Oney krock pratt thesis istanbul

Page 1

ISTANBUL h u m a n i t y

t o

u r b a n i t y


Architecture of proliferating urbanities mu


must produce and sustain [momentum].

k.c. + h.o



As [urbanity] continues to intensify in complexity and at scales beyond the means of current infrastructures a city’s ability to function at the levels it previously sustained is greatly reduced. The byproducts of such rapid densification create incidents of urban congestion at all scales. Architecture can alleviate these [urban inertia]s by designing infrastructures that generate [momentum]. [Momentum] can be stimulated through sectional, planar and facade design. Elements of the new infrastructures can promote fluidity by restoring the void and providing spaces for BLANK to be relieved.

k.c. + h.o



ISTANBUL hum ani t y

to

ur bani ty

CHAPTER 1 - PROPOSAL


U R B A N CONGESTION

the factors

In early years the city was devised to handle the planning of the first metropolitan population of 5 million, as of today Istanbul is set over 15 million inhabitants as projections grow as the city continues to establishes itself as an important global city. With each new construction the population and city center grows and expands northward.

0

0

MI

2

FIGURE 1

current population of city

Istanbul

15, 850,000

17.8

7,770

12,700,000

12

New York

8,337,000

2.8

5,900

8,090,000

9

Berlin

3,502,000

4.2

2,580

4,300,000

0

FIGURE 2

city as percentage of central area density national population (people per mi 2)

concentrations of population over time:

1920 - 1940

1980 - 2000

1940 - 1960

2000 - 2010

1960 - 1980

current population percentage growth in the metropolitan 2010-2025 region (people per hour)


2 MI 5 KM

c

f


the factors FIGURE 3

Turkey’s economy has experienced many crises, spawning from the establishment of the Turkish Republic. The government took loans during the time of the Ottoman Empire which began the threats responsible for the economical growth and development of the country. Many inner wars, army recessions and world wars has strangled and put suffering on the country’s economy. Due to these factors Turkey’s capital has fluctuated heavily and they were forced to acquire more loans from the US and EU.

fund import liberalization

unplanned investments; ww reflections

21.6

resulting high inflations

16.4 9.4

GDP

4.5

Gross Domestic Product

1st Term

Debts from Ottoman Empire were paid until 1944.

58

Military Concussion

19

54

50 19

48 19

38 19

29 19

19

23

-3.0

2nd Term

Marshall grant was spent along with the money.

3.4

Loans from IMF were spent during this period.

60

9.5

19

global recession

19

U R B A N CONGESTION


unorganized use of foreign credits

first oil crisis

second oil crisis

post concussion

asian-russian crisis

global recession (credit crunch)

7.8 0.3 -1.9

08 20

03 20

02 20

01

-9.5

20

-6.1

99

94 19

91 19

89 19

86

83 19

80

78 19

74 4th Term

Short term loans were requested from different foundations with government bonds.

-5.5

19

1.7

-1.1 Military Concussion

19

70

69 19

65 3rd Term

Payback period Golden years for the economy due to tourism for the loans. income and money brought by foreign Turkish workers coming back to Turkey.

3.3

2.9

Military Concussion

19

60 19

19

58

Military Concussion

persian gulf war

financial meltdown

8.1

19

3.1

19

3.4

7.4

5.4

european financial crisis

13.5

10.2 4.5

19

mid crisis

financial fluctuation

5thTerm

An endless loop of loans and unsuccessful pay backs begin. Wages drop down successively and the economy gets worse and worse.


U R B A N CONGESTION

the location

The new real estate investments planned by the government are proposed on specific zones, expanding the city towards the Black sea from Marmara sea. This expansion will not only increase the density but also spawn more informal settlements around these clusters of development.

FIGURE 4

zones of settlements:

zones in process of development formal settlements informal settlements city border public transport


2 MI 5 KM


weekly congestion pattern:

FIGURE 5

Cong

the location

Istanbul

estio

ay

n%

M

150

Frid

M

sd ay

104

ur

OR

on

130

NI

da

y

NG

Th

70 s Tue

26

Wednesd ay

day

26 72

s Tue

57 %

day

Wednesd ay

72

sd ay

ur

Th

70 104

Berlin

on

M

150

28 %

ay

y

da

130 Frid

n%

estio

Cong

G

IN

EN

EV

U R B A N CONGESTION

Best Week Day Worst Week Day Congestion % Congestion Worst Avg. Morning Peak

New York

Worst Avg. Evening Peak Delay per hour

Ranking Ranking of city compared to continent Congestion level on highways Congestion level on non-highways Delay per hour driven in period

1/58 61% 54% 64 mins

26 %


%

200 150

15

in %

45

100 50 0

30

Q2-2011

Q3-2011

Q4-2011

Q1-2012

Q2-2012

Q3-2012

Q4-2012

Q1-2013

Q2-2013

0 Min

80 60 15

45

in %

%

Comparison Per Quarter

40 20 0

30

Q2-2011

Q3-2011

Q4-2011

Q1-2012

Q2-2012

Q3-2012

Q4-2012

Q1-2013

Q2-2013

Q2-2011

Q3-2011

Q4-2011

Q1-2012

Q2-2012

Q3-2012

Q4-2012

Q1-2013

Q2-2013

0 Min

80 60

15

45

in %

%

0 Min

40 20

30

0


U R B A N CONGESTION

the issue

Istanbul’s public transportation systems are not efficient, the multitude of types do not make commuting faster, they only cause more congestion in the arteries of the urban fabric.

FIGURE 6

location of: airport future lines frequent nodes rare nodes

Istanbul original metropolitan plan was to designed to hold five million people, the mega city now is pushing close to fifteen million inhabitants.

daily use of: bicycle

715

teleferic

9,039

funicular

64,000

trains

144,801

ferry

241,604

subway

300,606

tramway

587,448

metrobus

715,000

taxi

1,100,000

bus

1,324,837

minibus

1,850,000

cars

3,182,534


2 MI 5 KM


U R B A N CONGESTION

the issue

Not only the bridge but the proposed canal will be providing an axis that crosses the water basins, by creating this access across istanbul the city will face a surge in international movement.

“Supporters of Istanbuls introduction of the third bridge argue that it is for transit traffic and trucks, and that it will take the load off of the second bridge. However, a 2006 scientific report by the Turkish Highways Authority states that the ratio of transit traffic crossing the two current bridges is 2.85%, not even 3%.�

FIGURE 7

location of:

airport new airport zone future bridge and highway present bridges and highways new planned settlement


2 MI 5 KM


U R B A N CONGESTION

the issue

Istanbul is sandwiched between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara in a 30 mile band. Istanbul first developed the lower one third of this band, the remaining two thirds were natural foliated zones. With the opening of the first Bosphorus bridge in 73, the business center of the city took a leap northward, and in 88, the second bridge dragged the focal life of the city along with it, more north. Now, the two bridges and their highways, have shrunk these green zones.

FIGURE 8

location of urban center prior to bridge

2 MI 5 KM

and road systems. 25 MI

For the remaining one third it is not the introduction of the third bridge that matters, but the highway connected to the bridge. This axis will bring in exponentially more traffic, development, business, and industrial pollution. This includes the development of the new canal project as well as the third airport in the northern band of the city. Istanbul will face an ecological catastrophe as the remaining green will disappear as it is engulfed by these new megastructures.

populated zones:

1920 1990 2015


FIGURE 9

concentration of urban life at end of

2 MI 5 KM

FIGURE 10

expected projection of urban city

the first, Bogazici Kpr., and second, Fatih Sultan

center and concentration after the construction

Mehmet Kpr., bridge construction.

of the third bridge.

2 MI 5 KM


I S TA N B U L BUSINESS DISTRICTS

traffic study

tage 6

CBD

5 7 8

4 3 2

1

9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Aksaray Eminonu Karakoy Istiklal Street

Car

Osmanbey Mecidiyekoy Besiktas Uskudar Kadikoy

3

1 Public Transportation

2

4


“The characteristics which make Istanbul distinctive among the world cities are; it’s rich heritage of two Empires, a city bridging two continents, nodal point of international transportation, center of international connections, center of historical, cultural and commercial activities, primary center of industry and economic core with an urban population of 10 million.” The CBD study aims to prove the congestion between the specific nodes.

vs FIGURE 11

5

1

Aksaray

2

Eminonu

40 mins

vs

30 mins

2

Eminonu

3

Karakoy

30 mins

vs

20 mins

3

Karakoy

4

Istiklal Street

25 mins

vs

40 mins

4

Istiklal Street

5

Osmanbey

30 mins

vs

50 mins

5

Osmanbey

6

Mecidiyekoy

40 mins

vs

60 mins

6

Mecidiyekoy

7

Besiktas

30 mins

vs

20 mins

7

Besiktas

8

Uskudar

vs

8

25 mins

50 mins

Uskudar

9

Kadikoy

40 mins

vs

50 mins

6

7

8

9


3 S I T E S I S TA N B U L

zones of interest

Garipce District of Sariyer Poyrazkoy District of Beykoz

Levent

2000 ft

District of Besiktas

500 m

Yenikapi District of Fatih FIGURE 12

istnabul’s districts of interest:

FIGURE 13

garipce + poyrazkoy:

The north outskirts of Istanbul is inhabited by fisherman villages and a few gated

District Border

communities, currently the

Site Zone

rest are natural foliated zones.


2000 ft

1000 ft

500 m

200 m

FIGURE 14

levent:

FIGURE 15

yenikapi:

Buyukdere Cd splits Levent in half,

Rail Lines

this major roadway discets program

Marmaray Rail Tube Transition

as well, seperating the multi-use

Yenikapi Station

commercial industry from the residential.


3 S I T E S I S TA N B U L

FIGURE 16

movement of districts

immegration density within city movements:

0 - 100 Density > 100 Density 0 - 100 Density within Interest Zones > 100 Density within Interest Zones Maximum Movement within Interest Zones Maximum Movement outside Interest Zones Areas outside Interest Zones Interest Zones


Sariyer

Beykoz

Eminonu


YENIKAPI F A T I H

FIGURE 17

AD 400 byzantine empire:

site morphology

FIGURE 18

AD 1000 byzantine empire:

Zone of Interest

Zone of Interest

Modern Shoreline

Modern Shoreline

Theodosius Port

Theodosius Port

AD 400 Shoreline

AD 1000 Shoreline

Main Roads

Barrier Wall


FIGURE 19

AD 1500 byzantine empire:

FIGURE 9

AD 1800 ottoman empire:

Zone of Interest

Zone of Interest

Modern Shoreline

Modern Shoreline

Food Plantation

Orchard

AD 1500 Shoreline

AD 1800 Shoreline

Barrier Wall

Main Roads


YENIKAPI F A T I H FIGURE 20

urban voids:

comparing conditions FIGURE 21

Zone of Interest Voids Main Arteries

2012 Republic of Turkey:



YENIKAPI F A T I H FIGURE 22

marmaray

tunnel diagrams: 100 cm

60 cm

100 cm

80 cm

860 cm

90 cm

15.30 m

18,00 tons of submerged tube

Total length 76.3 kilometers

1,200,000 passengers a day 1

42 Stations between

Cost 3.3 billion

Gebize- Halkali

2

3

11 segments, each 135 m long

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11


Aksaray - Havaalani Mevcut Metro

Eminono - Zeytinburnu Mevcut Tramvay Aksaray - Yenikapi Insaa Halindeki Haffif Metro

Taksim - Yenikapi

Marmaray

Insaa Halindeki Metro

Insaa Halindeki Tup Rayli Gecis

Yenikapi - Bakirkoy Uygulama Projesi Devam Eden Metro

Banliyo Hatti

FIGURE 23

yenikapi transit stations: Zone of Interest Marmaray Metro

Tramway


YENIKAPI F A T I H

consolidate + restore

Yenikapi Proposal Restore

Disordered Clusters Buildings and Roads Minimize infrastructure and reshape the coastline

Disordered Clusters

History Restoring the void

FIGURE 24:

FIGURE 25:

of program; minimize the infrastructure andmain Roads onlyBuildings keeping the aerteries that will Minimize infrastructure and reshape the coastline consequently reshape the coastline.

that can be removed and programs thatHistory can be consolidated. Restoring Conserve the void the past by excavating and reveiling the ruins.

