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and Society (London, 1976) s.v. c<Sciencen.
(3)
;i LS ~ 4 1 L*u 2 i i ci41 ~ di~lj
iJ3+&
d i . ! ' % i i ~ ~ \ ~ i i y y S ; - + .+tui~i;yS;*+ kr r b
GI; .&+Vl ++I dI;L$JI ;* +L i>L2 V l (Jr Jt. &j\ GI ;r. 41 +-
L -...k l I
u;
p~jij
J!bJI
j i S +I
U
(Physiology)
j v l +-,,i
I
W
jr ? h l jG-J;
+\*I j LJ~I+ .&JJ31>& -1)
l ik-Lkll))
c+y JS j j ) ) I+i. ~JWIJL
.'4"~i3 AI * - ~ldjjT A L,ok + iJW\o h 6-
> w l
uil+dI
(
l s J &I oli*
l U\
@I)
p- a+Jl))
LAJl OJJ+JI
U
-2
31
41 + .. ++ &+i ~ l i ; l + +
j Y GL~
- -.
> JI ~
2 d J l Ui
2 W I d$l
d+,,+Jl
. (Geology)
U
LI
LL (Natural Philosophy)
WJ .+&y4
'L-lr
; i ~
@p
2 11.L. Jl
>;$
-1 C
~
&UI
b
l
A. Cunningham and P. Williams, ttDe-centering the Big Picture)), (4) British Journal of the History of Science, 20 (1993), 407-32.
'WJI, j k y I JL Jt.+I & . j p % I J d I $ ' k ~t p!2 y +L+
6 1692 (John Ray) &IJ
$&
& .J &.G3 &I
K
,j 13-1
>ill
4
.dJI
j%&Jl
&LUj
+ JG
j
&+I
- L ~ I 641 3
jc
'
A!~d u
&I
*\+
&MI
w3 ( 4 ~ ~+ 1)
'jlfli A! .;s.I+
L+
.GI
b j 'U +PI
&a JS 2 +>WI + I+i& i l l d l &a
&
.Manifested in the Words of the Creation)
I
I
3bJ6 315 J W l
?l;S
(The Wisdom of God
.IJ3
2 >AC~JI
3K
+I
I;ts,
+ ky,
JKi j .is-kll - . iklhll
c.d;
Qi
';sAIY
y-ll IL Js
+j
~ i . , 3t $ +iJ! +3J9Y~ J~JJI i i w l &I &)
3 &
3 dill
i u i ; L.U\...
iilhll rj &I
J+
(Theology) a p % l
L,I
-I;3 jr.>wl,
;t!JJI JGJ
31 +I
L
rj
&t3
e
w-jl J ~ J I 3 A*,J . J--
a 4
l ( l ~ ~
+ lp!'k&'&
d p % I 9 +I
2 GUI
7 s lY;i + U 3 d I JJJl jisb3 +I ,y +a\ &b &L LLu 1-'
A>'$.-dl
ir' LAG
JKi
j .JWl
+I
dr
ia&j
il;WI L-91 -. 3
J.-.
A
.;AWI
(Charles Linnaeus) y'Jk=ljjL:
I
~
9
dT
poV1
j .
d23LJI & U I d U . & L A J!
Ji d3+-
.+ J U I
& 44
L++
p*r 1-
plb
1884 Thomas Burnct +ie &I
,WI
>J*L4j +Ud
iJ+
;p i k l3 . I~Sacrctl'rhcor? of tllc Earth
3
3 3 j 3 L d I*
4
+2UI IJWI &I+ JA+ kS LlUI +I
+ I& k:+aU&.JI
&IJJ
&big
w 1&jb
?g.d
2% L - 1
2
+dl ; > + & I &b, jp7kJI jb+l
3 .,+A1
i$+l
4
1
JJ-2 jWI
. L k l l +I
(s)
'9-SPI '(~~61 ' s y d alnluu ul ap adq!l!nb?,~u!
((I!-vas !onb y))'auu!? .3 (*spa)sa%omgaIlpxm3 pue u!uxseI
.a
j - .$l,Vl
ap%l+ L A - aLk5
+M j&' I
#I
$.&dl
. L ; I ~ ~jLk 31 &iL+
w
y , J
& dK
d K c%YI
.(6)iipJl j&dl
,1-
ii+I
+
J
jT
- cks - A+>
;JYji , k l l
'1Jl.i
+.
d,s
j+LA?,
.YLg
gJ&
+I
+k5
;rJb 'y
j - j% . Vl #L
2 @J
LA
dT ; .I,*s~
+L+
AISC'G pqI -L;n d&
jw2&l +-+!I
&!
4 . ,LidUl
ckS b>c,+&! 3-9
d+
+Is;!
j+J1
d l d i j &UI
SWl
dl
+Wl d-1
JeL' . + l d I
+u\ 1762 2
d b u Liz
;$krJ dl
UQJY!
$1
a\
Lb &I9
tJ+Jl&JLiLLS
j(1 744-1 6 8 8 ) (Giambattista Vico)
J. CCard (kd.), La curiositi ci la Rennaissance (Paris, 1986), (hf. ( 6 )
Landois), ((Curieux)), (Chevalier de Jaucourt), ccCurioisitC)) in
D'Alembert and Diderot (eds.), Encyciopidie (Paris, 1754), 577-8 Jacques -Benigne Boussuet, Traite' de la concupiscence (1731) ed. C. Urban and E. Lenesque (Paris, 1930) , esp chapter 8. J.J. Rousseau, Erniie ou de l'iducation (1762) ed. F . and P. Richard (Paris, 1964), 185-271.
L L l d l b . .I725 j
1-
--
& d l (Scienza Nuova)
J*
& JG ((Lipdl2 ziirL iJyDi; Di ..a&! & j $+IJ LL & \ *j j
D!
;Lk; si + JL d L Y I JL;* &+ L JS
4Y
dl 3 +J.
4 L j y l &'dl & & ( ( & d +I) l hJ &
~ 1 3
J!
&LLj . G W y I oLGI + L j
+ DIi41+
e141 3 &*- L! s&..
Y p~ L. 'JWI
si +. '$IJ.
'P a+)
-
r G L 1 dI cjr ,y i*, LC' ST c;u L+JLJI
ck)rl 3
. j V I &I 13--' (John
AT
IJ+
34 tl-
2
@I '
U
j ,,l .. W ..
&j
tj J"i9 &.MI
JL trJLdI
DI-, $L!l
I +Wl j .l,Jl
;)$I
ik U ,2
~
y
++&
..tWI I
J
&XI arA+l
I
4 1b
&+I
(Etienne Condillac) 3 % - - ~ i ; 4 I
l +LJ!J--.
jd
>jJl+
JljI D 3 s I
OL*
+ 2 WJi *..l k...l l
djf +..
a G U L+
YQJIJ
~ r .
c~ DIh i ~ i+
~L,+I
UI
b+
I
+I
1 4L~ i k L,,, J . . I14 dJi+b
j.;j
$1
L&
lrJr))
Y
_
i+&
'-3vlJ
j .aL@I
u 3 1
3 jrL+
ihG
!Ig
Locke)
;)
:
I J . ~(1780-1715) ab@YI
cJ; & d l
Etienne Bonnot de Condillac, Truite de Senrations (Paris, 1754). (7)
. [F,d\l . Uy
3
&bJl
LJj W. (*)
IJ +I
31 J
p* dWl3 &L+
eC?. .*&Yl
SJ ul +uA p e A\
2%
YT
aL3
ijy
'"5
6 j j L Z . J
~ YA I
+WL &I J.L .,
~ b l , dI
'd4&Jl ,13
,
b
L
-
LC!
-
J+I
J!i+
aL*Yl$L
1 .s\~+\
4
L+
+la '0j&~3
J&l
"
L+
'p
3,J
U
+iijb +J
U LLS~ djJI - d).1I
~ - ~4$ 1
&I ' ~ L ; - I
y &K
J.G
q.,g
+a
&3
a
,*G I
a.
L
-
1
L '+
&-
GAL t ; ,&
JKiYl
Jl
J!;i=u*JJl LLcl&I +3 & &A' +I bL-1
j 4- *. *
ul3LhrrYI JZ(David Hume)
&+-
IJUl,
iklhll
'JUI
% ' L&
'k y
3 13*4 +a,
;.I
y ''&\
u ' e
q b + $3 &t:
4rflj &I
j~
.TLgili
y 3
GL 3 - 9-
dl ; ,I&-
di lJ+-
3
L
,y\11!$A
irz,kll
A+
.+Yl
3 3
d
O+
r ~ !
dd9!
iJw
@I &G
+I
jt i i S W l
I L
&A
i4-L: +j+i-kjy
~1
~j
Y) ac+l
&dl&I
j t Z+
ucpn
I&
f& j\
&&I
$W!
+I ./,+JI
L+ZZJ
d,LrLI\ ~ L Y d3 I- 6 3 VJI &c, at a L y l
iL&
a i 3 ~ + ~ n
e-
David Hume, A Treatise of H w n m Nature (1739) Book 1 , N, chapter VI.
:J s
b
a+ ?Kt\,y +&I
1.b
Ernest Gellner, Rearon and Culture: the Historic Roll of Rationality and Rationalism (Oxford, 1992) esp. 20-3.
& I d dY ,LL +IJ
e4l-j
Y
LI & JSI
I L K J df
Lb YL
;&yL
r&&
+$
fi*
+I
A ,
L
jk,
.&MI,
(8)
*-I 9 IL,.~,~YKII 41611 jrb3*; cjls *I 9,a 4 1 2 ++ 0IJY
*
db
J g l $&dl 3
@I
4 y a*
2,i ay,L--
4\ S g l
oY,L
,y jrbJ $9
3 .(1727-1643)
,y Lii y?l &I
;j$ >dl
qI-LJ( +,I
641 U ;i;Yb&Jl .)~l\+!l+W j
(Philosophia +&I
.16 8 7 j JL,~ d d I Naturalis Principia Mathematicae)
61fi1 ~ s y - , j f i l c~
.j f i l
r U l
b b L 1 2
k,J,Vl
i i ~ ~c+ jf
+L,
+& Y i s J +jVl
b$I
Jlh& A
awl
+LJI
2% ~
+2 ,A
+>
tj+Li3
I j k&lS9 !
by;,
G. S. Rousseau and R. S. Porter (eds.), the Ferment of Knowledge: Studies in the Historiography of Eighteenth
- Century
science (Cambridge, 1980), R. Porter (eds.) Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences (Chalfonst Gila, 1978), J. Roger, Les sciences de la vie duns la peruke frangaise au huitiime siPcle (Paris, 1963), J . Heilborn, Electricity in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A study of Early Modern Physics (Berkeley, 1979), F. L. Holmes, Lavoisier and the Chemistry of Life: An Explanation (Modison, W.I., 1985).
of Scientific Sreativity
-
:J-4
Gkr-
-
'J
Lui
2 14 1( 1 0 )
Francesco Algarotti, I1 Newtonianismo per le Dame (1737). :>-Lo
JLibkl,
John Newberry, Tom Telescope's Philosophy of Tops and Balls (London, 1761).
CIS
4 ..
I-
2 . 1i 'UL
&I$\
A
UI
'AY!
+I> a1
2% $I3
4~+iz+1 ...+-+a I 21i GUI dl L ~ + Wp J ~ + L4 b! . '-..id :~'i j . Jidl p $41 ylli;l~hl++ hi khi yke: I i .$MI p s j ~ e l ~ d~ J 3 ~ ~ 8 *3 & & $1 J3V! u l >p-3 iJ3+ -31 i W 1 J!I&
,y Y;U!
J ~ YU II
j\
0.b
,y
&d
G
+J&
$1 C~ $ 2~ J ~ abT
$ a+4LS CllI ;,y r -3Yi A i r . o+.
dl +.E
+ &I
(1 t I-,
d$l
&A
&I
(Richard
p&\dl & k
-
d l2 lJCjJ
>I*r $
EJP j & l
..
.d@I
$3
LA
d&
j .+3
.+.LJ13
j?*gJI
~ I U $1
' u L1; 2% A&\ jpgl
&!! . .+
ji+ & aLb
2pgI d!,
..a,
U I
i b Bentley)
1734 j
$(jj,L>
I]*.
4;5 L ( 1 1 )
I.B. Cohen, The Newtonian Revolution (Cambridge, 1980).
.+dl OLMIjL->
&LLI,
$5'1 J I ~ y I
+s_c
d!6.i;
G J ~ D1 I (1 753-1 6 8 5 ) (George Berkeley)
'b.1 A l l a
d%l
1-
LJrpdl i L ji r * Y l r
jp
+.b.j;+
JU DT
DL53 ..rWyIJ GLJl
%jlciJl
175 1 j (Encyclopedis)
2 +I
2 .. &LJI ..
&IJ L; .+JI
d3+7
2%
.-l-j
WI
#
Jj
d>$DT
LL-Q
I+J D j j l .+I
JLdI
&+
+)@ J!2%Z L L
2 d u D L ~
b +&I
c~~4Jkll &dl
D i +A
(Claude Henri St. Simon) D-
q-9
I
D L 6;. r&
dJ! Zk; dAlg (1825,1760) ' L' ~ k b l L&i &I *l$Yl .LUl &\$I3 rw139 1j &i,+J\ &a,
2 .&I$
Jsl+l&
ii-lill
1 8 0 2 j 61 j cI++
L& L L ~ 2 . 2 s JGi+LU isJ~ .qJV LJI O ~ \ U i+ L 1 sj ~ d ; ;,J ki
Y!
4
r+ c l 4 ~1 +I +.ji. D L ~ I +.
r i c...l k l ~ a LO z x AL
>r
c;;~
L K lib L U Xrfll jlS
33
L r L
ils-;11 .j~ i;~
c6,~.%
1-
c U\IL
DK
W
~~ls'lU1
I+I
>3
J,~*~;~~I,,D~&L&..>T~~KJIu+~ ..
,
JU ir\s.lUI -
2
+LL.4
. .rLy\Il
@Lj.
&I
ZWI di
+
fi?(12)iJ ~w I+J ~ # J,~ -@I
PT+
$1
+I
CK
jl!
c U ; J h ! J ! ~ ~ l + ~ ~ l " i % J L K ,I
'*I
U
I
o h
.'; !+ ' -a dLylJ w
l LJj
d & u l
29,
.&I
f u !
9, +I ukUI h~.l&~ JL & a i l & l ?+" (jS &A4 LgL "L
--
&+Iibr Js
'
~
$
4
-
k!J &
..
i
Jb\ j .
+91
d 1 di dl
ablw
2 Cwl SL. ~ .. L
&+!
cJk' %
ct: j .i +-
+j .' d > W I 3
j .. d l 4 1
+I
am1
$'1
d!d&-
9 (1778-1709) (Linnaeus) &,L..l +I
*-
dLy\
eJ
blj' 'w
dI hl dLS L+
.
CI, o&%,
~
L-4; $1 jlS dl Y! OL.WI + ++ *- Jl+&J &>U J-l.dLs .&+Yl + +L ji~ d~ 1744 3 CI ;F ' i J+L. rzj\ aL.;UI
(Oratio i ; & d l
Lpj
+ 2 i+L, jM
:d 1-
U
I oklkll 3
I o h
6, (12)
A. 0.Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (New York, 1936).
~
-
bi
i
2
1
d
31 de telluris habilotabilis incremento)
aLil+13 a L + I d -1
3
l
&I
i++
alsy.+..
+ aJ+-
Jl;? Y jls +L+Jl
31
,JL41
~ $ 4&I aj\+a3 4J .LA j41; ;s$ &t .;J$Jlsj\ W I +b 'p 'y + A 4 'P3u g ~J2-A-Ged EJ, aL-4i&
1 ~ 33 ,
9
--
ji~ Y) . rU;; p $5
3
jlz;.
:
( 17 8 8-1 7 0 8 ) (George Louis Leclrec, Comte de Buffor)
$ art;
+dl (Histoire Naturelle) &I
...
edldl +K j
Jacques Roger, Buffon: un philosophe ou Jardin du Roi (Paris, (1 3)
1989).
,y i h i
& & J "
;ro *I,
16j
LIJI
awl diJ
-
a 3 9 3 d h l .L&
ClWl dl
J1-1Jb
Ud>*n
4 L&J
b;; a w i c=.'L_+l
3 1&' -I
rlr;lYi
J+- JJ
Jj
+I
9 1e b h l d U . ~ @ l + ($9JC-L, J ,yi 3 & &i > + Lg: ~9$1 4 ~ &i
+Ui
c=.'\+dijd U ~r
41 ~ g ky : +I dl ;+ 2 499)) \ i s ~2 ~ pl +I
; I .
l
2 9
>I L K
dK I ,
j~ J JkS +$I eJWl Jj j ~ , ~ W i V <LLCJl i
'y I b l J
CLIIi-i -.
( 1 4 5 4
WJ4 - +MI 2 U u CI J ~ I &L .+y1 &$I &Lu J U i ..
i
21@Ld
OLJWI k A~ L I
~+V& I
w
1 --+I
4 Jj
dK
S;T
~;LS
o G X
e.,~' 161 '&.I I
w& L&\
+.+UI -. b\J)!\
by-m~++I +I
e&
m
Foucault, The Order of Things. Werner's Short Classification and ( 1 4 ) Description of the Various Rocks (Freiburg, 1787). hsl-+
j .'LL
e2b 2 -1
tli -I awl
e2L
*-A;Wl dl C+I A,
-J&I aEJ)u
dl
.
L J
2AJ13
,& &LYI
LS)J .&-&I
&' -I
-
dl5
J W I ljI;J Jkll 3 4 1 j
+!J
s*
J*u
2jYl
fid4 j,
a i a
eL,. ;* JlsrJl 315 b l p V &L -3 X+ J ~ II L = T a& &I ~ L L - ~ ; sA~I -
1-
~ ~
ST
2 ;GI
;* j.d>*~ +5 .
L .&I
JjUI,
9 ~ P X J I i j s p j.fCb;l tP, 14Jl&,
r ; ; ~ 3lG
JI
d,J2 ;r, LJIU
(Epoques
p-
i)V
-I
3 u
(jNJ~1)
315 L i*i 9
1 >,,VI
+ ,j ,T. .
& c4;! g,
. de la Nature) *iJ a,j&3D
okilul
j+la
;I+!
t L d j ~ i - jlS;i ) ~ ~ i - ) ,;+I
315 tjT
i + ,
d3+T
-%
-1
iw ijy 1 ~ + 1 jibs; il2JI ~-.- l ir~j*l r
ig\ib;ts, +I
$A
i$
'i&U
dl ? ,I,
& a I+&
4
iw ij41
.
2-1
.hF3
3 I+&
* 5 T si '+. , , ,a
.qfLi Li ~ c b ; L S b DL5 G l J I 44131 161 irJl a k U I 2 'i+L'Lgij; Jb +!dl 3 i+ ,++A y,.J "1 ' C ' '* &Li "I& L6-JLL j. Wll. .okW *I $ 3 1 dil J.AAl rul2 &lk ibJI
L L J l 'j+.dI
j.?
\
3$!;4b
(5 1) u! uo!n!do q
q pue ~ arnlIn3 @!~u!Ao.I~ 'a9ua!og 'laliod
"a
L. Daston, Classical Probability in the Enlightenment (Princeton, (17) 1988), G. Gigerenzer et al., (eds.), The Empire of Chance: How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life (Cambridge,
1989), H . Michel, (<Rationality and Control in French Eighteenth Century Medical Views of the Peasantry)), Comparative Studies in Society und History, 21 (1979), 81-112.
R. Darnton, Mesmerism and rhe End of the Enlightenment in (18) France (Princeton, 1964).
L. Daston, ccBaconian Facts, Academic Civility, and the pre- (19) History of Objectivity)), Annals of Scholarship (Spring, 1992).
James Cook, Journals, ed. J. C. Beaglegole (3 Vols., Cambridge, 1955-68), 11, 175.
(1)
Peter Hulme, ((The Spontaneous Hand of Nature: Sovereignty, Colonialism and the Enlightenment)) in P. Hulme and L. J. Jordanova, (eds.) The Enlightenment and its Shadows (London, 1990), Anthony Pagden, European Encounters with the New
(2)
L& I
b k l
ilj
S,
j JX-;YI
4
) 1d4J
1
&I2
2 3 iiy
i+*
J~L, + ?Ltil
DU
r
~ Y DjS l + #
&d
..- z. O I L \
aLMYI .!.
<
:
."I
Ju
3 e-A3(1 7 7 9-1
72 8 )
( 1 8 11-1 7 2 9 ) '*'~ou~ainville)
D3-T9
cl: ;r -3
j+I&I
Dpll
- Anne J-4-
ub + A
4 1C
a 1 3 4 1
(James Cook) 3 4 u(Louis
G
i i b
2 4 41 42 -. ab%YI rk;, ui?-+ &Lbt 2 LW tj, .4 '&u . ( & 3 U I
j d& Ljll
D$ll.iA
3
iJ&
lgLF Ljll ii++Jl L U I
j .&$
&I&\
'j-4
d%Y\
@
& +-I
aL+
D i *9 J9'Y
World (New Haven, 1993), P. Hulme, Colonial Encounters:
=
Europe and the Native Caribbean 1492-1797 (London and New
York, 1986).
&b(1 8 1 1-1 7 2 9 ) (Louis - Anne Bougainville) J+L2
lu &I!
