SMALL SPACE: essays from Histories and Theories of Architecture III, University of the Witwatersrand by Hannah le Roux

SMALL ESSAY

Minimum flat, Frankfurt. (International Congress for New Building Zurich, 1933 p113)

COURSEWORK FROM HISTORIES AND THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE III 2020

Hannah le Roux, lecturer, School of Architecture and Planning hannah.leroux@wits.ac.za Karl van Wyk and Eva Kowalska, FEBE Academic Development Unit and tutorial support convenors

The terrible economic and mental health toll of a 120+ day lockdown is dawning on South Africa, along with many other countries. A dynamic new bureau is tasked with defining spatial standards that will help citizens avoid such trauma again, if and when new crises necessitate a â&#x20AC;&#x153;stay in placeâ&#x20AC;? order. At the same time, this bureau aims to ensure dignity in living conditions for all, at all times, while being mindful of economic constraints.

As a young person who represents your community, as well as the student body of a major university, and a skill set in architectural history and design, you have been tasked to bring a short report to the bureau to help them with this task. It can be illustrated with up to 5 images of at least which 3 must be historical precedents for your proposals.

The aim of the essay was to propose architectural parameters for liveable small spaces, through the redefinition of individual and collective rights. Such projects have happened at several post-crisis moments, such as after the 1918-19 influenza epidemic, in the face of 1940s and 50s black housing shortages in South African cities, in contemporary refugee spaces, as well as in world cities with rocketing rents. We have all experienced containment in recent months, and possibly have gained insights into its deep impacts. We have also come to appreciate the value of shared spaces. The essay aimed to work as a productive de-briefing on small spaces that would allow us to transition from being their enclosed subject, to being designers of future small spaces for others. In the process, students applied critical thinking skills and lived experience to architecture and its contextual frames.

VISUALISATION OF OWN SPACES:â&#x20AC;©

RESEARCH RESOURCES: Mapping your space: Tebogo Chologi (2020) The Shack https://youtu.be/eos18qeo2rQ How 2020 remapped your world (2020) https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-coronaviruslockdown-neighborhood-maps/ What We Learned in 100 Days of Life Interrupted (2020) https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/06/style/ pandemic-diaries-college-students.html

Potential precedents: Ernst May: “Ernst May” Terrace house, Neue Frankfurt, 1928 Le Corbusier: Cabanon de Vacances, 1951 https://capmoderne.com/en/lieu/le-cabanon/ National Building Research Institute: South African Council for Scientific & Industrial Research Pretoria. Non-European Housing. 1951-1952. http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/11082 Clara da Cruz Almeida: Pod Idlala, 2016 http://www.pod-idladla.com Matilde Cassani: Spiritual Devices, Württembergischen Kunstverein, 2010 http:// www.matildecassani.com/# Vaude: Wingtarp SUL 2P tent https://www.vaude.com/en-INT/Equipment/Tents/Lightweight-Tent/4765/ Wingtarp-SUL-2P?number=123181820 Food urbanism http://www.foodurbanism.org/what-is-food-urbanism/ Archdaily eg https://www.archdaily.com/893384/house-plans-under-50-square-meters-26-more-helpfulexamples-of-small-scale-living RIBA catalogue https://www.architecture.com/image-library/library-catalogue.html (very detailed - there are instructions under Resources on the course e-Wits site too) Architectural Review, el Croquis, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, as well as searches in the Art and Architecture Index, or Avery Index of Architectural publications (under databases). Researching standards: Michael Sorkin: Local Code: The Constitution of a City at 420N Latitude, 1993 South African Government: Higher Education Act: Policy on minimum norms and standards for student housing at public universities, 2015 https://www.gov.za/documents/higher-education-act-policy-minimumnorms-and-standards-student-housing-public Neufert’s Architects’ Data United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR): Camp Planning Standards https:// emergency.unhcr.org/entry/45581/camp-planning-standards-planned-settlements and Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response

SELECTED ESSAYS: Robyn Glanville Sebastian Görner Liam Harvey Annelien Jacob Ashton James Sanam Kanjee Ntokozo Amanda Khumalo Melissa Kock Justine Le Pere Mei Han Liang Merlin Love Naledi Mametje Tintswala Mathye Talya Michaels Priyvan Moodley Bella Mzolo Simone O’Maker Noel Odhiambo Tammy-Lee Ohlson De Fine Sinead Pieterse Dinah Rabson Shreya Ramsarup Emma Skudder Buhle Xhegwana

An exploration into the minimal existence in South Africa and how it can better the lives of the population Robyn Glanville 1600937