Buildings and Roads Identify the disorganized clusters Clusters MinimizeDisordered infrastructure and reshape the coastline

Disordered Clusters

History Identify buildings Restoring the void


History e and reshapeRestoring the coastline the void

Green Regrouping Relocate and compact

History Restoring the void

Green Regrouping Relocate and compact

Green Green Regrouping Regrouping Restrore thecompact void throughand regrouping Relocate and Relocate compact

FIGURE 26:

and relocating buildings and inserting green space along the coast and integrate it within the new building sites and transportation hub.


L E V E N T B E S I K TA S

FIGURE 27

1947

1947:

1947

site morphology

FIGURE 28

1990

1990

1990:


FIGURE 29

2013:

2013

2013


L E V E N T B E S I K TA S

site analysis

Programmed Land 35% Residential 25% Mix-Use

Levent has changed and developped many layers since the 60’s with the first housing project. Today, there is multiple uses of building along a main arterary, which is the commercial street. The buildings closest to the streets are mostly service and commercial buildings, the second strip is occupied by the residential private or commun houses.

20% Commercial

10% Vacant 10% Service

Exposure To The Main Street 35% Commercial 25% Mix-Use 20% Vacant

FIGURE 30

10% Service

program:

10% Residential

Mix-Use/Residential

Max

Comercial Residential

Exposure

Access To Public Transportation

Vacant

35% Commercial

Industrial/Service Sectors

25% Mix-Use

Municpal

20% Service

Religious

Min

Institutional

Exposure 10% Vacant

10% Residential


Programmed Land Programmed Land

35% Residential 35% Residential 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use 20% Commercial 20% Commercial Programmed Land

Programmed Programmed Land Land

35% Residential 35% Residential 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use Programmed Land

10% Vacant 20% Commercial 20% Commercial 10% Vacant 10% Service 10% Service Programmed Land

10% Vacant 10% Vacant

35% Residential

Density Density

25% Mix-Use 20% Commercial 35% Residential 25% Mix-Use

Density

Density Density

20% Vacant Commercial 10% Density

10% 35% Service Residential 25% Mix-Use

Exposure To The Main Street10% Service 10% Service 10% Vacant Exposure To The Main Street 20% Commercial 35% Commercial Exposure To The Main Street 35% Commercial 10% 35% Service Commercial 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use

Density

25% Mix-Use

Exposure Exposure To TheTo Main TheStreet Main Street 20%Vacant Vacant 20% 35% Vacant Commercial 35% Commercial Exposure To The Main 10% Street 20% Vacant 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use

35% Commercial 10% Service 25% Mix-Use

Green Green

Green

20% Vacant 20% Vacant

20% Service Vacant 10% Exposure To The Main Street 10% Service 35% Residential Commercial

10% 10% Service

10% Residential 10% Residential 10% Service 10% Service

Green

Green

Green

25% Mix-Use

10% Service 20% Vacant Access To Public Transportation 10% Residential 35% Commercial

Green

10% Residential 10% Residential

25% Mix-Use

Access To Public Transportation Access To Public Transportation 35% Commercial Commercial AccessAccess To Public To35% Public Transportation Transportation

10% 20% Service Service Access To Public Transportation

35% Commercial 35% Commercial 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use

25% Mix-Use 20% Vacant Service 10%

Access To Public Transportation 20% Service 20% Service 10% 35% Residential Commercial

20% Service 20% Service

25% Mix-Use 10% Vacant 20% Service 10% Residential

10% Vacant 10% Vacant 10% Vacant 10% Vacant 10% Residential 10% Residential 10% Residential 10% Residential

Height

35% Residential Commercial 10%

10% Vacant 10% Residential

Height

Height Height

Height

Height

Height


ISTIKLAL CD BEYOGLU In the 50’s Isktiklal avenue was a residential area, with mostly non muslims, the avenue consited of two vehicle lanes, a tram line located in the center and very informal sidewalks for pedestrains.

1950


FIGURE 31

1947:


ISTIKLAL CD BEYOGLU

1995

In the begining of 90’s, with the original residents leaving the area, the avenue became a more commercial and entertainment district, though it did manage to maintain some residential units. In this transformation the vehicle lanes were removed and trees were introduced as a barrier between the tram and the pedestrain zone, which in result gained more ground.


FIGURE 32

1947:


ISTIKLAL CD BEYOGLU

2013

Today Istiklal Avenue is dominated by commercial businesses, the tree barriers were removed for space and visibility purposes so that the shops at the street level are not obstructed. The tram runs less frequently and is a staple to the avenues historical past.


FIGURE 33

1947:


ISTIKLAL CD BEYOGLU

FIGURE 34

program

Istiklal Avenue is a landmark strip in the aspect that it still maintains its multi cultural quality, with mutliple foreign schools and consulate buildings, while being the hot stop for entertainment, commerce and political events.

program diagram:

civil/state area

educational complex

consulate buildings

higher learning facilities

religious facilities

dormitories

religious building

underground station

park

finance/bank/insurance

tourism/service/trade sectors

cultural area

residential/office mix use

fair/bazaar



ISTIKLAL CD BEYOGLU

accessibility

ISTIKLAL CD BEYOGLU

1950

FIGURE 35

Istiklal Cd is one of the densest and liveliest streets in Istanbul, over 400,000 people pass through daily: Subway

Car

Dead-Ends Direction of Car Traffic Tram Line

Nostalgic Tramway

People

DImensions


41’ 34’ 15’ 12’ 3’ 33’

42’ 48’

78’ 13’ 4’

85’

7’

61’ 46’ 26’

33’

15’

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1

Cars that pass through intersection

4/10 mins

0/10 mins

People that pass through zone

60/10 mins

120/10 mins

FIGURE 1

12/10 mins

200/10 mins

FIGURE 1

6/10 mins

600/10 mins


ISTIKLAL CD BEYOGLU

cultural diversity

The street life on Istiklal Avenue is directly related to the buildings that border the pedestrain road. The design of the buildings facades and storefronts activate the interactions and social conditions.

FIGURE 36

FIGURE 37

FIGURE 38

2pm-12am

2pm-12am

11am-8pm

Vacant Building Fronts

Vacant, grafittied Building Fronts

Narrow Building entry

FIGURE 42

FIGURE 43

FIGURE 44

12pm-10pm

11am-11pm

9am-6pm

Open-exposed to street

Welcoming-open to street

On Street corners


38

FIGURE 39

FIGURE 40

FIGURE 41

pm

4pm-1am

11am-8pm

10am-9pm

Building entry

Vacant Building Fronts, front of construction sites

Narrow, hidden corridor streets, with deadends

Travelling, along the street

E 44

FIGURE 45

FIGURE 46

FIGURE 47

pm

9am-8pm

4pm-3am

9am-7pm

eet corners

In the main Istiklal Avenue, on street

On main street, un active building fronts

Building entries, open to street


ople

FIGURE 49

U R B A N CONGESTION

density study

Weekday Congestion on Istiklal Avenue:

Istiklal Avenue is consited of many dead-end narrow streets and passage streets which are habited by small shops,bazaars and coffee shops.

220

FIGURE 48 FIGURE 50

Pedestrain Traffic within specified zone: Ages 18-25 Ages 25-35 Ages 35-50 Foreign Turkish

60 people 50 people 30 people 80 people 140 people

Total Number of People

220 people


Section of Istiklal Ave, buildings activating street activity:


FIGURE 53

U R B A N CONGESTION

density study

Evening Congestion on Istiklal Avenue:

During weekend nights are one of the most active times of Istiklal Avenue, specifically the larger open area in front of Galatasaray High School in the center, with it closeness to entertainment,such as bars, restaurants.

FIGURE 51

Pedestrain Traffic within specified zone: Ages 18-25 Ages 25-35 Ages 35-50 Foreign Turkish

200 people 120 people 60 people 80 people 400 people

Total Number of People

500 people

Section of Istiklal Ave, buildings activating street activity:

FIGURE 52



FIGURE 55

U R B A N CONGESTION

density study

During the occupy gezi events, majority of public was gathered in the begining point of Istiklal Avenue, in Taksim Square, the numbers reached up to 500 thousand people.

Section of Istiklal Ave, buildings activating street activity:

FIGURE 54

Pedestrain Traffic within specified zone: Ages 18-25 Ages 25-35 Ages 35-50 Foreign Turkish

340,000 people 150,000 people 50,000 people 500 people 499500 people

Total Number of People

500,000 people


FIGURE 60

Congestion during Strikes/Public Walks on Istiklal Avenue:


U R B A N CONGESTION

the proposal



U R B A N CONGESTION

the proposal



U R B A N CONGESTION

the proposal

only bus

Streets Are Public Spaces

Great Streets Are Great For Businesses

Design Intersections To Be As Compact As Possible

Analyse Intersections as Part of a Network, Not in Isolation

Streets Can Be Changed

Integrate Time And Space


Streets Should Be Designed For Safety

Streets Are Shared Spaces

Streets Are Ecosystems

Utilize Excess Spaces As Public Space

Streets Have Potential for Extended Building Program

Design For The Future



ISTANBUL hum ani t y

to

ur bani ty

CHAPTER 2 SITE+BUILDING MORPHOLOGY


3 S I T E S I S TA N B U L

zones of interest

Garipce District of Sariyer Poyrazkoy District of Beykoz

Levent

2000 ft

District of Besiktas

500 m

Yenikapi District of Fatih FIGURE 1

istnabul’s districts of interest:

FIGURE 2

garipce + poyrazkoy:

The north outskirts of Istanbul is inhabited by fisherman villages and a few gated

District Border

communities, currently the

Site Zone

rest are natural foliated zones.


2000 ft

1000 ft

500 m

200 m

FIGURE 3

levent:

FIGURE 4

yenikapi:

Buyukdere Cd splits Levent in half,

Rail Lines

this major roadway discets program

Marmaray Rail Tube Transition

as well, seperating the multi-use

Yenikapi Station

commercial industry from the residential.