++;MI LIJJI
e. &j 4, L&\, i$8
"M
&I
j J! &jJ
cr~dC:
JJ~ +I~J &I
2
j~klc .GI+
4
UF
A,
+IJ
1769-1766
,.+\, GI&\
.Cp+J\l
2
;J+k
.((JWI
JF
~
(*I &F J
$ UJLJ (JWI JF &LMl
LJ 3
.&>w 1-
$W\ 1 - b
'(3 & ;,;dl j , Lpi J+
+ jJ+T3 i+
4
3
iJy -1
J
$1
+F &b
&lJYl
+ iI
j .6 % ~3
e>b3c;>ql .&dl ~dLdpbIYYI Y I
irjL &i
'b-f
2
3 9 d&M
jY U M Y I
jr Jdl
'iJc!
2 +b
iwJ
.@WI 2 &+!
j&3J3Yl
JUI 3 ("1763 j&I
Alan Frost, {{The Pacific Ocean
j.J
aLr+dI 2
1-
6+13
-. .
L
+&I
.>l*sl t-, ; .'L;;.hGyS;.pJ
d G J d>Lgll & d l
.
6$
2 p > f i>p ~ 6K &dl r&l '(Bernard Smith) +>JL2 e3f L,S
& J .li
~
'+;.u\
*rl iu.
'bJ dL5
Q 'A
ckj & d l - J ~ I
dl41
- The Eighteenth - Century's
(3)
{{New World)), Studies in Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 142 (1976) 279-322, L. A. de Bougainville, Voyage autour du Monde (1771) id. L. Constant (Paris, 1780), Cook, Journals.
Bernard Smith, Eurepean Vkion and the south pacijic, 2nd eds,
(4)
(New York, 1988). aL\+Jl 3 U 2 (1763-1756) &I
++I
K*\, 4
2 alpL".dl&
bUI,
d l ; j4,,\ j6,SJl 6JJl
ciJ1
4
1
1
. LS; L ~ J -+&I,
~ J J J
2,
a141 +y
&LJ\ $L&-\
3
@ d , .;?-I ~ &\
LS; hn-r k ~ 32. n
(*)
&+I1
&\,YI
p& U &A $ $4
;r. I+$. & &+'I p P ; ,J, J"dl
&-
kS &&I
i b L ~ * ~ f J \
J Gj
Irl;u
jp-Kk-+
b+.dl
. rv;J1l
. &,,I
=
,1-
bkyl
'j
Denys Hay, Europe: the Emergence of an Idea (Edinburgh, 1957),
(5)
118-19.
+ + +I .LNJ~I J,JI
6-
1713
$ +2f,;
2 ELALL. 4W
; h L U bf I Li&\
8,
J! & ~ ~ 3 1
Maori 4i;
2'5
$A+
4 dJjb lj3 +>I
-IJ
:2+Jl
hi d391 -41 >-IA 2 jA .&A1
d!E;'lJl
d&
(lAgv
+ 2 ijl;;W
-Lo
c;dl
.-$I
kJ kC;L
CSjJl jlrkll
I+# &jJ391 2ldl
2
3 3
,y-L+ &IJ;)Lj& 2 C'hicf JY&b .,
ji ~yt111cyParkinson
IA+l
j+,k
>ij+ >-ill +UI
1;;G ;,&I3 &$I 2 j&/;91 /1+913 ((Nlaori d,3LdI~
l 2 1a U I 2
"4
eLjl jl?
#
J!t-31 3s;-l+Vln ++I
bl+
o,@L
y%ylr
LfP;'! L
-+-,3,IJ3! 4?L&I
& r%%J( 6 )
LL+Il L I J d l
.19 7 8 b d (Orientalism)
2 .&>1- . &
LJLI
G+AI
L++ 'y & d l b K dL&dIJ 2 I J d \ s $ L U I JJAl -I $1 0 1 4 1
&l,'l&l
'L;~J JLijdl~
'Loci L+
+dl
& +$I
JKzl
pa,
19j~
2 i+i +>+ b4~t~ I J IIL ~ L S'a--Alr b K & :& L T ijs + e U I J + ' y W I 0%
PCJj
& ''LLT J&IS
pal
c;K
LLki AX:
'p ' Js
~+IJ '&+I - .
3
~~
~
' 3 l 4 l1
$s >k!I 3 4 1 a L b l
'+A &Jb && 3-J
&dl
1
i)$I
i3; 4 j ~ ' dJI I
e21rllju 3
J+II
js
. '7'iJ w I +.bJ &Jy i rf6h. b K $s >kII b$I +j&Y 1b . YJ ;!I &+ 4 1l r r J l 8 j .+JL .AJ L LJF &AU &j01 9l;l & a+ f, +4" d~+Il)) Jr 'y
c;K
JjUlJI'$9
LA1 .- +I 6a w
M
I &I
&>I
6 K ((b~jp l ahb1j ' k ~ . , ~ ~ a ' l lL j U l
A. Pagden, Spanish Imperialism and the Political Imgination (New Haven, 1989).
tj!
(7)
3
%
&J,\n
c-'"
'131
L ,*.I
K
cXy13 +3J3Y~
+ h ' l Jj
j > L S Y I jr il+
+~
3ciL P 4 awl i1JI
+JJ
3 . 441 a g L J y I
CIUl
+g Jj.r.ii+ U I
&yl
0 L J U I
-
J k l j K +lvl 2
+I
' b j Jj
p6'i hJY,~
+$I
.e LI$\
c ~L ! LJ\,
W jrkf~ I jl(d2$>L)
4>*14, .+ & ' ,>,Yl
Ls
J *
JJUI
41 U- .. l ,I
S;T 41 LYI
j .L I ' ~ U I*.kJI
&d
j
-,
&b,
JL i+31
'u. ..
~ L S
JSUI & &+ j .L b hi L+ +I L ... .L ' $1 iJ*+ 01-4 U ~ J I I " r hJJ3\r~ d
l
+, ay@>UI + . ' &K L3
b U & ~ + & y ~ d l d + % $
2 +&I
*2;
.&
Jl $, & &2 a
~,~,i Y L ~ L 3 dYjl-;I\
+ QI
L J ~
+\,I
JpAI LlZ & Jjg &&I '~jLiuJl p &LA\ i p l r&l
Jy
+lk; r1750
j~
J
I
a J4 125 jL
a
1755 j3 (Discours sur Les Sciences et les Arts) j d l g (Discours sur & U I ; ,i13LdI CJS
&\
JF
+lk;
"'l'origine de l'intgalitt parmi les hommes)
+
~ i ~ j : ~ + * 3 ; y d ; ; r r l k ; -J. I
idL&03 aiJL,idI)) & d&r 4 1akL3dGJ -L.+ d 3 u Y I L i+$T b"1 . i i- % T + j.49 Jl ~ , ; j i ~u 3 L~- 3 4 1 d d l j ilyJ13 &MI & U I j 3 U l + /UYI r.JI
*
I 4 .
W
pa;&
i*
-
adrplln
Lg?!
I
$1
r@Yl
1
2 3
3
G-YI
2
+1 s3 e
iJWI
iJWld3+
l
2
~
&I
J # I
j . r -W
DT
u 'WI
&J
; I bijk3
2 aGJI uG a h r o& y 3 J
l 3 .b;..&I
dl w
3
dl5 &WI d!
j .&I & U I .*r3 +I
u 3l~
~p
r3J
d l +L=
I++
dji +I
13+-
JG'4 -1
ypLi
I
3
O
'L+u
@$+I
+L.z;,K a&
JtSYl
.a$\ di a>
>I
;r
h
OL
LALJI
J! r3J
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur les Sciences et les art^ ( 8 ) (Paris, 1750), Discours sur les origines de l'int?galiti parmis les hommes (Paris, 1755).
I . .i;l*.JI 3 + , j .
.
iJSl.2
$1
+ 3 6 - 3jl J & d 1
Q...
~JrJDI
A-JA ,I
...
&I3
d
Z&l3
-
3LJyI 3 U
.LA
4
,Ls;
+JJ
~
Jh
*jJJ
IWI
&-biJ+
-+*d\
i J U l LLL
id+
+$b
pk +&I
1 1 1 bf
I- .
jLS;rl
+-UI
..
,1
3 U dill, ((--+I))
ibL> JUlj Lk-.-k; -1
& ++I
P ~ Y I J~JI ,
2 TvKi j. LA 9 4 JI
\*c b .L,J,\
*$
+\(1679-1588) jlS 3 y i J L k jJ*!*\
31 +L P;z~3i
a;IL.nLl
Jp I
~ ( ~ ) d + ~3 y4 l 1
LJLj "
315 Q,~,JI\I
a! &b3 6 - a\
1 1 b .
l 2
(Thomas Hobbes) 29
-
L . ~ JY+II
JI
W ciLb ,3 ,
94
fl@\"In
~;lJl
.ic&\
31
b? ;
3
j .j K & d l
iJL+d
4 a d 1 4L;L.J; Y
OIJG
JA T
GI,&
+.+ kJLj?+
;+I
usiw,+ '?LjJI -.
&I
dk.4
4
1-0
j "
*Jo 6 1 9 1$\
(Dryden) b ~ ~ : ,
JjJ
(9)
L+ + 1670 (Conquest of Grenada) : J.L.
L&l :,+XI
I;!)
u&-> JJf JL &
J,Vl
&\,A1 &!+
~ T o & L ; l lj'L$ @I
+I
5~
;c
p61 ijLb- Y C\ JS ;>,WI .+& JGl Js L&+ j k ! l lL j . \
J,!
WWK;
Js
2 &+I
I
I
I
.b$l
dL5 '
'&>WI ,.,J
IL j
3 4 1
y..lsyl
4
-
(10'(~upp16rnentau Voyage de Bougainville) .
b
.
l
aLiCISI
1-
+ ;r.Wl
$1,
kLJ + d ~ (Denis Diderot) >&>
d
d
~;lg '1. +J+ ,+Sf el+Yl ckL
e;t
-
2I
2 +I!
l L ; ~ G U Y+ b l S 1772
j+ll ebrJI
3
3
&-jb*
j4 &dl
Denis Diderot, Supplement au Voyage de Bougainville (Paris, (10)
1796).
.d9>
zsJlfi&>
F@i!I3 ~
~ E ~ 9L
~ \ 1 A&
. [,;JII
(u)
3 L - Ld.sP>
+ ;I
+-*
Jj
j U A J + ~ ~ W -kp
b Y \ dffi
L
J
LA bill
&.ill Comerson)
>I q u \i+Ldl LnAjbh -1 j- 41 .. ... ALYI
c-, Uli '3"L.A &A
jpu
LJJI
0-L
JS
a (y)-jl 3 >La &UI . *L j &I - di j .L,kU '4j $1 l+lS +v &a\> * w f J h I+b 4~ j pJJJv~ ..... . d... l ib .Y+I ! i d
~ ~ ~ J J JL Y;I iJWl
h I Jj
d + b +l+ bk+.a>
ujl ++MI
Y
.?jl qLr y r k Li3 +Wl JLujf ,+++ d j Yf pdJ 2 9 iJ+ 3 '& U L - J s L'k b3j* 0L6&dl +lJ~j13 > b I 0 . b
b3+
SIbi; +3-ppLj.&L+lslJ&&I
dy &A
>Al
.'l l'+l$l
Denis Diderot, le Neveu de Rameau (1762) ed. I. Barzun and R. ( 1 1) H. Bowen (New York, 1956), 194, 233-4.
2
+ cb;+e
&$&
&L
pJl&l
;&-dl
rkj jt J g l L ~ c h .&-YI
*13
2 db3>IJ
(Jean Lafitiau) & Y
dLA1 & b u &*
A 4
J>LSJI
~ j Y o ll
(Moeurs des sauvage americaines &-)vl
-
Jlii l ;L+i,
al>br1727 j
+&I
ji3
GWI
&+I
> L
d l comparkes aux mmurs des premiers temps)
JS .&Wl @ I& +LU ti+ a w .. - 4 -1 rU; ipb3([LpJI) JJ
~ L LJJ3 S
Jy'W
l/
I b J b &L+J!
j ~g;!
jrJJ3iJP~ -.
d3&
LJ+L 'b-TJ +!
iJl$
>&I
+ d(S 1L .
l d!
;r. +-j iIjIp
t
3
*:+I
a&\ k3J3Y 1
;I! j ;w ..- . lr"J~
&I
..LLK
j . +$I
~ h ~ l + : b i ~j , J j , r ; d ~ .i k , i ~ y J
~dls .G!
I u ~ j
~4 +.+s;ll JbI &+
~
J
crJl
Yb J L J L J (
.
.+p 4%
.&&dl
&+
&W\
aL+dI i * r
JK;
639 fs i-4-
j
JI
L b 3 Y l j3 jwl
A$
LJ cksLLG . * W l
+~l+!lb^zJ\
J-=?ktll j
& c*L; 1769 j+ab
y
d j d3bl
j .
I
I
L
1
1
I
~ l i
ke!
+
+
Si,~j p, & d l lh 4 &L: iL 2 &I & &I?I OLAI AT, *,,W
&!L;
+I
*$(12)
pl:
JLYI
pw
:@ Greg Dening, Zslandr and Beaches: Discourse on a Silent Land: Marquesas 1774-1880 (Honolulu, 1980).
-
LL%&\+I
-
4 c+J~ 4~ ik-7 aW_,Jln
. k3jJT 2
d d
-3
1772
>Iy
d4 ;r.
Ji &_i\iy
.crJdLJ
Cp +WI
,t
LY-43
pi
frfd;~.?T
4 1 1 *I
(@I
4;tGJ ;ys 3
$+JI
d
&-\
UJ .LiJ d
d
+%+
J+'.ru. & L & W I ~ $L ~ I j , &
+ &I JAT
jy i
l+5Jg I+
~ &I3
&LdI
,j+jT
1 b . s
&
I jk
'31
+&
Gill;
LO c^hi r & I l
&jL
i U Y l a%JI
j - d- ~ l g f l e
dT l
& ~Jbl3 49 J! 'G,! ul! L-
I~&T
\ r ~jw13 2 -.. .. ~
&&3J3
&$
Jl
J L Y I
abzUQ,I13 +I
P W I d... l d \
WJS
-\
.LA
J! kii 2 9
0LgL113
A 3
& (Joshua Reynolds) ;r. &% 9 3 $3 &>
$ Y3 ~~I & 04tJl i > h
&X'
(Artouro)
>! A$ *L-
+43
d J A \d m 1
~ 9I
J
1 L . ~(Omai)&b31
3 @I
A-
edkII ,+A dT
~ J Ai+ai I oj+L
t
L~L!, s L c r j \ L&+!
+b
'W
a
~
&\GI 1 2 ... %LG J\ itl+ j . f i b
~
.*+I3
-
~
a&U 4 3j
~
QJAI Q
4 1
U l iiLJl
3 T ~ K i & + . A
j ..J i.. ; + f ~ ~ L C j l S
&+ ~ b bY !d
+J
5;-
ka $2
P
Y3 i l j w l 4
'a-3 jihi
I
iJvd u .i+ G L . d b G W l k4; 3 ~ ~ .4.. .. 5
' L,
kkj
d l 1789 j (Bounty)
'&IJ\
dK 1 ;Uf
Jr ' y ! &
qkdl &>I
T d r u 1 kuJl
*.
& Y l j
2 +\+I
i$
ibf &I
dL+I
&>+.dl
o h
a;-I
31 ljkl
J*Jr
*tC
-YI
&
41 a w l +d\ J&~ LLJI +S 2 L L k~~ >
J*
;sL~
&- G G ! & ; r ~ > &b f-4; J&l p > s ~ 41 CL+J Y , 'k+
j
jJ~I;
*-s"
3
>! +MI
Jr
i;ll
3L5
CU; L l . 5 % ' &ldI
&i+Jd
3 +fJfY~
3j.w'
4
Q j r lh
$ & ,
jJlrlell Y L L 2 dfi
.+MI li. ;P h J d I
d34
Yf
iJ&\
a 3 >.~UI41 J k j p ai +L.
e#
3+
3
F- ;?I 3fdI AL
GC
L
-
W! ~ $ 1
JLJld>$ Y 3 d l a L k L ' j &L
PJ
4L
K 63yI
&d
'*>J>~I
43%ciL;
a &A\>
. ( 1 3 ) q j +$r. 9 b-1 dl 'U bJb>j\ c3\ b by
$i a1 ',.LJI
bJ@L l&J!
;r. 'b-1
sc; s3>
u.il f b Y l 'y T.L9 4 d5' &Id1 XL t+r 9 3 y&I $ d l &LG & LJLb &.dl j .& 4Y I,&, a d L J + . ' ~ rdK , + .J+I p + J l
T+*,
J!
0 1 2 3 aLbli;;l
J L U l i y L CU;j bI Jy-
J! iijL;)'I
iiJG)'I LSZ; & 3 u \ -I
J% U ;Y
b3;
.b>,
2 pw\ +!&I
J *
ULWYI '
L l * f-o; &Is
J
~
4 6 ; ~
$ +l+I .+
Y
' j ~ j2~ i ; ~ ~ t . a L L + a
&dv 9 ?Jbbls ~ ~3 jrIZJv~ ~ l 9 x1
q1+1 ijLk
SJU
J*
JL al,WI,
ii+&l
J +
e* $ ;r?+Ti & k * ~ ?JpS
a L i M Y I '2s A&-> 'j+ LS aI9$1
+& > U l
eul,
Krishan Kumar, Utopia and Anti
&$I
2
&*vl
- Utopia in Modern Times (1 3 )
(Oxford, 1991), G. S. Rousseau and R. Porter (eds.), Exoticism and
Enlightenment
(Manchester,
1989),
Y . Giraud,
ctDe
l'exploration a 1'Utopie: notes sur la formation du mythe de Tahiti,,, French Studies, 31 (1977), 26-41.
Keith Thomas, Man and the Naturaf World (London, 1976).
(14)
&K j>
3pkJl
LJ
'SF
PI
?Ei
3
6 4 1 +&Yl
,. 4
j .
h l 3
1
a%Jl
L3L d b Y I i j u J l
j$L -41 p b ' l
g &*'I
el*'*"
+&b
L C ~ C& ) - ~l y - p l + l y
9 L
ll9 -',
*-
2 'b-LJ & #I
Jbv~d l
&VI
iiUl j .I+
sls
di; ;;
ikJl 2 J j W l
I&
dJ$
',+YYI
Jl
'STJ)i$j>T d3J
d3j3v~+ k J l '& q s v l
Jey
6-
+.K;A+
,FUj
.&WI
-p
+I
9L&&
u*+
iisI L+
'y
L+-ki ijI?;II ~ j w 031 l *-
aYjWl;,
Lg;r-'p 3 ;#I
+ dl
+ JjL
+" d l s L y l -I3
.L&I -.
I
;JUI
49 slS 1 b .
e s Jj
1 .Y'W
019;
.+-.G..!I
JCrJl9
.y~llLj?) +&I LdLL;YI
LO
1 4 .+-A
+
+jy@p fJL9
+y
d+!l j 6 st J h l
d$I>
dT d l k q
p,t;j;r. (hj ?Is:
+ rLdl
YJ dp
j .i h l ,
.A$
FJL
k ;...' $ l . i ~ ~ ; & & \
; ,~ L S Y~L-;YI
sWI S K 6 ~' ~. Jj 1 lfjAT j
9 1 -WI
JWI J h I JL L G 'ko ol+l
+k!
& dfjT p d>LhiYI
Js,
'b-i
yU;;bls
&*zj.
& +C;i+~.&, +J\
" ;+-
+L!
s"
jGi
3 i?+l
~L"u sls - L ' -i
p-LL
irr: 4
~i13 iL
,,,
&,+I
2 +I+-!
. -. d l
.is*I
b
i
2 yJtjJ L ~3 +&I.Z*I
3
\,jA\ (Discourse on Inequality) i 1 3 U l ~ l r ;r
4YJ j
&&I >&YI
$z
I , U I
f*r
-,
l l ++I
pCU
d.9
j;T
l k
J b Y \ hi
i b k ,
J-' b r JJ~-? ,J$ jim &+, JLS ++I Ci-JI +LJL c ; bi ~ .A+~ his L I+ $1 I,,, c .+ JwIIL Lf i ~ , 1 b .
+ tcLdI
I jc;
+&I
I
1
& -Tj Lolgl & 'y
.*+YI
Jrb j+ r+
bpll
'
' dg
I i s
bI
161 Ijlk:
.( 1 5 ) p & p J I
+i s~
Lk4 ihg? ' b l b,*i^,
+ ?UI &I
G. W. Stocking, Race, History and Evolution: Essays in the ( 1 5 ) History of Anthropology (New York, 1968), G . Bryson, Man and Society: the Scottish Enquiry of the Eighteenth
(Princeton, 1945).
-
Century
~
@ . c-h; (Defoe's Crusoe)
tb3 &
.L
> - d A l i ~ j \rbj 3 (Cromwell) brJ> -I pl 1 4 .&SeVl &!+I 2 b j&A +jTJ 4+ >uI b g l $ > Ibyjd! Ajjl
Jy J*JI kli; h!
Lj
&+
+ 9J!~
4 4 1 &I $ J
&LJ
r&
(j. d&Jh
h!
dT
Jg) J 4 6
&wkd
jkcyl 3
& d l 9 hfi-
JbU
&,I
(j.
&
j+ &dl+I
r1770
(1 79 6-1 7 13 ) (Abbe Guillaume Thomas Raynal)
3 Ltl-Ljl & j W I 9 3 @U -1 (Histoire h*_611j -My~
L
jj+
3
JI :
i * ~ +
ijLZ;J13 JL._.L~U
philosophique et politique des etablissements et du
PJL ."6'cornmerce des europkens dans les deux indes) dJ> c2;!