Abstract A minimal existence; an architectural design that considers what humans need as a base to live comfortable, happy, and content lives. While minimalism is considered a trend in Scandinavian countries, a large population of the South African population has been forced into a pseudo – minimalism due to the gross inequality that is supported by societal structures. The novel Coronavirus has not only highlighted the disturbing inequality and lack of space in homes but has exacerbated it due to the unemployment rate increasing and confinement in homes with the lockdown the South African government imposed. South Africa requires an elaborate, dignified plan that defines what an “existence minimum” is in our country, the current plan does not consider a life that pandemics such as the Coronavirus create. The minimal existence in South Africa was not up to standards before the pandemic because so many South Africans did not have access to the basic needs of shelters or services. With the pandemic, the current plan needs to be improved to better the lives of South Africans. The precedents to be discussed will consider plans from a South African lowcost social housing “Reconstruction and Development Programme Unit” from 2011, a South African high-cost pod design, “Idladla” by Clara da Cruz Almeida, the low-cost Nagakin Capsule Tower from the Metabolist movement in 1972 in Japan by Kisho Kurokawa. The precedents will consider the economic factors that allowed these buildings to be built, the demographics and culture of the country while considering the architectural features that either aided in the success or failure of the projects. The end goal of this essay is to express the significance of human dignity in architecture, how appropriate affordable housing is a necessity, and that designing at a macro and micro scale will significantly improve the South African quality of life.

Introduction As a third-generation graduating white female from a divorced, middle-income family; I am very privileged and do not share the hardships that so many in our country face and therefore cannot say that my design will work throughout the country for there are so many cultures and situations I have not experienced. What can be said is that I will to the best of my ability consider as many factors as I can to make this helpful for a large population. This reflection and essay will contemplate some of the issues our country faces with the Coronavirus pandemic and standardized living in general. While minimalism is considered a trend in Scandinavian countries, a large population of the South African population has been forced into a pseudo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; minimalism due to the gross inequality that is supported by societal structures. The novel Coronavirus has not only highlighted the disturbing inequality and lack of space in homes but has exacerbated it due to the unemployment rate increasing and confinement in homes with the lockdown the South African government imposed. A new set of standards must be introduced to South Africa to aid citizens with regards to pandemics, recessions, and general well-being. The precedents that will be considered are â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the South African low-cost social housing of RDP Housing unit 2011, Clara da Cruz Almeidaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s higher cost Idladla pod 2016, and finally the Nagakin Capsule by Kisho Kurokawa 1972. From there, a new set of standards will be proposed to South Africa in hopes of aiding communities.

Personal mapping and reflection The Coronavirus Pandemic has confined most citizens to their home, I am privileged to live in a 56mÂ˛ bachelor flat with my partner with family members living in the apartment across the hall. This time of isolation has shown to me how aspects of my home and surroundings greatly affect my day to day life and mental wellbeing. I have found that an open space floor plan is useful in many aspects but is not sustainable for people who need to use their areas as more than one use. I have completely forfeited my dinner table to be a workspace and all activities melt into a single area. Sunshine is undoubtedly a gift to mental wellbeing if you are unable to leave your apartment. Plants are a necessity to maintain the feeling of control and cooking real food that nourishes makes for a better life. I do not have a community around me apart from my family and for obvious reasons I am usually busy so this time has been isolating. I canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t stress the importance of community, nature, happiness and mental well being enough.

Glanville, Robyn. 2020. Mapping Home Dwelling During Coronavirus. Watercolour on paper. Johannesburg.

Precedent studies South African RDP Houses The ‘Reconstruction and development programme’ (RDP) housing units were an initiative of the African National Congress (ANC), these housing units provided shelter to those who were previously disadvantaged under the Apartheid Government and to address the severe shortage of housing in South Africa that developed in South Africa2. In theory, the original concept of the RDP Housing units was one that would aid communities that had been made victim to the Apartheid Government laws and/or vagrants, the reality of the RDP housing units is that they did not meet requirements set out by the government such as “basic services (e.g., running water, sewerage, and electricity) and amenities (e.g., schools and clinics) that are essential in any new community.”3An example of this would be the Braamfischerville case study in Soweto, the commencement of this project began in 1996 and was recorded to still lack many of the basic services and amenities by 2002 in the units that were built.4 According to the case study of Braamfischerville, Soweto – those living in RDP housing units showed a large response of dissatisfaction with regards to the size of the unit, the roof, walls, doors, windows, lavatory, and kitchen - an important observation to consider is that “these inhabitants are first-time homeowners, most probably having lived in shacks or as backyard squatters in their previous accommodation”.5 Some of the complaints that arose from the questionnaire were that; the lack of ceilings, the lack of air bricks that required the windows to be left open and the doors not functioning appropriately – all relating to a rushed, low-cost building6 that could have potentially been avoided had the combination of contractors, architects and government worked to a level that would help dignify those living in these areas.

Raeesa Moolla, Nico Kotze, and Liz Block. 2011. "Housing Satisfaction And Quality Of Life In RDP Houses In Braamfischerville, Soweto: A South African Case Study". Urbani Izziv 22 (01): 138. doi:10.5379/urbani-izziv-en2011-22-01-005. 3 Raeesa Moolla,, Nico Kotze, and Liz Block. 2011. "Housing Satisfaction And Quality Of Life In RDP Houses In Braamfischerville, Soweto: A South African Case Study". Urbani Izziv 22 (01): 139. doi:10.5379/urbani-izziv-en2011-22-01-005. 4 Raeesa Moolla, Nico Kotze, and Liz Block. 2011. "Housing Satisfaction And Quality Of Life In RDP Houses In Braamfischerville, Soweto: A South African Case Study". Urbani Izziv 22 (01): 139. doi:10.5379/urbani-izziv-en2011-22-01-005. 5 Raeesa Moolla, Nico Kotze, and Liz Block. 2011. "Housing Satisfaction And Quality Of Life In RDP Houses In Braamfischerville, Soweto: A South African Case Study". Urbani Izziv 22 (01): 141. doi:10.5379/urbani-izziv-en2011-22-01-005. 6 Raeesa Moolla,, Nico Kotze, and Liz Block. 2011. "Housing Satisfaction And Quality Of Life In RDP Houses In Braamfischerville, Soweto: A South African Case Study". Urbani Izziv 22 (01): 141. doi:10.5379/urbani-izziv-en2011-22-01-005.