3 S I T E S I S TA N B U L

FIGURE 5

movement from districts

immegration density within city movements:

0 - 100 Density > 100 Density 0 - 100 Density within Interest Zones > 100 Density within Interest Zones Maximum Movement within Interest Zones Maximum Movement outside Interest Zones Areas outside Interest Zones Interest Zones


Sariyer

Beykoz

Eminonu


YENIKAPI F A T I H

FIGURE 6

AD 400 byzantine empire:

site morphology

FIGURE 7

AD 1000 byzantine empire:

Zone of Interest

Zone of Interest

Modern Shoreline

Modern Shoreline

Theodosius Port

Theodosius Port

AD 400 Shoreline

AD 1000 Shoreline

Main Roads

Barrier Wall


FIGURE 8

AD 1500 byzantine empire:

FIGURE 9

AD 1800 ottoman empire:

Zone of Interest

Zone of Interest

Modern Shoreline

Modern Shoreline

Food Plantation

Orchard

AD 1500 Shoreline

AD 1800 Shoreline

Barrier Wall

Main Roads


YENIKAPI F A T I H FIGURE 10

urban voids:

comparing conditions FIGURE 11

Zone of Interest Voids Main Arteries

2012 Republic of Turkey:



YENIKAPI F A T I H FIGURE 12

marmaray

tunnel diagrams: 100 cm

60 cm

100 cm

80 cm

860 cm

90 cm

15.30 m

18,00 tons of submerged tube

Total length 76.3 kilometers

1,200,000 passengers a day 1

42 Stations between

Cost 3.3 billion

Gebize- Halkali

2

3

11 segments, each 135 m long

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11


Aksaray - Havaalani Mevcut Metro

Eminono - Zeytinburnu Mevcut Tramvay Aksaray - Yenikapi Insaa Halindeki Haffif Metro

Taksim - Yenikapi

Marmaray

Insaa Halindeki Metro

Insaa Halindeki Tup Rayli Gecis

Yenikapi - Bakirkoy Uygulama Projesi Devam Eden Metro

Banliyo Hatti

FIGURE 13

yenikapi transit stations: Zone of Interest Marmaray Metro

Tramway


New Transit Hub And Archeo Park

Y Competition E N I K for A Yenikapi PI F A T I H

competition winners

"Once having arrived in Yenikapi, one will able to reach every point of our city by rail and public transportation systems," says Kadir Topbaş, Mayor of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. "The new centralization brought on by an increase of accessibility in Yenikapi has the potential of influencing the seaway, airway and highway dynamics of the metropolis as well as urban development and renewal at a metropolitan scale." President of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality

New Transit Hub And Archeo Park : Competition for Yenikapi

“Once having arrived in Yenikapi, one will able to reach every point of our city by rail and public transportation systems,” says Kadir Topbaş, Mayor of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. “The Endnotes for this page; new centralization brought on by an increase description; of general accessibility in Yenikapi has the potential of Cameron, Charley. "MVRDV ABOUTBLANK Design airway Expansive New Transit and Archeo-Park for influencing the seaway, andHub highway Yenikapı in Istanbul | Inhabitat - Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building." Inhabitat Sustainable Design Innovation Eco Architecture Green Building MVRDV dynamics of the metropolis as well as ABOUTBLANK urban Design Expansive New Transit Hub and ArcheoPark for Yenikap in Istanbul Comments. Inhabitat, 8 development and renewal at a metropolitan scale.” May 2012. Web.

FIGURE 14

exterior render:

1st; Walter, Alexander. "Three Entries Share First Prize in Istanbul's Yenikapı Design Competition." President of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Archinect. Mecanoo, 13 Apr. 2012. Web. 2nd; Furuto, Alison. "Yenikapi Transfer Point and Archaeo-Park Area Proposal / Insula Architettura E Ingegneria Atelye 70." ArchDaily. Atelye 70, 18 Apr. 2012. Web.

3rd; "Bustler: Three Entries Share First Prize in Istanbul’s Yenikapı Design Competition." Bustler. Istanbul Municipality, 13 Apr. 2012. Web.

FIGURE 15

yenikapi transit hub and park:

Mecanoo Architects and Architects Cafer Bozkurt Architects Mecanoo Architects and Cafer Bozkurt

“....presented an urban and design vision which integrates Yenikapı with its surroundings in the city and acts as an attraction point

“....presented anfindings, urbansignificant and design visionandwhich integrates Yenikapı where the archaeological for world history cultural heritage, can be showcased. ” with its surroundings in the city and acts as an attraction point where the archaeological findings, significant for world history and cultural heritage, can be showcased.”

Francesco Ce “They propos dedicated to


FIGURE 16

section render:

FIGURE 17

FIGURE 18

exterior render:

yenikapi transit hub and park:

Francesco CelliniFrancesco InsulaCellini andInsula Atelye 70 70 Architects and Atelye Architects Francesco Cellini Insula and Atelye Architects nd acts as an attraction point “They70 proposed, for the central area, a close functional and above all cultural integration between the spaces “Theyforproposed, for the asystem.... close and above all cultural ed.” tocentral users of thearea, subway ” functional “They proposed, the central dedicated area, a close functional and above all cultural integration between the spaces dedicated to users of the subway system....”

integration between the spaces dedicated to users of the subway system....”

Francesco Cellini Insula and Atelye 70 Architects “They proposed, for the central area, a close functional and above all cultural integration between the spaces dedicated to users of the subway system....”

FIGURE 19

yenikapi transit hub and park:

MVRDV and AboutBlank MVRDV and AboutBlank

MVRDV andaims AboutBlank “....the facility to create a holistic link not solely between east and west, but also between the developed “....the facility create a link holistic link not solely between northern fringe of theaims site, andto its southern coastal park... “....the facility aims to create a holistic not” solely between east and west, but also between th northern fringe of the site, and its southern coastal park...”

east and west, but also between the developed northern fringe of the site, and its southern coastal park...”

MVRDV and AboutBlank “....the facility aims to create a holistic link not solely between east and west, but also between the developed northern fringe of the site, and its southern coastal park...”


YENIKAPI F A T I H

consolidate + restore

Yenikapi Proposal Restore

Disordered Clusters Buildings and Roads Minimize infrastructure and reshape the coastline

Disordered Clusters

History Restoring the void

FIGURE 20:

FIGURE 21:

of program; minimize the infrastructure andmain Roads onlyBuildings keeping the aerteries that will Minimize infrastructure and reshape the coastline consequently reshape the coastline.

that can be removed and programs thatHistory can be consolidated. Restoring Conserve the void the past by excavating and reveiling the ruins.

Buildings and Roads Identify the disorganized clusters Clusters MinimizeDisordered infrastructure and reshape the coastline

Disordered Clusters

History Identify buildings Restoring the void


History e and reshapeRestoring the coastline the void

Green Regrouping Relocate and compact

History Restoring the void

Green Regrouping Relocate and compact

Green Green Regrouping Regrouping Restrore thecompact void throughand regrouping Relocate and Relocate compact

FIGURE 22:

and relocating buildings and inserting green space along the coast and integrate it within the new building sites and transportation hub.


L E V E N T B E S I K TA S

FIGURE 23

1947

1947:

1947

site morphology

FIGURE 24

1990

1990

1990:


FIGURE 25

2013:

2013

2013


L E V E N T B E S I K TA S

FIGURE 26

street layout:

planning study

FIGURE 27

existing building footprints:


FIGURE 28

concrete lots:

FIGURE

green areas:


L E V E N T B E S I K TA S

site analysis

Programmed Land 35% Residential 25% Mix-Use

Levent has changed and developped many layers since the 60’s with the first housing project. Today, there is multiple uses of building along a main arterary, which is the commercial street. The buildings closest to the streets are mostly service and commercial buildings, the second strip is occupied by the residential private or commun houses.

20% Commercial

10% Vacant 10% Service

Exposure To The Main Street 35% Commercial 25% Mix-Use 20% Vacant

FIGURE 29

10% Service

program:

10% Residential

Mix-Use/Residential

Max

Comercial Residential

Exposure

Access To Public Transportation

Vacant

35% Commercial

Industrial/Service Sectors

25% Mix-Use

Municpal

20% Service

Religious

Min

Institutional

Exposure 10% Vacant

10% Residential


Programmed Land Programmed Land

35% Residential 35% Residential 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use 20% Commercial 20% Commercial Programmed Land

Programmed Programmed Land Land

35% Residential 35% Residential 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use Programmed Land

10% Vacant 20% Commercial 20% Commercial 10% Vacant 10% Service 10% Service Programmed Land

10% Vacant 10% Vacant

35% Residential

Density Density

25% Mix-Use 20% Commercial 35% Residential 25% Mix-Use

Density

Density Density

20% Vacant Commercial 10% Density

10% 35% Service Residential 25% Mix-Use

Exposure To The Main Street10% Service 10% Service 10% Vacant Exposure To The Main Street 20% Commercial 35% Commercial Exposure To The Main Street 35% Commercial 10% 35% Service Commercial 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use

Density

25% Mix-Use

Exposure Exposure To TheTo Main TheStreet Main Street 20%Vacant Vacant 20% 35% Vacant Commercial 35% Commercial Exposure To The Main 10% Street 20% Vacant 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use

35% Commercial 10% Service 25% Mix-Use

Green Green

Green

20% Vacant 20% Vacant

20% Service Vacant 10% Exposure To The Main Street 10% Service 35% Residential Commercial

10% 10% Service

10% Residential 10% Residential 10% Service 10% Service

Green

Green

Green

25% Mix-Use

10% Service 20% Vacant Access To Public Transportation 10% Residential 35% Commercial

Green

10% Residential 10% Residential

25% Mix-Use 10% Access To Public Transportation 20% Service Service Access To Public Transportation Access To Public Transportation 35% Commercial 35% Residential Commercial 10% Commercial AccessAccess To Public To35% Public Transportation Transportation

35% Commercial 35% Commercial 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use 25% Mix-Use

25% Mix-Use 20% Vacant Service 10%

Access To Public Transportation 20% Service 20% Service 10% 35% Residential Commercial

20% Service 20% Service

25% Mix-Use 10% Vacant 20% Service 10% Residential

10% Vacant 10% Vacant 10% Vacant 10% Vacant 10% Residential 10% Residential 10% Residential 10% Residential

Height

10% Vacant 10% Residential

Height

Height Height

Height

Height

Height


L E V E N T B E S I K TA S FIGURE 30

building analysis

program:

Subway Access Points Study Areas 1

1

1

1

2

2

3

3

2

2

3

3



L E V E N T B E S I K TA S 2012

FIGURE 31

construction timeline

timeline:

2010

2000

1990

1965

1980

1980

1990

2000

2010

2012

1965

1780 1950-60’s

1780

1993 Sabanci

2003 2006 Metrocity Kanyon 2000 Is Towers

2011 Sapphire


FIGURE 32 :

Sabanci Towers, 1993 Sapphire Tower, 2011 Tallest building in Istanbul, residence

Levent 1, 1950's One of the first housing projects developped by turkish city planner in the

Kanyon Mall, 2006 Mix-use, residence, shopping mall

Metro City Shoppin mall, 2003 The first shopping mall combining residential towers with a public mall

Is Towers, 2000's The first and the tallest skyscrappers in Istanbul till 200's


L E V E N T B E S I K TA S

reorganize + relieve

FIGURE 33:

FIGURE 34:

Identify the main infrastructures of the dense site; keeping only what is vital for accessing Levent.

Identify the service roads; decide which are necessary and which can be removed and reorganized.


FIGURE 35:

FIGURE 36:

Claim the now vacant service roads for pedestrains; injecting a human scale while mainting the vehicular/ industrial scale.

Relieve the condensed urban fabric by inserting green/foliated zones where vacant concrete lots exist.


G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z

site morphology

5 10 15 20 35 40

45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

90 FIGURE 37

1800 1800

1800:

FIGURE 38

1894:

1894 1894


FIGURE 39

2013:

20132013


G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z

site morphology

“We have worked with leading local and global environmental assessment experts. In order to minimize the negative impacts of the construction, we plan the access roads as remote as the forestry land. We will build 65 viaducts and one ecological small bridge to preserve the natural life,” Çeçen said. When the bridge is completed, all trucks and heavy-duty vehicles will be directed to it. The Turkish state has guaranteed that 135.000 vehicles would cross over the planned third bridge each day, according to the tender specifications. “The bridge toll will be $3 per vehicle. And 8 cents will be charged from each vehicle per one kilometer on the motorway. One fourth of the total revenue will come from the bridge tolls,” Çeçen reported.

FIGURE 40

impact map on areas effected by 3rd bridge +highway construction:

government owned land for possible profit private forest areas forest areas agricultural areas limit of watershed protection


FIGURE 41

main aerteries of public transport:

FIGURE 42

areas under protection:

areas of current settlements

land under high speculation demand

city border

remaining protected natural area

current major public transport future major public transport


G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z The construction of Istanbul’s third bridge over the Bosphorus was tendered last year as part of the north Marmara motorway project’s OdayeriPasaköy section. The tender was then awarded to IC Içtas and Astaldi for the construction and operation of the bridge for the next 10 years, two months and 20 days.

