A dissertation published to fulfill the requirement of MBES2176 DESIGN THESIS DISSERTATION course.
PUBLISHED IN MALAYSIA IN 2020 BY UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA, 81310 JOHOR BAHRU, JOHOR, MALAYSIA. http://www.utm.my/
I DECLARE THAT THIS THESIS ENTITLED “ARCHITECTURAL STRATEGIES FOR A DAYLIT OFFICE ENVIRONMENT IN TROPICS” IS THE RESULTOF MY OWN RESEARCH EXCEPT AS CITED IN THE REFERENCE. THE THESIS HAS NOT BEEN ACCEPTED FOR ANY DEGREE AND IS NOT CONCURRENTLY SUBMITTED IN CANDIDATURE OF ANY OTHER DEGREE
SIGNATURE
:
NAME
: KHASRUL HANIF HAZIRIN BIN MOHD YUSOF
DATE
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TO MY FAMILY AND THE ONE THAT I LOVE SO DEARLY.
In the name of Allah, I express my deepest appreciation and dedication in completing my Master of Architecture. Alhamdulillah, all praise to be upon Allah S.W.T who has made His perfect plan for me during my journey in UTM. I cannot express enough thanks to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lim Yaik Wah, for his continuous support and encouragement towards me during my study especially in my final semester. His expertise in environmental study and precision in every detail of work really has helped me in improving my work. Also, special thanks to Prof. Dr. Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed Arifin and Ms. Jamilia for their guidance on making this dissertation happen. I also want to acknowledge to all my studio masters; Assoc. Prof. Dr. Raja Nafida Raja Shahminan, and Dr. Sharifah Salwa Syed Mahdzar, who have taught me endless amount of knowledge that also contributed into my dissertation. Lastly, to my loving parents; Mohd Yusof Ghazali, and Norizan Md Diah, my deepest gratitude. Thank you for your endless support and encouragement from the beginning of my study until now. It was a great comfort and relief to know that I have a strong support behind my back. My heartfelt thanks.
Daylight is the holistic combination of the luminous characteristics of sunlight from direct solar radiation and skylight from diffuse solar radiation. Most importantly, daylight is used to illuminate spaces and has been used widely in architecture as light sources. In architecture, daylight is the combination of sunlight and skylight. For instance, lighting has become the second-highest electric power consumption after air conditioning and refrigerator. Reducing lighting energy would significantly increase energy saving in a building. Research regarding daylight has been done to prove that daylight has many benefits to the working environment. Having a fully daylit environment office can be reached by having an effective daylight source from side light and top light. Heat gain can be avoided by choosing the right orientation, and also avoiding direct sunlight from East and West. This study aims to study the maximum potential of daylight that can be part of the architecture itself to achieve a fully daylit environment building. Velux Daylight Visualizer for daylight analysis and Autodesk Insight for solar radiation analysis were used to simulate daylight and solar movement, together with design variables to achieve the most effective daylit office environment. The variables of building orientation, building form, and shading devices were tested. The integration of the exoskeleton structure and shading device has been made to enhance the daylight in the office environment. The result of the simulation shows that an office with a daylit environment as ambient and task light, together with reducing solar heat gain is possible.
Cahaya siang adalah gabungan holistik daripada ciri-ciri cahaya matahari yang memancar daripada sinaran matahari langsung, dan cahaya dari sinaran matahari yang meresap. Antara fungsi cahaya ialah, cahaya siang digunakan untuk menerangi ruang dalam bangunan dan telah banyak digunakan dalam seni bina sebagai sumber cahaya. Dalam seni bina, cahaya siang adalah gabungan cahaya matahari dan cahaya langit. Tambahan pula, pencahayaan telah menjadi penggunaan kuasa elektrik kedua tertinggi setelah penyaman udara dan peti sejuk. Mengurangkan tenaga pencahayaan secara signifikan akan meningkatkan penjimatan tenaga di dalam sesebuah bangunan. Penyelidikan mengenai cahaya siang hari telah dilakukan untuk membuktikan bahawa cahaya siang mempunyai banyak manfaat untuk persekitaran dan kelangsungan kerja. Persekitaran pejabat yang penuh dengan cahaya siang dapat dicapai dengan memiliki sumber cahaya siang yang efektif dari sumber cahaya sisi dan cahaya atas. Peningkatan haba dapat dielakkan dengan memilih orientasi yang tepat, dan juga menghindari cahaya matahari langsung dari arah Timur dan Barat. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji penggunaan cahaya siang yang dapat menjadi sebahagian daripada seni bina itu sendiri untuk mencapai persekitaran ruang dalaman yang diterangi sepenuhnya. Velux Daylight Visualizer digunakan untuk analisis cahaya siang, dan Autodesk Insight digunakan untuk analisis sinaran suria telah digunakan untuk mensimulasi pergerakan cahaya matahari dan cahaya siang hari, bersama dengan pemboleh ubah reka bentuk untuk mencapai persekitaran pejabat cahaya siang yang paling berkesan. Pemboleh ubah orientasi bangunan, bentuk bangunan, dan alat teduhan telah diuji. Integrasi struktur exoskeleton dan alat teduhan telah dibuat untuk meningkatkan cahaya siang di persekitaran pejabat. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahawa pejabat dengan persekitaran yang diterangi cahaya siang hari sebagai pencahayaan persekitaran dan pencahayaan tugas, bersama-sama dengan pengurangan kenaikan haba solar boleh dicapai.