One of the severe repercussions that arose with the building of these RDP housing units was the presence of asbestos in the roofs. Should the roofs that were applied to the RDP houses have broken, painted, or moved; the potential of asbestos fibres in the air increased to a level that was harmful to humans 7. The effects of exposure to asbestos can include asbestosis where scar-like tissue forms in the lungs causing issues with breathing and chest pains, risk of lung cancer and mesotheliomas “Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive, usually fatal cancer arising from the mesothelial cells that form the lining of the pleural (lung), peritoneal (abdominal) and pericardial (heart) cavities.”8 While the South African government does have initiatives to safely remove the asbestos riddled roofs from the RDP housing units if history is an indication of how that will proceed then the possibility of those in danger of becoming victims to this is severe. According to Section 24 and 10 of the South African constitution “s.24. Environment.-Everyone has the right(a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and (b) to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that(i)

prevent pollution and ecological degradation;

(ii)

promote conservation; and

(iii) secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.”9 “Human Dignity (Section 10) Everyone has inherent dignity and the right to have their dignity respected and protected”10

Obmiński, Andrzej. 2020. "Asbestos In Building And Its Destruction". Construction And Building Materials 249 (119609): 118 - 685. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118685. 8 "Asbestos - Health Effects : OSH Answers". 2015. Ccohs.Ca. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/asbestos/effects.html. 9 Section 24 of The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. 10 Section 10 of The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.

Human dignity can be understood in this context as the essence that defines what is it to be a human, and specifically within architecture and planning; what defines humanity including the basic access to services, amenities, and communities.11 The RDP Housing scheme is therefore in direct conflict with the South African Constitution because the environment that has been created may include asbestos which would be defined as air pollution and as obvious health risks to multiple generations, the RDP housing scheme in theory would align to Section 10 of the constitution of Human dignity but due to the poor craftsmanship, contractors not adhering to SANS regulations and the lack of services and/or amenities – the RDP housing units do not meet the minimum of what it is to be human.

The figure to the left is the basic floor plan of an RDP housing unit at 36m². While the RDP initiative did house many people, there is much

room

for

improvement.

The

Coronavirus Pandemic in South Africa took a colossal toll on the GDP, on individual businesses and potentially will see a 50% unemployment rate according to Alan Mukoki, the Industry chief executive officer 12

. With a large portion of the country

unemployed, many will go hungry and lose what shelter they had. It is, therefore, necessary that South Africa reconsiders what is needed for standardized living conditions with regards to pandemics and how to aid citizens appropriately. The following precedents will consider what constitutes a successful small scale housing unit and how certain elements can be projected into a new set of standards that should be utilized in South Africa.

Steinmann R"The Core Meaning of Human Dignity"PER / PELJ2016(19)-DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2016/v19i0a1244 12 Staff Writer. 2020. "South Africa’S Unemployment Rate Could Hit 50%: Report". Businesstech.co.za. https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/394654/south-africas-unemployment-rate-could-hit-50-report/'.

Pod Idladla (2016) – Clara da Cruz Almeida Pod Idladla is a pre-fabricated South African high-end product that promotes minimalism designed by Johannesburg-based architect Clara da Cruz Almeida. This small scale pod was designed as “practical advice for a student who was living in their mothers’ garage”. Clara da Cruz Almeida explained her concept as "You bring the house, someone else provides the land, you sign an agreement — and then you can build up your savings until you're able to buy your own property, or you simply move the house when you're ready to move,"13 The pod makes use of three factors – 1) Minimal space required for living 2) Size of boards required on the interior, to use their dimensions as a guide to reduce wastage to 2% 3) Transport limitations (so pod could be constructed off-site and transported) 14 The meticulously designed pod uses 17 meters squared as the ground floor – in comparison, the RDP housing unit previously mentioned uses 36 meters squared. This design contains a mezzanine level that hosts the bedroom area of the pod, creatively making use of vertical space rather than simply horizontal space. The services supplied consist of running water (a kitchen sink, a toilet, a shower, and a bathroom sink), an electrical connection to outside, and a cooking hob. The rooms that have been designed consist of ablutions, a task area (study room)/guest sleeping area, a toilet area, a kitchen, a desk/dining table, and a covered deck. To revert to what is supplied in the RDP housing unit of running water (tap, a basin, and a toilet) and an electrical connection both of which are not always installed timeously. The pricing of this pod ranges from R270 000 (Pod minus services and fittings), R320 000 (Pod including services and fittings) to R800 000 (Pod including services, fittings, and furnishing by Dokter and Misses)15

Brodie, Nechama. 2016. "The Pod-Idladla Home By Clara Da Cruz Almeida - Perspective". Perspective Global. https://www.perspectiveglobal.com/architecture/the-pod-idladla-home-by-clara-da-cruz-almeida/. 14 Brodie, Nechama. 2016. "The Pod-Idladla Home By Clara Da Cruz Almeida - Perspective". Perspective Global. https://www.perspectiveglobal.com/architecture/the-pod-idladla-home-by-clara-da-cruz-almeida/. 15 da Cruz Almeida, Clara. 2016. "Price + Plans — POD / Idladla". POD / Idladla. http://www.podidladla.com/reservations.