.86 miles in length

FIGURE 43


FIGURE

8 lanes wide for vehicular transport 2 rail tracks

190 ft in width

proposed plan for 3rd Bridge:


G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z FIGURE 44

street layout:

FIGURE 45

beaches and empty lots:

planning study


FIGURE 46

FIGURE 47

existing building footprints:

green areas:


G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z FIGURE 48

planning study

program:

Private Residences Lighthouses Villages Vacant

Land Use Use FIGURE 49

land use:

Max Exposure

Land Land Program Program 60% 60%Forest Forest

Exposure ToTo The Streets Exposure The Streets

50% Forest 50% Forest

Access To The Sea Sea Access To The 50% 50% Forest Forest

15% Villages 15% Villages

20% Villages 20% Villages

25% Villages 25% Villages

15% Private Residences 15% Private Residences

20% Private Residences 20% Private Residences

20% Private Residences 20% Private Residences

Densit

Min Exposure

10% Vacant 10% Vacant

10% Vacant 10% Vacant

5% Vacant 5% Vacant


dences Density

Green

Access To The Sea

s 50% Forest

50% Forest

20% Villages

25% Villages

20% Private Residences

20% Private Residences

Sea


G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z FIGURE 50

building analysis

program:

Study Areas

1

2

3


3


G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z Understanding that density and remediating the environment as part of a sustainable urban strategy.

conserve + control

Before 1940-5 Way to conserve an urban condition while controlling the landscape by creating a strategy and that is realistic in a way of phasing these conditions into a site that will be adaptable to the changing urbanity

A 1

Of The 3rd Bridge On Nature

B 1

After T

A


FIGURE 50

1st bridge area 1940’s - 20013:

Before The Bridge 1940-50’s

After The Bridge 1970-80’s

FIGURE 50

2nd bridge area 1940’s - 20013:

1st Bridge Area

1st Bridge Area

2nd Bridge Area


G A R I P C E + P OY R A Z K OY S A R I Y E R + B E Y K O Z Ă–merli reservoir is the major reservoir of Istanbul in terms of water supply potential. However, rapid population increase, unplanned and illegal housing, irrelevant industries and motorways passing through the protection zones of the catchment area, together with insufficient infrastructure, cause the water quality of the reservoir to tend towards the eutrophic stage from the mesotrophic stage parallel to the land use profile. In order to achieve a long-term water supply from the reservoir and to arrive at sanitary solutions, New land use plans should be developed in order to achieve a longterm water supply from the reservoir and to arrive at sanitary solutions. Develop a convenient protection and conservation strategy to keep the reservoir from further deterioration, and control the effects of the new infrastructures.

conserve + control FIGURE 51

yenikapi:

Range Land Borad Leave Forest Coniferous Forest Settlement Agriculture Rare Vegitation Creek Water Bodies


Sazlidere

FIGURE 52 watersheds:

Alibeykoy

Kagithane


Avcilar, located on the European side of Istanbul, 15 mi away from the historical city center, west to the inlet of the Sea of Marmara. Until the second half of the 20th century, Avcilar remained as a small village on the coast boasting generous amounts of open land. But since 80’s as industrial development around the inlet port grew the large highways and bridges engulfed much of the once large open spaces. Today, the government owned construction company Toki is building new housing projects geared towards the wealthier demographic with an estimated completion date of 2014. This development, only a mile away is forcing out the Anatolia immigrants who were originally attracted to the land due to the low estate prices and the “living off the land� opportunities.


ISTANBUL hum ani t y

to

ur bani ty

CHAPTER 3 - THE CITY



“The right to the city is far more than the individual liberty to access urban resources: it is a right to change ourselves by changing the city. It is, moreover, a common rather than an individual right since this transformation inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective power to reshape the processes of urbanization. The freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves is, I want to argue, one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights.�

Henri Lefebvre Spatial Politics, Everyday Life and the Right to the City.


T H E C ITY S E H I R

population growth

In early years the city was devised to handle the planning of the first metropolitan population of 5 million, as of today Istanbul is set over 15 million inhabitants as projections grow as the city continues to establishes itself as an important global city. 0

“…. a contemporary visitor impressed by the size, density, dynamism, and congestion of the city scape that only six decades ago, Istanbul was a forgotten and stagnant port city with less than one million residents cut off from world trade. The recent history of the city, however, sheds light on the dark side of Istanbul’s obscure and intractable social-spatial formation.”

0

MI

2

FIGURE 1

current population of city

Istanbul

15, 850,000

17.8

7,770

12,700,000

12

New York

8,337,000

2.8

5,900

8,090,000

9

Berlin

3,502,000

4.2

2,580

4,300,000

0

FIGURE 2

city as percentage of central area density national population (people per mi 2)

concentrations of population over time:

1920 - 1940

1980 - 2000

1940 - 1960

2000 - 2010

1960 - 1980

current population percentage growth in the metropolitan 2010-2025 region (people per hour)


2 MI 5 KM

c

f


event time line FIGURE 3

unplanned investments; ww reflections

21.6

resulting high inflations

16.4 9.4

GDP

4.5

Gross Domestic Product

1st Term

Debts from Ottoman Empire were paid until 1944.

58

Military Concussion

19

50 19

48 19

38 19

29 19

23

-3.0

19

“The economy of Turkey is defined as an emerging market economy by the IMF[34] and is largely developed, making Turkey one of the world’s newly industrialized countries. The country is among the world’s leading producers of agricultural products; textiles; motor vehicles, ships and other transportation equipment; construction materials; consumer electronics and home appliances. In recent years, Turkey had a rapidly growing private sector”

2nd Term

Marshall grant was spent along with the money.

3.4

Loans from IMF were spent during this period.

60

9.5

19

global recession

54

Turkey’s economy has experienced many crises, spawning from the establishment of the Turkish Republic. The government took loans during the time of the Ottoman Empire which began the threats responsible for the economical growth and development of the country. Many inner wars, army recessions and world wars has strangled and put suffering on the country’s economy. Due to these factors Turkey’s capital has fluctuated heavily and they were forced to acquire more loans from the US and EU.

fund import liberalization

19

T H E C ITY S E H I R


unorganized use of foreign credits

first oil crisis

second oil crisis

post concussion

asian-russian crisis

global recession (credit crunch)

7.8 0.3 -1.9

08 20

03 20

02 20

01

-9.5

20

-6.1

99

94 19

91 19

89 19

86

83 19

80

78 19

74 4th Term

Short term loans were requested from different foundations with government bonds.

-5.5

19

1.7

-1.1 Military Concussion

19

70

69 19

65 3rd Term

Payback period Golden years for the economy due to tourism for the loans. income and money brought by foreign Turkish workers coming back to Turkey.

3.3

2.9

Military Concussion

19

60 19

19

58

Military Concussion

persian gulf war

financial meltdown

8.1

19

3.1

19

3.4

7.4

5.4

european financial crisis

13.5

10.2 4.5

19

mid crisis

financial fluctuation

5thTerm

An endless loop of loans and unsuccessful pay backs begin. Wages drop down successively and the economy gets worse and worse.


T H E C ITY S E H I R

modes of transport

Istanbul’s public transportation systems are not efficient, the multitude of types do not make commuting faster, they only cause more congestion in the arteries of the urban fabric.

FIGURE 4

location of: airport future lines frequent nodes rare nodes

Istanbul original metropolitan plan was to designed to hold five million people, the mega city now is pushing close to fifteen million inhabitants.

daily use of: bicycle

715

teleferic

9,039

funicular

64,000

trains

144,801

ferry

241,604

subway

300,606

tramway

587,448

metrobus

715,000

taxi

1,100,000

bus

1,324,837

minibus

1,850,000

cars

3,182,534


2 MI 5 KM

I S T A N B U L

infrastructure overload


EMENTS

T H E C ITY S E H I R

global city

In the 1990’s the world was promoting the global city, Neoliberalsim in Turkey promoted a market economy under the guidance and rules of a strong state. The capital accumulated through industry and business creating bubbles and concentrated zones of wealth both located within the land and within the pockets of private/government investors.

“The industry that remained would move outside the city to exploit cheap labor, and the city would be turned into a consumer heaven inhabited by service sector workers.�

FIGURE 5

concentrated areas of program:

industry business tourism


2 MI 5 KM

I S T A N B U L

cultural disintegration


T H E C ITY S E H I R

city growth effects

Unique from all other mega cities, Istanbul is sandwiched between two bodies of water, the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, the city developed in bands as the urban center continued over the years to be pushed northward by the introduction of the two bridges and their respective highways, rapidly engulfing the entirety of the natural green zones.

FIGURE 6

location of urban center prior to bridge

2 MI 5 KM

and road systems. 25 MI

“For the remaining third bridge, it is not the bridge that matters but the highway connected to the bridge, for the remaining one third of foliated zone will disappear.�

populated zones:

1920 1990 2015


FIGURE 7

concentration of urban life at end of

2 MI 5 KM

FIGURE 8

expected projection of urban city

the first, Bogazici Kpr., and second, Fatih Sultan

center and concentration after the construction

Mehmet Kpr., bridge construction.

of the third bridge.

2 MI 5 KM

ISTANBUL resource scarcity


trees 000 T H E C I T Y 5000 S E H I R erosion of green 10000 The percentage of the green space in Istanbul been heavily affected by the new project 0-20000has developments and land investments for housing. bold and deliberate moves to cut down forest 0-30000The zones and protected areas for the profit of new privileged communities has been a major trees private 0-60000 issue since the 2000’s. Since 1980’s the amount of space and forests within and the outskirts 000 green of the city has diminished rapidly. Today with the and fast construction process foliated 5000 growth zones consist of less than 500 trees. 10000 0-20000 0-30000 trees 0-60000 000 5000 10000 0-20000 0-30000 0-60000

1980’s

1990’s

2000’s


2 MI 5 KM

FIGURE 9

number of trees per zone:

0-500

20000-30000

500-2000

30000-60000

2000-5000 5000-10000 10000-20000


EMENTS

T H E C ITY S E H I R

settlement clusters

In the 1960’s a new regime of accumulation forbade investments in non-productive sectors such as housing and urban utilities, and instead gave incentives for domestic production. This new regime was naive to how new residents should be housed. and were unable to find formal solutions. These groups of residents created ad-hoc solutions that now constitute the distinctive features of such informal settlements in the urban fabric of Istanbul.

“Within this context, the city managed to cope with these transformations only by means of informal mechanisms. The immigrants, who had to fend for themselves, constructed ad hoc solutions for their shelter needs, i.e., gecekondu (literally ‘built overnight’), occupying mainly the available public lands, empty spaces in the inner city and the peripheries of the industrial areas.”

FIGURE 10

zones of settlements:

formal settlements informal settlements city border public transport


2 MI 5 KM

ISTANBUL

housing shortage


T H E C ITY S E H I R

planned expansion

The new real estate investments planned by the government are proposed on specific zones, expanding the city towards the Black sea from Marmara sea. This expansion will not only increase the density but also spawn more informal settlements around these clusters of development.

“The massive amounts of credits allotted to cooperatives and the extensive building activity that this has instigated has failed to provide any long-lasting solutions to the housing problems of the urban poor, mainly because these credits mostly have been used by the middle and upper middle classes. The government subsidized middle-class housing rather than supplying affordable housing to the poor.�

FIGURE 11

zones of settlements:

zones in process of development formal settlements informal settlements city border public transport


2 MI 5 KM

I S T A N B U L

infrastructure overload


T H E C ITY S E H I R

new infrastructure

Not only the bridge but the proposed canal will be providing an axis that crosses the water basins, by creating this access across istanbul the city will face a surge in international movement.