-I.;; -3
pOJT
JLjJ
J+s
LLS q k . ; r Y I
+I
& S u r
I L2
&I
Jj
Gabriel Esquer (ed.), L'Anti - colonialisme au XVZZP sie'cle: ( 1 6 ) Histoire philosophique et politique
des Ptablissements et du
commerce des europPens dans les deux indes, par L'Abbk Raynal
(Paris, 1951).
wl 1b. +-l d I
. (Gabriel
L
(Ij
Esquer)
>&+!
Jp ~ L + a ~ + k ,W L h l',j;I
plb ;r ;qjl+13
.JLc-YI
+jiijlI
L d d I -14 >p
is *I%!
*.,J3y\
Lb
4 1J! Jy",Jl,
Y+
*?-MI 315 .$WI
&!+ a! b~
z J . L ~ & gJ; &b&J13
&bU13o I ~ W Ij ,
d? &Ql
ILa
J l
>Jyl
3 ++I
k;l,hY\ & U l
.;+I+ a
& .+dl
JbAl
ak-
t% j$l
-1
J!>1;4fl
.++I
,!,+ I
I L&
*&a i
41 r! AL
2 u ~
T~J*
*
Z~ L ~ I
+\$,
tr-13b,
.>lq+4+,w d l , d*-d l CJl>l5+
kkl,
& U I d L l@pl
~ ' J T&WI JJI+ ~ L G JS j ,.
+u,+a,!
+4J1
3jlJ j J5 j
JU p ;LU JA .L!
i++~ 5 6 % b
j3L;')'I
' k - I yUj
aLWI
d m 1 & b k i;4Q!
&lrb
bJL;s4
irk!
p, 6UI ,&YI 3 :Jli, c;s A, ..&jJ3Vl 9 (JWI 'y 2, J a h rlb pJ
y +&YI
&I
&C
L r L d Y I oL&dI,
*> - JS .ccl;liJ, ts;!
&-J1$,
&.A+
.r % A 1 2 Tk9 &a
i+
A-
+ V I ~f% Y~,&I
i+9,
Esquer (ed.) L 'Anti - Colonialisme.
(17)
E.g., ibid, p. 43 (Book I - ch. I,P. 1 of original text).
(1 8 )
uc"$
+ j,t
3>Ls ST JkdI
(Vindication of the i!&l L~
+,+=
iJ+
j+
+ & i i > L d l Clrj ,y Lp? (19) 2 tli> c r J b ! CLG 1792 j
06jL
+ ,
Rights of Women)
.. I d 1
4J
L&y-
2 . &-+I d l e ' rv, JLJl 9 Us
4
J!JFJI l 1 b . 2
1
'
.+
' U'
a>,
y.4
3
d
b , ~4~ , +~
.dJ&l
'is&+i
A~~
plk J> ipJl
1 31 J Lj (1 7 8 8-1 7 07) (Georges -Louis Buffon)
4
p61
c
dg3 LA
+ji 4c;?,
d L 5 *I
Y i r > ~ (J - I L dp
*bz. ASS;- d l
dlS &+I
3+P~
p iklr; JCI
.+I
J> +&I
41 2 AK
LL
i
i K
cib,))
& I ~ I
Ltp,
cr*3
& l+K d e Y l 3 4 1 ,I &-jYl 3 4 1 dl Jg .+ 2.1 ++ j4 1I, aJIJ3Y~ 3 ~TLI L+ C
C
(Carl
y.3eJ j K
~ d > d+Wl &++I
+LrS
jL I L2
FJh 'ej (1778-1707)
2
(Systema Naturae) L&J
1758
prsS-l
eI +Wl*
'
1 I
L& j &IJ
+I,
+ .&+I
dI +I
' 4 1 deJJJy~
. G I i s l ,i dM
rlL; ji++a L s w '+$I
Linnaeus)
l 17 4 0 jJ3 hJI
eJi J! ~ L Y I fLjri
iiL& +.aakpr
GJLYI
l
JkJI
3-2
+k
i??Jl
PI
.
.@J
'>+I
cd; +W
JLki &+I
p+ &Yl .L. W U I J 41 *ui 2 - I ~. aY,L
+'( 'LK M &
-1
31 b l j - Li+
I al;%YI
+Yl>
&La1
+-A!
a Y g U I
+d l 2 d&
L
.+I
J d l ++'ia-\,+~~ j$41 -I h
$
I>&='
PIJI . j p Y 4
ib> JF
d+*
;t!jtI
&jA
eJ h3 &I 9 3
A\> 2:'y
JL~;!
dK
$*
9.3 ibjL d+-
jL5U W
l &L&V1
~ Lj > L I a
b J b b GJGVI
&&I
*ill tj!
3 4 1
iJtcll >Y
&I
I
ib3
(Polygenists)
1JLj i+lJ+!I
+T
k
~5
cl=19b r r l y J
+ >> . cJrl
ji
.IJ3 t l e ; Y I
+I
I>j
03
d J 3 U l &J9T
y--rll
dK &I
L g g i
2 ;.,.L%SYI e kD3% & &>
i$I
J!&I
3-4
JWVl i+lI
3s
ikLL
J!c>
aLi-I
kJ> JL~> >+ .&+I 9~ Y J L-4 . T-L' ilb j~ rlrs 2 (Adam Farguson) j+iLj e.'i dy&Y I (Essay on the History of j * d l e l ~ J L$ . a YL $ &%SYl 3 k4, .I766 j - CivilSociety) .d e.'i@
J& &
k.pL!
d-.&4
&o.
d ;;
Jrl3.Y
a
w
l
r;
JJ9
2 3
2 LY$9 (20)[(c+~J I 'LA+\ j L y I
'41) 2,
I
.* &ls;Yl *rl&c;K c"& ~bl.0: J~ ~~UK;;YI c,~bp
'y (..'dl rJWl p.+U l j J I CU; '&+\
2 d! s
'44,a I I
i
ill-)) J!
qI-+
'p &+ e,J,'G-.bJl -. ;4 +-Y s j s js . iJW&
(Dispute o f ++dl +Wl Jy
A+\
; ,
L.y &5*y
iiJl
1
,
l 1-
'
;4 K
+LS
j' 4 1
b! the New World)
I '
'dl*,
. L ~ J2 ~\
b
6
+&I
+-UI ; ,dIS
Adam Ferguson, Essay (Edinburgh, 1766).
J ~ Y I +>I
on
the
History
&G
rJWl j La&
.+I!
4"' dr&
*,
&L; &2
,JLCUY j d L L S Y I jiLkn -. A\;+
LSYy % 'J
2 &I
"'91 CJP~L;IC~ '41+
3 J1i4 4-2~ djJ1
JS ~
;&I
Jl & +-Jlj
L
it'39-w d% Y ,l,
;JW\
.++dl +!I 'UIS IS ~ +MI I $n L cj,
d'-L
2
-
Lsnj >I
&L'J>
d! f j LA%,
of
Civil Society (20)
A. Gerbi, The Dispute of the New World (Pittsburgh, 1973), (2 1 ) Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the Slate of Virginia (1785), Charles de Pauw, Rechercher philosophiques sur les Arnericains (2 vols., Berlin, 1789-9), John locke Two Treatises on Government ed. P . Laslett (New York, 1965), 343, P. Honigsheim, ((The American Indian, and the Philosophy of the Enlightenment)), Osiris, 10 (1952), 91-108.
* I ; 2j
-131
u
2
+&W+ I
J*
~ A Wk IJ I
$+LC
O l X l bi i;j
~ b J ilk l b i Y j .bp$l ..
JGY c;;i,
LA+I
3
dUI CUU
>LC
J U Y I L&
l+& L U l
&I
-1
C; 'p ; ,u , f
GJ L & , J .&+I & A s & i;WI L J U Y I A G 3GJYs (Mary Wallstone Craft) &l$ 3 4 > ,
ii'~ e+I
L j+
IL
ILL9
JWI O K LS &
d
l
hi
+,p r J 4 1
6 2
-\
Lgl d K &I,
Jy
+.A
alp"--\
I
U
I
+ykiWIj
2 d g l i l y J J &AL
ji fi
u q l * J I ~ ;&
j l k i Y l LW
i>l..dI
+$
J%%
&LI
Js 31 Duchet)
~ 4 1 ;A)cltjss ) A&\
;+!Ins
r-
fk,
~
+;ts A J W I eJ+J I J L U J +
J L+
jlSLU u-l @I
A+ll
~j +G ,
(Michcl A,+
~3 U
J U I b,~ Jyu.
r+
.((--$I))
w
j &IJ &.UI
J$
J-5,
t i b L.. L ~ I K L
,y &YI
j
&Yl
35
'@I
3lSllU pL.dl
1
I
Y (22)-+,J, Y l
M . Duchet, L'anthropologie et I'histoire au siicle des Lurnie'res (22)
(Paris, 1971).
J
~
&J
(L!~.I)) 31 QJ&3))
+
.jJI
2 3
~ yb.k.d\ W 9
G2&-&I
;jLko,ll
JS
aLck J% 2
dp
(French sociitk ~ r J Pl L * . ~
iJ4;& ~Lki*l i;Lk?jl
& p i
+u+
,$
+I,
3 4 1 3*1
q
,333 I++
u 3 1 ai 'bJ &I
' L I+
4i
Jh biiJl
jI
1-
des amis de noirs)
(British society for the abolition of slave trade) 0
'*&I
b% .+
&Yl
J w$ ~&
1
,a! 51 9 #I
p
a&
&&j
3
d l
iJ+aw-zJI~
' u j
'y
L d L dlJl 3 b W
P S I .LL .. A-..J W I iijdG!
d L jLob 'alto
1-
I 'p
W
1
3 &I
kJU J G > ~ \
bLJ3i 241 A $ + > I JSWl (Koselleck) G J 1 S L r+ j4 -- b
ihS& ..*
[(*i;llb
O L ~
463
Tj; J a y ! & JL\ a L
$
. G ~bLh 3 -41 ~JY &K
$ ui?;; &dl
dL+~l
$UL
'
6&4\
2
~ ~ $ ~1 Y L ! 'p
9 >u\
2P ~ I
& LU
\&I
b l p \
A I
'srLli.YI
&3uI
- -
J>
. I 7 7 9 jdljb
~ q 2t is J rkJl
4 1
J
i w -,I tL1 1802 j
;~$ d3
u L 3 $ I
. . . Jk a t;p w- d l (Chateaubriand) +I &-% L J!, !~L;)II i 2 6 ~ j .j. J~~
.'""I
..a+\u.3
a9
zFUI +Ly;
dlu 1-41)) jui;pJI ,+@&
1'5 pl
((PL~JI)) ijJ
ljm
3
9
Genie du christianisme, part IV, book 2, chaptcr 5.
W
a+
; , b 0 - L
J L ~ J))
& h3J3j l J~JI
(23)
.&G JL+ (Johann
[[jjj>d+3J"
J
. (Turgot)
G:
JLI
,yd 3 w I
& & (1803-1744)
Gottfried Herder)
A
1 j 1 5 cJk.dl
~ L S'aw.Al)) +
~
dl.-
a+ Jw"J(Condorcet) e J 9 3 J +
& +U
D. Charlton, New Images of the Natural in France (Cambridge, (24) 1984), 124.
J. G. Herder, ((Yet Another Philosophy of History,) in F. (25) Bamard (ed.), Herder on Social and Political Culture (Cambridge, 1969), 187.
J. G. Herder, ((Ideas for Philosophy of the History of Mankind)) (26)
in F. M. Barnard (ed.), Herder on Social and Political culture, 320.
Mary Wollstone Craft, Vindication of the Rights of Women [1792], ed. M. B. Kromnick (London, 1982), 87, 139
-
(1)
Jean
Jacques Rousseau, Emile, ou de l'iducation [I7621 (Paris, 1964), Book V, 446, 450. Rita Goldberg, Sex and Enlightenment: Women in Richardson and
-
(2)
Diderot (Cambridge, 1984), Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Ma, 1990), 5.
J! * j C i A-l ylC *&I 1800 ij '&Yl, $31 &-!i + ~ l o L i U l ;r. C, \SLi L $
dl
'iijli +Jfi a\* j .d . 5 1
~liiul
L
+.!& jo l i u Y I
J!;l,A\, 0.b
3
j
&>\ ~ 31rl6, d l 3) \,A..s,
. LS-4
jL!&lE
A+
a
J~!>SJ
a j+
+ .q+
+
;r.
G ~ L
.. JG1+
1
I
Y
k.~r
LI + U wollstone Craft)
2 GU p+rJ~w I
LAYS> d L ? U
A
(Mary d l $
..
O;ZLP 353
*i>.il41 j+
L=.~LYI
. , J
irLi.lyiYi
a l l L~+JI ir4M 2 2 $+ LS> .ybiUl lj, r+"j- 01 &A1 Ij, J3b .g ' Liy\
L& q t A 1
. L ' + ~LklLkl+ I
k 1j.Ar;ll
I J ~
+I
T
--++Lg2 ... i
L3> bJ+L
i\&13
.
&Jl 0-L
AJL: aC;iC;JI
>i'
& .+ a .
'dUI
> dO Y g L J A I
.if---, +&$I A i+i JY3 L;~W JL-+JI j . JS
+ J&
~ L ~C J h lI ~j i T J J ~ C IJ~~ I
i k j , kiJp & I jg$l
j
L
... ZW!> .. $3 3 W L
J~ $ J-+ .La
&dYl
.(3)+5 i \ ~ l
t'& L4j +I1
Pierre Fauchery, La Destinde fkminine duns Le Roman europien du IX" et XIIP sidcle, (1713-1972), Nancy K . Miller, The Heroines text: Readings in the French and English Novel 17221782 (New York, 1980).
o
(3)
-
Elizabeth Fo
-
--
-
Genovese and Eugene D. Genovese, Fruits of
Merchant Capital (Oxford, 1983).,
.tJjt.PIl
>l.pTiw +&I\
Lpc.!l\~ +WI &.d\ j~4L b G 3
(4)
JLT
(Theodor Von
(5)
L
((+JJL$
4 '& &I$
31
dJL)J Hippel)
uua l s
j &.A1 '$1
41is-\, als $ jW
3 &I
h+.J99
d l $
iTyJl+ j i i &I
j
&+ .
kkj
c- ai
apll+
; ,"E? LI*
L&dWI -3
s3
dl
'be\
I aUl;rll& i$Lp
-Ig
.>PI$ +L .. +kj (~141) ~ 1 0j~1. 5 t41 j.
is&
' z ~ Y I3
j>iJ & iTyJ\ O
J
'$13 ~
~
J
$1 JI.j rJ L L U ) &kWl iWI $ o>$ LpL
,is\ at3 ~ t .CY .
CL U I *l>Y\
"19
&b\+>yl
M~!
dl$ J
Chl-jj
U W I oYKJ!
JL-31 ; , ctJj
j .
& LI"k dU/ L
&y\
"Lt
JL! 2
L d
4
Mary Wollstone Craft, Vindication, Theodor Von Hippel, Under die Burgerliche Verbesserung der weiber (Berlin, 1792) reprinted
Vaduz,
Switerland,
1981.
Nicolas
Caritat,
Marquise
de
Condorcet, ((Letters d'un Bourgeois de New Haven)) in Euvres completes de Condorcet (Paris, 1804), XII, 19-20, ((Declaration de
Droits: ~ ~ a l i t in b ,LEuvres comple'tes de Condorcet, 286-8.
(5)
Wollstone Craft, Vindication, 121-2.
Ibid., 121.
Ibid., 108, see also 109, 139.
Ibid., 103.
Ibid., 86.
(1 0)
L. J. Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and (1 1 )
Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth centuries (London and New York, 1989), 19-42. esp. 41.
-
L 9 t+,.dI jd\, c+I
lL
,&I
ji*
3 +lki1 7 5 0 jj
3 U I
;5Y1 J-JJ
J&I
jlS ( 1 2 )
+U 3
(Discours sur les Sciences et les Arts).
zJ>>
&J
h+b
s+-l (Pituitary
zJJd1
(&I)
-b&JY\ J > ~ I &$
& ,MI st; ,Lst- L &&\ 4 L+l
#
&I
i d 1
, !h
& .d*k> /I
.+Id1klWI> +dY.,dl&&,-!I
; ,& , :
I h
j t Y!
LilSu
u(#k)
+I
d1zl;t.d
(Melatonin)
,&JUk-)
gland)
.[F$ll Jordanova, Sexual Visions. 41.
(13)
r~
Y
h i J ~ Y& J -J
i++
&&'w 'b&kI-&, I
e 1.1
JI,j i , , l c
c , ~ h i yke: ~ &I,
L+I
I .
2 ,*,
,I
(J-J
-
c + J l
1 7 1 9 (The Magic Flute) 4 4 1 4 U I (Mozart)
JK; ; .J
IL p 2 LS
3
iJLbJI
. (14)' &b,
l I
l GI+J
r*rj
~ IIj l )
'-:L &> ;r',>Lzi J S ~ I
(Bernadin de St. Pierre)
$ '& +$' l iJK
&IJ
.L
~ Y I .. JSJI A
(Paul et Virginie)
j J3 .I788
i j J 1M
I $I+
J,YI
4 I1 *.
CP;
.i,i. $ p - d J,$I' . . J L ~ +l! J (j 3 p&k&-i;. J l r A l * ;r+Wl ' & U l & l d l JS 'y r"J4, '+" &, ++ JL-A1 Y r U l hj . .LJd y r ~ Y l
d+-
pL;I\
>
&a3
Sylvana TomaseUi, ((The Enlightenment Debate on Women)), (14) History Workshop Journal, 20 (1985), 101-24.
$
Z.PL
L+
1st;& ckkfJ
& ji1pJ1 : j&-L A g e Y \ ;,$I
+~;r-
JJ,
bK
J%
Jan Lewis, (<The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic)), William & Mary Quarterly, 44 (1987), 689-721.
J. H. Bernadin de St. Pierre, Paul et Virginie (Paris, 1788), (1 5) prkface to 1806 Cdition.
$i &JI +UI~ r+ k j .QAI &Adb ;qkll a&&&&I JL!
Y;i,
+
?L'J ,I
; ,&
L.!I &$I
j CLrrYl IL
&&dl
a!
$b9! . "a LUI
Jl
+ i-4.G
jbl
;&I
Gk!!
zk&!\
alL&lI
Jru JA J " l p J l
j I ' ~ LLJI 1
~I>WI
I+
--?-
-46
+IJ
+Ul
j
i,k] &I
..
JS
.ril (Thomas Laqueur)
~b >qi-141 &JI , j, JS *iJ .+I
;,V iI
JL i+Yl
j ,
k,,
LLS
+A\~
2.. s L X j l j &+ill c>yJ ,! &LJ LGI+
.
' 1 6 ' P ~ l ,
+I
A
W I j.. JL-J1
J & Y ~ dl J+\ i* iJwJ-PYI jcils, oJ~ j j ~ &lS, i t 4 + U l P b Y l a& ' & j l fl l&u lgLY J r , ~ Yo l h . i ~ $ d l h>W $ 19 w &Jl, iQl r^-Z dl &' '*dY q L i &+I 3L - d l
3 l ; ; l ba i$
a
L i l 4 1
&I
. (1 7)-b - s i h l k . i J ~
..
I $&JI
jj
i!&13
Laqueur, Making Sex, 193. Laqueur, Making Sex, 149-50.
Js-JI
#u
j .
iULj
+I
Js
-.
e
b
!
.&
AIdT
L q J j AILT k I . i b l > ;!&I kL.5
$ --+I c l r Gla;i
I#
+UI
-1
&I
J.. j . i Lgl jlS &IJ
OLI~JJI
.(
j .
1
8
.(19)ijki1
h
$9
2y.d
QJ>dl$ d+>>
5 1 ~ 9 1 ..&I
L-I
Londa
LL iJ*
& &ISbitsJ i
;$b
G b I
L G
J
$I3
2 ;!&I
2 (Laetitia Hawkins) . . .17 9 3 2 the female mind)
jo
6 4 151 ' L J S 31 ~&
'LJGJI
41 a a ~ i f
JLSYI
$> J W I & & .JLl;jL~o
j L ~- ~
)
'b+I
y.-I~ I.&>
J
(Letters on ;!dl&
jlgjI>
Y
~j I
dp- Y I*
. .&I
Schiebinger, {{Skeletons in
+MI
the
Closet:
Illustration of the Female Skeleton in Eighteenth
The
First ( 1 8 )
- Century
Anatomy)), Representations 14 (1986), 42-82, The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, M A . ,
1989), 191-200, Laqueur, Making Sex, 152. (Encyclopedie) sJ+ Ly+" j(Squelette) 3 L 2 Gdltll r j r J I j iiJl
u &I
$L$
&MI 4
1
Elizabeth Fee, {tNinteenth - Century Craniology: The Study of ( 1 9 ) the Female Skull)), Bulletin of lhe Hislory of Medicine, 53 (1979), 415-33, Schiebinger ttskeletonsn, 206-7.
Letitia Hawkins, Letters on the Female Mind (London, 1792).
j(Rousseau) r3j c$ &=IS;; ;-I1 +I 3 Lp*
jJ,UI (Emile) #I 9 4;li &hll j4-j f
r1 7 6 2 j y
k d l k bj13 4jJl j .jJj
$L
~ 3 2iJlS2!
+LS
+>LA .+IJ
P
I
.