The figure below uses illustration to explain how the rooms would meet, where the bedroom would be situated and accessibility to the spaces. This design considers how humans enjoy spaces, how quiet areas need to be separated from the louder areas, and dedicates multiple uses for spaces that usually would be considered as inefficient, an example of the multi-use space is the combination of the passage and shower. The number of pods required is determined by how many people are living in the home.

da Cruz Almeida, Clara. 2016. Pod Idladla Floor Plans. Image. http://www.pod-idladla.com/reservations.

A few considerations that need to be taken into account when looking at this design for standardized living consist of 1) Universal accessibility â&#x20AC;&#x201C; this design would not be appropriate for those who are disabled in any way 2) The design of the pod is determined by how many users are to be in the pod, this dedicates a certain amount of space per person and limits shared areas 3) Due to its pre-fabrication; this pod has a minimal construction period and is transportable, allowing for owners to move their household should they need to. 4) This design includes storage areas, quiet areas for studying and relaxing; in about half the size of the original RDP housing unit. 5) The price of the pod increases dramatically with the inclusion of services and fittings

The Nagakin Capsule 1972 by Kisho Kurokawa

(Yang, 2016) 17

The Nagakin Capsule tower in Tokyo, Japan by Kurokawa is the first pre-fabricated capsule building that was designed specifically for travelling businessmen during the week in central Tokyo. This building was an experiment that contemplated what life could be like post-war. Similar to current South Africa, the Metabolist architects hoped to aid the mass housing deficit and densification of cities, the solution posed in the Nagakin Capsule Tower was to allow for those working in central Tokyo to have a very basic sleeping arrangement during the week yet allow them to travel back to homes in less populated areas during weekends and holidays.18 The living capsule is 10 meters squared, consisting of a built-in bed and bathroom, television, radio, and alarm clock. The pre-fabricated capsule would be constructed off-site and then would be ‘plugged’ into the main core where it would link to services such as water, electrical, and ventilation services. 19 While this design is compelling for its high efficiency - minimal space is used for circulation and the entire pod is a multi-use area. An important consideration is culture; in Japan, there has been a culture of capsule living – dating from ‘Tai-an’ the first Japanese tea-hut designed by Sen no Rikyu in Yamazaki in 158320.

Yang, L., 2016. Whole To Part. Masters. USC School of Architecture. Sveivan, Megan. 2011. "AD Classics: Nakagin Capsule Tower / Kisho Kurokawa". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/110745/ad-classics-nakagin-capsule-tower-kisho-kurokawa. 19 Sveivan, Megan. 2011. "AD Classics: Nakagin Capsule Tower / Kisho Kurokawa". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/110745/ad-classics-nakagin-capsule-tower-kisho-kurokawa. 20 Michael, Gibert, Naziaty Mohd Yaacob, and Sr Zuraini Md Ali. 2018. "The Capsule Living Unit Reconsidered A Utopia Transformed Reality". Pertanika 26 (3): 1413. http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/. 18

The principles that were considered during this design consisted of: 1) Simplicity 2) Purity 3) Minimization of space

These factors are now considered to align with the ‘Japanese aesthetic’21 The capsule design by the 1960’s Metabolist architects used the same principles that resonated with those who partook in the culture and therefore it is apparent that while capsule living is efficient, it is also very culture-specific. If this had to be used in South Africa, there would be a culture shock due to the history of South Africa and would have to be introduced in a way that was cognisant of what housing means in this country and the history of limited spaces due to the Apartheid Government. The logic behind the capsule and tea houses of Japan would be an asset to the standardized minimum for housing for South Africa but would need to be approached gently.

Michael, Gibert, Naziaty Mohd Yaacob, and Sr Zuraini Md Ali. 2018. "The Capsule Living Unit Reconsidered A Utopia Transformed Reality". Pertanika 26 (3): 1413. http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/.