“Supporters of Istanbuls introduction of the third bridge argue that it is for transit traffic and trucks, and that it will take the load off of the second bridge. However, a 2006 scientific report by the Turkish Highways Authority states that the ratio of transit traffic crossing the two current bridges is 2.85%, not even 3%.�

FIGURE 12

location of:

airport new airport zone future bridge and highway present bridges and highways new planned settlement


2 MI 5 KM


T H E C ITY S E H I R

eviction

Istanbul’s governments decision to build up projects and heavily invest in the city’s real estate directly effect the citizens that live in the informally settled zones. These zones have speculative value due to the new planned infrastructures, the renewal of these areas forces the current inhabitants to move to the periphery of the city limits. Because the current dwellers do not have land rights they cannot afford to claim their homes and are victim to such evictions. The hot spots in the past 5-6 years have been Tarlabasi, Sulukule and Suleymaniye. “In some cases, residents are being relocated to the outskirts of the city, while others are being left to the streets… Different factors are driving these evictions, from property speculation in the regeneration of urban areas, to mega events or megaprojects, such as the airport, Formula 1 racing and the 2010 Capital of Culture.”

FIGURE 13

eviction map:

area of planned eviction AREA OF POTENTIAL EVICTION PLANNED PROCESS STARTED EVICTION ON GOING

EVICTION COMPLETED SECOND WAVE OF EVICTION

planned construction started eviction ongoing eviction completed second wave of eviction


2 MI 5 KM

ISTANBUL

housing shortage


T H E C ITY S E H I R

gated communities

Many of Istanbuls neighborhoods are experiencing gentrification. The historical and cultural sense of neighborhoods, mahalle, was lost in the process of removing the citizens. Those with higher income are being seduced into cookie cutter housing developments. Middle and higher middle income groups not reside in the tall towers and dense apartment blocks within the city centers. This change in living styles not only augment the gap between the economical and social stratification between the citizen, but it also create detached autonomous communities. “The introduction of gated communities into the Turkish housing market was based on the creation of the lost social values and the sense of community while giving the opportunity to live with celebrities. The main reason behind this is the pioneering projects that used the slogan of ‘a new life style’ as the marketing strategy… the common characteristics of these communities are arisen walls, restricted gates, 24 hours security and social facilities with an attractive landscape.” location, type, + time of development of gated private communities: FIGURE 14

vertical gated development: apartment blocks 2004 vertical gated development: apartment blocks 2010 horizontal gated development: villa town 2004 horizontal gated development: villa town 2010


2 MI 5 KM

ISTANBUL

housing shortage


TLEMENTS

ETTLEMENTS

T H E C ITY S E H I R

government funded

The mass housing projects are developed parallel to the new government funded project zones within the Istanbul. As more projects are planned, more housing units are placed, mostly located around the northern part of the old peninsula, where the canal project is proposed. The housing is provided but there is no clarification for which class it is for. Evidence that the projects are not aimed for the welfare of the citizens but for more investments.

FIGURE 15

mass housing + urban renewal projects by central/local government

< 500 housing units 500 - 1000 housing units 100 - 1500 housing units >1500 housing units


2 MI 5 KM

I S T A N B U L

infrastructure overload


T H E C ITY S E H I R

government funded

TOKI, the Turkish Mass Housing Administration and the municipalities empowered by special laws started transferring the vacated industrial estates and worker neighborhoods to domestic and foreign capital. The inhabitants were pushed out to isolated islands of poverty in the periphery of the city.

FIGURE 16

FIGURE 17

toki: : mass housing administration high-income

ISTANBUL METROPOLITIAN MUNICIPALITY'S MASS HOUSING UNIT

kiptas: istanbul metropolitan municipality’s mass housing unity high-income

social housing

social housing

urban renewal

urban renewal


2 MI 5 KM

ISTANBUL

housing shortage


4 SAFETY IN YOUR CITY safe

percentage of how satisfied 4 inhabitants are with Istanbul: SATISFIED

4

50

26

safe

16

4

unsafe

SAFETY IN YOUR CITY

unsafe

50

safe

26

6% %6 47%

4

unsafe

SAFETY IN YOUR CITY safe 4

16

26

50

4

%6

Migrants came to Istanbul because the factories that they worked at in their communities were forced to shut down due to Istanbuls booming industries. However this move created a large strain on these people, you need shelter before you can access healthcare and educational services, no education means a life in service jobs. A life not able to provide prosperous opportunities.

16

satisfied

SATISFIED

quality of life

percentage of how safe inhabitants feel:

best things about your city:

%47

%16

unsafe

%47

16%

%16

26%

%26 %26

RANGE OF SHOPS

PUBLIC SPACES

TRANSPORTATION

TRAFFIC CONGESTION

COST OF HOUSING

RANGE OF SHOPS

COST OF LIVING

PUBLIC SPACES

TRAFFIC CONGESTION

COST OF LIVING

HEALTH SERVICES COST OF HOUSING

UNIVERSITIES JOB OPPURTUNATIES

SCHOOLS

JOB OPPURTUNATIES TRANSPORTATION

istanbul

s op sh of e s ng ace ra sp ic n bl tio pu rta ion t po es ns ng tra co g c in ffi us tra ho of st g in co v i l s of tie st ni co rtu po op es ic b jo rv se th al s he tie si er iv un s ol ho

FIGURE 18

sc

unsatisfied DISSATISFIED DISSATISFIED

HEALTH SERVICES

%5 SCHOOLS

%5

5%

UNIVERSITIES

T H E C ITY S E H I R

BEST THINGS ABOUT YOUR CITY

BEST THINGS ABOUT YOUR CITY


percentage of how satisfied inhabitants are with Istanbul:

percentage of how safe inhabitants feel:

satisfied 16%

unsafe

safe 35%

5

26

16

50

3

best things about your city: 25%

15%

9%

fs ps

ho

s op sh of e s ng ace ra sp ic n bl tio pu rta ion t po es ns ng tra co g c in ffi us tra ho of st g in co v i l s of tie st ni co rtu po op es ic b jo rv se th al s he tie si er iv un s ol ho

sc

unsatisfied

I S T A N B U L FIGURE 19

s達o paulo

cultural disintegration


ISTANBUL RENT VALUES NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER

Kadikoy, Uskudar,Fatih, Beyoglu, Besik

rent values

The historical portion of Istanbul reflects the dynamics in the rent values and life standards with correlation between industrial, historical and newly developed business centers. The highest range of rent values are along the Bosphorus because of historical and aesthetic value. The mid and low range values are mostly around the coastline of the old peninsula, where once were previously considered very valuable but the value was lost due to the gathering of industrial activities.

“Capitol accumulated with the widening income gap which was invested in real estate. The industry that remained would move outside the city to exploit cheap labor and the city turned into a consumer heaven inhabited by service sector workers.�

FIGURE 20

price range:

200 - 300 usd 300 - 400 usd 400 - 600 usd 600 - 750 usd 750 - 1500 usd private high schools


2 MI 5 KM

Besiktas

Price 40 60 80 12 15

ISTANBUL

housing shortage


NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER

urban fabric

Phases of cultural influence is strikingly different in the three depicted neighborhoods. Pangalti reflects the changes done by left-winged promoters in the 60’s with their strong influences of the army. Acarkent shows the American influence in the 90’s with their cookie cutter suburban american model type housing. Sulukule is one of many examples that still exists in Istanbul, a government ignored and abandoned neighborhood with high historically value situated along the main highways.

FIGURE 21

pangalti 1920’s

FIGURE 22

present


FIGURE 23

acarkent 2000’s

FIGURE 25

sulukule 1910’s

FIGURE 24

present

FIGURE 26

present

ISTANBUL

housing shortage


NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER

aerial

“A regular street grid layout dominates the traditional grain in the Pangaltı district, where a strong sense of neighborhood community pervades, albeit without the former mix of Muslim and non- Muslim populations.” Pangalti

FIGURE 27

“The Anatolian side offered a vast amount of unspoiled land before it was opened to development as a result of new planning regimes and the construction of two bridges over the Bosporus, in 1973 and 1988. Many of the newer typologies of high-end luxury houses and gated communities started spreading on the hills behind the well conserved Bosporus shores.” Acarkent

FIGURE 28


FIGURE 29

FIGURE 31

FIGURE 30

FIGURE 32

ISTANBUL

housing shortage


NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER

FIGURE 33

pangalti

grid

FIGURE 34

acarkent

landscape

FIGURE 35

sulukule

history

figure ground

Pangalti was formed out of the cities planning of a formalized grid system, intersecting and lying between main streets, the housing blocks were established as a result of this uniform plan. Acarkent planning was secondary to the mountainous landscape which dictated the forms of the streets and housing distribution. Sulukule however, boasts a more distinct character, where there is no clear hierarchy, and no individual force organizing the area. It is a pure reflection of an old Istanbul neighbourhood, planted in the roots of the individuals who inhabited and built on the space years ago. “The layout of streets, buildings and spaces form the spatial DNA of urban growth, the patterns through which city life can develop and cities can grow. These spatial arrangements are critical to the liveability of cities, to the quality of life that they can offer their residents, to the density that they can accommodate, and to their flexibility in adapting to change and growth.�


Pangalti

Pangalti

access

blocks

Pangalti

layout

repetition

Acarkent streets

Sulukule settlement

ISTANBUL

housing shortage

Sulukule


Pangalti

NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER

8:00 AM

Pangalti

arterial flow

The layout of the streets and their adjacency to major highways dictate the amount of traffic and flow vehicular and pedestrian patterns have on each neighborhood. Sulukule is penetrated by very heavy movement, whereas Acarkent is isolated from the branch of a main artery.

FIGURE 36

8:00 AM 8:00 am

8:00 AM 2:00 PM 2:00 pm

levels of congestion

congestion

2:00 PM

least

Least most

6:00 pm

2:00 PM congestion

pangalti


Acarkent

Sulukule

8:00 AM

8:00 AM

Acarkent FIGURE 37

8:00 AM 8:00 am

8:00 AM

Sulukule acarkent

Sulukule FIGURE 38

sulukule

8:00 AM

8:00 AM

8:00 am

8:00 AM

8:00 AM

8:00 AM

2:00 PM

2:00 PM

2:00 PM

2:00 pm

2:00 PM 6:00 pm

2:00 PM

2:00 pm

2:00 PM

6:00 pm

2:00 PM

2:00 PM I S T A N B U L

infrastructure overload

2:00 PM


NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER

FIGURE 39

institutions:

adjacencies

Istanbul’s neighborhoods boast strong ties to their historic foundations, locating themselves within and around clusters of institutions, religious and historical landmarks

religious and historical landmarks: FIGURE 40

pangalti


acarkent

sulukule

I S T A N B U L

cultural disintegration


NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER

FIGURE 41

pangalti

Pangalti’s green space resides in between the apartment blocks. Only those that are fortunate enough to have enough space behind their houses can enjoy the small crowded zones. No outside access is prohibited.

500 FT 200 M

pangalti


FIGURE 42:

FIGURE 43:

section of allocated green space

ISTANBUL resource scarcity


NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER

FIGURE 44

section of allocated green space

acarkent

Acarkent’s foundation is located in a once previously heavy foliated zones. The trees and landscape have been minimally disturbed. The houses in Acarkent boast a somewhat generous backyard and the trees act as a private barrier between that and the road.

FIGURE 45

acarkent


FIGURE 46 500 FT 200 M

acarkent

ISTANBUL resource scarcity


NEIGHBORHOODS MAHALLELER

FIGURE 47

section of allocated green space

sulukule

Sulukule’s informal settlements have minimum green space. The houses are so tightly pushed up together that there is no room for such spaces, and the ones that do exist are not adequate enough to serve those that dwell there.

FIGURE 48


FIGURE 49

sulukule

500 FT 200 M

ISTANBUL resource scarcity


ULE

SULUKULE F A T I H

2 MI 5 KM

relocation

Sulukule’s peoples extraction from their homes and redistribution towards the extreme limits of the city, removing themselves from resources and necessary commodities that provide them with work and food.