4;b
J% iI,Ul
b & i +1-
1 4 1
a
h
&A $
dJ, &>I
& p+J\
+I
isjJ
~6j.yf
j .e U I bf ds
ii+I
ti+IJ)
3L
y>j J3L+I+YI
-3
dbJ t-l
*J)
9, &&I GAJ l i . @&+GA-j
eY
a L
+lb iJAl
+I
(20)
&I
bj>>
,$-I
edu A! bf I-ie!
L L J I *Jl li!
rfl;rlYIJ,
2 &dl
,y +I
j .b>+1
;fd;ljA,
3
;ijoJI
~
& yJkJ1 j
y
(*)
2 &\ J!333
A31 Js
+ J
.
;rgi+ j# - L ~ I&I
+ +L hby
L lh,
.-Ll
jg--k;L
;\,Ul
=
U I j i p f l JF
jM J c& .
.[,e+JIl Rousseau, Emile, 450.
(21)
L. Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and ( 2 2 ) Medicine
Between
the
Eighteenth
and
Twentieth
Centuries
(London and New York, 1989), 29: &LALS t ; +J, ~
.i+L+Y\,
~i
JULI GUl,
G-1
;T&I
le;kU;.r.; AT
:dl *.&. I c y dl &-
Yvonne Knibichler, ((Les MCdecins et la ((nature fkminine)) au
=
temps du code civil)) Annales, Esc, 31 (1976), 824-45.
ui IL &,
3 L i j JS
(Animus)
dj
&I
,& SIJ
~ j y l ,(Anima) iJ,Sdl 6~
er-J k
(*)
(s\ i$>)
~ $ 9 1(Testosterones) ~ G>dI u
Z j L
clLr&I
(51 Lf-'
+4
1
=
(estrogens), (progesterones)
.[F;-rll
.dJl,
&Z"
'y J5
Laqueur, Making Sex, 152.
(23)
Laqueur, Making Sex, 153-54.
(24)
Laqueur, Making Sex, 152. E. Fox
- Genovese and Eugene D. Genovese,
(2 5 Fruits, V. Jones, ( 2 6 )
Women in the Eighteenth Century: Constructions of Femininity
(London, 1990) J . B. Elshtain, Public Man, Private Women (Oxford, 1981).
b] j*klI
Qlr i j l 3
j.
>+ i4&-, ?I-%
afi 3!'L &3T
'41+a-,
U ... I
+ pk, ST -4
L+L+YI
$ ';I41
'
j y l j p l l .YP
~ ++ 2 -.o
F-
1 s(y> $' 1 J$\
r L
%
SI
l
--
a%WI
9 ,jK i i 4 l ))L,J
Js
3 b Y l
.&$I
i+L!l
&dl
+!dl
hY uii21n
r
l
j
u@+-~J 3
j,*i! d l
&3L&Y\
sL.S
JS &-;;? SK L
> k t
+L;
(Nancy Armstrong)
I*
& &Jl+*jl
&&& J31 3 J\,
1.b
k
o 3
L+UI ++
uj
j3K T i 4 -J&I
jalfl\ll
.d*JI
L ' D &L *j@I
+I
-
3 Wl a Y W I jL
S K 43,
.rUI
'u++Y)) ..
Jj
&-' u j YJ, ' r u l JS 3 ,I 'ZUI J L ~ Y I &3%'j! 291 Q I +! (yz
F-ji
LUI
2 & jY ~ L+
L&Ul
,ya 4 1
SK L&b + M I
z+,y ~ )I~.L 4
, ( 2 7 ) + ~ ~
Jp'\(3WI 4, &
*; Sls,
;S >Wl
i j l , jj.5 S+!l
iIsj
dJi
~9
jJbi&.+ &
YJ
N. Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History (27) of the Novel (Oxford, 1987).
Steven Ozment, When Fathers Ruled: Fumily l f e in Reformation (28) Europe
(Cambridge,
Mass.,
1983), B.
Niestrog,
((Modern
Individuality and the Social Isolation of Mother and Child)>, Comparative Civilization's Review, 16 (1987), 23-40. /
vfb
&+'A1 J&\
tdl! ,Y L
J
vf! ~9 I
$I ~
J>W\?% ~
9 3
I
~
.+3UI,
~
D. G. Charlton, ((The New Eve)), in New Images of the Natural (29)
in France: A study in European cultural History
1750-1800
(Cambridge, 1984), Mary Sheriff, tcFragonard's Erotic Mothers and the Politics of Reproduction>) in L. Hunt (ed.), Eroticism and the Body Politics (Baltimore and London, 1991), 14-40,
Carole Duncan, ((Happy Mothers and Other New Ideas in France Art)), Art Bulletin, 55 (1973), 570-83. Sheriff,
((Fragonard's
Mothers)).
Erotic
Mothers)),
Duncan,
((Happy (30)
Mary Lindeman, ((Love for Hire, The Regulation of the Wet Nursing Business in Eighteenth
-
(3 1)
- Century Hamburp, Journal of
Family History, 6 (1981), 369-95, G. Sussman, Selling Mother's Milk: The Wet -Nursing Business in France, 1715
-
1914
(Urbana, IL., 1982). Rousseau, Emile, 45.
(3 2 )
&A
A
4-&
2
&jJ
&>*I
c
U
\
>ia ~ + L; >MI ~ Y JU\ I JL. aLL$ >I4 L b - i ; I&\$ d+J3j dJLD JL L+Id!,I (Angelica Kauffman) dWJ;; B&A 1 01~-
e L A I dd3i(Elisabeth Vigee Lebrun)
&a-l
eL I & L K L J
~ ~ P J I & ~ I $ I ; ~ I ~ + L S
41 +I
&k9
d+-
i j i J l b U \3
J ljL
*WI
$Ij
;*.-dl i;il>dI
j J I
K.j
&a&
&+ di
ikW +LJL
+a1
awl .',-dl
.Lj
j6i6
+ k Y I
+UI>
& L k -> rG\ dT 2
~ 4 LL~ 1
;t?~tej~
J
*3
'id y
WiSkl aIJd1 JbJI
&- -
2 2 ;I&\
+I
~4 c U
+I
eLAI j .dls ; I \ +%SKI\>G L i r Y I
I
JkJI
L , 0 9
- ..3 b/L*.i:AI i+L+r LL.. ~~41)) yS;-+ 13 .aya) J.L +& >VI
e>
+ -+ -
i p , 'u-jls i JA >+I
dK
CJJ,
' k j--I L
.&A1 a
&jA
9Sj 'L&+yI
2 + -c"-; I ? ~ ~ JLJI > VJ-9J 6 3 >I -LVI
> ir.
L>+JI
&+-
A '+ dlS L a
qh GI; isF
~>J ;I
a U I
+4'u-i
dl +I
I';l +&23
G
WliJ
jwl
>
L++
& dls
+ k f
> oL$3WI i
+*:
.. B w Y ~
oI&l
'y
~ K i&A3\ l 'oL+
2
L G
&I+
a\+
2~ 3, &I,>L~
dlj!
-
Y! - 2 b Y I J3d!Je
3, d l & 4
~ .>-I
;-I
&!I
>UI j+l
i
i
J+
dI+
i
+ ~ 2 r*,
&\
+'
1 'bj L+A
3 LS
GG
l d-1.b
;>I> jj+i
+
e2L3
iS?L
d&LsL
~
JJ'+wI,
yJ&& Gwl 3 d b P u l 'u-l ~JUI 14 ci31IL j .+I 3 ...
*%
/WI
.oL;JUl j42Yl iilitll ,A i&I r+
oL+Yl
3 P U IK ;i
GA~JI~d l i
+jliLJljiT i;iD319U j K
ap
oL;3WI
,j .PbYl
pe u l P l k r l
eLkll o>*rJil
y ~ jpI\ l ~ ji
i! dC;ALell
+- a u ~ + J ~
LS> e IL JL OI+ j 6 i ~ \+ G9jd K s (Mme. Du Deffand) 'FL JL kJ ;dl3
(Mme. De Tencin) j
&J
+&dl
L2 Cgtjlj
GLWI
ii-
L>L+LI
k;IJ$
J!
L$&
.
: ;7
LL->
~ 5 ) el-^. J\
c;;K9 a o & I > b dli
4 d i &I
(Julie de Lespinasse) dl: ; : --J (li>&-CZ.
iJk 4
CJLJ~j !
J"i \A. &dlJl -
e+yI
$3 j W I
>, ,
-
I
hLJI
+ ~3
jlhi c,L;
>YI,
&
&+I
&,Yl
&
. B > U !@ ; .1 b .
I~U TCJLAUI
4
((QJI~
&+\
&iM $LJC I S
&+
L i k d G-&
CJLJWI C&
&IS I ~ L &,
j ijp
ue 9
J!cb044 ++A
+ A & .
Z 3 + U I C+
*
&kl+a,
JLb!
$-
p &\;to J A G .L+dI
G W L I*\
db G w !
9 1 , j W l ,dl
tL.YI
./I
&-piJl
i+i
cjj
4
,&rs bj? JW\
/I
bL-Ldl bWl . kbl+jl .
~ F-ar A-L
&
pL; di; C
+ ~
~+JI rI ~. y l + .Cb, GL+I p 6 j ~PU~~I
j$1 ,NY
LU
LT
ZL>
>,L+
ik-I
LILJLJI + 42 i
~
'LWI
d$
331 1 . h
~ & d 1l d dAl
0
3~322
CWI G i i;;$~
+I
j bKJl ,L~ &-L &dl
j $Lsil
pi u3+ +J
&irp ; s l .$I
u i i j JA .bHJI
615
+ j j h L d I >I
@ U I 3 d b Y \ ~dl W +I+! I
&ow! >I
at
iiW d
l &!$I
a ( ~.r,i jy
~
Paul Hoffman, La Femme dans la Pens6e Lumie'res (Paris, 1977), (33) Hunt, M et a1 (ed.), Women and the Enlightenment (New York, 1984)., .;&dl
e& .-
&I
')j 2 GJml&\,.dl
+Y
>\+#I
45,
F. M. A. de Voltaire ((Fernrnes, Soyez soumises i vos maris),, ( 3 4 ) Dialogue et anecdotes philosophiques, ed. AndrC Billy (Paris,
1951), 985. Diderot, ccSur les fernmesn.
(3 5 )
Diderot, ccSur les femmes)), Voltaire, ((Femmes, soyez soumises,,, ( 3 6 ) Montesquieu, Spirit of the laws, Book XXIIIe, I (Paris, 1748).
&I + f W1 t 9 + d I & adill fli;;L~y\~ej4 I
>
J
'lr;il$
d&.+dl,
4 ;\dl dkJ
Z G al+ls3Yl 0 . b c &
dy
,pJ
p U '
6 l . b
. G u y \3 qL GJ>
iwl
Lml
k L K b j k L iId1jI + j.t j j ~ s *A+!! +? 3
L-)J
& I
itpH
$9
*Y s\d13 ~
cyjJ)
L1'-
~+&Is
J2k9 iL;j
&a
U
bJb& a!Gb>YI
d& IJLj CUi p
~ I ~ L oj. J I
6jL
F-df A-
.0 2 iJJ> .iit 7 jL )
l
is,b
&;JI;$l
j,.+
diS;.
i,> --
.+'
.+,>
l
*I
&j
.
(Women and the Public ++I1
L L
JI ~
jL b c + l $ ! l 3 i b b
CU;
(Jean Landes) j s i Y 3-
+I p
s;K$>
+@I
wLJI ;ro + L A 1 4 " ( ~ a r i e Antoinette) c+I&\
j iJ$I
i+
J&I I h (37) jCWl JW13 +LA1
(1988) sphere in the Age of the French Revolution) Sara Maza, ((The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785-86): (3 8 ) The Case of the missing Queen)), in L. Hunt (ed.), Eroticism and the Body Politic (Baltimore, 1991), 63-89
- Sara Maza, ctLe
Tribunal de la Nation)) Annales ESG, 42 (1987) 73-90.
I
D. Outram, The Body and the French Revolution: Sex Class and ( 3 9 ) Political Culture (New Haven and London, 1989).
(Johann Von Justi)
&*;)gj
(Franz Kratter 1787)
$9 >I)
5-
. (Johann Von Justi) +s3 3 3 s
2 L;W\ ,+ L eiu J i/I
L@in
(G. Parry) j,>j
The Enlightened Government and its Critics in Eighteenth
+ ?Wl
(1 )
LA
3JJl
- Century Germany)), Historical Journal, 6 (1963),
182.
Philosophische und statistische Beobachtung
r
;;lj-
17 8 7
en Varzuglich die Osterreichischen staaten betreffend (Frankfurt an Leipzig, 1787), 23-4., D.E.D. Beales, Joseph : j
U j W l -iH
-
II(Cambridge, 1987) 1, 361. .[F+lil
.&.&I
3 1 9 G. (*I
~ L Y jI! Jpiji
IA U ,+I+Il ; , i
C+
.glL@
+&
J; ~w!JI d p j + I \
(Reinhold
--
4
1 A\+YI))
J~ I+ I4I \,IJ .A+I
+
L~,3 !
JL +-.dl
AI+YI
a L s l + J l &I+
jlkjz
~ $ 1 j
+L231
3
&+'I
Jjsli
Jb .>WI
\ ,k; i+Vl +
3
2 i+
&+ ,> &&I
~ A U j$II j' * ' z + I ~ Y I
a4 if;WI (**)
Koser)
jb~ 4 ~ijloJI :
Si u+3jn
L~ .+
&3j
Z J b
isii3 -WYI
lgud L2.d ... '+..!I ' & +$3j dK
; ,
Fg 3 J 3 4 s g (Wilhelm Roscher)
tj 31 i J G y ( L
1-4
2
+I
A*
jj
&lpYI*y&5>&J9y
JG
&+YI
'I-
9 eL'l &3
+ 3 W l jjJl J&
.p*W &I3
pg l ~ j l
+
JU13
F u \ a!
;$
&>A
J&
. ( 2 ) ( ( ~La L ~ ~ +J ~ L B L
+J
-
+ .&$I b3J31 j 0L;;Y .Gw\
d y > L
0.b
;+;$(y
.+A
31 aJbl ks
d-ill> , p + d I
dJ>
ji s C ;
~ G W l ;* i+ ;Id\
>I+Y
' + L ~ Id
l bL
11)
JS
r+
~ J!
~ > Y I
"?>dl ""."
Lgj-4
"G
>IhYIB
G9 r1937
I L *I
. ( 3 ) $ d ~rllilll + (I
c3+
iJU!
j
J~
iJL&
(Michel L'Heritier)
'uy LLS G,+ )?$I
.is
j..
rJAi?JA +I
+Awl
&&A
L d &
> 1.b
$> a+&Jl
l i b 'y by+-
~ 4&,dl dlJpy
I 3
+Aul
d L 5 i!
r
J>YI
';w r&\
2
&\
6&>\ i;kWI>
6
&
1 >\+y\
4
+-sdJ
A> . L+I>
-
~ U I
F p ri945 + p j r $ l $I$\
3K3
~ A G
R. Koser ({Die Epochen der Absoluten Monarchie in der
(2)
Neureren Geschichten Historische Zeitschrift, 61 (1889), 246-87. Michel L'HCritier {{Le despotisme Cclairt, de FrCdCric I1 a la
revolution^ Bulletin of the International Committee of Historical sciences, 9 (1937), 181-225.
(3)
~
$
1 L . *;La1
fG'y
>WI
UJ. L A
yir*
j (Mercier de la Rivilre)
'
&J
++
rUirll
ql;S
3 U nature1 et essentiel des sociktks politiques)
a+\ j iJdl4J-2 +I !LA +&,dl 3 sL5 ihlkJl L'WI i h W l ( - p wL, jL5 % ' 6 + + ! I 3 9 1 3 +La &! >! 9 (J i + p+il-I.c d j W L *;r: 2 pLr &I
Lp jI '
uip9 +I
ok+dJ @ L ~ I J &I
(L'ordre -&.!I
r 1-
?/
C! 31
i
*UI
.(4)+
i
LT-
j;,+ .'% U ~ I i&I J
. L- l
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;GUJI
b .Y,Is;YI
&YZJ
J+
r++ dl
ey GLk._," w\&JU ~j 3 j .
'LpjfS;.
j!
tti(Jtl(
j l S LS
$1 ix~i 0 ~ 1~ ~ 4
j - d 3 A Lr. dL5 Y&$l
fl & L J U I rJ=JJ
ilJ*ll .ia j t+I
&dl
+!I L
L 31 ~
?IJ
3) I&
A!>J+ LYLL+!l lb +\ &J >+I 1 4 4 1 3 3L5 1960 J3_u . J ~ Y I& d l j ~j!,
LS
B. Behrens, ((Enlightened Despotism)) Historical Journal, 18
(4)
(1975) 401-8, a less hostile view in her Society. Government and the Enlightenment: The Experience of Eighteenth Century France
and Russia (London, 1985).
4
f.2300
LC+
b
k
q L 3 +A LJh(Stoicism)
5L331 ;r. Lgzk.Kj
Lt*&J9\
&+JL J & I ~ Y I ,
PI 9 (Logos) Lt*x,!.!\ A#\
. j 5 0 2 0 0 bLJ31
& &&>
51 U
Jl
(Epictatus) Lt*);&19
2 JUI,
'(Logos) d
a-l
(Seneca)
OL6J, (Marcus Aurelius) ,& SJ&JL '$-!dl l
.(Cosmic Principle) j+\ 5>1ri] l (Heraclitus) 2-y
g1,31
l al&+
&I+
2 L+?l +,All c9Jl>
(*)
,y GA; LL&
QL3 L+A
i
alj%
b
3J43J;
+; ; +I
W J I~ Y . i Lir +&I
>I ~
~AQ A! (Franco Venturi) 6JJ);lfi &I
&&yl
-3LeiYI
d J Lj . I$u
sr;" JGT -t
+.
1lj9
A! ' hc;hJI
+
(
5
j . AK
j J L,s! i 3
&In
i b
d34*S3
LLJI
J&-
-u\
*duI
+! jA Y 4A\ *i )
L+I
a ihilY3 ~ aLk ~ ~ i rb
2 ..
.+Ul GL+J b b j 2
+-
4
YUI j T Y!
& k;i L ci3ja+ LA +dl! L-~K L ... o U. Y l CGSk;T3&I abL5l j .v.L ..J Y l
L
JL
. (6)~JI;,Apl+"LkS> Franco Venturi, Settecento Riformatore (Turin 1969),
. ~ , k l*$I
L ,JI
J&JI
(5)
jcjEl
Utopia and Reform in the Enlightenment (Cambridge, :$ US,
1971). E. g., A. M. Wilson, ((The Philosophes in the Light of Present Day Theories of Modernisations, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth -Century, 48 (1967), 1893-1913, H. B. Applewhite and
D. G. Levy, ((The Concept of Modernisation and French Enlightenment)) Ibid., 74 (1971), 53-96.
(6)
.[vy.dIl
.&dl
&L&
j&XI $tb
: J U \ &+
(7)
J 'P
Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolute State (London, 1974), Albert
Soboul,
Introduction
to
Philippe
Goujard
(ed.),
L'Encyclopedia ou Dictionnaire raisonne des sciences, des Arts et des Metiers: Textes Choisis (Paris, 1952, 1976, 1984), Horst Moller, ((Die Interpretation der Aufklarung in der Marxistische Leninistischen
Geschichtsschreibung))
Forschwrg, 14 ( 1 977), 438-72.
Zeitschrfi
-
Historkche
Reinhard Koselleck, Critique and Crisis: Enlightemment and the Pathogenesis of Moderm Society (Oxford, New York and Hamburg, 1988).,
:> +Vl
+I,
(8)
1.b &A
>J>J
. ik-i U '
Li3.Lj13*+dl
&>~c &
2 +dl
; . &JUI I
b
(Reinhard Koselleck)
I
e W13C
b i uWI
JJL~I
OLI+I
.+
$
!I
U U >,dI
~
dU!,
2 3;i.J) &s +$I
+ I-
3 + jc +i kS +-dl O I e L i ; Y I chi;; jc
.bJJJIIjLVI il?-+ F
J+dE
+ ?UI
b$\
j W
O ~ L L
db@\
eb>\
C--+~
dlj
-
cL-
LI;
.+f
*i
r u l
- jsi +JS
j .
j
-
c J@
Glkl! jo +Jh9 L ((%$I)
3\&%'
6J3&
dJlls~ ~L
bik
J$-
(y5dl
d>L; & d l S (1679-1588) &I
e~,!
~1;; 46 +bk b g & &i L i$L 2 9 L ~ WJLrJl I &s & bT .A+! 3 [ ~ E db NA 2 &IJ3 ld I* +> *LJ
1.b d!
I-
I
d! a+_pSn
I oL@I
A rb ~ & I J
~ ; Y I LJI
P *II
~ OI+I+YI
&&YI
j&b!ll
chi&\
&LfC1l ZJK
Kritik and Krise. Eine studie zur pathogenese der burgerlicher welt (Munich, 1956).
+ =
A *k
& *k d> LAL+ liJb idk;&qul r G Y l " g n
"
2r 3 JLG
r * ~
2
W d K illJ>! a>+> r q J G l
2 h - b!
&Lgi j
+L ,
r j W I +L 3 C I S
&!jj
&IS
@LA
rUj;lI
161 >lj
&I
a~jY$ 1 >
> d l
.jjJI
rb $ @
1956
I&+))
aul 2 &d-2
U M ji
,t;3&
2 J& &I>JiYp
2 d! Y j
&** Jj ;r. Y*. SF-r LIL+.,+ di *be LL\ I
z u \p ji 2 &>
.o&
JjUI
eU
$\
l dpl
&!JI
k h
dl
Jb
y~,@YI J+ d li d l 5 $1
"
C
*
dl> &-I
2
d l
C
+ &&I
i j i L+
I~JL~ d~
riJ
>m\3
CILI;JI>
i3jUI +&I
Jj
+-
3 +lp
(39)dK lj! ks
Lj ' G
dE &\JI
&>
I J&3
' M I J& d
>LS;iYI,
i+I
eL+
&I
+I
$)
awl C*S d! J!