New standards The constitution of South Africa dictates that one has a right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being and a right to human dignity which can be understood as the essence that defines what is it to be a human, including the basic access to services, amenities, and communities. The following proposal takes multiple precedent studies and presents a new standardization that considers the Coronavirus pandemic that humbled this nation and a new idea of what should be the minimum to live for all. The coronavirus forced students and a large portion of the workforce to stay at home, South Africa was unpreparedâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; with a large portion that has no access to unlimited Wi-Fi or computers the educational divide in our country concerning the tax brackets grew exponentially, students that did not have access to a table to work on, a definite source of food for the month or electricity when load shedding began. This proposal of a minimum standard of living is to try and reconcile the inequality that the pandemic has highlighted. The standards are split into two sectors, the first being on the macro scale to aid communities to grow around amenities and ensure children are able to be educated to at least a primary school level. The second sector is the micro-scale â&#x20AC;&#x201C; uses a sustainable, cognisant list that will improve the quality of life of citizens in South Africa. This includes areas that previously would not have been considered but now must be in the light of the pandemic. All buildings should take into consideration the factors that were positive in the precedent studies such as prefabrication of buildings, using sustainable (minimal waste) materials, simplicity, and the ability for transportation. Macro standards -

Amenities such as primary school, high school, clinic, grocery shops, and mental health facilities in close proximity (4km max)

Communal areas such as parks and community centres max 2.5km of each other

Micro standards -

Biogas digester in communities or homes to link to a safe cooking hob

Storage areas built-in

Non-taxed solar panels for electricity and water heaters

Using sustainable materials including but not limited to rammed earth construction22, Shigeru Ban’s paper tubing23 or SanteQ walling system24

Construction to allow for an area to grow food25

Working services installed such as running water (in the sink, toilet, and kitchen sinks), sewerage and electricity

Free Wi-Fi

Home sizes dependent on people living at home and not per family. 15m² per person minimum

Must be universally accessible

To give the option of self-built homes with sustainable material provided by the government that must be checked by a competent person before occupation26

An area with a table dedicated to studying

Contractors MUST adhere to SANS regulations when building or will be heavily penalized 27

Natural lighting and ventilation in habitable rooms

Separation of usable spaces is preferable but dependent on each person

Rammed earth construction uses multiple types of sand in a formwork and machine or hand compresses the sand to a structurally sound mass. This construction is sustainable but requires a maintenance plan. Cao, Lilly. 2020. "How Rammed Earth Walls Are Built". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/933353/howrammed-earth-walls-are-built. 23 Shigeru Ban uses Cardboard paper tubing in his buildings that can be structural. They can be decomposed and pre-fabricated. Souza, Eduardo. 2019. "Cardboard: From Industrial Workhouse To Shigeru Ban’S Master Material". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/913567/cardboard-from-industrial-workhouse-to-shigerubans-master-material. 24 ("Santeq Lightweight Walling - Cemteq" 2018) 25 Growing food allows people to become self-sustaining to a point and reduces the heavy burden on households for groceries. Vertical farming such as hydroponics would be a good addition to homes in the future. 26 Giving people the option to self-build includes those who are more nomadic than others, a cultural trait that would be inclusive in South Africa and would bring some safety to structures that had previously not been monitored such as shacks. 27 The failure of RDP houses as previously mentioned linked directly to contractors not adhering to regulations, to keep contractors accountable for not following regulations would aid in making the new set of standards more realistic.

Conclusion It is therefore apparent that this proposal can be used as a starting point for a new standardized minimum for South Africa. Having contemplated multiple precedents and the effects of the coronavirus pandemic in South Africa, this proposal has highlighted what discrepancies lay in the previous plan of the RDP houses, how and why they failed, and how different cultures and new designers can have an impact on the well being and health of the citizens of South Africa.

University of the Witwatersrand

New Spaces for South Africa ARPL3021 – Project 3

Sebastian Görner 9-14-2020

Sebastian Görner 1880785

ARPL3021 – Project 3

14 September 2020

New Spaces for South Africa The South African population has been increasing exponentially, with an increase of 14% over the last ten years.1 Subsequently this has caused a drastic increase in housing needs. With very little viable space to produce housing close to cities, this has sparked the trend in microliving and micro-housing. These modest-sized accommodation solutions are predominantly provided by development schemes or government subsidized housing. In order to provide the most amount of housing, these accommodation solutions are designed to fit as many “liveable” spaces into an area as possible. These micro-units are determined to provide the minimum in terms of amenities, as well as area a person or family needs to live in. While it is true that these minimum requirements are acceptable to live in, one must consider that most people will spend their days at work, school or away from their home. Most people will only spend their time in their homes to eat, sleep and wash up. No considerations are made as to how that minute space would feel like to live in when you are not allowed to leave it. Therefore, the trend in small housing units needs to be re-evaluated as they begin to feel like a prison cell when you are unable to leave it and when you have to spend the majority of your time there. The world has been plagued by the Corona Virus for most of 2020, causing millions of people to fall ill around the world and tens of thousands of deaths. Most countries have tried to prevent more of these types of outcomes by declaring national lockdowns, and these lockdowns prevent citizens from going to work or school. Those that were able to, had to work or learn from home. No social gatherings were allowed, no restaurants or entertainment venues were allowed to be open. This resulted in people spending a lot more time in their homes than normal. By staying indoors all day, they can suffer from a wide range of mental and physical drawbacks such as increased stress, weight gain and, aches and pains2. While this is something that anyone in lockdown can experience, it is noticeably worse for the millions of people around the world living in small apartments and houses, with some even having to share these small places with roommates and family members. South Africa’s population increased by ten million people just in the last ten years that is a 14% increase in South Africa’s population, causing all these people to look for work and driving them from the land and farms outside of cities into the city where the majority of job opportunities are located. Because of this, an ever-increasing need for housing within the city limits skyrocketed, and the already so densely populated city proved that there was very little useable space in which additional housing for the growing population could be built. A third of the South African population lives in a household according to the “Stats SA Community Survey 2016”, and this average South African household consists of three to four people living under one roof. 3 That is a large amount of people that need to be housed in Page 1 of 8