“The history of architecture is the history of the struggle for light.� Le Corbusier
Reichstag New German Parliament by Foster + Partners (source Archdaily)
Tropical climate, is one of the major climates in the world based on Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification (M. Kottek, J. Grieser, C. Beck, 2006). Where tropics consists of three types; tropical rainforest climate, tropical monsoon climate, and tropical savanna climate. This study focused on Malaysia that is populated in a tropical rainforest climate. Malaysia, one of SEA members, based on the World Population Review contains a population of 32.37 million people. With the massive average rainfall in Malaysia’s capital of 2540mm (100") with 220 rainy days during the year and an average humidity over 80%, according to Weather Atlas, 2020. Despite huge average rainfall, Malaysia is not exempted from experiencing climate change. The increase in global mean surface temperature (GMST), which reached 0.87°C in 2006–2015 relative to 1850– 1900, has increased the frequency and magnitude of impacts (high confidence), strengthening evidence of how an increase in GMST of 1.5°C or more could impact natural and human systems (1.5°C versus 2°C) (IPCC, 2019). It is widely known that the world is experiencing climate change due to global warming. Global warming not only effect outdoor temperature, it also affects
indoor thermal comfort because any change in the outdoor air temperature will influence the indoor air temperature (Djamila et al., 2018).
Figure 1 World Climate Classification Map (Source: www.nature .com)
Figure 2 Tropical Climate Map (Source www.nature.com)
Malaysia’s architecture style has evolved from traditional housing, colonial architecture, to currently modern architecture which is used widely throughout the whole country in parallel with the world’s
architectural development. Most popular modern design architecture applied high WWR ratio that resulted in many consequences in indoor thermal and visual discomfort. Having a large window gives direct sunlight, glare, and heat penetrating into the building therefore it creates more indoor discomfort issues for the end users. Based on an analysis done by (Arabi et al., 2012) regarding glare of 5 different office building in Malaysia, most of the occupants in government office building have visual discomfort especially because of glare. The analysis also stated that majority of the respondents fell that there was glare problem from the windows of their office room. This has proven that users do experience glare due to bad design planning and poor shading device system in the building. Daylighting is very important in building in order to enhance illuminance in the building. Hence, it also comes with light and heat. It is important that the indoor environment could avoid from improper lighting, as improper use of daylighting can reduce productivity and increase employee absenteeism due to the possibility of extremely high lighting levels, excessive glare, and high temperatures (Edwards & Torcellini, 2002). Even though Malaysia is rich of solar source, daylight is still hard to control when it comes to illuminating the space. The direction and intensities of the daylight needs to be further studied to ensure that daylight could lighten the space sufficiently. Furthermore, daylight can only penetrate to a limited depth through the window,
even if there is no obstruction to the sky (Tregenza, 1980). This is where extra passive design strategies plays it role to produce a quality indoor visual comfort in a daylit office environment. Hence, the focus if this study is to explore the most suitable design strategies to achieve a full daylit office environment in Malaysia.
1.
Insufficient natural lighting at workspace/ inhabit space
Natural lighting gives many benefits to the user; in building design for any purpose, windows are on the vertical facades that provide the aperture for daylight penetration into the building. A good building design that considering daylighting penetration in the building could give sufficient lighting in the building. However, daylight can only penetrate to a limited depth through the window, even if there is no obstruction to the sky (Tregenza, 1980). In most cases, where buildings that
are not intentionally design for daylit environment will suffer from insufficient natural lighting at the inhabited area. This will eventually cause performance drop from the users, because one of the important yet simple effect from daylighting could be a more positive mood for employees (Edwards & Torcellini, 2002).
2.
Necessary usage of artificial lighting inside building to achieve sufficient amount of light
Every space in the building requires its own particular amount of illuminance so that it achieves the comfortable light level to do the activity. For Malaysia, one of the guidelines for light illuminance level is by referring to Malaysian Standard 1525 where it provides the amount of illuminance needed for each type of spaces. The amount of illuminance might be achievable just by depending on daylighting, however in some cases the design of the building is not daylight friendly which it increases the heat gain and glare in in the building. Users tends to close the openings with blinds and curtains to avoid direct sunlight and using artificial lighting as main light source instead.
Figure 3 Results of the IES run on Chancellery building energy performance for a Typical Office Building (Saidur, 2009)
Figure 4 Pie Chart of Energy Breakdown in a Typical Office Building (Saidur, 2009)
Figure 3 and Figure 4 shows the chart of energy usage based on a research done by Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The pie chart is generated after the IES analysis has been done on a typical office building in Malaysia. Lighting energy is the second most used energy in a building, despite the office only operate in daytime. This has shown that how necessary artificial lighting is used in an office building in Malaysia.
3.
High daylight in the tropical area has not been utilized to the maximum.
In the tropics, there is abundance of daylight because of high intensity of the sun and longer period of its illumination. The global illuminance in intermediate sky can reach around 120,000 lx. On the other hand, studies carried out by researchers show that the high daylight in a tropical area has not been utilized to the
maximum (Yeh et al., 2011; Ahmad, 1996). The intensity of solar radiation and long uniform hours of solar radiation throughout the year can be the main light source which is supposed to be an advantage of daylight in tropical countries.
The aim of this research is to study the utilization of daylight that can be part of the architectural design solutions to achieve a fully daylit environment building.
1. What are the characteristics of daylight in tropical climate? 2. What are the effective strategies to enhance the daylight usage for office indoor visual comfort? 3. How to achieve optimum daylit office environment by using architectural solution?
1. To explore the characteristic and behavior of daylighting in tropical climate. 2. To experiment and evaluate the effectiveness of daylight for office indoor visual comfort 3. To propose strategies of achieving optimum daylit office environment
The significance of this study is to identify architectural design strategies of enhancing daylit office environments that could be applied in an office design especially in the tropical climate. The strategies would be focusing on two light sources which are from side lighting and top lighting. A discussion of the strategies will be applied in a hypothetical 3D model and simulated using daylight simulation software that will be tested on the experiment variables.
The effect of daylight penetration towards the indoor comfort is the main scope of study in this
research. It is to determine strategies that suit to achieve the daylit office environment by using architectural solutions by focusing on passive design strategy. There are also precedent studies that have applied those strategies and proven that the strategies are working. Daylighting design principles introduced by researchers are also taken into consideration to improve the efficiency of daylight harvesting strategies.