& d ~ 3JE+~ +IJI
Ar;lI+
A
N
k,J-W' J $ ;Ii
&I
*i
+i2, ri\ l y l
4 +G t U J I d!+& L&
y..L!l
pr*Il
j .49 3
rlWl
+& O ~ J dI i
(1 7 8 1-1 7 2 7) (Ann Robert Turgot)
L d
ij;rll
Yy 2 #I
$J
.
;y
LLs j .+G
$
a- di
>&I
eIrryl dp & W I j
$I*J\ j .
+i
I L
JJA je l +JcJI
2 i,bli%,pll> f U l j . 3
,+GA
.
d L r 4 GJL;&UI &I>
y>j
,+GJ&.GW!/I
9 3
.
6 9 di >! i>b!J% 2 i i 1 3 W I 2
. ( i - d I &sil$lsJI l
L5 cX,oYI
r&dI
I
++
+UI>
&=
J
+2 d E
.SjE dE
rbKJl j. u. i j.- d l
sy
Lli! Js
bJlfl!
i > LJLJLYI
(Guerre de Farine) ( 4 1 ) &dl +y d+&dl
~
>
&Ld
j ; l , l ; l
L >!@I
~j
IL
apll j .?Wl
d
l
LL
CAI
I
;rr?
aLl,S
+G i+W\ll
cfiLa
&.&a1
3%
+ LJb C ; L S
3, fj?lemkll as1 I
2 &$I
14Ji,i, a1 + f
-
f
j ~ ?
&LJl
OL j
A
Js
+lj,dl
;~li o~sI,ilJ*ll + l j
i@I
1 ~dT1rj?\rUI
j+4.
'
8j-B
j iht)l
9
:+ *k ,i LA-
t f j4 ~ CL, &I
~
J!
Joseph Von Somnenfels, Politische Abhandlungen (Vienna, 1777), 254.
J
-41 aLS j&$dl L w l j AS9
&l.ddl d3LCJllt*Wl
IL @
rcK")II
~J
j
aL+-Jl
GiJS;
L+L+I
+
?WI
L+
.LYI y~bwiJUI
ija
. (Habsburg)
ja&-
'*
. L jjLSLJl
G U Y \
L~JI j +I
j 'JIj;l, &dl e&l
J; &+!
'&WJ\
~j
~ L S Jr
oJJj;l,
&&d &! 3 GIJj33 U
c;LS
+
dV. (J . b w l j LJ-1
Tali LIA Li-jI
LLI
AI ;i.+ *ln
tLiJ J_Z\ 3
t@
.a c J U I
'
(9)
~
~
~
&>LPLiYI~ I J A Y I
J;1 &d& &"I ik iek;
in P ~ ~ r bY LI l ~3 i> d i l l @I
y &y i l r
& i4-!&+I +-d .l
+&I
y>,- b l a & >
+(+-.I,'i+
pUI
L&Jy-
A$
4 1l b
& fdl*ml
kT+jJ i+
LS ;1WI +liJl $&I
3Ls
dAL
G -1
3 J L L ~@ ~ I tr-u
i&I
..
i i b
.+
c (Austrian
?Wl
--
dYG 'I
3 4 13
Succession) U
~ W V I
. L6.W jjJ $
j .is
l
IJI
&K
+**
& i .r. j
j
&I
4
"J
W l (&dl
:+,+dl +* L
4
'k-l, -
A.W. Small, The Cameralists (Chicago, 1909). :'L&l
l>t, -
K. Tribe, ccCameralism and the Science of Government)) Journal of Modern History, 56 (1984), 263-84.
ki
m\& ~ & w \
d l J '&3AJ
i+SGIJ>
+,
'-y+&a
Jj>i*r Y b CLLS+
ej. 3 1 &>I
&AL
d L 5 .&lJVl
u p - e b $ I.+
+13dI
L++I,
rU;JI bL5 L QG &I +IJ
f ~ w"-L..*: l
rJ
%as\
iJ,JJ_CIl
&lJAYl*
&.&dl
c j l S .pa+L;;I
r$lyLUI
-Li 'i+JI
a& $ &,L,Ii
,yUI
-
~Y;--;L~";L..;I*~ - j + I p
aL&d\$
'i.i
C g ~ ;+ ya~ j t >I ~ .
&I
C U I jt? a L i K J I dl J+
cJI,KIg
&w,
Jlsi 2 d3;"ell
d> &jF
e*;k! j;CG!
L4-1
~
~
I
~
, G ~
a 1
Lhildl
41 YA!
&
IF&
2 .
&LJI
&+-*.illJ+v'aL+
.&32
&;;IS
l.iB
djI
Jl p.
: b b G%
b 1 3
(Joseph uon Sonnenfels)
L
~
&u J
~
bJ33 a 3 1
$
~
c&lemI
&+ $! 4 b 3bbLJJI
J!a 3 \ g LL)2 Ljf;ll a 1 2 L'i-ic . .. j &;;IS ~. ( r 1 2 ~ 1 awl ~ id\ &IY ! + J ' G ~ L , Liy a'id K L+ jrWI
&+
Marc Raeff, The
j .L;r
Well Ordered
Police
State:
Social
and
=
Institutional Change through Law in the Germanies and Russia 1600-1800 (New Haven, 1983): ((The Well Ordered Police State
and
the
Development
of Modernity
in
Seventeenth
and
Eighteenth - Century Europe)), American Historical Review, 80 (1975), 1221-43. (Rudolf
&>La>
Lhl>>>,~ l L Z j l z a& J U l
& ylc
+I
Vierhaus)
Deutschland im 18 Jahrhundert: Politische Verfassung, Soziales Gefuge, Geistige Bewegungen (Gottingen, 1987).
(12)
&
cLyl
k&
QLI+hi j .LL;JI
p b x f (13)
&I$
. .,p+
3%
2
E. Wangennann, ((The Austrian Enlightenmenb, in R. Porter and M, Teich (eds.), The Enlightenment in National Context (Cambridge, 198I), 127-40, esp, 134.
John
Komolos,
ctInstitutiona1
Change
Under
Enlightened Government Policy in the Eighteenth
Pressure: (14)
-
Century
Habsburg Monarchy)), Journal of European Economic History, 40 (1978), 234-51, Wangermann, ((The Austrian Enlightenment)), 135-7.
%$
&\ 23
I
I
&y
I
&
L
t:L;:b \
c12
.id +*r;
&IS
J! 41 ab+I
&>LJI L
d j ,
3 &'13
'rLLJI prC"
d 3 L $ f*,
&j13
j&j-dI U~3f (Peter JJ2J
w
LLL!l
$1
J2
3!!,
e 3
+-I
&A
l >he '&l+1Jl9 Z J W I c+-L!I
a&Jk\rb
is;
+
d
aJ+I
+g;
! -id\
jls
bIS LS bj+i JiL oA&I
'j
j L+SJl
-Vl
&j*
bbJ1
aLWI
e3Le0p01d)
cls d l
>Js
&..,La1
;_;S :&>L&YI
d$j a&L j
q b Y \
w l
&jLLLU tL +LJ!
. 2 W I fb!
& *.> 3 > p a l i 2
r&&JI
j William I)
. I 7 5 9 ;r. iJ@l
+I
a L J U l J-G --LA\
-by1
LLdl
ik;;rU+ "J3Vl L+LJl ;> jr WIJ-T ;r. >L
Jaw1
&L
A
-3 y
&-I> +>UI L$JI
rU &
. f t s L d +."Ah &I
jr &3A
+&I
cXp! iJ3&
&L-+
@
.&ad1$Ls. (y&+ 4 dl & JZ i;UI &I> 2 a L c h ' j l
3
J
.*I
by\ b L
.L+I
J ~ IYfUA LJ+j Js
1-
jLi-l
4 3
L
&
aISy
'&*I1
(Fredrick
a
Jj&l
414
-31 $
-
+ >-YI
.&I;
i,;U b j JL;J\
.. . .&Wl aLjl+YI
jxtl
U
PJ
+ k t p.d 2
3"
J!J3J 2 U &JL;
j .+dl a & I
Jl
GLkill i p l l +Jd.Jl
I+
a\+lsyl
+-dl
L, d J 1
o
a k l
94131j$!l
2f;WI
biL$1
bJ (&I
3 \ j i
&G+Yl
b
(&+dlat;&&\
I*\,
i ~ l sj ! J +I
dly'$b
3h-J
I
j(ckzZII L 1 2 r l+l
. LwJ &, clM4U iJL&31J
3*s
ikLJl +L-
+ 3 &Yl)
A+\
h
rfi
L 2l~dl LS-~I;
~ J S ?+-dl L.dJ
213dllajJ(L&I
&J
&
3 J.&I
ru\WJ
6jL.s b d E L
2 &&dl) i3Li
djX
akw\
.2IJJJl ;p 4-b
&+I
J31fiI
+dl
&S
w$ml>
L&JJ
+-dl
+-+I3
$ .L$d & ; ,i &IJkS (Joseph 11) jul
J&
&I
+ ~ i J-1l SF ys J - &I i f k Y I 3 &3L,&Vl GJ! 5.dl
JkJ JJS
*;>
+J
ClbZfi 2;3 +l;
;p
&aJ 6 3 9
i&L ++I
j
+Yl
L cc6dI dK LA L;iJI
2 - $'dl -
djs
&lS
-
+VJl
L+
. q,'u\ ilJ*ll + dji jirLw Gy,+ rLJ+ LI+I
I L alhk; -.
rj-
. y U l
+
+->
L.+
d 3 i+*
j .GUi>k GjLu &MI
'G ck T+.
dL2+>
J+ ~ Ud;* I
U L b u l vlp-!l
dI
&& Jj
plJi
u L;JI
ir;Lu
6;
?IJ> A w J
~
.cebG
Yj y u !
r I d I iJE!
J! Li.i
&dlJ i^;UI
*~ @ I
2
'Ls WI
--zU-
i > ~ !
?$
GKJl
~g;i
h+3 3 $ r cr"~ ;sC L ~ rJ W ~&- $ b l j d d l 2 3 L61cf.L1 &J$CO& A .A; &i'y 'y j>& d l 4 1 J C;K +All + cXs! 0 Y j L ; .>*r l @ *YE >% i3-c 2 L . d J l tz;K .&>LA\ .>YI> s-31 d k l ! & (J d! &lJW &'31 J
I
rli"
$
r~~ ~ r i fi 9
J+
b!$\
'b-iUI
LIP' i,J&-rlJ
I
.&I
h ,+IL -. ;
+Iy.
j3-.
+J+M jdj*;*L$$
ru\&kd!
+$41A
.&WI
J,-I\
j
LS
!
3i'9% 2 (Pietro Verri) &23+,! & dJIL>L&YI h! Ji J9L j (Prancesco Galiani) jUb *) 4 1+k hi
&k
Jl a>i&Y;l\ p l J U >IG
SF kt; jy j&
2 p.JI
L+C!l
CO&
d3> dl-> plJ;ll
+I41abL+-l
y rrlfi
6-1
j:+I
Js
Jk >LYI
+Jl d j &A
p J l
y d3-e
(Dupont >+
6 3
4 i-1
dy+g eL&
> G Y l
+'-&b3
>I&\
9 -. dE LS
2
Z j k ; "0
id3 tiJL+dl j
d! izJl i J W I
OT
pSLi e l i l k CLiJ P I & ;>3u d3J? u$ w e&UI
>-T' $ FF LJ1 I J! 3- Lzj . el+\ &. 3 + J I dJre,'+-p L.L . J" +&I
31 d~!,++
*$
L;Jl
4 c;i .&I
d E dl o b l & Y I
(Quesnay)
cL;-Ibj ++I
q b 3 J3j-.dl 9
L-I
6
FJr de Nemours)
?JLb &I
d K (1776-1774)
>lj3&l
$'1
J!6 3 9 i3LJ3 & ;>A1 ++ & d.j; LZG
(Mirabeau) 4112r09
+\dl ;LS&\
13-1
. ~ I > $ l10-
63&
i3LJ
. G I 6*JI
229
AT
\iiU i>+I
Ehyl
&IJ$\
1
LLS,
-
-1
r;ilS3 'ufl*-))
1; 1775
&L-
+&I
j(&dI)
jr ; jl, .4+4
j .J yl;
;ijq
e39 +
aL+l &I5 @I & d l c-,$ 7L ' ~ LA L-J!.L*~L-+~ (Inquiry into the b 3JJUI Y y I i j u. . ~ L& . I 7 7 6 & Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations) 'blj2&l + p-dLS b 2 k, ''LL +dLS U Y I
J
Y
Y3 &I,>
-
;\,k,s ..
di i$
9 Ilb~dj!Lo
1-'
$J
.&l;Y\
dl
pr $1
31
>Yl
~ $ 1 dl~dj!&IJ
+ ;icUl
b W \ j+I
&+3.-";
$J
a L J U \$
2'I-Jl
$3
GJL L+d *,I 'i
&&!
&A
& &k!\ & &&! + a a h J \ji J U l t+I Js 6-
P
641
d &+.dl
.L;ik,
ab+I
&I
J>IJL
dl ~
@I
' a e 3
A'S
~
&+
.>-&id\
+-L++!l kJJ3i j-41
dl 'a\+\
W
ey%+ll ; L 3 uI& GAL
ePjc Cw;>+jki T:
3iuh
w\
j+dl k P & J I 9 + 3WI d A l
LWI ... ~LAAI J!+I
du
&A
4.b
J.23 &.dl3
+zk)
L L J I 641 j L A l p 3
L+
a 4 & k l l 4 L
djJ1oGL.d
~+AL
.#I
j l U l e b Y I @ L&+
d\ fip c4;! Ll.5 .-ki
k, +tw!
iJw\-'SJ
ii+
2
I
F7 Cj djH JG W j r'S ,>Ul J, -1 k_j .+a& &+I 4& &LL r+ L$UJ L
d&-
L
+T
Lk; p
Lj
I L jlSJ '+y'LMI I
.aLik&l &j
&A&
+A+j
~
j
+j
; .
;
+ 4-ill rWl jfell @ i j l
j uiJ!
+
.I789
q L W J y ; U l g i r ~ c L s ~ ~ ~ j i J
rI
p ~ T j d i dJ&4&d l a1
a\
ai
>I++.I
l+J
$1
LIS;-
+dl
rJ
.L&+
w
7 9 A$t
J*;
&u+
+-L L! J+
161 CI--;X;
L+I
L&L: Js
&I
JWl ;)$I
AJ Government)
'jd
i,L
a/+j$I
;3pJ4 d 3 pJkJ
Y j,j, )
j W! &I
-. JiLiLTI dJ A'?\ &I
L+1
dp l h
~j iSLLell
.ip;: i;&T &>WI +I 3, dp~ .L; + J& 31 IL
94 &..I23
if;L &Ls
by
3J
(Two Treatises on L
a\ .
+ &>UI
& LOIS
&"$L
+I
L@I
CB
y $1 ~
i
>l+YI
d l ,
b L ii i - I i j;.C i l S
.iLJI
p
2
.i1.
ji .aL&I
&I
i,L
gb
JJfi-(
d~ i+Ip &Ls
T
I
>LYIJ, it
dl
(=&-
&+dl)
J!
jlS 2 '&I LLC y
+ JLII~
Gy
+I
&I
s K &I
ohLs
JS
3) :&+I
Gi
&*.
+
UI
~ j h w
(Kant) k;K k l L q~-, JI+l
C""-LUWI
o
h
+ Gi d i b
3 dK k~ 'i@I
;-.2Wl s$l
I
&A dl&\
Tk+
$1
---
2 JJ,d~ w . . .
~ $ A+ 1
>+f;r. +dI+13
vI
3 0ll;LAI
hi hAJL, @I
d f ~ s L .L
? +Ld!Jl
+i J*.
'(J~YI
b;;?j $1
U
A+ >i~
+%YI
iliLJI + J I
si
sls jt$+
' l j a s \ ~b ~
;&I
st
-.
?ULIJ
i-
Cs L i J 4J 'k-;Jh
A+
.( 1 5 ) JLJI
j
*
'
&I
*
iL;rChltJ
'?LA>
2
JJAl js+&l
A h -
sK
h+
.ibJJ1.L'y ,7J,+J '& If+di&Jl&d +\+dl &.dl 9 +SLJI GL+ i>b!LLG
J. Mack Walker, ((Rights and Functions: The Social Categories (1 5 ) of Eighteenth - Century Jurists and Carneralists)), Journal of modern History, 40 (1978), 234-51, Wangemann ((The Austrian
Enlightenment)>, 135-7.
+
&YI
i j w l L i V l jrJIJ
+I 1% &XI J4 ;rL+KI
. kl*.! & jv>-lIy 2 jid\ a I C 4 1> + ;I J! + & J U I dK
+dT *&I
&I
J49Q ~ L - J J
>)
Ip
'F
.++ j&+AS jt! ;r. I*zlJ j.9
&IJ .+I!
3
4 J V l d
'
p &JL-JI &3 d K 3 (&U\
l riLL 2 W I dj-
U
.La
@- dB
db
&LI Cj5?
cjr j k
Lr
$! & p i
,yIA
3,
2 9
t+Yl
.iSJWIJ
(Berlinert
c+
AJi,
&l
4U
I &
*&I
J 9 y J+
j5z? LS U -;I
LJL r.ilSI
Iy+
iJl3yl 2 & > U I >$I aIJUI
.&?dl
I i ; U I L?j 2
j j U +L
+r-fJ
LdAI .. t4,-2;;LY
3, L ip
dly!
IJp;r
GWl
JjJl
A,JLVI~
J..+ 41 &L\
~ G L i.J&;rlJ
$ &-CCS
J ~ Y Ir ~ L ; l l r 46 cd;
Y! ii9*Il j UW
&J\ j
l
Ad+>CIPJ
+I
p9.aiJ9*U
-9
>lj~lit!
~ d9 9 d ~ +
+j i>J131cs iJ$kll W
Lbp3 i!
J
aLL--I J4+I
1-
+ j C-6i
aU;*UI
>+
1-i.
LJ,i;Ul
G l j aLijJl!
I"
p 9
&-J +&
Jl+l
J!
jLYI LL& cKP)'I d l b J u\&-u -.
&its 17 8 5 jMontasschrift)
:,yZ!+
F. Hartung, (<Enlightened Despotism)), Historical Association Pamphlet, London, 1957, 2 .
:> Jjyl Historische Zeitschrift, 180 (1955).
z g
dLJl & a&
(16)
James Van Horn Melton, Absolutism and the Eighteenth
-
Century Origins of Compulsory Reform in the Enlightemnent
(Princeton, 1981).
(17)
2 41 J! 09G
2%
+
2 clL++Jl+
l j W I ijuJl
jL k
+
4j .+&
;+&I
3!
&bl+JYI
F '
4 - 4
@
e &$I j?l;i7c;
r-bs >>Vl
3
&dl
+US!
J-.! .+r)L..
dFWl
U ykl;,,
LC&,; JJ
Js A-&k!
ckyl JIL,
Ld
>ljVl
e
2 qL-7~1
cr"
cky\ p y l
& . I , , ,
4
+.
..
dl+ o
J! 3
&wl
ckyl $ &+ : (Capitalism) &lL!/ll * &LJI
a\+ .Ggl *>,
iLJ
,+!&
A,
+ s,,+cj+
eYJL .U
gt
b ~ &.u y l
h
sy-L 1 2 &I +- +Jl
r " ~JLJI
+I
~GbgJlL d ~ l y ? U GbydI
&dlJ @I ~l+ll
*
l
b+
aL+dl
+Ail1
. e l > $ \ -1 a U I
tGy
(JUc jd4'QI $ t l k j y l
kdJ\ &
Lpp $1
4g>,!
j .
@3&1
j tJJJIT
>+I
dt Ajb JA . J L \ ~ I
e-L;..! ~
lgr! L~l*ju_ll
dJV1 &
h d 315 .(1868-1603) j .;J iI
'y
((q~tJln,
3 h d : (Feudalism) J.)(-i j .i+lJjll
dblrU\
&lk;Jlg ikhpJl
t.U e i* Y I ~ & i i L d r ; l l - l h - * + b L ; C I l r &+I u-s 'aG>l+ Lt+t L l , dlS l u g 1 2
&A
~ % L3+lJ l
jJWI dyJ cia j .& L V l L+
JldI
&IJ 6 1 ;
.'$Y'l~&3$i-JI
Slyl
+.
'k2-G
u].I+
J+~ ;r. Lj a&
J+~
;+&I
3 '+dl +&
~l&l
JztJ AJL3
L-. ~ &dl I
2414 L &LY&
.+YI
.(+I
i s W l i;kn +.s
aY
,i
J-
&Iy9
a131
k2Y ~JL!JI
&JLJ
'p
& - d l +I
j&&I
&~~)fl&
L &-I S
-
+I
9
1
31
+d Y +.
: (Bourgeoisie) &,-Z!I~.
&d~JLTJI l
J.L j - -L
+
+ 3 +dl
% *I+!