Sebastian Görner 1880785

ARPL3021 – Project 3

14 September 2020

one space under one roof. At the same time this space has to be close enough to the city centres, close to job opportunities, to be able to commute to on a daily basis. The answer to this need for housing in a space, as mentioned above, that doesn’t allow for much additional housing construction, has been micro- or tiny housing. Developers try to fit as much living space, and the required amenities such as bathrooms and kitchens, into the smallest possible space. Tiny Houses or Micro Houses are “[…]influenced by the 20th century minimalist credo that ‘less is more.’”4 The idea behind them is to eliminate any space within a conventional home that is not strictly necessary. Additionally, they are a lot more cost effective to build and to run compared to a standard sized home. A tiny House typically does not exceed the size of forty-five metres squared. While sub thirty square meter homes only provide space for two adults, the larger Tiny Home variants can fit two bedrooms with a total of four sleeping spaces into them. Included are also a small kitchen with the bare necessities such as a sink, a small refrigerator and a small cooking facility like a two plate stove. The bathroom contains a small shower, wash hand basin and a toilet. The remaining space within the common Tiny House is a combined living and dining space that typically transforms from one to another. Around 14% of the population lives in informal settlements5 where the housing size ranges from six to 20 square metres, and the average household size houses three to seven people. This allows for an average of three to four square metres per person within the house.6 That is an incredibly small space to manoeuvre in throughout the day, and these locations also have very uncomfortable external conditions making it unpleasant to spend time outside of the home. It is predominantly dusty and hot with very little vegetation and shade, resulting in people being confined to the inside of their homes. It is human nature to move around from space to space and this becomes unfeasible in a small home, resulting in people predominantly sitting in one space for most of the day doing their work or studying. This little space to move around the house and stretch your legs starts to make one feel caged in. There are approximately 3.9 million government subsidised houses in South Africa.7 These are built to an average of 40 square metres in size and have an average of four to five people living within this house. This means that at most there are ten square meters available to each person. While these are better conditions than in the informal settlements, it is still a very small space to have available to a person. Similarly, to the external conditions of informal settlement housing, government subsidised housing is most commonly built in large open areas with minimal vegetation and shade making it an equally unpleasant exterior environment as within informal settlements. Again, this prevents the residents from spending time outside and drives them to the insides of their homes. These government subsidised houses take after the Tiny House design style. To minimise on servicing development and cost however, many government subsidised houses in South Africa have a communal ablutions facility or one located outside of the main structure to maximise on the interior space of the house. When analysing the space available one notices just how tight these spaces are. A bedroom in a government subsidised house is

Page 2 of 8

Sebastian Görner 1880785

ARPL3021 – Project 3

14 September 2020

approximately eight metres squared. When taking into account the size of a double bed, for a couple sharing, as well as a small wardrobe and side tables one is left with a mere three and a half metres squared. This is just enough space to be able to navigate around the bed and past the wardrobe. If there were two single beds in the room, for two children, there would be even less space, allowing just enough space to move between the two beds. These tight spaces do not allow for a desk to be put into the room, meaning that children and adults will have to do their work and their schoolwork in the common areas of the house. Even these common areas have just enough space for a small sofa and four to six seater dining table. These are near impossible conditions for a family to be able to do their work successfully, the lack of privacy and space will be a great disadvantage to the productivity of the family. Due to the current Covid 19 pandemic, which has forced most, if not all, people into their homes all day every day, it is worth re-evaluating these small housing solutions. It is, so far, unknown as to how he future, post the Corona Virus, will look, but it can be assumed that many people and companies will start working more from home. Even universities are seeing that online learning can benefit them in the future, in the post Covid 19 era.8 The result of this will be, people spending a lot more time in their homes in the future than they have before the worldwide pandemic hit. With people having spent the past six months confined to their homes, has shown that the small spaces described above, along with other small housing developments in dense cities around the world, are too small to be in all day, every day. To prevent side effects from living in small spaces, such as stress, one has to drastically rethink how small spaces, especially for the less fortunate communities living in informal settlements and government subsidised housing, are designed and built. By looking at unsuccessful social housing developments from the past, one can learn from them and improve on minimum standards when it comes to future social housing developments. The first example one can learn from is the joint social housing development ‘The Captain Wendell O. Pruitt Homes and William L. Igoe Apartments’, more commonly known as the ‘Pruitt Igoe Project’. It is a widely known catastrophic project that consisted of 33 eleven storey apartment buildings within one complex, situated in the American city St. Louis in Missouri. This project was completed in 1954 with high hopes for a successful social housing project. It was however, demolished just twenty odd years later. The apartments were widely known for the high crime rates, extreme poverty and unsuitable living conditions.9 There have been many debates on what caused the failure of Pruitt Igoe, which was evident just ten years after its opening. Among the reasons were poor planning and maintenance by the government, reckless and careless residents as well as a poor architectural design.10 While one cannot prevent poor maintenance and unruly residents, one can learn a lot from this project in terms of architecture. The 33 buildings were designed to make use of ‘skip stop elevators’, elevators that only open into small lobbies every three floors from where