Figure 5 Thesis Framework
Calgary's new Central Library (source Snohetta)
In this chapter, three theoretical scopes are covered that explains about daylighting in tropical climate, daylighting strategies, and shading devices. It is important to covers the basic information of daylighting in tropics especially in Malaysia, where it has its own architecture that has responded well with the tropical climate. Next, this chapter reviews the design strategies that suits the characteristic of tropical climate. It discusses majorly about architectural solution such as openings configuration, spaces, and openings. Lastly, to reduce heat gain in the building, shading devices are discussed since shading devices is one of the most excellent passive design strategies to reduce heat gain but still giving daylight penetration into the building.
Tropics are one of the regions on Earth that surrounding the Equator. The tropical zone extends from latitudes of 10 to 23°. While subtropics of The Equatorial zone that includes Brazil, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia have a hot, wet climate with dry months
one or two months every year. The main sky condition is bright and overcast. The architectural language also depending on the adaptation of the climate concerning the natural lighting itself. By focusing on tropical and subtropics regions, where mainly is a direct sunlight climate, it is important to have a shading that comes together with the openings to avoid the hot direct sunlight. Traditional buildings would have wide awnings, long roof overhang, and also light construction to avoid heat trap in the building. Large window also designed that can be open day and night to allow more daylight, and natural ventilation.
Figure 6 Traditional Malay House in Malacca (Source: http://www.heritagemalaysia.my)
Figure 6 shows a traditional house in Malacca where it applies the large openings, and also large overhang as shading device. When it comes to high rise, reducing radiant heat gain is important where the openings should also have shading devices. Daylight availability is affected by sky conditions. Different cloud formations and availability of sunlight define various sky conditions (Y. W. Lim & Ahmad, 2015).
Openings in Building
Figure 8 Shallow Space
Figure 7 Deep Space Planning
Space Planning: Shallow Space and Deep Space Planning Figure 7 and Figure 8 shows a comparison between two types of space planning with a simulation done using Velux Daylight Visualizer 3, which is between shallow space, and deep space planning. Both two have their own importance that each one should be applying
in its particular condition. Shallow space planning is more likely to receive more daylight, and most workplaces will obtain enough daylight.
The opposite applies to deep space planning where only the nearest area to the opening will receive daylight, however, minimum daylight achieved when it comes to the center part of the room. It is clear that shallow space planning is very efficient in capturing daylight because of the light travel distance is already fully covered.
Figure 9 Shallow Space Planning with Full Side Openings
Figure 10 Deep Space Planning with Service Core
Having a lot of openings will give many benefits for the building, however it also will affect more on solar heat gain in the building. The use of shading devices is vital for facades with large, glazed portions in the sense of energy conservation in buildings. The paper discussed
about types shading devices in various kinds of buildings and how every shading device is efficient or inefficient depending on its architecture itself. This is to show how different kind of sun shading devices can reduce solar heat gain in the building.
Fixed shading devices Generally, fixed shading device is mounted outside or inside the building faรงade mostly on building window. Many types of fixed shading devices where each of it portray different effect. It shall be installed based on it suitability for the building, and can be used for aesthetic function for the building faรงade. Furthermore, it is very important to use proper type of shading device in the correct place and time period in terms of daylight availability, thermal and visual comfort (Kirimtat et al., 2016a). There are many types of fix shading devices as stated below;
1. Overhangs
Figure 11 Harvest Pavilion by Vector Architects (Source: www.archdaily.com)
2. Horizontal louvers
Figure 12 Drassanes Social Security Office by BCQ Arquitectes (Source: www.archdaily.com)
3. Vertical louvers
Figure 13 Gallery of Connor by Smart Design Studios (Source www.archdaily.com)
Vertical louvres are an effective strategy for shading devices as it will be mounted in front or behind window glazing, blocking most direct sunlight from East and West faรงade and only allow small portion of solar radiation to penetrates into the building. Some vertical louvers are designed to be technically movable at their angle to cover direct sunlight.
4. Egg crates
Figure 14 PAM Centre Bangsar by Ar. Mohd Heikal (Source: www.archdaily.com)
Egg crates will easily block solar radiation from all directions as the provide both horizontal and vertical shading. Egg crates with movable horizontal components permit controllable shading mask characteristics while the ones with inclined vertical fins create asymmetrical shading masks. (Kirimtat et al., 2016a).
Movable shading devices 1. Venetian blinds
Figure 15 Venetian Blinds (source www.luxaflex.com)
Venetian blinds share the same function as horizontal louvers, but it is not part of the building design. It acts as a curtain but still allow diffuse daylight in the space. Not just as a shading, venetian blinds also be used as a privacy tool. The optical and thermal properties of venetian blinds are complex as they have a discrete nature (Kirimtat et al., 2016b).
2. Vertical blinds
Figure 16 Vertical Blinds (Source: www.luxaflex.com)
Vertical blinds share the same characteristic with venetian blinds and roller binds, however it is using vertical axis shading configuration. The material also semitransparent where it allows diffuse daylight to the building.
3. Roller shades
Figure 17 Roller Shades (Sources: www.dezeen.com)
Roller shades used as an extensive shading device to control excessive daylight and glare with manual or motorized mechanism. The roller shades can be arranged in two positions, horizontally or vertically. This tool will drastically reduce glare and fix the daylight as the material is semi opaque.
4. Deciduous plants
Figure 18 Sansiri Vertical Living Gallery (Source: www.inhabitat.com)
Shading devices with plants not just improve the aesthetic function, it also kept the building cool and undesirable glare inside the building is prevented (Kirimtat et al., 2016a). The only challenge of having this kind of shading device is maintenance.
Side Light Daylighting System Daylighting through shaded window The idea of shading and daylighting a space could be a. very technical strategy because it involves some exterior components to enhance the daylight performance in terms of shading and illuminating. Light Guiding Shade (LGS) is applied to bounce the light, especially for deep plan building. LGS mimicking the form of conventional shading devices, however giving back diffused daylight into space back.
Figure 19 Light Guiding Shade System (Source: www.sciencedirect.com)
Figure 19 shows the technical system of LGS that act as a shading device also reducing solar heat gain. LGS will diffuse the input light depending on the angle of the LGS system, where it is most likely to be constant by
using the principles of non-imaging optics by Welford and Winston (Winston, 1989). Having a different variable of size of LGS would affect the result of different light outputs.