~21~36 &I+>YI9 . U W l i+l 3 1 *l,ijJYl kLOWI
I
,&-
kS
&-&I 1-
f w l
1 : (Aristocracy) L&l+,Y
5, *&yl,
&!I
h* &uyl
aU91
2 &JAl @I ~lb> db
+
# u].*k>. a d \ ih3 a! +- .>L .+l$Yl
ra;i
>T &;QI
&+dl
+I
+!dl
d_fS;-
.+WI
Oberdeutsche Allgemeine Litiraturzeitung of Agust :
319
c;--Lk;
(1
1793, in T.W.W Blanning, ((The Enlightenment of Catholic Germany)), in R. Porter and M. Teich (eds.), The Enlightenment in Natural Context (Cambridge, 198 I), 126.
=
L+d
l dI
JkJ
;r!pUI r
L+
yI
+ dJ$l
'1789
16fi 2-1
b dU13 iJ$I
i , U l LUI
JsijTy
J ~ yd l 3
&I
Li;F d K
*iJ
TiJ$\
4-1 d&.
j;,
dI
aYjLzll
j l+-u iJ$\>
2
9 'LI,iJJ> iJ+1 aK&I,
+l;-Yl
t,+I
&A
JS -1 0 4 ;
'&JI
d+Ul
2 LbLi
,+&
r~~
.+
sij
0 . b
&I
L.;r aLL?.Yl dl
.LA
& $31
&I
u i LA L.&I
.&A1
2 (Henri Taine) d Li &+a 1 4 4;l& r'.,-ll
Js
K
I &+I
dAI
d K g . L & . J I i+&j& iJ$l
,l+yI
i+
.i$
sb,+
+-+ a4u a&
A& .
~
~ hWYl W G I dUl
eJ LIS 3
JS
JL\
!*t
fi+sl;;tYI
%&JIB J L ~
~JLTJI
&CLei\
43; 1-,
2d
Js
ii-l
S j 'icdl,
A t3+oJ+4
ijJl
&a
.(*)&L.,!b
2 JJ; I
&I
jftJl
v\ 'y &I,
:y*L,b
i&l
>J%
>jy.
c L ~L J ~ ~ S j,1929 >
3 . +IJ>,
41 &+a,
JY+, r k i 4 1
i i 4 I (J*J , a l fih+;UI bL+,
Js-+j
dkrll;~,
+ljY.dI~,
l j l j .(Communication Rationality) & . o I d I i+%
& (*)
j-L1& Uy l b3-&
(Abb6 Barreul)
3
+I
9 (1820-1741)
ols
;>+I
A
& U I
d,
h d+YI ~
dl
&>> I
1797 j>>La!\ 411;5> . L+L
L3j. jal>L ;)I+
(Memoire pour servire a L'histoire du j .>rr
+G
44
6
ru\
$&
b&
y ~3 r
>I+YI
e~ 2 4'1s w
.
dlp
A>
LG &I
-!
dl ili *L! c'+2 JS;
; .
b
+A\
+Id1
+I$
w r
t
2
31
j;>$I
&dL b l .&>>
L
j
a+\
Lf.J3
3 9
jL&!$CUI &I
1jK
PLI
b~
y U 1 >&I
L;U!j(Illuminati) &I
.&>>>I
u . . ~ i
-I>
& Lpw -L &K
j+I
JJL
+2
'LJj
.+A\
&dl @ U I
b ~cYw , SK hdL ;)y iikj . I 7 9 9
&>I $'1
L;tc
>*PT
AL-b
a&L
.
+JL-
d i j l S Jacobinisrne)
+A\
&&>\>
;>$L
dls
j
- w +I
JI. Gy &I
$9 &
1-
L% 3 3 ;rO4 i 1p a&
j&I
i+yLdl
$ U I
>I
(Reflections on
~
CU;j jiJ$l
~ df
*z-; > 17f9 0 the Revolution in France)
j-I
.(2)~l+
0
3
+I
U *\&I
A~
&I
L
j&+T
pU\ d&
o L J ~ I ab13Jl ~
ibL+
sbl
2I
.+lpJI
QI;L
U-f
jbls j~ka>>> db
+
+ ki
;s
J+
L3 LA
& -. > &b
.iflLdI
(Le Comte de Valmont) cAS4JLj
jiJjJI p CILS+I#
~ $+lAI 9
JS
I&,&)
&!dl &I3J1 J k d l
4 &I3
"MI ILTL.
I
J
+lkr.
;$.
$1
> u' -l s3iJ&13
~JL.LSI yJY~ &I+I
I L j d3 2 ;PI+
7
+ *i (Edrnund Burke)
dl3
&U 23d dE3 +* G
+W
;$. alcLk;l &I
j(Edmund Burke)
J;~>T
&+
bJLi
(Reflections on the Revolution in France) r L : j
ojc &!+ L n (1 98 6 3J;I) (Conor Cruise O'Brien) 3 ~ jj> ~ +I L 'L& +LA\ o l + l > L+ Ji ++I i+u\ W I C l I IL I s 1 &I .+I
ijb.~JI
&j+
&, tJ>N
$
;r'">I
J& .,
(2)
+aJ
&,.
(Mallet du Pan) 13L
1 b . >JJ -Lij
.tiJ&\
~
.British
L= Ju
- -
6 2
$
Wl ik;J&
ljc.2.51 &I
JL ,$-dl
;r'
3K
L 1 i J A &IS *'LJl
;r.
Mercury, 14 (15 March- 17 9 9)
~
1
c;ka, 1785 J! 3j ;r. +&I .'3)'4JJ3cll j+I 3+ I-
y
7 s
(Annke Littkraire)
1774 ;rs aL+b
$ LLUI
43\11 i;JI
&Ldl
PI jz . I 7 7 0 J! cd ciJ jLLWI i y l p &-j
u+Y\
UI~
Jy
ai
i$
; ,L 5 1 14 ~ ~ *..,I
ir'3AI j .iArsJ (Elie Catherine Friron)
jj ~ j K
Philippe Louis Gitrard, Le Cornte de Valmont, ou les igarements
de la raison (Paris, 1774). .I807 L
+ 12 @ ~..dIj
(3)
U
L jj
I
$7
21 ((+YI ~
cLS
,yU ~ $ 1 j
.(4)+
r'U
l
&a b,>' a Y + I .La c;-J 4 csJiJ! &.P> &dlL j j .. &-A1 ..
f*s 3-4;
;&I
hlWI
PL . GI.
9 +I
L ; i l S Y;ilS
&dl (Jean Calas) YL5 3 b +iL;;J>
J+k
.A> &I
$,.,I
UJ + , ,A
I,
b>L ;& &IJ
ikzlJl uE.hl
341 L j jM +-L~+JI ....
039,
I
JL+
lYL5 $ J l ,
;+,Xi\
.+ *&I
'1773
+ I ~
J G j
&>
Jj
L~&.L!I
(J + W l
jr
'u 31 -
c?,L ~ A I Ch.. +> L$
+Eh j;?
--
-4-2
L+ n j b h
h
,-L JS
JL
ay&-
[@MI
o
~$4 31 ikj
IL
elk, ULAI -. LAID> L&l13 $&I
t+p
L b & &dl
J J b LS 'Jlp-Yl J-5 jI$&
6 4 1L&A
3
J W Y
c i L 5 &dI ij'lr]~&+
tG
+I
a>\
. I 7 6 2 j ipl,
t b ! &s
LWl
+I,.
UID
>Lll
3
3 I&>
-
d L 5 &I
&dl
Amos Hoffman, <<TheOrigins of the Theory of the Philosophe Conspiracy)), French History, 2 (1988), 152-72.
(4)
UJI kzU_I\ ~
LbLp; dl
h
L L S
2
1 L + U I dgl;J1
$
d I j L &I o
2 4 'j .dls &I
.+
29 ipdl 2 + 2 k J l d$l a+
L~AV
j
.+
J&
$ CLS Jlg
'k
GIJ L
2
c I I L&l ; g+ >&I3
&I
;*rJl
ji j $ 1 3
$~g\g
+r U I
a&
LA&l aU+\
+ r - * W Id r i l l j .d + k J I g ~ & ~kJJII
JJJ> j
&..LA
$-)"I
L&j! 3
~~1
dLSg + U l
iJ$13
Le *
.( 5 &+I $1
jk
rLdI
*!,I
"+A
a l ~ + - l Ij L) &I +dl
L.&&>VI
dl2 dg-4 aLLLL.YI
+j>
drill 2 d k J I *k]I
G-glbYlI
d+!l j L-;jj LAJIU!
?i.ctll
+~191 yz
+U9fJl
a L L Y I 3 L L S
2
+yk]L!
Lk^h;
0-1
3
a+\
hA4d ; . 4 L 5 & $ I h y ZKJI t+p c(i &-dl c+JT
&WI 4 ,..I
(Alexis de Tocqueville) &i$ J
4 2
4I 3 175 6
J.M. Roberts, The Mythology of the Secret Societies (Oxford, 1972), the French Origins of the ((Right)), Transaction of the Royal Historical Society, 23 (1973), 27-53.
(5)
(The Ancient RCgime &$I #
rLk!I
+.L!l
41&
S, L;j 3 &+UIJAI4 1 2L-
j+I rLj+ (Louis Napoleon) d&L iyj & i+ & #ULA 'W
#-A 6 pl
+ k !
4-G 3K . & d l 6-
&>
J!
1
~
JI; ~ LS 4 k
3)~jC L S
;$I
a91 r
j
iJ$13
F&Jl
&
>-db
1
rLL.dI W
J
\
+ GXJI
j;i
w3-WI
J2
0 . i ~
dl
+$&I L&JJ ;+I~JI
2 G L d3A & ;J>b &u L;J(3
&dl
$41 >&!
.cLJI +L
+Is
LK
- g \LUI Jj
df+
315
-U
11789 .h .i
irJ'**r ay24&
.L852
> l h Y l ;$L f L . a Y l
L +>I I
1
+i&IS
j> $&IJ
41 9 hals
0-1
L
+ *UI
;>$I>
+_llrS
d>3LS and the French Revolution)
k L + *.S+
01
iJ$13
el + &!,
6UI
iiKhll dlS j?UI
& i t ~ ) >2 l i I*\ LK ."&I + dl d i l l crU~ +L=,YI chli *i r i i k J l $ 11789 *u_t J3 ykdl ?JKi\ i r l i K j J I J J+JI j .JS + I p I & L r , > ~ $ ihiy +31 &$I 41 14 +>I vL i+;+lil~ L i+ll i J U i@I ikL j E L I J! ~f
&& G$
&+a .
(9)
p[O :muaid u! uo!lnIoaax pua luawua1@!1u~n 'layea ' ~ ' 8
dl
&dl
b SjJ
(7
. 3j+\
ayUI
e Ul &\.;*
~
1.b
b3 ~ ~
$
~3
Ja-FSJ
L'*v
JsdI j; ~ b 6-
-
&dl
p (Francois Furet)
-9
j
I+\
-31
&A t 3 + V
2
-1
a-1
4b;t>l;r& (Sociktk de Pende)
.(8)~J$~
$dl
O L & ~ I > 3 1 4 1JELI ; ,+AJ
&A elJ j~LhlLi- +&I
i -
1 b . &+
2
&dl
cui3 &,s+ 1 $ I,, -41
I K
'CIl-I
lrp\
L ~131 ~ yb &\Jl r
.J3Yl
&+Y1
*I-J&
LI,J
5 4 1
~
& ;A&
gJ$I
1 4 , rWl
$ .+
~ I J ! / Ib i )
JS B j i
o l d 1 6-i.
Alexis de Tocqueville, The old- Regime
-4 j
*r13
and
the French
(7)
Revolution, ed. H. Brugan (London, 1966), 163-64.
Francois Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution (Cambridge, ( 8 ) 1981).
+ A,
:$,I Penser La Rkvo[ution Frangaise Paris, 1978.
J ~ Y S;T I O>L;~L 3 -3Lzll
t i P~;s$ i ~ b +J,
%,.i
&-;+
2 &I
J b Y l *
.(Augustin Cochin) i;;+\
2 ic&I
.vdlc
aLbulg iz;lUI &k.>lsY&
~
I*;
.&>I+lI,
2 l +ll dl
L,
A,
c;U &I
(2 12
+$I
+Cj @Lktll s ~ L j p l l&A
qyu\ &
U L
&-J
,I
o&\
eW
LLUI,
l Lid *I
i+l, &W
JLrJ L3a
+Vl
w
l
>ILL
3 1 &I + (ij T iJbJ .+A\
& p d L L + a b I 'y
Y elJVl
o
h
dT
j T dl; $1 J-LI~U L C ~ ~ I +UI 91 Y bi w ~241, L+JI j .'w G ' 1p l r~ ~ >c;jYl
o
h
d$
& L I W l J,j$tSJ
-
isli
+ ((0~3 l+ljl r+-
+I
L-J$ L U I
3b
abG1 &L.s
. q W I i+G3i&s 3
w.
&>
k$ ;+
La 3g~i+Lj\ -b b1; ;L;1119
i 3 &L+Yl + JxAl jf! L - J l p L Y I
&!I
2
j .JIG133- i>+l
,UI
& +Ul
$XI,
.+L-! as+ L W l aQsJ
a U l
&I
+T jr *ew Jyi ILd l *2; IJ* L +U j6.dI r % z5J . - ' r (Louis Blanc) CLi &-J (Histoire de la Rkvolution Fran~aise)4 1 Ly9
& $12
G+
'kj
~ ~ $ JS 1 *+I
r+-
L
1847
j> > L d l
.i>$l 9 u&&*yl~ U& 2, ,-$ :-Ii A q I +&I j .ri! $A
~ i ~ l @ 1 b o y j u ~ o \ + Y i?t-J$JIJLr,
;>$dl
. d,LC .
W d U I +\O FA 9 ,
&a IGI,
~Lioc;
>Lb! j; ) + L A I
31 tJU j@-A1
*-;; 31 & d l j .dK ab&I
&I
k.+)'
+$I
I
b '
'
I
+ +I
LII
Ji e L t ; l Y L
J-ij p &I
I
;AWI
2 JLdL
p. &G- -
d*.
ibr
yJ
GLK $ ,;I
3p
li 1792 d i j ! & dls b
d l 4 1 S J U IJ! LSI p L U CUJ
*CIi b l j
U -
dp ' . J i ~ ! l ~ ~
3 . I 7 8 9 j+ & i dl
iLn4s alJ$
l
&lS dl al>l
i H r a+l
P+
;ALLY\
&Ldl
4 -1792 j
J+.;by
d
dls
JI L ~ JjIt ~ z;c +bJyl
1789 j l>lS &..dl
&I$
@ r3J
,y (Contrat Social) g &Y
((f&idln,JL aULl
d!
L 'uit
tlt13fl 4 .&kt
j ~ T &IS
a%3bl
I Ad
is k; .LWI
&I
~6 dK
iJ$ a+
is
eJ@l
L ..99-1789
&LL, ;s & J l d j J L L L J I @ X q Lg.A
Js . ;&A31
Y
JSL;
d j G p ( L;;!
SF
3 I : .
41 IL
A,
&;I
UT
.c6;>J;U L.+-.i
L+
I+& W j &LA
oJ@&
jL:
l h d E ' e u lld#+.&
j .
*2; k j
?&I
2 &IJJ &&
%;fkj
jr d91 A;l
&I kS
'y 6
A;+
W> cJk
cj31j . .OIJ&I
~ k ;
3
$1
d L U @ .I+*. I+
3
+Gs p ! l
i. L . iplli
41 Q 2-3;
~ ~ $ 1
.a ~ T 3 4.~~9
tiJchi2
1
I
LA 'kt
f
f
I
bJ+4
s L
L
3
'&I
&,+ L+$l
;+I>
I+
??>
dpo? J.k9jt..@ I , +'+ GW I, b~$ +JI -$I (Dale Van
+lk;Jl
S;L~ '&-I & (J .-b & 5 b 3 \ A $ *>@I jLdpdI a M l
241 pT3 &f
&I,
e*r
L--4
l,,~!
Kley)
j
& -41 ~ ~ $ j 1 & . . >j jC A L a 4 1 3 owl J!
c;Ls a~."l"T >"I
a\ >I
2 .
dl L.Z uI+k)II
aivlr
ir. y-? &I
jlt;WJI
o Y J L
& Lr$ &u
&!I
U l
I *i
Ll,
+
aJLJkj $3 &3&YIJ
&&.A
(9)
Dale Van Kley, The Damiens Aflair and the Unravelling of the Ancien Rkgime, 1750-1770 (Princeton, 1984) and ((The Jansenist
Constitutional Legacy in the French Revolution)>in K. M. Baker (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Cultwe (Oxford, 1987), I , 169-201.
(9)
1688
j I&!
4 ;I;;
;Jl
.r+dI,
l L+i a J j ;JI
d
+LJI j, G W l ?
cislll$ GLi, ii+-JI als--JI9 1760 L r J 2
I a
1
L . +
0.b
(Palmer)
b
lh
J2
A A l ;rs j U \
1764 j
1775) lSy!
&k
+ qul
~ * -U I
1720) j+ffl
.(1783,
9 143 Afl A93p2eJI A K
U Y l -Ig +G
~ L Q ~ ; l l p i ~ . - (1760, J\
++JI
+ C;K
Jlr &+
d+
i++
y g j
JW jG&Jl
j*b! .(1789) L d A l
(10)
c.3
A!
c;rJ; ;J\,
d,+l
ikUl
3a l ~ 2 1 K&JJS3
$1
i+
c. \+I
j- d ~d ll iJ$l
abbjyl
(@IjF-*ll)
L d*. Jy
i& LK~1-
I L
,t
&dlJ$\ .G\&>3 &$ 2 L j r b Y I i4-G d K JWI + -. Gddl' U l a3, I+ dl L;j b b y iA2u\G%!\ 313+L I+K +I U .&i 3 j U l djs)) O>JA ~3 &I A!
&~j!
.LUI - ..
24
is,c~ j~
~ ~ij$\ 9 1
j ~' .k a l
w\ 2 8.b
R.R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution (2 vols., (10) Princeton, 1956).
L
b+&
wIS
& jb I
br
3
+diJI
wl 4 1 ,
L
4
I
(Jmij4-k y L L S 41 ~ Jj
"
+!
"
1 ; , + I s
jA-
ji6U
~
1
i*r
('YI
4~d.JpN i-+I+!I ihlWI Jy; j T jd
&
>
G U I A!
--I
jL&+i
bUA
l+l
eI L dL5,
v ad,
&-
t-1,
d s G 1763
&dl~~4 $1611 j ? ~ I J
L +ly'
11754
JGL
-4s &I*S@I
s;.\ dJ>
d&-
-+MI
Jj i~p-
+UI
*b &La;
-J>>
+-
6'dYY\
&JL.Ldl&> b \ 1-
> j.+&$l 4
'-q~Li
LGJYI
.(Novus ordo secularurn)
k
.&I
$3
&>+ &+Yl
'
JLkjf
b;l
f b3
.al&l
;;J &MI al+l d
e
L
. y ~.kt: ! i3.+ +ls c;K r_l+a.!l" 0.G j"
jY
al+l
J.+
41;s
jls GUI
a1 Y!
*I
G - d I J G ~. % I p L 'b
, +
WL
jr & ,I
ty.+ll
,I
&I
G p - d l s 3 L ; y ~ L Y ir?;JL( I
q,IJJ
jlGYl
JLkj\
a L
+ 01-
Lls
r k y I c-3
&.dl
Ca;
. j L y l J.k jGill, ji~
.;iAI
j
JJWI~
ib-I
ju ~ s &Jlnl
p &MI9 ipli &I
J ~ Y I 91 jLSj T
C+
b J b i
4
& d l & J d ! f&d\
*Lyl
fik . W I + j*&I
iLki
>&
L&1
L+
l &I
i+
dl
y 9 j
1
&ll
.,4 $ q u l & fip,
&d
$9>Y
d4..
vyY\
@IU..-~,&
jy
&*VI
&I&\
j f 'bj 19-1
+l>Yl
i+L:i$ s j 9 .A+
L@I
L l * 4
+-+dl
&Ir
c k . 1 ~- &~I
y*JI
s b
d J k ' rkJJ >*Vl
iblj
w
9~ .+
Wr'jT
j1113 5-n
j
IL r
9
.&I+ i@Ij
+ &AL b
r
r &IJ & . i J \ 9 (TWOtreatises of civil government) 'js i@\ b b
.L-2
A+
p J l $ i + L ~ i . L ~ 'IL ~ l j l ~I+I
&I
*I
1-
r
C! d3$l
~.aydli+*ul'
p 113 i$ S~+I
IL;rk! j T 'W ;;L? JL
.J*YI
. .A~~L--.
& d E $19 G * ~ I C~LIAIj .i * r 1 3 j~4 11 ;j li3 j~$41 Y $1 &J3V 2 ~ ~ $ JbJ 1 &A&'+ +hdl abl*-JI *;j df ‘ d ... l ajd+b
b
d E .y&d\
f$
Henry F. May, Enlightenment in America (New York, 1976), (11) Golin Bonwich, The American Revolution (London, 1991), J.G.A. Pococke, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton, 1975).
A
LLL.