Page 3 of 8

Sebastian Görner 1880785

ARPL3021 – Project 3

14 September 2020

residents have to use stairs to get to their desired floors. This caused the buildings to have an array of long narrow passageways and many stairwells. These spaces have been described by past residents as uncomfortable and dangerous, with women and children being mugged and even raped. While these types of elevators saved approximately twelve percent on the construction cost of Pruitt Igoe11, they could have made use of large centralised cores within the individual structures that opened onto larger lobbies on each floor to prevent the building from having too many of the afore mentioned passages and stairwells. Further causes to the deterioration of these buildings were the material choices. To save costs the developers were urged by the government to use the most cost effective materials. This resulted in the materials decaying very quickly. The concrete used was weak, tiles were brittle and not glued down properly and window frames were cheaply made12. The fixtures and fitting inside the units were also described as being made as cheaply as possible with door locks falling off and ”the kitchens, cabinets were made of the thinnest plywood possible” 13(185 p3). Even though residents were described to have not taken care of their spaces, from an architectural standpoint the materials and finishes of the building should have been specified to be long lasting and hard wearing materials that need minimal care and upkeep. By using concrete stone and steel in the finishes of the building and ensuring that these materials are of higher quality it would have been a lot more difficult for the residents to damage the buildings and the buildings would have been less susceptible to decay. A last architectural feature that led to the downfall of the Pruitt Igoe were further cost cutting methods that related to the amenities and surroundings of the apartment buildings. When advertising the new housing project to potential tenants, the developers presented several children’s play areas, lots of landscaping and bathroom facilities. None of these featured were ever built resulting in the exterior conditions of the apartments being much like those experienced by South Africans living in current informal settlements or government subsidised houses. This compelled the residents to remain in their apartments, which were built following a similar scheme as todays Tiny Houses, allowing for minimal space inside. A similar project to Pruitt Igoe that can be learned from is the Louis Heaton Pink Houses, located in Brooklyn, New York. The Pink Houses, or “The pinks”14 as they are often called, are 22 eight storey buildings built in 1959. The design of these buildings is similar to those of Pruitt Igoe, in the sense that they also have many stairwells and corridors that create an unsafe environment for residents. Again, not only the architecture is to blame for the failure of this Housing Project, but the maintenance too. The services of the building were not upheld leading to malfunctioning elevators, forcing residents to have to use stairwells. These stairwells are enclosed in walls and only lit by electrical lighting. This is often not working and in one case has led to the murder of a resident in one of these stairwells15. Many residents have described the surroundings as extremely dangerous as there are very high crime rates within the apartment buildings. Children and students living in The Pink Houses find it increasingly difficult to get work done as well16. The architecture in this case should have

Page 4 of 8

Sebastian Görner 1880785

ARPL3021 – Project 3

14 September 2020

considered that elevators might not always be functioning and should therefore have designed the stairwells to be large and open, allowing lots of natural light into them. The Salburúa Housing Project in Vitoria, Spain, is one very good example of how government subsidised housing can be accomplished successfully. This project was completed in 2011 and contains 242 apartments with either two or three bedrooms. The main part of the apartment building is in a U shape with between four and seven storeys. At one end of the building is a 21 storey tower that has five apartments per floor. The dignity of the residents was a major consideration in the design of this project. Therefore, the entire building is clad in a very strong and durable red corrugated metal sheeting that brightens the facades of the building. The roof is also covered with this material to ensure the residents living in the tower do not have to look at a concrete roof filled with services.17 The building is constructed predominantly from a hard wearing concrete that will ensure excellent thermal massing as well as durability and low maintenance. Use was also made of a cogeneration system. This system uses one fuel source, in this instance gas, to generate both electricity as well as heating and cooling for the building. The excess electricity is then sold back to the grid. Another method that the architects used to ensure that the building is sustainable, is making sure that it has a Class A energy rating18 by using low transmitting window systems that are large enough to offer lots of light and good views for the residents, but not too large to overheat or cool 19the spaces too much. Architectural design decisions that were made both in The Pink Houses in Brooklyn as well as in the Pruitt Igoe project in St. Louis, the long corridors and dark stairwells, were handled in different and more successful ways at The Salburúa Housing Project. To ensure that they do not create long hallways the architects have created nine separate lobbies for the building. Each one of these lobbies has an elevator that stops on every floor as well as a staircase. There are no passages going of these lobbies, instead they lead directly to either three or four apartments. This minimizes the amount of people that travel through these places, making the areas much safer for residents. When looking at the common sizes of South African housing projects, The Salburúa Housing Project once again surpasses these. While 45 square metres is the standard in South Africa, The Salburúa Housing Project has no two bedroom apartment smaller than 65 square metres20. This hints back to the concept that the architects tried to achieve, which is to ensure that the residents living in these apartments can be proud and confident. When considering that many people in the post Covid 19 era will be spending a lot more time in their homes, it is vital to learn from the above described projects and situations, especially for a country like South Africa that has very crowded cities. The minimum requirements for any type of housing, be it low cost, government subsidised or just a conventional housing development have to be improved. The ten square meters per person is simply not enough. Architects have to increase sizes of housing, even by ten or twenty square meters to match The Salburúa Housing Project. This allows for more personal space, and more secluded space in which residents will be able to focus on their work and where they will have enough space to comfortable move around, even if it is from one room to another for a slight change of scenery while working.