AYVANSARAY

BALAT DERVISALI YAVUZ SULTAN SELIM

KARAGUMRUK

HIRKA-I SERIF

AKSARAY “Today out of 5000 residents, only 75 remain in the neighborhood. Initially around 300 families relocated to a TOKI Social Housing Project in Taşoluk, a district located some 40 kilometers away from the city centre. Others scattered around the city. Following their relocation to Taşoluk, many families experienced second wave of eviction. They were forced to leave the tenements because they could neither adapt to the living conditions there, nor afford to pay the monthly installments, building fees, or other costs. Most of the evictees returned to areas near their old neighborhood.” FIGURE 50

number of families: 110 - 120

10 - 20

30 - 40

< 10


500 FT 200 M

TASOLUK

SULUKULE number of families 100 - 170

<5

5 - 10

I S T A N B U L

cultural disintegration


SULUKULE F A T I H FIGURE 51

time line

2006

2007

New starting that houses in the Sulukule Project were brought by people close to the Fatih Municipality were on the newspapers

Sulukule inhabitants and the Chamber of Architects brought the emergency expropriation into the count

Campaigning and advocacy

With the unity of the neighbourhood association, Human Settlement Association, Chamber of Architects and Bilgi University , resistance was established

MP’s from The Freedom and Solidarity Party and The Republican People’s Party visited the area

A group pf academics, Sulukule, inhabitants, activists and NGO’s, decided to organise 40 days 40 nights events to highlight the thread of eviction

Community mobilization and support

After the floating rumour saying “the demolitions will start in 40 days”, a festival was organised in the neighbourhood to demonstrate

Sulukule Development of Romani Culture and Solidarity Association was founded

Sulukule Platform was eastablished and made a survey in the neighbourhood

April

May June July August September October November December January February March April

Sulukule renewal area was approved by the council of ministers

TOKI, Fatih Municipality and Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality signed a protocol for the urban renewal project

Fatih Municipality was authorized for the emergency expropriation of the 12 blocks in the neighbourhood

The emergency expropriation decision for Sulukule was declared

Following the invitation of NGO’s. The Conservation Board and the municipality visited the area

coof EU Parl Com

S

Romani people and Romani Rights defenders, went to the court for the cancellation of the project

A declaratio presented a Off The Rec Workshop, Technical U

Human Settlement Association applied to the Conservation Board to investigate their proposal for 85 buildings to be registered

Fatih Municipality founded a promunicipality neighbourhood in Sulukule Tasoluk lots were drawn to determine the people entitled to the houses in the Relocation Site Fatih Municipality showed the Sulukule residents the construction of social housing units allocated for them at the 2000 reloction site (41 km away)

1500

Amount of Eviction (Estimated Values) 250

Inter universities Working Committee initiated a petition campaign against the urban renewal process

May June July August September October November December January F The P Sulukule Urban Renewal Project was approved by the Conservation Board

Demolitions and evictions

1000

The Chamber of Geological Engineers declared that Sulukule has one of the most earthquake resitant grounds in Istanbul

The first multi-stakeholder planning meeting was held in the 2010 Cultural Capital Office

NGO’s made a presentation to the Conservation Board on the deprivations in Sulukule

Dialog with public institutions

The European Union Progress Report for Turkey included parts on Sulukule

Sulukule Urban Renewal Projecy was discussed at the European Parliment

A group of academics and students from DPU, UCL made a participatory plan of the neighbourhood

Events, alternative planing and academic studies

Legal proceedings and public actions

Fallowing the demolitions, in the neighbourhood, “Dont let Sulukule to vanish” petition campaign was organized

Human Rights Association sent a letter to the mayor of Fatih and asked compensation for the Family whose was demolished

Sulukule Project was brought into the agenda of Turkish Parliament

2008

Fatih Municipality demolished a house by “mistake”

minis Suluk “Mon

Suluk reside releas statem

Fatih Munic demol house were d as first


2008 The DPU (UCL) made another proposal for Sulukule

Inter universities Working Committee initiated a petition campaign against the urban renewal process

f

2009

Gogol Bordello visited Sulukule

Renters who were not considered as the right owners visited the municipality

UNESCO delegate visited Sulukule

Petition campaign to support the STOP Project was initiated. 200 families who were not approved as right owners made a press statement

Sulukule got into the OECD report

e s The co-president of EU-Turkey joint Parliamentary Commission visited Sulukule

The US Helsinki Commision Co-Chair sent a letter for Sulukule

Human Settlement Association applied to the Conservation Board to investigate their proposal for 85 buildings to be registered

Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University and London School of Economics organized a workshop on Sulukule

pality roy ood in

were termine entitled to n the Site kule

the

2000

Hidirellez Festival was organized despite the demolitions and dreadful conditions

7 Buildings

Gogol Bordello made a song for Sulukule

Children halt demolition of the Children Workshop by their resistance

President of TOKI, asked to meet with the Alternative Project Volunteers

STOP presented the alternative project to the Fatih Municipality and NGO’s

Sulukule Children Workshop was continued in the evicted houses

STOP presented an alternative project for Sulukule to the Renewal Board

were Fatih demolished Municipality on the Romani demolished 9 People’s day houses that were designated as first stage Fatih Municipality demolished 7 Fatih of those housesMunicipality marked with demolished 12 houses the X sign

A delegate of volunteers had a meeting with TOKI directors

STOP Alternative Project was declared with a press meeting in Sulukule

May June July August September October November December January February March April

Sulukule Studio prepared their alternative project proposal

Sulukule Studio’s Alternative Project was dicussed by the Sulukule inhabitants

Sulukule Case was presented in the International Architectural Bienale Rotterdam

May June July August September October November December

Municipal police distributed eviction notices by visiting every door in the neighbourhood

New Families are entitled for the houses in Tasoluk

4500 3000

Sulukule Studio;s project was presented to the civil society and Public Authorities

The Romani People’s Day could not be celebrated because of the demolitions

KUDEP set the scaffolding for the repair work of Sezer’s house

KUDEP simple repair work process was started

minister compared Fatih Municipality Sulukule to a marked the “Monster” houses of renters with a red X sign Sulukule residents released a press statement

UNESCO delegate demanded authorities take the Alternative Project into consideration

UN-AGFE Mission convinced a multi stakeholder forum

Sulukule Exhibition was showed at the Hafriyat Gallery

A meeting was held with houselholds that were not considered as right owners

The Conservation Board declared that 25 out of 85 proposed buildings were registered

UNESCO included Sulukule in its report

Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights visited Sulukule

STOP (Autonomous Planners) worked on an alternative project

Sulukule Children Center is established

mber January February March April The Prime-

UNESCO delegate participated into the STOP project information meeting

The European Union Progress Report for Turkey included parts on Sulukule again

Three members of European Parliament sent a letter to the prime minister on Sulukule

s A declaration presented at the Off The Record Workshop, Yildiz Technical University

UN Advisory Group on Forced Evictions (AGFE) Mission visited Sulukule

Sulukule was on the headlines of the major newspapers

Fatih Municipality demolished houses in Sulukule

Fatih Fatih Municipality Municipality demolished demolished many buildings houses in Kucuk Cesme on Niyazi Misri Street, Including Street those ones proposed to be recognized as registered buildings

Fatih Municipality continues to Sulukule demolish houses Children Workshop was demolished Fatih Municipality by the demolished municipality houses in Kucuk Cesme Street

4925

75 people are currently living in Sulukule Riot Police joined the demolitions in the neighbourhood

Massive number of houses demolished in Sulukule

I S T A N B U L

cultural disintegration


SULUKULE F A T I H

500 FT 200 M

current conditions

The new proposed planning for Sulukule emphasis the historical buildings and the old city gate located on the west. The plan encourages three specific intersection points creating public courtyards, with adjacent public gardens open to the public. The pedestrians and the vehicular roads are separated in order to have boundaries between between the private community and the public spaces.

FIGURE 52

occupied buildings occupied parks historical border historical zone


500 FT 200 M

FIGURE 53

500 FT 200 M

FIGURE 54

site border

site border

old city walls

old city walls

historical border

vehicle streets

public squares

pedestrian streets

green spaces

I S T A N B U L

cultural disintegration


SULUKULE F A T I H

500 FT 200 M

renewal plan

The Sulukule neighborhood houses a variety of historical entities such as the Armenian cemetery, multiple churches and old schools, all which are considered of rich cultural value. The new proposal promotes two, three and four level apartments, destroying the found historical fabric and implanting themselves into the neighbourhood.

FIGURE 55

site border old city walls historical border historical buildings


500 FT 200 M

FIGURE 56

two storey proposed buildings three storey proposed buildings four storey proposed buildings

I S T A N B U L

cultural disintegration


SULUKULE F A T I H

FIGURE 57

new conditions

Upon analyzing the new proposed housing plan, the apartment blocks force the inhabitants to live in limited sunlight dwellings, poor air circulated areas and restrained social interaction spaces. This is far detached from the normal atmosphere that these people live in.

FIGURE 58

FIGURE 59


FIGURE 60

FIGURE 61

Uniform grid

Livible space 80% 40%

Allowance of light 90% 40%

elevational study

new proposed living conditions

Overlay; Satisfaction 80%

?

0%

I S T A N B U L

cultural disintegration


University of Berkely, Global Metropolitan Observatory, “Comparing Urrbanization�. June 24, 2012

The relatively recent, but rapidly increasing, rise in the ratio of urban to rural populations, with over 200,000 people worldwide moving into urban areas every day, has been burdening our cities to an unprecedented degree. As a result, the problems facing our growing cities, i.e. – cultural disintegration, resource scarcity, infrastructural overload, erosion and/or militarization of Istanbulhave 2000been (434.50 sqkm; Population 8,744,000) public spaces, and the ever-present housing shortage, escalating in complexity and at scales beyond the capabilities of architects or planners. The following pages map out theses cases in five different cities experiencing this trend.


ISTANBUL h u m a n i t y

t o

u r b a n i t y

CHAPTER 4 - MAPPING URBANITY

Istanbul 2005 (940.00 sqkm; Population 9,709,000)


H U M A N I T Y TO U R B A N I T Y

FIGURE 63

friedrichshain-kreuzberg: cultural disintegration

berlin


infrastructure overload: transportation routes

FIGURE 65 erosion of public space: newest transport lines disturbing neighborhoods

FIGURE 66 housing shortage: hot spots of informal settlements and adjacencies

FIGURE 67 resource scarcity: green zones and zones that are in need of reprogramming

FIGURE 64


H U M A N I T Y TO U R B A N I T Y

berlin

Berlin’s wall for centuries dictated the boundary lines of two opposing forces. Now with demolition of most zones and the degrading of the remaining many feel their culture is being lost in the ruins of the once infamous structure.

FIGURE 78

area of concern

Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg


FIGURE 79

physical boundaries/zones

FIGURE 70

projected changes

extant border wall/hinterland wall

new track of tourism in response to

patrol track/hinterland track

degrading wall

course of former wall zone of wall visible to west side spree

G E R M A N Y

cultural disintegration


H U M A N I T Y TO U R B A N I T Y

FIGURE 71

lima

housing shortage

lima


FIGURE 72 cultural disintegration: zones effected most by surge in population

FIGURE 74

infrastructure overload: transportation routes

FIGURE 73 erosion of public space: newest transport lines disturbing neighborhoods

FIGURE 75 resource scarcity: green zones and zones that are in need of reprogramming


H U M A N I T Y TO U R B A N I T Y

lima

Lima Este and Lima Sur, due to an large flux in population (11 times increase) and an increase in area inhabited by Lima citzens (16 times), housing that was once located around the Rimac river has now expanded to the slopes of the hills located on the marginal land, pushing the poor into the outskirts of the urban fabric. Basic essentials for adequate housing do not reach these extents, and in assumption that this pattern continues a plan needs to be developed to bring these people the means and resources that they need.