Light deflecting glazing – Light shelves Light shelf is one of the most effective and standard strategies on redirecting light coming towards ceiling to be reflected into the room. It also reduces glare and radiant heat gain. One of the main functions of light shelf is reducing glare of workspace near window area. Light shelf indeed, has a lot of benefits, however it also has many issues of having it such as difficult to incorporate it with window opening, also need to clean often because of the tendency of capturing dust which will affect the performance of the light shelves itself. Light shelf performed the best under intermediate sky with DSL from low angle (Y. W. Lim & Ahmad, 2015).
Figure 20 Light Shelves
In order to replace light shelves, various kind of prismatic glazing are used to perform similar function as light shelves. However, prismatic glazing also has another issue where the deflection value of prismatic materials is low and it also accumulate dust, which is more difficult to clean. One of the most effective solutions for deflecting the light is using Laser Cut Panel (LCP). It is a powerful light deflector material and also very easy to install. It can be installed as a primary glazing, or as secondary internal glazing where the location of LCP is located on the same place as light shelves. LCP is an optical material that can deflect light by having a parallel laser cut in a thin panel of clear acrylic material (Edmonds, 1993).
Figure 21 Laser Cut Panel System (Source: www.researchgate.net)
Figure 22 Typical Building Section with Light Penetration (Source: www.researchgate.net)
Figure 22 shows the rule of thumb of the daylight travel distance when penetrates into a space. The daylight travel distance will be 2.5 times height of the openings (Wah, 2019). In this case, Window to Wall Ration (WWR) is very crucial into making the daylight covering almost the whole working area.
Office is where working people spend most of their time in life to implement their works. Some user will spend tremendous amount of time in the office, and it will affects on the cost of electrical usage of the building. Lighting is of a paramount concern to the design of office space as in a typical new building, it consumes up to 25% of the amount of energy required and this indirectly affects visual comfort which is one of the models of IEQ (S. El-nafaty, 2014). Aside from that, the user’s visual comfort is one of the most important aspect to be taken into consideration as they will use the office space for hours almost every day. A survey from Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya, has been done regarding occupant’ visual comfort, and the result suggests that subjects favoritism for daylight could be influenced by their exposure to daylit office space (G. H. Lim et al., 2017). This shows that visual comfort in the office is depending on daylight and artificial lighting meant for task lighting. According to Malaysian Standard 1525 (MS1525), there are up to 13 types of working environment and each of the working environment need its own illuminance level. Moreover, Lighting shall provide a suitable visual environment within a particular space i.e. sufficient and suitable lighting for the performance of a range of tasks and provision of a desired appearance. The prescribed color rendering index (CRI) for a particular task
application should also be considered in conjunction with the illuminance level (MS1525, 2014).
Table 1 Recommended Average Illuminance Levels (Book source: Malaysian Standard 1525)
Table 1 is the illuminance level recommended for different task categories that are happening in a working space. Every building shall follow this requirement, by using
artificial light, or daylighting. From this standard, designers would found that the design are over illuminate, or under illuminate. Most importantly, by understanding that light may cause the perceptual performance and visual comfort by occupants which causes the visual where there is a complex perception through human’s senses (Araji, 2008).
This chapter discussed further information regarding recommended daylighting in tropical climate especially the characteristic of Malaysia’s climate and how traditional architecture blends in with the tropics. Daylighting design strategies also discussed in this chapter by designing shallow space planning to harvest more daylight. Shading devices also an important aspect to control glare and solar radiation heat gain in the building. As the daylight that comes into a building should be referred according to Malaysian Standard 1525 that discussed the illuminance level recommended for different task categories.
This chapter discussed about the method used during the analysis to prove this research. Since this research is more focusing on simulation analysis, it is essential to use the right method of research where the findings will be more on statistical. Research method chosen for this paper is quantitative.
The data collection method is highly depending on quantitative data as it is the primary data for this study. The first thing was to find out types of office users depending on what are the scope of works, office environment required together with the working culture of the office itself. Then the data were be analyzed accordingly together with the variables.
QUANTITATIVE DATA This research method is to find a result of effectiveness of applying passive design strategies to harvest more light for a daylit office environment. The strategies such as openings, light agents, shading devices, are the variables tested to achieve a full daylit office.
VELUX Daylight Visualizer
Figure 23 Velux Daylight Visualizer Logo
Velux Daylight Visualizer as the main software for this research as it can easily simulate the daylight experience in the spaces by referring to illuminance, luminance, and daylight factor. All the 3D models will be modeled using Autodesk Revit.
Figure 24 Example of Velux Simulation Test
Figure 24 shows the example of an experimenting office building where the results of this simulation shows the illuminance reading of the building. Various kind of view also can be simulated from plan view, section, and 3D perspective. The result will keep on changed depending on the variables that were changed according to the study. During the simulation, the location is specified in Medini City, Johor, with the coordinate of 1.4159° N, 103.6260° E with Overcast sky. Solid wall properties used white paint, with 0.300 roughness and 0.037 specularity. Glazing properties is using semi tinted with 0.600 transmittance.
Figure 25 Glazing Setting
Figure 27 Glazing Properties
Figure 26 Structure Setting
Figure 28 Floor Setting
Autodesk Insight
Figure 29 Autodesk Insight Logo
Autodesk Insight used for experimenting with solar radiation of building form and its orientation. From the result of the simulation of Autodesk Insight, the recommended orientation could be tested and determined. Not just on the early stage, simulationbased on Autodesk Insight will also identify the solar radiation after all shading devices are applied in the building.
Figure 30 Autodesk Insight Simulation Setting
The variables chosen were based on the review of previous research. Result based on computer simulation from respective software were evaluated to conclude the findings.
Independent variables • • •
Shading devices Building orientation Atrium configuration
Constant • •
Room height Window size (WWR)
Dependent variables • •
Illuminance Daylight factor
Hypothetical model In this research, a hypothetical model was created to explore and apply the strategies and variables mentioned before. The hypothetical model was modelled using Autodesk Revit which is a BIM software. The model was placed in Medini, Johor, Malaysia with the coordinate of 1.4159° N, 103.6260° E. The main typology for the model was a commercial building that functions as an office that designed for various types of designers where the office also designed to harvest daylight to achieve optimum daylit environment based on MS1525.