~iA ~ Y IJU
9 'L
d\ j L+
+ i L
;>$I
*&
yS;-(J
& p
' k I4 $91
$5
3
Jj +=
1789
& u>EJk&+I .+I & &I..- &L!I
c*bn
>MI 3 4 1 31 v;j Y \
2
a Y 3 L ~Js
+ 3iL+I
LL+.&I
3%
3 +I,
j .dK dT3 L&dI
rIA
a b & Y l ; p & K ~ c + ~ ! k . d \&
ad3d
.ki & $1
aL;.Lkz;YI
d3u,
Jy
+jL L! ~ G W Y I oj. A+-
3i
.O+P
+IJ\
A&\
cils aL;rL&YI .L 'y j.&
4+ .
d T +I
c t * 4~;; ~
& i . ' Y 3 ~ i b + &ji\ d l 2 bb& i j L.2 &I
aL-1
331 3 &I
f.Jp14
j .+$I
si 'L+
zJ$\3
L!
2
JX;
+I
&
&dl
.L . L A
kJ +
a$Cll GjS))
I j K L.& (Viva Maria Riots) LJL +L.
Lb?, &I
& >6 I y \ 3 .L2kn + L b 3 A J kk; &.ill j - d l cKs?UaJWI a I J W I 0
s - ~ ~ G J&LJ +
a W I
(J
3b3
&a\ &3\
-
>+L=!l..
uikrYIJdA&
~ j - d+Y3I3 l rLUIJ
+Y1 pUiJ
&k &+dl ?11;211J4j ZJg3 b
G W d \
aL%y L+,;
* 2 '
c ~ . Iik;y ~ L L ' ! ~ W U Y I ohT-
+.
L 3bY
(12)
LA L a b LaJ J J 2 d& ~ 2 U Y I
:J!Q?31A . .u+I Gabriele Tun, ((Viva Maria)) La reazione alle reforme Leopofdine 1796-1799 (Florence, 1969).
+A!
. i .&-ill ~ & d l cipdI
G j ~ sa-
'iJ$4
+IC;Kj,j'YI
A$
J3b
J L b
,&
2 LdL $
&
AAI &I
&
n
&
A-
$W ilL j.LLS
'JLLJI + -. &
~ $ 1 ) ias A\
4k
&I
GWI3 JftWl
d l *l&l
3iT
w
2
3".
hlj3Lt*lln&&
Cij C;E3
4 j Y 1 c33 ~
j
3i
u
O$l
I X A. 2~ +~
e-
iJ$IJ
ds
&..A4 ~ ~ 1j 4b1 ..+ A$l
+A
*Li (Revolution) ij$I
I(+.
kel,JI
+ >kJI
e3+ 3 *&I
2 'y ,+- 9'j3"l
G Y L I2 1 1 b L
&LL$
>jk
&*IzJIU
L
I*
2
r12
'bj iiS 9 a * r
&UI
;r. i7jj O p . y 3 j A k A 4 3
3 a -
Jt. dpT&\SF
i;.lir;l
3 4>+I lj3!
J-1
L!Lpl+ +L 3 X+I ej Paoli)
+ j U I iJp 3 I+
3 AiI; . i J g I
$ &!+ ~
bA\
2
JK&I
(&p
. M I J$
j' b 3 1 i;
i$
I J-G dj+\ll
+I3
&-J 3p;lI OK .L+
ij$13
p;-.P
L i w j~. +j$
3I+Y
GlSuJl
GiiKJI ~ T d jI&~ i
cii
(Pasquale
m
$dl
+ p JS JK; 3L'+ u
3
51 i&dl
&Y\ J~~~~
3f
i , ~
. (The earth's
revolution around the sun)
2 J>Yl +I
+-d$l
u z J g l n USLK
j
-+
j i ? +)) . .y u\ - &.dl 'jk 2 ;,Lid1 &l*mYl y +T. &u+ I L jLS> . u L L
L~JG
riuJ
4 I JF
z y
C
;P
kw
-.*- pi jw zJ$1
+
; ; ;+>
a -1
I h +I >UI d p l l j
+Yl>
tb>Yl
&.dl
a$\ 9 &I >,>J &I >Ip J l
LW
a141,
2-
C;K d l 3 1776 J3 a\j_Ftll
dY
.GJ& j .& d l
>I+$I 2 a h .a~jY\ UJ~O $1 edk!I r;S j. J+IC
(The revolution of I d s !
jalJ&!l
. . bql.c d. LSg
(The Revolution of I : jj a I J d I
+ &-dl
a
T+
G
G ~ Y I~ I + I
J+
2 4-d &-21 I+ J + ! I 1-b -1775 j
d/ wL.dl
t,
'h~au . . i l ~ *>T4+l ~ I
Poland)
. France)
iJ$J I
h
>
I
L
I
I
; ,jls
+I
&>
L
(Novus ordu & - d l j k W l ?liirll aU-5
'yLL
+E W l
j ~dL5 -b 9 9 ;iJIJ+J\ @ L ; UJU secularurn)
o ~ji L '+Ul +I
L;ILLUI 2 L *
&U
.a;++
*a! y
~ U I )
i+
2 zJ$I
~ + G ~ ~ L I L T + . + ' L + ~ * ~ jG + ~A I
j
:& F Y I
&-
GI,
L!iL
h!3 ( 1 3 )
K . M . Barker, Inventing the French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1990), 203-23.
I
h& uLJ& I
~
~
tllr, \ & D MI
L
j
J ++2L-J~ L
p JAS
(d*.
41
$ LK kt
-.
6dT >LEjW ~ dI 3 &I3
-
I L
>I
a!3
l$K
'w +.
J!
& j b
WI
.
L+
e l 3 &dl L j 3 j b l i l l LLL . + b I
p ~ Y &I l
>$dl a > b l d.ys
J! &I. >Lb! j J3JJl I& ,i;uJIj+ I ~ J U & I d J l Ij W
~ 4 +$I4
+U djkr! lj&-
31 3
&j2I
aLC IJ;
jjj; 2
'&TJj
>I+Yl
dls U
(yj
,ill
.
&S
ik4
. .ii& dp
t5+
F+Wl >&&I*-!
g*
,~ s ;
.(Essay on Enlightenment)
bkch. ,&.L
$%
&IS
.L L J I
+
,y j?*7 4 1 I$& 3LK J L
a+!
Jb j
J 41 I i>dI
~
rj
J%
U W I d l j c+wl
&
+ +!
JG\-3 d p I.La
i j U J I ..La d$
j ~ ~ $ l+cz;i\>l 1 +&!I
yj d i l l W , l LUG4 >A1 ;.
d&j
ht*jr-JI
$A
+I
L
J L U l jr d& c
&
L K d W I jr dJj-JI
l L U I
ah1J-l J+!I 3
c;oli Jj
+$I
& +ldl ' J W I JII. ..
c$ &A
A+
: % (14)
Lynn Hunt, The Family Romance of the French Revolution (Berkely, 10s Angeles and London, 1992), The Invention of Pornography (New York, 1993).
-
.. j. L
*' d&
&A
d j j L+Ll13
6
..
2 3 iJ$! L+l
s-lj LljK lg;i
> 9 +I
,
Y -9
*
dls
~
&LS
~ 3 ~ brJ 3 1 j*&I
~
& J Y I j+JL ril&
I
i+\
l+I
j i*;l*il
uWUI
31 031 21LC kJi:j -
i13WI
L L S W
.Ld$I
-3
L6j
$uiipJl 1 &L
(y &..LL: &&IJ3 + Ls
%%dl3
iJU ...
C\ r i ~ I iSIr j .d* 'k!chWl I h J!> ~ j I\3 lLLJI j r i+ i*s
(Critique and Crises) (15)
I L
iJ,r;J&
> . .+bjd & dl 3 *!d 9 1
3
L;. .
L b
& +I
+ J I d$I
LA> & .iI
LL; &a9
*I
-+J I G \
YIP
iJ$I
&y
L&-A ,y L j j . $41*3 -I
Lob c L L ; ~ Yd I u!
i + ~
& #+I
pkJl d j j +.dl i*s
3U
rc%y
Js
+;r~
( e U I &dlJ
hlu 03 J ~ T
t l W l &+dl)
6rSlrll j; + dJ\ j .+-dl p l d L S
Csjr L&
j*i 3 I*oL; A r F I
j l t l l dj*
LaL;
J ~ ~ ~ . , ; , ~ - .. A G K J I ~ I ~ Y ~ Y I ~ +
Reinhard Koselleck, Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the ( 1 5 ) Pathogens of Modern Society (Oxford, New York and Hamburg, 1988).
&; 'u
rJyl
+ ?&!I
d~
abkiY&
G &+L!I
tbLV~i
C;K Jl
p
+;Jl
ijJI
L,j
~ h&I l j.3
> Z%Jl
zJ$JI3 y&l
kJ,l,
i+I
j -, >L\,
rcJ
&I
2,L J U I ja l i % Y I cu; 41 Ls &.J,1 a
dpll
~
Jp? dl
r,~AL=F .+
hk ~J+
2 k;jj
-41 -
.1794-1792
lj,
I &Wl
2 JU
. Kel
3,*2
& -3
JSI~2
LJ+ &Jl
j >+I
*$
j aL;.L&YI ,y 3 * r J-Li 2 LS
&A+-
adJ$ ,r.ubJ!
l+S, W
alslki Jj 3
+-+ +I, Jp-
,y
.LA *+I
2 W
+-w
++ aEZF& K
J*
j iJ$JIJ 9&1
j 'b-1 il+~ &
Jil3
a L q I
j i o ~ii,a,, ; .
2 /$I J ~ Y jI ~ ?.&b dl j d 2 . i
$5;yJ
2+~ #dl
+L3Ul ++I
GlLJI al+I I3 Lr;l+ c i L S
-VI
.'p 2 iJ5L JL& L 3 . .$k!
L &\+ $1
j .(&&I)
-.
?uji*] LUI
l
J! dr;
&A*-
;if41, ,;d+JjJ1 o
L Ld~
.+I
a! J+ d l & 4, & L ~ + V I J3Jl j Y, Lj j ..
(Status quo) +WI
a ~ y ) )
w l j .. 6
1
s
ed 6 d I rJI
!%L 3-
(J
JZ
.jljlY1
&j
9 ;+.+!I JK;
si,
&WI
jJJl
'jA
t b l&
abus j ,
d j*iell I jI
di
'bj
L&?-
ZKJI 6 4 1
Ji~h~?JL
(Natural Law) &I...
J
dlS
;;? (J A 4 1 +
& 4.91
Jkll
~ 1 . )
yi i4+ t*
j .641
(Reason) 'jA
LSWI +I
.L+A
jjL!l
La
wi
&+I
JL j%\
.ui dL LJ
a& L; 4 u+I
y~~ j .;;?
pl
b '+
A&'
Lr; & . . J I J
*-
& COJ*~ C I S
@L+YI
y U I
*+.!I dlS . j W I &j L 9 ;++ JCT2 y ~ irblki r 23;&I ~L+J I !J - ~ I & ij Li & $1 J ~ & Y ~ 3 iju bj . L d l *+y\ 3 !i+l i+U ~~1 j>W44 % +L+~ bK & AA\d! w b dl j&w >J b tbJV~ 'bj & iL;CW\ csl>~ @:
2 a++ a U %
&-+
b d I & JI 1-
$941i V b I)K
ktJ3
JzlrJl
jl+
((kilS8 ikzal dLS &L+Jl
1.b a L h !
ira
j. 4 U I
2 . o j k
JL
A+
b r b Y I
1 4
2 aY dJLell
_gg (Jean le Rond) k b 9+WI
0 4 1 3
*-
J ; ~J j
A &+I
6 3 ;r-'3$
j i+ a l ~. ~ L + G jI'Ly 426: OJWdiS
r \ h J j?jH r1-b jdb
6 3
dl3 (Julie de Lespinasse)
II'w 63 $*
J ~ YI *lkCll r;S U .(EncyclopMia) 2
+g
rb
p~ &++YI
ylg
CwL. gJ&d $
.p3Y~J
&&I
j cw &LJI
d &+LSKI
rl3
&+Y
I
1758
l +l5 j rWI
c^rS .G+I
GJG -
&%Yl
YfJ
~
(Preliminary Discourse)
j JL1400 JIy
+dl3
J
.&b ( s h
3-1
3
.&~YI
cl-r~i
*YI
+ (Rameau) h+*YI
w !1779
~
I
+J&
b U . (Royal Academy of Sceince of Paris)
aJ+h
+lJT
'LI~
c3jjr b y l 3, 2d3Wl
.OK OpdI
(Beccaria 1794-1738)
Af;ll $
L
9 .L;\ G>:
(Dei WIJ -lS
$1
~b $1 ~ I * S Yh+3 I -13 L ! l d l &US9d l d l +LJjw&ll &T.,I;. .W
i$
ab@I
LJl&
Jl+
Glj +U,
i?jdlS
u l i J \ u i 3 QG.i.
t L j ikS .. ..
d y t i w ~~b j ,Jh l+L t b
.++A\ 9 3 +-+1I.
L A y ~;LL:LS rC,
LJJp
i,byi
b& ,2
&A ... 5-5~ l+l b lS dl Delitti e delle Pene)
4
vikll
a 4 1
b! Lt, JLj &l;rYI
y
dl3 dljll
'w b 4j . itk;ll
'JG~jc;GILCJILC+JI~l>+*@
j bL;,L
J U I
1.4 + L;j j 3 >kJl
$jt- d dLS, rI, L ; L j JL. 6+l
.. 9
61.
JJdI
d $ l a&L: y IJL+l +Isilltl, jwLdl
-9 (Buffon 1788-1707)
39%
-3
.+>Mi aIJCI;g
U JLs
x*;.
j&.L! +I
~ ' S J&,IL
.r&JI ++ .KT3
rLJ1 &I
&!Ail
2
jh
0~is"\ j .
Q\L-1 jLb
ilfl
-.JKVI
2 I+
j .JS
G~U Jj '
A d ! JS oebL
(Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere) a/
&
I ,
l
!I3
L
ir% ijyi p-G ~ I , 2 'Lj j g i 9 L 1 s+T LJA at . dJ-5;+s;uJl ,it ju I;, & d l , M I 1
.(1767-1749)
L
I
rUI ; . .
2 &,,I~2
0
!, J
Irj,j L y I arai g Y
+ ;-I&. i
*Vl
AI J!r.- 41
9
JIi$LJl +**U Ij& &+ . I 7 4 9 iWI j'b iJr *b-ih i n
+aJ U- U . I jiIrJl aL+
.&i
r%l
.+I (Catherine I1 1796-1729)
*,,IUI
&K
-4
(Diderot 1784-1713) d k i
+-
jL l g i;&
C+~S oJ+b $iLL> LjWl @ l d l
JS
+-;
jJ+>
+.K+VI Ap'u UiEJ 'L+
u 2 p. L. ui'&,Jl j z JL ~ C U+ ~ 4 A/ JLCLIj.+T;i~ l+&
-5
jJ+
p
2 kJk 'k+ J5 C j K j
.&I
J-,LH UJ JJ+;k l i j - 1 7 9 6 j dill3 Bougainville)
Supplement au voyage de
2
J~
51 4 1j;
d
&+
6u-K
I*,
l j J J l + L e ! j &&I 2 gYI &dl i(gJI ipij-)W j .*+.h + p I j K j
d J J . 4
6
(
L
BI >** b 4 y l ky JJJ+
L
A
4
2
b
(jr G.+
. I 7 4 3 jcjtji
+J
>
>+
& '>WI, at5 L d
L66, &h!l &IJ I L
&pa&b
1,:,
~ S Y I 'b-iJJ+> C! LS
4
+I
+dl&&!I3
;r - .
+I> aYF-
3 l9-b JS 3
d4M
b3j jlj Jj3
. w ha~-! -J\l~b-$1 GLWl -b -
Lw1 A+ *i
Lo
$
1774-1773
3 'L-! Cfjy
&,&U j=t
,j&>
("^9-!I&,
U U
l
'ij+I-YI
.r~Jv~
3
. W I
~AIH $$ 4 6 Jj?
@j
.el+JI3 d
(Fredrick I1 1712-1686)
bi$
1
d L 1,:, G U L
G h Y I ald+d\3
1 I
4
I
0 . h
iG
2,
l 3 &$I
&A>
-6
+
LIJL 1 7 4 0 jt l 047 ~ ckL; (Silesia)
L b L
~ i L j G+ j
JbY!
'y
jr
1%
LA &LA+>
i p U ~,I
L
.I750 2 .
+S
~ 3I i~ &+f OLM,
-++u j b;l.f, r&.dl . (Page contre un tyran) d ,J-+
J~
Lb: ~f
$1
w 1
LJG ,1771 j .
-7
(Herder 1803-1744)
4, i ~ qqf h +Y + (Konugsberg) eL.5
b,* &+ 2 . LJJ
iuk jk;K
9, (Riga) bdj . &&
&I
JA+L.~
1767 je+
4WY I ~ 3I y2 a bLd &3L + New German Literature)
(Fragments on a & . d l
.++Ldi
& >I &Ld\ 31 4 ~ L~j 319 j L 1769 j . Ler: .r;@LWI yl:i ' i y ~' . fi.L" yi i i l i+IJJ
(Another & LU , i,i&l
$$ 2 JS
>li 3I@
~ .I774 \ 4
4
Philosophy of History)
9, &+&L + JLtJ31 C - B ~1776 j .. .it;WI3 4 4 1 &,Ul I
'y
ii^Li 3 uC;jld&l jI
I
t
+I
v'
.(1791-1789)
fs2 i d b l k b J&O\ ii -41 ~ ~ $ 1 .1793 j(Letters on the Progress of humanity)
(Holbach 17893-1723)
&24 $ i?ul (D'Alembert)
Jbvl
$
+
Ijd
0 4 1 3
- ~ - y>t
(j>*>
; ,
dy p
j.3
(Diderot)
9J+~g
L9
y ~ ~(Raynal) > JLd9 (Buffon)
t&!p -8
+-3l ikhJ L 6 3 LJ Lliil l Z &dl b .(Rousseau) +Ujl ; ,4 9 by 9 d b t ;r. + . d r W I +Wl $ I
&All
I
$
(Systtme de la
%>
0 Y L
&++XI & ,t.
,p3 ( - 9 3
&' I.
+s A>
1770 j9L.d rLS . g J t l
JL\ $1
i&
&
b K Nature)
2W j I Ad+j9
(Kant 1804-1724)
+& d*4 i&
j Lg]
-9
J2~i4.G L.L .J && j L; k K JCt;&l
iiht
(Konigsburg)
0 4 1 3
h;K
+
LKj b
k+$
.I756
-4
(Critique of Pure Reason)
$> U I ~ ~ & I
k;liUl
~
J
dJl
jilb -I>
&aJ(Rousseau) ,-gJ d b 1 $1 .(David H u e ) r p >I
j
2 ..
+J
&ad
(D'Alembert)
d&y
l
I JLdl G
A j L ; 1784 j3, 1 7 8 3
LBJ I J ~;r, + 4 y 1 &-I
3141
(Project for 3 w I C%Jl
*rl> 3 Ll5 aLslk;l
;r. tj+ +15 + 1 7 9 5 31 ;r. pi34 . Perpetual Peace)
j G W (Locke) AJ +ij ;r. j . ; i;W ~ I yJl jI &JI Dl5 Is! Ls J e L &I Y! Z j j d I j w! i)j!J\~ r b l k ; y l3 jJ LfS; a!
Lp +I
.cr.lPJIz;S. (La Mettrie 1751-1709)
IJ;, (Caen) DIS jd ; DK
d 3
+ (Leiden) D G j&I
- 10
+J L
dJjJ\ Dq-
..+ & L.h . ! l LlJdI OL .(Boerhave) & LaJd &&.I
J!
d j 3
.*&I
~-LQT L-CLI 1 7 4 7 j *sL- d3L Liir 3 Y lki 9LS j 1 7 4 8 js .(L'homme Machine) d'll D L Y l
+G
+-j L 4D K . (Discourse on happiness) j . ; ~L JI
'w k
.I750 j c;LjJIj
;W? i
dJ$LUIa, - '
j
&.Id4 & el,lrl
+I$
$ . ~ w&J3>!
*;. o LD ;K ~ 0
i
dlJLJAYI
li GL
j 3 L
$k
~..L+O\
& ..~
s
A!
j%Yl
p ' 3 DLSj -J
.ely
-
t",
&+I
O h J
*r
Jz!
+ 40ji+.JAl j.;$
jbl
A elJvl
JjLkll
.+&&1 i 4,
Lo
(Locke 1704-1637) (Essay &&I JL) 1 9
p g
16 9 0
l i @I
1 b . dK
,=YL
&MI
$3
p 93 ds
jilL -L5
+I
P
93 - 11
Concerning Human Understanding)
2
$I+
G
w
cli! -LT
uUI ..
%
,LGYl,
a
LA+\
l 2
-1 +&dl
l&J,
(Kant) kjlS~, (Condillac) A%-ALCSJ, (Hume)
r ej .
in^, +-' b - f AJ dis
2 j!2;T9
cLr
2
*, &I
.&$I
+EUI; ,
rL-.JI
+-T
j. J W l
q+
. 16 8 9 j(Letters on Toleration)
dlS
. 16 9 5 j (Reasonableness of Christianty) 1-
.stdlS . LS ;$I 24 &,i
rJ,J
(Emile ou de l'kducation) &dl j&j (Thoughts Concerning +I
+l.5 j .'b-T
(Second Treatise on Civil L d I Lss'UJI i$
&c
LdL Lg+ 1-
b I>
rL;il
93 s t
b dlS &UIJ,
3 jLGT ++ CJ,. I 6 9 3
j
i>t1 7 6 2 j - Education)
3 ;i,;WI
kl Lid\
L c l ; ; Government)
++&MIL-kll ...
.iS;J13
3
(Mendelssohn 1786-1729) d&L4
.+ p
Ld-JpJI
& d l
dyJJ;o
g
&+ 3L:
j
,y > L i j l*ig + I,!