FIGURE 86

population spread

FIGURE 87

urban sprawl

1961

districts of lima

1972

most recent population surge

1981 1993 2005


FIGURE 88

essential amenities

FIGURE 89

essential amenities

FIGURE 80

essential amenities

limit of electrical company concession

limit of telephone company concession

limit of water and sewage coverage

extent of population boundaries

extent of population boundaries

extent of population boundaries

areas of concern

areas of concern

areas of concern

P

E

R

U

housing shortage


H U M A N I T Y TO U R B A N I T Y

FIGURE 81

taipei

new taipei

infastructure overload


FIGURE 82 cultural disintegration: zones effected most by surge in population

FIGURE 84 housing shortage: hot spots of informal settlements and adjacencies

FIGURE 83 erosion of public space: newest transport lines disturbing neighborhoods

FIGURE 85 resource scarcity: green zones and zones that are in need of reprogramming


H U M A N I T Y TO U R B A N I T Y

taipei

Nuclear power in Taiwan has become an increasingly contentious issue. As the city continues to expand at such a tremendous rate the city is looking at any means to provide their inhabitants with the resources they need. The nuclear power plants are an issue due to their location and possible effect on the people of Taiwan and the world if something were to go astray.

FIGURE 86

active power plant locations

jinshan nuclear power plant kuosheng nuclear power plant lungmen nuclear power plant taipei city lines districts of new taipei : with active npp


FIGURE 87

inhabitants per km 2

FIGURE 88

fault line locations

20001 ~ 40000

3001 ~ 5000

101 ~ 300

nuclear power plants

10001 ~ 20000

1001 ~ 3000

0 ~ 100

active fault line

5001 ~ 10000

501 ~ 1000

active power plant

probable active fault line

FIGURE 89

zones

FIGURE 90

radiation expectancy

nuclear power plants

industrial districts

possible radiation of npp

urban sprawl

special/private purpose

from seismic hazards

enterprises

T A I W A N resource scarcity


H U M A N I T Y TO U R B A N I T Y

FIGURE 91

l Ciutat Vella

infastructure overload

barcelona


FIGURE 92 cultural disintegration: zones effected most by surge in population

FIGURE 93 erosion of public space: newest transport lines disturbing neighborhoods

FIGURE 94 housing shortage: hot spots of informal settlements and adjacencies

FIGURE 95 resource scarcity: green zones and zones that are in need of reprogramming


H U M A N I T Y TO U R B A N I T Y

barcelona

Barcelona, like Istanbul is a port city where much of their industry and tourism is focused. Pollution from the increase in growth of economy will directly affect the inhabitants of the city. There must be designed some sort of diffuser to eliminate the waste and pollution that will negatively affect the city.

FIGURE 96

release from diffuse sources to air

FIGURE 97

location of source release

harbour construction

light oil activities

bunkering

heavy oil activities

light oil

industrial waste water discharge

barcelona districts of concern

unitary waste water discharge

port zones

thermal discharge


MARSEILLE

LA SPEZIA NAPOLI

GREECE ISTANBUL

FIGURE 98

growth of artificial surfaces

FIGURE 99

vulnerable neighborhoods

1987

zones most effected by increased

2000

port activity

FIGURE 100

projections of deployment and receiving

port routes

2006

S

P

A

I

N

infrastructure overload


E N D N OT E -

PROPOSAL SECTION

Fig 1 Cover page; “Konfor Kısa Sürdü, Trafik Yine Felç.” Zete RSS. Yasam News Paper, 16 Oct. 2013. Web. Fig 9 proposal Bailey, Linda, and David Vega Barachowitz. NACTO Urban Street Design Guide: Overview. [New York]: National Association of City Transportation Officials, 2012. Print. Gehl, Jan, and Birgitte Svarre. How to Study Public Life. Washington, DC: Island, 2000. Print. Fig 10 beyoglu zoning “BeyoÄlu Belediyesi.” BeyoÄlu Belediyesi. Eurocities, Lucky Eye, 2012. Web. Fig 11 streets and narrow streets; Google maps Fig 12 ,Fig 13, Fig 14 Historical trans of beyoglu “TRT Haber.” İstiklal Caddesi Gloria Sineması 1931. TRT Haber, 9 July 2012. Web. Fig 15 CBD points Kubat, Ayse. “Call for Submissions.” Call for Submissions. UCL, 7 May 2001. Web. + “İETT - İstanbul Elektrik Tramvay Ve Tünel İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü.” İETT İstanbul Elektrik Tramvay Ve Tünel İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Istanbul Municipality, n.d. Web Fig 16 Density 1 Aytekin, Deniz. “Shopping & Style.” The City’s Time Portals. Timeout Istanbul, Feb. 2012. Web. Fig 17 Density 2 “Tek Suçu Direnmek Olan çocuklarımızı Serbest Bırakın!” Yeni Dünya İnternet Gazetesi. Internet Haberi, 8 July 2013. Web.”Her Yer Direniş, Her Yer ODTÜ!” Alınteri.net:. N.p., 22 Oct. 2013. Web. Fig 18 Density 3 “Bugün Haberler.” Bugun.com.tr. Bugun Online, 1 June 2013. Web. Fig 19-30 http://www.cur-cuna.com/tr/eglence/galeri/gale0023.html http://www.trthaber.com/foto-galeri/istanbulda-tarihi-yolculuk/1311/sayfa-129.html http://cadimodaci.blogcu.com/gunun-tarihi-olayi-eski-istiklal-caddesi/13035745 http://www.mimdap.org/?p=11871 http://www.hekimedya.org/index.php/yazarlar/dr-mehmet-uhri/2705-oemuer-diye-giydiimiz.html http://www.kanalistanbul.com.tr/istiklali-bastan-kesfetmek/ http://pelindmrl.blogspot.com/2013/11/istanbulda-mutlaka-yapmanz-gereken.html http://www.fotokritik.com/2241825/istiklal-caddesi-8217nde-gece http://www.fotokritik.com/2550480/istiklal-caddesi http://everywheretaksim.net/tr/istiklalde-binlerce-kisi-trans-onuru-icin-yurudu/ http://www.bthaber.com/internet-tarihinin-en-kitlesel-protesto-eylemi-turkiye%E2%80%99ye-nasip-oldu/ http://www.arkitera.com/haber/index/detay/kentsel-donusum-arifesinde-bagdat-caddesine-yolculuk/11069 http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmanl%C4%B1_Han http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksim_Yayala%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma_Projesi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu http://www.arkitera.com/gorus/index/detay/buyuk-beyoglu-projesi/249 http://istanbulresimleri.net/istanbul_resimleri_taksim_details_2308.html http://www.beyoglu.bel.tr/beyoglu/galeri.aspx?ContentId=6497 http://blog.getaway.co.za/food/food-culture/istanbul-food-culture-and-tea/


kirsten crock + hande oney


E N D N OT E -

SITE MORPHOLOGY SECTION

Figure 1 “Yenikapı.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 31 Oct. 2013. Web. Figure 2 “Poyrazköy.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Mar. 2013. Web. Figure 3 “Garipçe, Sarıyer.” - Vikipedi. Wikipedia, 12 Oct. 2013. Web. Figure 4 “Levent.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Aug. 2013. Web. Figure 5 “Mimdap » 17 Ağustos 1999 Kocaeli Depremi’nden Bugüne Sempozyumu.” Mimdap RSS. Mimdap, 16 Nov. 2007. Web. Figure 6 Ercan, Ahmet. “Depremde İstanbul İçin En Riskli Yerler Neresi?”Http://www.internethaberi.com/. Internet Haberi, 16 Nov. 2011. Web Figure 7 Goker, Emrah. “Emrah Göker’in İstifhanesi.” GIS. Istifhanem, 07 June 2012. Web. Figure 8 “MVRDV ABOUTBLANK / Yenikapı Transfer Point and Archaeo-Park Project.” Vimeo. MVRDV + ABOUTBLANK, 2012. Web. Figure 9 “MVRDV ABOUTBLANK / Yenikapı Transfer Point and Archaeo-Park Project.” Vimeo. MVRDV + ABOUTBLANK, 2012. Web. Figure 10 “Yenikapi - Google Maps.” Yenikapi - Google Maps. Google Maps, 2013. Web. Figure 11 Korkut, Sevgi. “Marmaray’ın Test Sürüşleri Ertelendi.” ZAMAN. Zaman Newspaper, 2 Aug. 2013. Web. Figure 12 Guney, Zeynep. “Konu: Marmaray.” Mimarlk Forumu RSS. Mimarlik Forumu, 27 June 2008. Web. Figure 13, 14, 15 Furuto, Alison. “Yenikapı Transfer Point and Archaeo-Park / MVRDV ABOUTBLANK.”ArchDaily. Archdaily, 5 May 2012. Web. Figure 16 “Yedikule-Yenikapı Sahil Şeridi III. Etap Yenileme Alanı (Yalı, Kasap İlyas, Çakırağa, Kürkçübaşı Mahalleleri).” - T.C. Fatih Belediyesi. N.p., 13 Sept. 2006. Web. Figure 17 “Levent.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Aug. 2013. Web. Figure 18 “Levent - Google Maps.” Levent - Google Maps. Google Maps, 2013. Web Figure 19 “Ýstanbul Þehir Rehberi.” Ýstanbul Þehir Rehberi. Google, 2013. Web. Figure 20 Fedorenko, Eugene. “Bird’s Eye View for Istanbul.” Flickr. Yahoo!, 06 Oct. 2008. Web. Figure 21 “İstanbul 4.levent.” Resim Bul. Wowturkey, n.d. Web. 3rd image; Van Santen, Dimer. “波動拳!” Flickr. Yahoo!, 21 Dec. 2009. Web. Figure 22 Carmichael, Keegan. “Nigh Architecture.” : Updated Program Analysis. Nigh Architecture, 20 Mar. 2012. Web. Figure 23 “Levent - Google Maps.” Levent - Google Maps. Google Maps, 2013. Web Figure 24 “Thread: ISTANBUL - Sapphire Tower - Completed - 54F / 261M.” SkyScraperLife RSS. Tabanlioglu, 6 Oct. 2006. Web. Figure 25 2nd Ahmet Aru, Kemal. “1. Levent Mahallesi.” 1. Levent Mahallesi. Arkiv, 23 June 2008. Web. Figure 26 3rd “Kanyon: Mimaride Ve Yaşam Tarzında Yenilikçi Bir Yaklaşım.” -Haberler. Yapi, 16 June 2006. Web. Figure 27 “Levent.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Aug. 2013. Web. Figure 28 “Levent - Google Maps.” Levent - Google Maps. Google Maps, 2013. Web Figure 29 1 sapphire; “Thread: ISTANBUL - Sapphire Tower - Completed - 54F / 261M.” SkyScraperLife RSS. Tabanlioglu, 6 Oct. 2006. Web, Figure 30 “Kanyon: Mimaride Ve Yaşam Tarzında Yenilikçi Bir Yaklaşım.” -Haberler. Yapi, 16 June 2006. Web , Figure 31 Metro city; “Istanbul.” Metrocity Shopping Center. Istanbul Guide, 14 Apr. 2008. Web. Figure 32 Simpkins, Martin. “Venue Evolving Corporate Universities Istanbul.” Amiando. Xing Events, Nov. 2012. Web. Figure 33 Ahmet Aru, Kemal. “1. Levent Mahallesi.” 1. Levent Mahallesi. Arkiv, 23 June 2008. Web. , Figure 34 Zeus. “Iş Kuleleri.” Itü Sözlük. Itu Sozluk Gorseller, 2012. Web. Figure 34 1 “Free Relief Layers for Google Maps.” Free Relief Layers for Google Maps. Google, 1 Mar. 2012. Web 2 , 3 “Garipce - Google Maps.” Garipce - Google Maps. Google Earth Maps, 2013. Web. Figure 36 Yaman, Zeynel. “İşte Yeni İstanbul.” Sabah.com.tr. Sabah, 2 June 2012. Web. Figure 37 “İşte 3. Köprü’nün Değişen Planı!” Ekonomi.haberturk.com. Haberturk, 17 July 2013. Web Figure 38 “İşte 2 Yeni İstanbul’un Haritası - Gündem Haberleri - Güncel Haber - Haber - Spor Haberleri- Sıcak Haber - Yerel Haber.” Rotahaber.com. Istanbul Municipality, 12 May 2011. Web. Figure 39 HASAN AKBAYRAK, EMRE. “Bluesyemre.” Bluesyemre. Blog, 6 Sept. 2013. Web. Figure 40 “Garipce - Google Maps.” Garipce - Google Maps. Google Earth Maps, 2013. Web. Figure 41 “Garipce - Google Maps.” Garipce - Google Maps. Google Earth Maps, 2013. Web. Figure 42 Carmichael, Keegan. “Nigh Architecture.” : Updated Program Analysis. Nigh Architecture, 20 Mar. 2012. Web. Figure 43 “Poyrazköy.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Mar. 2013. Web. Figure 44 “Garipçe, Sarıyer.” - Vikipedi. Wikipedia, 12 Oct. 2013. Web.