Hypothetical Model Form Development
Figure 31 Bassic Form Massing
The form started with a simple square shape for optimum space efficiency.
Figure 32 Form Massing with Atrium
An atrium is designed to harvest more daylight in the building
Figure 33 Separated Form into Two Blocks
The form then separated into two blocks for more effective space allocation and more daylight to capture.
Figure 34 Tilted Form to Avoid Direct Sunlight
The form is tilted 28° to avoid direct sunlight from East and West, and also the edge of rectangular shaped is tilted from directly facing East. Hence, it will be reducing direct sunlight from penetrates inside and only allow diffused sunlight to enter the openings.
Figure 35 Staggered Block
Staggered elements were applied in the building to reduce more faรงade that facing East and West that might cause solar radiation heat gain on the particular facade, and also to provide better view for the user towards lakeside.
Figure 36 Blocks with Ramps
Figure 37 Final Form Massing
Ramps was introduced to respect the site context by blending in the beautiful topography of the site, bringing in the slopes into the building itself. Ramps were also planted with vegetation as green roof to give soft surface hence reducing heat transfer into the building. Figure 36 is the final form that was used as 3D massing for simulation in Chapter 4.
Atrium Atrium also possessed one of the important contributions that affecting daylight result in the office. Two types of atrium were designed as variables; typical atrium design, and staggered atrium design. Each atrium has different concept and approach, and also gave different results to the simulation.
Figure 38 Typical Atrium
Figure 39 Staggered Atrium
This chapter has presented about the components that were used for simulation experiment and analysis as presented in Chapter 4. Quantitative method has been chosen for this experiment. Variables mentioned has been experimented in the next chapter using Velux Daylight Visualizer and Autodesk Insight.
Medibank HQ (source Earl Carter Photography)
This chapter discusses result taken from primary data based on the research methodology. The data were collected through simulation experimentation and literature reviews. One hypothetical office building was created to explore and apply all the variables. The aim is to experiment the most suitable strategies in order to achieve a daylit office environment in the building by applying passive design strategies. The simulation conducted is to identify the suitable strategies that can allow more daylight and avoiding solar radiation heat gain in the office.
The main purpose of this orientation study is to specified the direction of form should orientate by knowing the faรงade exposure to solar radiation. Due to geographical location, most of the office buildings in Malaysia are facing problem of how to prevent direct sun light especially from East and West (Lau et al., 2016). Hence this simulation will help to choose the right
orientation. The simulation used Autodesk Insight. Figure 40 below is the legend for the solar radiation simulation. The simulation was based on project location of Medini, Johor with coordinate of 1.4159° N, 103.6260° E, under intermediate sky condition.
Figure 40 Autodesk Insight Solar Radiation Reading Legend
Orientation A - Parallel to North Point
Figure 41 Solar Radiation Analysis for Orientation A
Figure 41 shows most of the solar radiation exceeded 400Wh/m² solar radiation on 9.00 am until 12.00 pm. However, very low solar radiation was received on West façade. The solar radiation rose drastically at West façade from 3.00 pm until 6.00 pm.
Orientation B - 30° to North
Figure 42 Solar Radiation Analysis for Orientation B
Figure 42 shows slight decline in terms of readings based on the simulation compared to orientation A. However, the analysis shows that the result of parallel orientation and 30°
orientation are almost identical.
Orientation C - 90° to North Point
3.00 pm
Figure 43 Solar Radiation Analysis for Orientation C
6.00 pm
Figure 43 has shown a drastic change of result from previous simulation. Less solar radiation on North faรงade which also indicates the longest faรงade for this form.
Based on the form massing in Figure 42, the form was interpreted into a building in 3D modelling. 85% of the faรงade purposely designed using 75% Window to Wall ratio (WWR) from floor to ceiling just to capture as much daylight as possible. In this simulation, Velux Daylight Visualizer was used as the main tool, supported with Autodesk Revit as the main 3D modelling software.
Figure 44 Hypothetical Model
ATRIUM CONFIGURATION Typical Atrium Design
Figure 45 Typical Atrium Configuration
Figure 46 Daylight Simulation for Typical Atrium Configuration
Figure 46 is the result of the 5 levels that indicate lower level, middle level, and top level. This model shows a typical atrium design with the same location of wall under the atrium. An even illuminance was found in the reading. However, lower level of atrium did not give much daylight to the building.
Staggered Atrium Design
Figure 47 Staggered Atrium Configuration
Figure 48 Daylight Simulation for Staggered Atrium Configuration
The figure above is the simulation of improvised atrium design by using staggered design to harvest more daylight into the spaces. The simulation result shows that the light dispersed and penetrated further into the space. This has shown positive result for experimenting daylight movement.
Figure 49 Comparison Between Two Atrium Configuration
Based on the two simulations, it is clearly shown that using staggered atrium design provides more daylight, and more controllable daylight.
In this hypothetical model, an innovative mechanism was created to provide a new shading device configuration for the building. An exoskeleton structure created to function as building structure, and also shading devices. First thing was to identify case studies of exoskeleton structure that exist and currently used in architectural practice. Those patterns were used to determine which configuration is the best to be use as structural system and shading device.
Figure 50 Centre Pompidou
Figure 50 is using expose structural system and services on the faรงade. The transparency of the structure and space has allowed the services to enter the building faรงade and embrace it as parts of the building design. Every grid holds every floor load; hence the exoskeleton structure member is small, but large in number. Diagrid structure also eliminate almost all conventional and vertical column (Moon et al., 2007) and creates such space efficiency throughout the whole building.
Figure 51 Bird Nest Stadium
Bird Nest Stadium is a repetition of a complex structural system in a circular array. Multiple steel structure with different curvatures surround the stadium with multi-layered structure locations that holds the lateral loads. This creates such random patterns, in the same time, giving aesthetic value to the image of the building itself.