4
- 12~
*yl
d>w-JfT
gi
&I >UI A.4) w >& d l &-dl , y U I
d&-
&*.AA $9
1 jUI;,
4
'q1;il.h; ,y
FJk
tL
i i G 2i.L
4 .iJJCc:~ .(Mamonides) ~
Jlj;YI
p&I
J
~ h l . k -ii
L +LJI
3 +LIL4-1I JU I j3 oJl+!
~
p g
rLAI
Jb j $L: .+LLI p iUIJ
jl;llll
I
ckrckr+ 9 1784
+g
Jhi & .(Aesthetics)
dA+! I j WI ij& D+*s
.+I3
L . .d I L@\ y ;)?&dl A-Y(Montesquieu 1755-1689)
+ i j j h iyi ,y i+ jl
3Q .l
'Lj 4-z
&34"
dL5g L>Jt
(Bordeaux) g a J 4 &I
a;.41k;JI
J ~ Y I#I
++!I
315 L $1
I
eYJl+4
a L k - J U \ L%
LLG j& 1721 cLs
&! LS L) *r LA+ L+
- 13
JjL:
hL5 &y
2 +l+l
LjJ . ; > L a
>*.;Js I\
L .&
.I721
(The Persan Letters) 4j1hl l
j+ll
;F
qll. $1
L_1j
A1
I
h K 1 7 4 8 (Esprit des lois) ((The spirit of Laws)) &\+!I &I3 9 3 aU i b
~
$
L ' 3+
-
1 7 5 j&j*II j~
2
d3+l
abW
. A K A
+
j- ~ Y & 1L Y I ~
4 +\
2~
pls -9
> W 31 Ir~
i b 2-3
*
rlhYIJ &LMI~
~& -
14
jp ijd A121
&\ Jl-4
u > ~ l ;$& ll
A\
a&
+3
-\11
iilill +LJI
(Philosophiae 1-
3
L..$Jl
; . J J
(Newton 1727-1642) aLl9
2 'b-1
$1
+I
31 + &b3iJw&I
f&~
@I+\
Jj
y l
+lA
1 ;j+.16 8 7 jNaturalis Principia Mathernatica) (Royal Mint) Qlt ,d
J i> ~ 1 hK3
aL+I
E&yE3 3
2; i&l
2 . d.~ \ l l - I
% '
3E
+I3
&>Yl G W i & JltrS kJJJI j&b Gm3 & 2, i ; W I J S U I j'L+\;$+ + IL .&&I +M&a 1 4 4 JI tbJ!i~
.
- 15
(Quesnay 1774-1694) LS L ~ ) J
,2 (Due de Villeroy) d3&9 G G ~ J-(Tirgot)
+
&IJ
31 &bljy&I
L
jjJ+
M Y
LG
dL.2 j
.(Mirabeau) @ JLk? &I
$1
. L++YI 2
a w l 3 &lJVl
(Droit &I
&I
j
ilWI
2jV1
33lhll
&Ls+
$ 2 3 4 1 GF
& ! I @I
&#
(Maximes LLSCUU3 17 6 5
2
.+lJ$l
Jb c 5 . d l Naturel)
generales du gouvernment Cconomique d'un aj \ *i3 . l+-u
& d l J agricale)
..
JjK
3 3 &3J
d\ c
k
!
3K JLjJ
3..
LLSL JCj-J
LJj
$T
r+
dL5 1750 ktr
;ro
t > V l aLlidl +CrS +i I
& '&I
31 3 ~ 16
(Raynal 1796-1713)
LGl+l\ i l h l l 2 L ' -+
royaume
-
L.JI j .&jL
I P+LU -~
l ~ ,
&A
(Glj3&0 &J
P
i j w l ~ &rl;U ~ +->I
;i$l
$J
(Diderot)
4 &A
Y I &&
$d i
. (Louis XV)+
p s f
e-S3
3j 2 'byt l &C;" &-A ilj 2
j3a
DL53 d
l
2 ..
+g
& M I
175 0 j (Anecdotes Littkraires)
1770 jJ .&JL
j 4
1
@
LA
+I
j?*-bil 2 ->J>W
J+>
CJJ (-9dill
p> ; % ; % d l G&
&.+lI
i ~ b JJ(+W 1~
pbJ1l c
(Histoire philosophique et politique des Btablissements et
.du commerce des EuropCens
'u
ylfJJY~ +c;\ w ~ > U
,+L;
J~~~
dans les deux Indes)
4 +i
j .
aL+l
j .jcb
Y l +I+\ >
--
IL .+A!&iJ> iJ4;11 J ~ ;+J I
+.+
ibk
JS
ei @I
?WI
31 &34
$ Cr)l&l
-15
i&!l
3J+3
j .
&T
LIj G! ii)
.ij+~~ ijfi ' i J~ L ~S >
(Rousseau 1778-1712)
& 4 f"
r". j -
Js-3
Fi3
* $ uisJ +e-
dJ3L+
(Turin)
-LJ>
h
j
2dy jG 3 1 S C I I
1742
J!1736 * i i ! J!& > +
$J
2
.I738
dF a
(Discours sur les b+IJ
IJG IJ4
d!
22I3
+ d l
6 3
rltyJl
I+
& 141
.>j&d'&-LOwfJ
aYLi, +I
, J17
2 i d l j(Chambery)
k J Y 1 a+
1750 j .&+&XI
J
. a b U LLP jlSJ +j
Ge'L; &s3 (Mme de Warens) o
y9-I
~
\+ i j J &
N I
;* ulk; dL
o+L
dL;
iub kS! &I +WI ;;14 Sciences et les Arts) ;r ?Lk; +LTS 1755 j&GI
>IJ
(Discours sur L'origine de l'inkgalite
4)
&Kill d i%
3 JS
(Julie et la +IJJ
&+yl
(Emile ou @I
>\
'(Dijon)
a
UI
Ijw->
Fl &\
W3 parmi les Hommes)
&#I
JLGI j ..>JJ+>>
Jr! %IJJ
Nouvelle HCloise)
j
de l'education)
a L i I p Y I l++ L S k;lUl 6-
. I 7 6 2 j social)
I &I
(Du contrat
.17 8 8> 1 7 8 2
L+
e'L9
+ a&
je&
u ~ L L + Y Id l "
(Confessions)
L ipli ijgl
.-+!I
e
(Tergot 1781-1727)
cr!M d+ +JI
LLT a u I
4+
L+ 92 A
I
I
i
p>.1776-1774 3 4 L d J
'& 'p &dl &I
wu
I
'L+\ TjL
2 .. A . 31
41 Y j @JI
~
ii \ +>l>jl
s2- 1 8 dT
k
jA J L J &Jb
Y k &&YI
2
o$L
dWA
2 j
..LAY\
I
lyiJ3 .I761 j . zlj& >dlG+
& > u Y I
&I>
.w
16: G>L 41 ~ + \ j ~ & I b
Jp*i -LiJ (Adam Smith)
c;W
c&
$ 6 1 j iJI 3%
-
SpJI
$ 9 a4&-I
bLS 1 77 5
Lu
L ,L'IItUJl Jj
j(Guerre des Farines)
lgif LSL JIj
0
i A I
i+I
-3
iswI 4
u~
~ >,& 1
l p i"i"l> blS -1L;b
4;&>
$9
..kl;~b
CGX~
*&I
rS4!& $ ~ ~ b + ~ - O S
(1729-1726) I+! +G
@I
&js9
1-
d T ~CL-rj ~ W 4 w W j l r -Lf;
bwI j &d jt b LL! j
17 3 1
j(Lettres Anglaises)
&J
2
j;LoL+ll
eJ i+IJdl
j W I ;IJL: +lrS j is)2WI ;* GlrSJI
J!
~
w J I ~ j 1412 b
cL,J+
G w & &~'II
i~b - 1 ~
- 19
(Voltaire 1778-1694) w
. L;j
&3
. i A I i,WI
a
a31
3 ,JIP
Jj
Jvjj
6jJI (Charles XII)
- &u\
+l=S j
. b W kJpp e l ,rL3 fl*. ilw13>1 7 3 4 .1753-1750 >Wl JlS
(Treatise on
JL ;r.
d2!Jj
$ ax;Ul LJ n b # dkL pL.dI $ a L W + W 1763 jJ ~ .toleration)
l
(1727-1663) &I j
c i J T
641j
~ L -l
e-
.&jJ .- jy.*kll +lAU a L I J a
& JpdIJd JJk-kA\ -YI :Jb>& 1-
.g>;P
~
J
J
-- -. 1. 1I
(Philosophiae Naturalis Principia i ;
.Mathematica)
.\+y
j&LJ :J
(Letters on y L ; I I
i l J a :J.+
&L
(An &I!+.
'u>klI dzr .Toleration) ~
-
33
bfr
.Essay concerning Human Understanding) .I+!
2 ++!I
q+lA+Jl
+,Gi
( T ~ o u+ ~d~ l:~ s
:J-
q.2
AJ dfr
.Concerning Education)
++
(The 1-
:J-
5-
. Reasonableness of Christianity) idp3
l+!3
An
jk ' e l
k 3 3
kJ&l LIJ*l&>
dJJ3,Jf~@IJ
t
- (Asiento Guenia) r i S 9
&iJI
&A
. ~ b J 3
. (Optics) clL,+l .I&?,
I+!
:J u -
2 2>L3
c3
2%+I .Lil-
A & ..
-
d 3 k J *l9
j OL&I
.I+! :'*.
3
&a
x& L C ' L
j J~~ I
-
3 3
.(Projet pour la paix perpetuelle) &+
&cI
yi
r%J I
iiWI +? r l b - j l -
.UL+
+ el>l
L jj
O+
J3.
kbsJ 6+
j9T
&-J;lj3
y-?pl +\
.w
j , _ J 3t
IS&\
JW j + & ' j I
&.dJ
is$
JJT
. k c 2 3 &&A!! j .
J!
dJ&\ *d
-
444 qb.33 4JL
(li-LU1
&JJJ
3 L-Si
.(1 762-1 690) L&$
.
.ad 2 + JJ .. GydL-9 .
-
k
ja J Q ) -l,
'>h%
-
3LG\
1718
- 'W 3..Js Is; (Robinson 3j3$ 3 e S J : cklk
13
17 19
.Crusoe) $LJ :Ju* p
(Lettres L+Gd
. aer;Jj12j $ j ; n
& 442 L S -
.(Moll Flanders)jJL% J,J)
~
~
I
1 ' 2 28
1721
:dj, t L 3Persanes)
ad (Rerum :JU-
-
:d& &I.) $
A.334 1 ~
2 italicarum
1722
-
1723
scriptiones)
A J 'J Y J I j+&W(uiJpX)&L~JlL16.L j (St. John's 3-
b
L rYi
$ c,-dI e L l l r l +l ib\ . a
:dp_l& .Passion)
ek
-
. ,-\?A53 w - 4 I u&J+ i9J3 cL=il -
1724
-b
AS3 p.LJ
k+...
-
...
e2 (Principls of a New +.\;r
(cL
123!
:Jb..
AS1)
. Science) . g 3 *
3 "sV.,..l
-
+LLJl Wl
'jL!i b 3
.'j+
g b kyy
r&13
&t-
zYk
-
Jk-
(Encyclopkdia or A Universal Dictionary of Arts
jL. y Y j
(St. Matthew's +*LA
.and Science) : a hck .Passion)
u+bJl
*Vl
.
.;;,rluY\ .. jJk3a
x+
-
3-,+U M
3!+&I
~ ~ p -js;;+~ -dl i
,I. .$--t
. (Manon Lescaut) :Jk+ h+-A >J e*J (History
+ j W I %I2 :ed'JL' $9 J + .
-
-
.of Charles XII) . @>Xlj j ;_I!, c;W cl> &I j. a d j ad$i+.w 1 ~J ~ ~3 1 b . I d * 2 G W I u y +I+ -
,
(Essay d L Y l
2 -
.(Gottingen)
.on Man) j;j'el.b -
. J L EJ* L12 +&y!
Jj ~ 1 4-2 1
I
J
1734
-
I
.(I1 Newtoniansmo per le Dame)
1735
.LA1
d3udJU -
l r k l l :J-
(Systema d
-
L I j 3 :~b~2 J&[
.Naturae)
w-+(Eminenti) j ? L f l :2 dfi
3 && -
17 3 8
.LJrklI
.(Herculaneum)
&Y &p :2 d+.
(Elkments de >4=; G..Ji ;p flLrc
:>a4) I GI+
.la philosophie de Newton)
(A&AlL&!I
+ : ~ - L p J ~ r e * t j b 1739
j
.Treatise of Human Nature) /)Id
b.92
& 'ISL
-
;L-I $I
- fW d2 .
. (Pamela) %4
iJ+lPl
132 L L -
.w& Ad+) J*
-
. L i l l $ B W I uy
-
+I+
dY3JLZj, ,J9b:J-+
-
1740
+
-
(Philosophical Essay Concerning Human d&
l
1-
JL-)ll
CJH
d-1
(1762-1697)
.+MI Ju
. (The Messiah) I (Essai
&I
:
I
sur
: d _ p ! J&\r
&I
I L'origine
dIJ3&
des
174 1 1746
connaissances
.Humaines)
I I
(L'hornme G
J
1747
.Machine) 1748 . L i l l $ iiWl uy &-l& & .!I' d J W @ 13-2LJL L j U :+S& d?
J
AJ-&-yLp j
-
.(Clarissa) r p -
:J-
.Understanding) (De L'esprit d jLdI
~3J
ey -
j:
J-
.des lois) d$-allj
r+-JI
Jy
j l y :J*
~
J
J
.(Discours sur les Sciences et les Arts) .,dl
Ls &@I
UUl -t
-
-
1750
JJ+-.; .$2
+
by&\ 2 JJtl ++I
1751
J I ~ ! -
~ J - 4 1 ~ 3
a ~ ~ i -1Y l jJ J L :J+
f p+l>
-
. (Enquiry Concerning the principles of Morals) (Le Si6cle
9
L t - ' ~d j :Jb-
.L.i,Wl
j?+
:
I
;r I
Qck,FtL- :
&I
J-
-
.de Louis XIV) &.+ qulJ . (Encyclopedie) +I> -
1752
1754
.(History of Great Britain)
(Pensbes
L l J 3
J(+I\
4 Jy : >+J .sur I'interprttation de la Nature) J
:>-
C ; , J ~ \
YJJ -
. (Discours sur L'inegalitt parrni les hornrnes) . I +&'?I
d l Lf.19L :-)-+d+fl
&Lo-
.(Dictionary of English Language) .@I 0 1 4 1 u~ +I*, (De yJl
1755
j :Ju- d ~ ~ J*3 1
.L'Esprit)
1756 1758
~ L f y e j3 l
a 4 1 3
+$
31 ?lh.' :Jh y 9J -
. (Lettre a d'Alembert sur les spectacles) (Tableau i + L e ; j I
Jgl+
:
j
l
I
' 4. IJ :
I
-
.Economique) ri=;WI ri;l~Yl -
.(Encyclopkdie) ky_tell J . Jl;;dl ,y (Jesuits) *&I . (Candide) +&U :JL,+ .&&I pkr d W l il,L . (Rasselas)
d
17 5 9
-
3>
ASj J2J-
J
~
+
:Jh- (=J -
.(Theory of Moral Sentiments)
p+4 2 'ju2. >L.Jl .
L L L d l cL51
-
. (Montague House) dsb .&A\ j. & 4 9 J*..&I &lL2& ' ap.d W I ~ J S (La Nouvelle ;+&I
.9 (Le Neveu de
jI&
I
IJ ps
:
Y ~ J
.Hkloise) I 6 :6. 9 ~ 4 3 .Rameau)
1760 1761
1762
~
(du contrat &&YI
:>ay j -~
&I
.(Emile) &Ig
social)
.JK U L d l 4 1 +F
&dL
jf
U I ibL
-
1763
.tJ' (Treatise on rWI
jLlJ3
-
:>*gl
.Toleration)
f~*.
L I
. Lj j(Jesuits) e&l9 ~ u.-r4 j +YI OLJUI -b -
1764
.&LL--' 63 & Jsf l * . ~ AJ . (Dei Delittie delle Pene) (Philosophical &I
:
L d& ,
K& >I+ -
-
I :>-
.Dictionary)
r-dl i,Ji L J L NU\
&U +I
:>b O L &L3
.c . E -
.(History of Ancient Art) jA+- c j U l ,
;j$I
CLjJj
jc db+l
:J-+
'('32
52 -
(Reflexions sur la formation et la distribution des
. Richesses)
1765
&.IL
@\
2
:Aj+g rJ -
L l J 2
1766
.(Essay on the History of Civil Society) j d l & 2 V l &%dl J! &,
I*, J+p;LrJ!
-
!
-
~;k 2 j.~k \ (Jesuits)
. JJ!LJ
s J 3-
D y A I
. (Tristram Shandy) &&+ D+ ~
J
1 4 ~J5 3 1& L I.
4s -
+.A
:J-.
1767
(The History and Present State of >-I
.Electricity) ."++I
d y S L j-
2 a&,$)
6L G -
.(Physiocrates) Llj>,pll :
J-
- 44 1 kzlll J! JJY~ L;
LJ-
A$
:A(1793-1721) d+A~J
.(History of Charles V) (Le Rtve ax-JI
JJYI yi?j31
-
y&
ybwl 4 &J+
& 2 -2 1 &JL;
:
2
DS
.A,k;lJJI
(Histoire des deux
1769
1 j . ! ,Ls-
pL :d~ ~ k -.dYAlembert)
L ? ' 9 $ '$'CJ!
1768
A$-
JL I.
-
.Indes)
2
1770
r%
(Systkne de la -1
~UJ - >
:J*Q?
.Nature) +>dlirLP;J ... L j j+iUdI- -
1771
a&-
a s
(Encyclopedia i,i&$l
(History of
IS^! &b
-
isy&
J J ~ Ii , k l l
:J+
.Britannica) b y j 2 ~ rUdJ
.America) .zJ\j> zy&
J3\
p-
-~>j\
4u4
&-
L l 'J N I 1-
>j?s(j
.
& +dAdl+jY . 1 d 4
i p J J +UI
Jy
TJ+l
-
L
I
I
&dJ-
0 1 s
.*I
.I,.&
-
blJ3Jl
1772
+ J,I I+-
A+
-
. +UI .
~ 4ru 1& +
1773
M4WI . (Jesuit)
+
Ljj
ilj~
: ,
" . ;a
d> U I
1774
(The Sorrows of
$4dlp/
-
:JUcj+
-
. Werther)
d
- Iyi3 3
.isy!
. J ~ Y ..~2 I (The Barber of &2l
J-Yl
$2
+y
r*,
-
-
j *%dl ZJ> j% :Ju9 LOS! -
. Seville)
. d Y h &Lo2 &Lp rL,&l -
.iJ1jJ\
Ld&lyY\
L_pkurS
:J--
JJ~SJ!
(Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire)
L.&
-
GLgJ\
J~ J~L; :J*p? L+- yJ-
(An Enquiry into the Nature and
. Causes of
yyl
d l 3j
the wealth of Nations)
1775
(Les Epoques de la G
I
:
J +
4d>* .Nature)
. A .&Ilezf-o-, Lj3J.5 jGJ1J.s
.
-
. (Dialogues of
Natural Religion)
~
pLI :
+&
.J "
1779
c U I -
JIY
L - - .. - L I I UbJl JF
(Science of e
-
I
Krj -
.Legislation) . L jj j + W l u a U I*bl-
. .
(Critique of 1-
JLJl JZ :JJu~? -k;U
. Pure
& 3
j d I
eJ1#
j s
-
1781
Reason)
drJ*~.
+ a :
(On the civil Amelioration of the Condition of .the Jews) (Les liaisons ;&&dl &1-,J
1 :JL,+
-
$ U,
17 8 2
. dangereuses) 3 J%Yl
$,~ " ~av1 l4
1-
*Gk2
1783
jdsl.-
:
i p ,(Jerusalem) ,.&3Jt!
J~
. &.*" +A .J ylj, Ll, zyVl
=L
JWI
g ~ i \ik*hll il .bl>
:J*,
-
.$5 rl&J -
JL
1784
1785
(Principles of Moral and Political + U 1 3 Philosophy)
(Marriage >J &
t 1
>+!I . &UI .
.of Figaro) &Le; -
&L;j j
. (Assembly of Notables)
~29 ~ -1
1
j : OJIjy
1787
JJvI +I
j&~%
.nomenclature chimique) (Don j
Li-
;J33
:aJIjy
lH3T
29 -
. Giovanni) . L;i $ +.L,.l (Critique of &I
++!I
WI JLk; :J&.+
04liiil-
LE -
.Practical Reason)
1788
&&I
rU;r]l
J+-
a-t.;-'
:&%-L.,
.(Laws of the Planetary System) 9L / J ~j \ +.bJl 1-
-
t++I
.j;34 & 3 I
~
L
1789
--
-
1790
-
3 olsl&Gl :AJ2 &+I L jj .(Reflections on the Revolution in France) + (The Rights d L Y \ j
:++
b b &L+
-
1791
. of Man) j +
cj,
T_Li3
:JU
d l $
a 4 3 3
-
dJL -
. (Vindication of the Rights of Won~an)iT&l . UI, L j j,. +dlt Y & I .I I I :J-4+>,&35 J J 0 'J-31 r* (Esquisse d'un tableau
historique
l CJJ
des
CLkll -dk! I
progrbs
de
l'esprit
.humain)
1792
1793