Figure 45 Map; “Garipce - Google Maps.” Garipce - Google Maps. Google Earth Maps, 2013. Web. Figure 46 “Garipce - Google Maps.” Garipce - Google Maps. Google Earth Maps, 2013. Web. Figure 47 Nix. “Garipçe Köyü Duvar Kağıtları.” HD Manzara Resimleri RSS. Manzara Resimleri, 28 Oct. 2012. Web. Figure 48 “Poyrazköy.” Plaj –. Poyrazkoy Muhtarligi, 1 July 2011. Web. Figure 49 “Europaconcorsi Beta.” Europaconcorsi. 2pm Architects, Dauphins
 Architecture, 13 Jan. 2012. Web. Figure 50 YANG, ZIHAO. “Garipçe.” The Battle for Istanbul. Bahceseir University, 2013. Web. Figure 51 “Poyrazköy’den Kareler.” Http://fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr/. Hurriyet, 2013. Web.

kirsten crock + hande oney


E N D N OT E -

CITY RESEARCH SECTION

Cover: Spread 2:

Fournier, Raphael. Neighborhood of Avcilar: Famer and His Cows. 2013. Photograph. Istanbul Urbanization, Istanbul. Emaho Magazine. 22 Apr. 2013. Dundaralp, Bogachan. Toki Dwellers the Survival Manual. 2012. Istanbul Design Biennial 2012. http://bogachandundaralp.wordpress.com/toki/. Hilgefort, Jason. “Urban regeneration: beyond the building” March 16, 2013. http://cairobserver.com/post/45489143839/talk-by-jason-hilgefort-urban-regeneration beyond-the. Fig 1: Burdett, Richard, and Deyan Sudjic. Living in the Endless City: The Urban Age Project by the London School of Economics and Deutsche Bank’s Alfred Herrhausen Society. London: Phaidon, 2011. Print. Fig 2: Güvenç, Murat, and Eda Ünlü-Yücesoy. “Urban Spaces In and Around Istanbul.” LSE Cities. Deutcshe Bank, Nov. 2009. Web. Fig 3: Kavlak, Emrah. “Turkish Economy: Crises 1923-2008 « Emrah Kavlak.” Emrah Kavlak. Emrah Kavlak, Mar. 2013. Web. Fig 4: Richter, Matthias. “AC4MobHCI.” 2012. HCI, 17-18 Sept. 2012. Web. Fig 5: Korkmaz, Tansel. “Istanbul. Living in Voluntary and Involuntary Exclusion.” Issuu. University Of Stuttgart, Vitra, 2009. Web. Fig 6, 7, 8: Azem, Imre. “Ekumenopolis: Ucu Olmayan Sehir” Filmforderung Hamburg Schleswig-Holstein, Kibrit Film, York Street Productions International. March 21, 2013. Fig 9: Kavlak, Emrah. “Envisioning Information for Istanbul « Emrah Kavlak.” Emrah Kavlak. Web, Mar. 2013. Web. Fig 10, 11: Korkmaz, Tansel. “Istanbul. Living in Voluntary and Involuntary Exclusion.” Issuu. University Of Stuttgart, Vitra, 2009. Web Fig 12: “Second Bosporus in Istanbul: Canal Istanbul” CNN Turkey. April 29, 2011. cnnturk.com. Fig 13: Korkmaz, Tansel. “Istanbul. Living in Voluntary and Involuntary Exclusion.” Issuu. University Of Stuttgart, Vitra, 2009. Web Fig 14 , 15, 16, 17: Korkmaz, Tansel. “Reclaim Istanbul.” Reclaim Istanbul. Wordpress, 4 Apr. 2011. Web. Fig 18 , 19: Burdett, Richard, and Deyan Sudjic. Living in the Endless City: The Urban Age Project by the London School of Economics and Deutsche Bank’s Alfred Herrhausen Society. London: Phaidon, 2011. Print. Fig 20: Kavlak, Emrah. “Envisioning Information for Istanbul « Emrah Kavlak.” Emrah Kavlak. Web, Mar. 2013. Web. Fig 21 : “Sisli” http://www.eskiistanbul.net/semtler/2sisli.htm. Fig 22, 42: “Apartments in Kurtulus Pangalti Neighborhood:” Finding an Apartment in Istanbul. September 28, 2012. https://pointwhitedrive.wordpress.com/2012/07/23/finding-an- apartment-in-istanbul/m-2/. Fig 23: “2D Law” TRT Haber. February 8, 2012. http://www.trthaber.com/haber/ekonomi/2b-yasasi-komisyondan-gecti-27697.html. Fig 24: “Beykoz Konaklan” Comuner. 2009. http://www.remax7tepe.com/en/beykoz_konaklari_hakkinda.htm. Fig 25: “Sulukule” Photo. http://www.kuruoglugayrimenkul.com/web/Image/Eski-fatih-resimleri-nostalji/eski-fatih-resimleri-3.jpg. Fig 26: “Sulukule and the Wall” Tonyrfsa, Wikipedia. January 21, 2008. http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Sulukule_and_the_wall.jpg#filehistory. Fig 27, 29, 31: “Istanbul” Google Maps, September 18, 2013, https://maps.google.com/maps?q=istanbul&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x14caa7040068086b:0xe1ccfe98bc01b0d0,Istanbul, +Turkey&gl=us&ei=wZFpUsHLI8HakQfekoCQAg&ved=0CLYBELYDMBM. Fig 28: “Pangalti” Istanbul. April 7, 2003. http://wowturkey.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=1345. Fig 30: “Acarkent” Meg Cam Balkon Sistemleri. 2013. http://www.megacambalkon.com/-4-104-acarkent-cam-balkon.html. Fig 32: Sticker, Simon. “Sulukule” Flow Media; Visual Storytelling. July 2, 2010. http://www.simonsticker.com/2010/07/02/sulukule/ Fig 33 : “Şişli Pangaltı Semt Haritası, İstanbul Şişli Pangaltı Uydu Haritası.” İstanbul , Şişli Pangaltı Yol Haritası, Pangaltı Uydu Görünümü, Şişli Pangaltı Karayolları Haritası. Google, n.d. Fig 34 : “Acarkent Kurye - 0212 210 00 53.” Acarkent Kurye - 0212 210 00 53. Seocou, n.d. Web Fig 35: Guney, Zeynep. “Fatih’te Kültür Başkenti Hazırlığı.” Fatih’te Kültür Başkenti Hazırlığı. N.p., 17 Apr. 2008. Web. Fig 36 , 37, 38: “- - - Trafik Kontrol Merkezi - -.” - - - Trafik Kontrol Merkezi - -. Istanbul Municipality, n.d. Web. Fig 39, 40: Google, pangalti, acarkent, sulukule historical landmarks and institutions Fig 41, 42, 43, 45: “Acarkent” Kurumsal Haberlet. http://www.kurumsalhaberler.com/acarkent/bultenler/markalarin-bulusma-noktasi-acarkent Fig 46, 47, 48: Harte, Julia. “Istanbul Court Annuls Almost-Finished Roma Project” Green Prophet; Sustainable News for the Middle East. June 18, 2012. http://www.greenprophet. com/2012/06/court-annuls-almost-finished-development-project-in-roma-neighborhood-in-istanbul/ Fig 49, 50: Korkmaz, Tansel. “Istanbul. Living in Voluntary and Involuntary Exclusion.” Issuu. University Of Stuttgart, Vitra, 2009. Web Fig 51: Kavlak, Emrah. “Envisioning Information for Istanbul « Emrah Kavlak.” Emrah Kavlak. Web, Mar. 2013. Web. Fig 52, 53, 54, 55, 56: “SULUKULE GÜNLÜĞÜ.” SULUKULE GÜNLÜĞÜ. Sulukule Residents, 2009. Web. Fig 57: “Sulukule” Emlak Kulisi, March 26, 2012. http://emlakkulisi.com/huseyin-avni-mutlu-sulukule-iyi-bir-proje-oldu/127439 Fig 58: Osseiran, Nejla. “My Beloved Sulukule” International Passport. 2012. http://vision.rcinet.ca/video/WO3OR1B7XW4U/My-Beloved-Sulukule-Can%C4%B1m-Sulukule/ Fig 59: “Sulukule passes the Required Dues” Real Estate Corridors. August 29, 2013. http://emlakkulisi.com/sulukulede-istenen-aidat-havuzlu-sitelerin-aidatini-gecti/188771


Fig 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65: “Berlini” Google Maps, September 2, 2013. https://maps.google.com/maps?q=germany+berlin&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x47a84e373f035901:0x42120 465b5e3b70,Berli n,+Germany&gl=us&ei=_3xpUsWcM82LkAf3q4HIAQ&ved=0CMkBELYD. Fig 68: Rose, Brian. The Lost Border. 1987. http://www.mascontext.com/issues/17-boundary-spring-13/the-lost-border/ Fig 69, 70: “Wall Tour - Changes to the Historical Site” Walks through Berlin. Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment. 2013. Berlin.de. Fig 71, 72, 73, 74, 75: “Lima” Google Maps, September 2, 2013. https://maps.google.com/maps?q=lima&ie=UTF-8&ei=1HxpUqPFJc-NkAfS-IDYAQ&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAg Fig 76, 77: “Crecimiento Urbano en Lima Metropolitana” Observatorio Urbano. 1993. http://www.urbano.org.pe/downloads/documento/crecimiento%20limaR13a.jpg Fig 78, 79, 80: “Lima: Institutional Boundaries” Censos nacionales de 1993. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informtica, Lima. 1994. Fig 81, 82, 83, 84, 85: “Taipei” Google Maps, September 2, 2013. https://maps.google.com/maps?q=taipei+city+taiwan&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x3442ac6b61dbbd9d:0xc 0c243da98cba64b, Taipei+City,+Taiwan&gl=us&ei=UXtpUsiGDYn4kQfnmYBQ&ved=0CKsBELYD Fig 86, 87, 89: “Land Use” PU-GEC. Taiwan. 1995. http://web.ntpu.edu.tw/~shuli/PUGEC_07Casestudy_2.htm Fig 88, 90: “Map of Active Faults in Taiwan” Central Geological Survey, MOEA. 2005. “Spatial Distribution of Declustered Earthquakes” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Science Direct. Vol 43, November 2012. Fig 91, 92, 93, 94, 95: “Barcelona” Google Maps, September 2, 2013. https://maps.google.com/maps?q=barcelona&ie=UTF-8&ei=V3ppUrarJNPokAebnIDAAQ&ved=0CA oQ_AUoAg Fig 96, 97, 98, 99, 100: Catalogo de barrios vulnerables en Barcelona, Barcelona. 2013. http://barriosvulnerables.fomento.es/portal/barrios/listaBarrios.php?den_ prov=Barcelona&fecha=1991

kirsten crock + hande oney



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