Figure 52 HSBC Headquarter
Figure 52 exoskeleton structure fully put the loads on the exoskeleton structure. It acts as superstructures to the whole building. The structures hold themselves together by having trusses shaped
structure. Having this kind of structure transferring the loads from trusses to the vertical mega column. This strategy creates much more view to spare for the user, and space efficiency for the planning.
Figure 53 The Bow
The Bow has integrating structure together with building skin. The structure is depending on the building core location where the exoskeleton structure will transfer the loads to the building core. This type of diagrid configuration also needs large individual structure depending on the building height. Thus, this structure ensures space efficiency for the whole building and unique aesthetic value thoroughly. The benefits of placing diagonal members on the perimeter of the building are many, but certainly the most important one is that the efficiency of the system is far greater than of a system where the lateral bearing structure is confined in the narrow core (Gerasimidis et al., 2016).
Exoskeleton Structure Configuration Selection
Figure 55 Exoskeleton Configuration Figure 54 Exoskeleton Configuration B A
Figure 56 Exoskeleton Configuration C
Figure 54, 55, and 56 shows three types of configurations for exoskeleton structure based on case studies mentioned before. Figure 55 is using diagrid structure for the whole building. However, in figure 54, it shows more inconsistent and random pattern following Bird Nest Stadium concept. Figure 56 is using vertical structure concept towards the whole structural system.
Synthesis
Configuration A was the most suitable to be applied as exoskeleton structure, as the structure technically are more logical. Diagrid structure is an excellent configuration for high rise and mid-rise building. The rhombus shaped pattern transferring load to each component equally for each floor. This is possible because the diagonal members in diagrid structural systems can carry gravity loads as well as lateral forces owing to their triangulated configuration, whereas the diagonals in conventional braced frame structures carry only lateral loads (Moon et al., 2007). Furthermore, this pattern also easy to apply shading device because of its flexibility of the grid location to apply shading devices based on the diagonal grids. Shading devices such as vertical or horizontal louvers can be apply on the grid depending on how much that particular space require daylight.
Figure 57 Hypothetical Office with Exoskeleton Structure View 1
Figure 58 Hypothetical Office with Exoskeleton Structure View 2
Steel I-beam is used, covered with aluminium cladding, giving more neat design to the exoskeleton structure aesthetical value. White paint on the aluminium cover so that it will not absorb heat, and reflect daylight in the building.
Daylight study Exoskeleton structure without louvers.
Figure 59 Hypothetical Office with Exoskeleton Structure Without Louvers
Ground Floor
Level 7
Level 1
Level 5
Level 10
Level 12
Figure 60 Velux Simulation for Exoskeleton Structure without Louvers
Exoskeleton structure with louvers.
Figure 61 Hypothetical Office with Exoskeleton Structure with Louvers
Ground Floor
Level 7
Level 1
Level 5
Level 10
Level 12
Figure 62 Velux Simulation for Exoskeleton Structure with Louvers
Solar Radiation Analysis
Figure 63 Solar Radiation Model 9.00 am
Solar radiation analysis was done using Autodesk Insight specially for hypothetical office building model with louvers. Figure 63 shows the simulation on 9.00 am. Solar radiation at East side is greatly reduced as shown in Figure 62 previously.
Figure 64 Solar Radiation Model 12.00 pm
At 12.00 pm, solar concentrated on roof and outdoor floor of the building. This is however will not affect much on the visual and thermal comfort. Majority of the façade surface experiencing below than 218 Wh/m².
Figure 65 Solar Radiation Model 3.00 pm
West side of the building received a lot of solar radiation especially on a solid wall surface in the middle part of the building at 3.00 pm. The same thing happened on horizontal plane in the building such as floor and roof where they received quite high intensity of solar radiation.
Figure 66 Solar Radiation Model 6.00 pm
A very high concentration of solar radiation (>218 Wh/m²) showed on the middle part of West side of the building at 6.00 pm. The other parts of building show a positive result with solar radiation with less than 218 Wh/m².
This chapter has done experiments that focuses on the analysis of variables mentioned in Chapter 3. There are 3 orientation tested including parallel to North Point, 30° from North Point, and 90° from North Point. Two types of atrium also have been experimented to investigate which configuration will enhance daylight penetration to the building. Exoskeleton structure analysis also has been studied in this topic. Exoskeleton configuration has been analyze based on case studies, and Configuration A was chosen as the most effective configuration structurally and as shading devices tools.
Ajinomoto Office Istanbul (Source: www.officesnapshots.com)
This chapter will discuss about the verdicts from chapter 4. After the simulation and experiment were conducted, it is important to choose the most effective strategies based on the selected variables. Each variable will have its own effect on the experiment and simulation. This chapter explains what actually happened and how the result came about. After the analysis, this chapter recommends the most suitable strategies that could be implemented in the office design to achieve daylit environment and reducing heat gain at the same time.
Based on the simulations, it is necessary to choose the best building orientation that can avoid solar radiation heat gain and also getting the right amount of daylight.
Figure 67 Solar Radiation Analysis with Estimated Solar Radiation Value
Figure 68 Solar Radiation Analysis with Inference
Orientation A receives the highest amount of solar radiation on East and West orientation because of the faรงade is directly facing those side. More concentrated solar radiation gains on a very large faรงade side will increase the heat gain in the building, however giving more daylight in the building.
Compared with Orientation B, even though the result is almost identical with Orientation A, the amount of solar radiation is slightly reduced because of the faรงade is not directly facing East and West. The tilted faรงade reduced up to 30% compared to Orientation A. Also, this orientation gave high amount of daylight into the building.
In Orientation C, the solar radiation only concentrates at the smallest area of faรงade of East and West. This orientation drastically reduces the heat gain in the building, however this orientation will not give much daylight into the building as the objective for this research is to achieve a daylit environment office.
Figure 69 Orientation B
Thus, Orientation B is chosen because it is the most efficient in terms of reducing solar radiation on faรงade that will affect the heat gain in the building, and also more daylight could penetrate into the spaces of the building. Heat gain with the direct sunlight into the building is a solvable issue since many solutions could be applied to reduce solar radiation heat gain in the building.
Atrium plays a large role in daylight harvesting as it focuses on top light that will distributes into internal side light. Basically, atrium makes use of top lighting or clerestory side-lighting in order to provide task lighting on the floor of the atrium space and secondary light to adjacent spaces (Wah, 2019).
Based on the two types of atrium configuration simulation, it is clear that both yield some contributions to the daylight experience in the spaces. Having a conventional atrium does gives sufficient daylight to the building, but the most efficient in terms of improving visual quality is by having staggered atrium configuration.
Staggered atrium has been applied in the famous Diamond Building, Putrajaya, where the atrium somehow captures the daylight from atrium and make it contributes as sidelighting.
Figure 70 Staggered Atrium Section
Figure 71 Staggered Atrium Section with Light Path
Figure 71 shows the light movement or light bounce movement for the staggered atrium configuration. By
implementing this configuration, it will allow more the daylight to penetrates farther into the space because of the shape of the window. This is because of, based on (Yunus et al., 2008) atrium roof was not incorporated with various roof profile or internal obstructions which significantly affect daylight levels in atria. By improving the shapes of the obstruction under the atrium, it will improve the indoor daylight quality.
In this hypothetical model, an innovative mechanism is created to create a new shading device configuration for the building. An exoskeleton structure created to function as a structure, and also a shading device. Diagonal louvers attached on certain location on the exoskeleton grid based on the function of the space. This integration between structure and shading device also creates space efficiency and more fluid space planning.
Figure 72 Exoskeleton Structure with Louvers
Diagrid structure as the main support that holds the shading devices together with the structure. The louvers are attached with structure that creates such shading devices. This allows mostly diffused daylight into the building and illuminate the working space as task light, and ambient light. The louvers are aluminum component painted with waterproofing brown colour to imitate the color of wooden louvers. Most of the building is painted with white colour to enhance the reflectance of the daylight especially inside the office space. Furthermore, white paint reflects solar radiation up to 1-2 Îźm , it is sometimes referred to as a solar reflector (Wake, 1989).
Figure 73 Exoskeleton Details
Figure 74 Velux Simulation Office with Louvers Level 1
Figure 74 showed that the simulation result for the office building with louvers applied. The bluish color represents below than 250 lux, where it is lower than required illuminance value for a working space based on MS1525. Yellowish and greenish colours are the best and most suitable illuminance value for a working space area. This reading is achievable for the whole floor area because of not all spaces required 300-500 lux level. For example, in Figure 70 showed that the least lux level is in three spaces which are; fashion runway hall, meeting room, and service core. These three spaces will have their own task lighting and will not depending on daylight solitary.
Figure 75 Velux Simulation Office with Louvers Level 10
However, at Level 10, where all spaces do not need any specific task lighting, the daylight did penetrate throughout the whole floor except for service core. Greenish and yellowish colour represent the most suitable daylight for ambient lighting or task lighting (300-750 lux). This is where the daylit office environment is proven to be achievable. These amounts of lux level will not be achieved without the help of shading devices. Without Louvers
With Louvers
Figure 76 Comparison Between without and with Louvers
Figure 72 is the comparison of Level 10 without and with louvers applied on the building skin. Although
the differences are not so significant, it does show a positive result from over illuminance, into more considerable amount of lux level. This has not just given a sufficient illuminance for the space, it also reduce solar radiation heat gain in the building.
Figure 77 Solar Radiation Simulation
Having an exoskeleton structure not just only giving aesthetic value to the building it also can add up to superior energy savings, exterior shading systems reflect and absorb solar energy outside the building,
before it penetrates into window (CE Center, 2019). Either the shading device absorbed, and reflected the radiation outside the building, solar radiation still can enter the building or absorbed by the glazing, however in this simulation result, it showed that the solar radiation inside the building drastically lesser than solar radiation on the structures and shading devices. This can conclude that without shading devices, the solar radiation will easily penetrate the glazing and enter the building, hence increasing the solar radiation heat gain.
This chapter discusses about further evaluation that has been presented in Chapter 4 previously. All the variables were tested to achieve result that can contribute into achieving daylit office environment. Orientation of 30° from North has been chosen because of the suitability of capturing daylight, and avoiding direct sunlight of East and West. Staggered atrium configuration also has proven that it will enhance the penetration of daylight in the building. The usage of shading device by integrating building structure and shading device shows positive result on reducing solar radiation heat gain of the building façade.
This dissertation focuses on finding the most suitable strategies for making a daylit environment office achievable by architectural solutions. Finding data in literature review is indeed not an issue because of there are a lot of research work have been done regarding daylighting in architecture. However, not many precedent studies and case studies were found that really claims to have a full daylit environment or even proven by the green building assessment. This has resulted in difficulties to find the best building that already implementing such excellent daylight harvesting system. Moreover, the software limitation in terms simulation data recording also become one of the major limitations. This is because of the software used, Velux Daylight Visualizer and Autodesk Insight, runs the simulation without providing any data in tables or figure format. The only option is to observe and compare using colour maps referring to the legends provided by each software. It’s best if the simulation software could have a table that shows the number of illuminance levels present at each space. This led to difficulties to find minor differences between one variable and another variables.
Ultimately, the dissertation of architectural strategies for daylit office environment in tropics was conducted to finds out the most suitable strategies that can be implemented in an office building specially in Malaysia. The content discussed in the whole dissertation thoroughly include the flow of the research, to cater the issues based on theoretical hypothesis provided in literature review. These steps are important in order to achieve the research objective of the dissertation. Daylit office environment is where the ambient lighting is fully depending on daylight. The indoor visual comfort is still achievable despite extra artificial lighting is need for specific task lighting. However, light comes together with heat. To reduce solar radiation heat gain in a building, orientation shall be avoiding direct sunlight. In certain cases where direct sunlight cannot be avoided, shading device should be applied in order to reduce direct sunlight and only allow diffused daylight to penetrates into the building. Nevertheless, despite the limitations of this research, this dissertation can conclude that daylit environment is achievable by having a proper consideration of building form that could harvest more daylight, light harvester configuration system, and faรงade treatment together with shading devices.
Table 1 Recommended Average Illuminance Levels ........... 41
Figure 1 World Climate Classification Map (Source: www.nature .com) ................................................................ 13 Figure 2 Tropical Climate Map (Source www.nature.com) . 13 Figure 3 Results of the IES run on Chancellery building energy performance for a Typical Office Building (Saidur, 2009) ..................................................................................... 16 Figure 4 Pie Chart of Energy Breakdown in a Typical Office Building (Saidur, 2009).......................................................... 17 Figure 5 Thesis Framework ................................................... 21 Figure 6 Traditional Malay House in Malacca (Source: http://www.heritagemalaysia.my) ....................................... 25 Figure 7 Deep Space Planning .............................................. 26 Figure 8 Shallow Space ......................................................... 26 Figure 9 Shallow Space Planning with Full Side Openings ... 27 Figure 10 Deep Space Planning with Service Core ............... 27 Figure 11 Harvest Pavilion by Vector Architects (Source: www.archdaily.com) ............................................................. 29 Figure 12 Drassanes Social Security Office by BCQ Arquitectes (Source: www.archdaily.com) ........................... 29 Figure 13 Gallery of Connor by Smart Design Studios (Source www.archdaily.com) ............................................................. 30 Figure 14 PAM Centre Bangsar by Ar. Mohd Heikal (Source: www.archdaily.com) ............................................................. 31 Figure 15 Venetian Blinds (source www.luxaflex.com) ........ 32 Figure 16 Vertical Blinds (Source: www.luxaflex.com) ........ 33 Figure 17 Roller Shades (Sources: www.dezeen.com) ......... 34 Figure 18 Sansiri Vertical Living Gallery (Source: www.inhabitat.com) ............................................................. 35 Figure 19 Light Guiding Shade System (Source: www.sciencedirect.com) ...................................................... 36
Figure 20 Light Shelves ......................................................... 38 Figure 21 Laser Cut Panel System (Source: www.researchgate.net) ........................................................ 39 Figure 22 Typical Building Section with Light Penetration (Source: www.researchgate.net) ......................................... 39 Figure 23 Velux Daylight Visualizer Logo ............................. 45 Figure 24 Example of Velux Simulation Test ........................ 46 Figure 25 Glazing Setting Figure 26 Structure Setting 47 Figure 27 Glazing Properties Figure 28 Floor Setting ..... 47 Figure 29 Autodesk Insight Logo .......................................... 48 Figure 30 Autodesk Insight Simulation Setting .................... 48 Figure 31 Bassic Form Massing ............................................ 51 Figure 32 Form Massing with Atrium ................................... 51 Figure 33 Separated Form into Two Blocks ......................... 52 Figure 34 Tilted Form to Avoid Direct Sunlight .................... 52 Figure 35 Staggered Block .................................................... 53 Figure 36 Blocks with Ramps ................................................ 53 Figure 37 Final Form Massing .............................................. 54 Figure 38 Typical Atrium ...................................................... 55 Figure 39 Staggered Atrium ................................................. 55 Figure 40 Autodesk Insight Solar Radiation Reading Legend .............................................................................................. 59 Figure 41 Solar Radiation Analysis for Orientation A ........... 60 Figure 42 Solar Radiation Analysis for Orientation B ........... 62 Figure 43 Solar Radiation Analysis for Orientation C ........... 63 Figure 44 Hypothetical Model .............................................. 65 Figure 45 Typical Atrium Configuration ............................... 65 Figure 46 Daylight Simulation for Typical Atrium Configuration ........................................................................ 66 Figure 47 Staggered Atrium Configuration .......................... 67 Figure 48 Daylight Simulation for Staggered Atrium Configuration ........................................................................ 67 Figure 49 Comparison Between Two Atrium Configuration 68 Figure 50 Centre Pompidou ................................................. 69
Figure 51 Bird Nest Stadium ................................................. 70 Figure 52 HSBC Headquarter ................................................ 70 Figure 53 The Bow ................................................................ 71 Figure 54 Exoskeleton Configuration B ................................ 72 Figure 55 Exoskeleton Configuration A ................................ 72 Figure 56 Exoskeleton Configuration C ................................ 72 Figure 57 Hypothetical Office with Exoskeleton Structure View 1.................................................................................... 74 Figure 58 Hypothetical Office with Exoskeleton Structure View 2.................................................................................... 74 Figure 59 Hypothetical Office with Exoskeleton Structure Without Louvers ................................................................... 75 Figure 60 Velux Simulation for Exoskeleton Structure without Louvers .................................................................... 75 Figure 61 Hypothetical Office with Exoskeleton Structure with Louvers .......................................................................... 76 Figure 62 Velux Simulation for Exoskeleton Structure with Louvers .................................................................................. 76 Figure 63 Solar Radiation Model 9.00 am ............................ 77 Figure 64 Solar Radiation Model 12.00 pm .......................... 78 Figure 65 Solar Radiation Model 3.00 pm ............................ 79 Figure 66 Solar Radiation Model 6.00 pm ............................ 80 Figure 67 Solar Radiation Analysis with Estimated Solar Radiation Value ..................................................................... 85 Figure 68 Solar Radiation Analysis with Inference ............... 85 Figure 69 Orientation B ........................................................ 86 Figure 70 Staggered Atrium Section ..................................... 88 Figure 71 Staggered Atrium Section with Light Path ........... 88 Figure 72 Exoskeleton Structure with Louvers ..................... 90 Figure 73 Exoskeleton Details ............................................... 90 Figure 74 Velux Simulation Office with Louvers Level 1 ...... 91 Figure 75 Velux Simulation Office with Louvers Level 10 .... 92 Figure 76 Comparison Between without and with Louvers . 92 Figure 77 Solar Radiation Simulation ................................... 93
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More and more, so it seems to me, light is the beautifier of the building.� - Frank Lloyd Wright