Page 5 of 8

Sebastian GĂśrner 1880785

ARPL3021 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Project 3

14 September 2020

External conditions have to also be considered and designed by architects. The SalburĂşa Housing Project made use of a carefully designed garden within its site to ensure residents have a safe and comfortable space. Vegetation is very important as it provides shading, soft surfaces and produces fresh air. Housing Developments must encourage spaces for children as well. In South Africa there are often budgetary constraints and equipment might not be a solution, but in these cases large grassed areas, trees and simple garden furniture can produce an enjoyable space for children. Lastly the quality of these buildings must improve. Maintenance is often a struggle for social housing projects as the government and organisations often neglect these. In the Pruitt Igoe project, it was evident that the materials were simply not good enough as they did not last very long. When looking at The South African National Housing Code one can see that the minimum requirements for concrete strength for example, is lower than those of private house.21 By increasing the concrete strength one can simply improve the quality of the buildings to ensure that they are harder wearing and last longer. To guarantee comfortable interior conditions the Housing Code should also set a new standard for window frames, remove the current steel framing, which have high thermal conductance and state that aluminium frames should be used. All the above mentioned, unsuccessful housing projects follow a Tiny House type of design. This is simply no longer viable for social housing projects. It becomes inhumane to expect people to live, and now also work, in such small spaces. Architects have to also include external designs in each project to ensure that there is a comfortable and safe space for residents to escape to when they need a change of scenery. Materiality is also important to improve in South African housing projects. These aspects will also ensure that if a pandemic, such as the Covid 19 pandemic in 2020, should ever occur again, it will allow residents to feel a lot more comfortable in their homes.

Page 6 of 8

Sebastian Görner 1880785

ARPL3021 – Project 3

14 September 2020

References 1

"South Africa Population (2020) - Worldometer". Worldometers.Info, 2020, https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/south-africa-population/. Accessed 9 Sept 2020.

Van Hoof, Elke. "Lockdown Is The World's Biggest Psychological Experiment - And We Will Pay The Price". World Economic Forum, 2020, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/this-is-thepsychological-side-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-that-were-ignoring/. Accessed 8 Sept 2020.

Statistics South Africa. COMMUNITY SURVEY 2016 IN BRIEF. Pretoria, 2016, p. 96.

"Average Household Size In South Africa". Arcgis.Com, 2013, https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=582208ececa2424ab6e387d9cdcf01e3. Accessed 9 Sept 2020. 4

Ford, Jasmine, and Lilia Gomez-Lanier. "Are Tiny Homes Here To Stay? A Review Of Literature On The Tiny House Movement". University Of Georgia, 2017. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~cushman/courses/engs44/2017-JFord-n-LGomezLanierAreTinyHomesToStay.pdf

Cousins, Ben, and Charl Adams. "How Many South Africans Live In Informal Dwellings? And Other Home Ownership Stats... | Superlinear". Superlinear, 2017, http://www.superlinear.co.za/how-many-southafricans-live-in-informal-dwellings-and-other-home-ownership-stats/. Accessed 7 Sept 2020.

Department of Human Settlements. Joe Slovo Phase 3: Sustainable Densification In Well Located Areas. Cape Town, 2014. https://www.sustainable.org.za/uploads/files/file79.pdf

Statistics South Africa. COMMUNITY SURVEY 2016 IN BRIEF. Pretoria, 2016, p. 102.

Decherney, Peter, and Caroline Lavender. "What Will Life Be Like At Post-COVID Colleges And Universities? | Inside Higher Ed". Insidehighered.Com, 2020, https://www.insidehighered.com/digitallearning/blogs/education-time-corona/what-will-life-be-post-covid-colleges-and-universities. Accessed 6 Sept 2020.

Marshall, Colin. "Pruitt-Igoe: The Troubled High-Rise That Came To Define Urban America – A History Of Cities In 50 Buildings, Day 21". The Guardian, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/22/pruittigoe-high-rise-urban-america-history-cities. Accessed 5 Sept 2020.

RenewingAmericanCity. PRUITT-IGOE: Dream To Nightmare. 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gRuyhf2opY&t=745s. Accessed 9 Sept 2020.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1206331218825433 Bristol, Katharine G. "The Pruitt-Igoe Myth". Journal Of Architectural Education (1984-), vol 44, no. 3, 1991, pp. 185-189. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/1425266. Accessed 8 Sept 2020.

Bristol, Katharine G. "The Pruitt-Igoe Myth". Journal Of Architectural Education (1984-), vol 44, no. 3, 1991, pp. 185-189. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/1425266. Accessed 8 Sept 2020.

Pérez-Duarte, Alejandro F., and Luiza R. M. Penna. "The Alternate Corridor Technique In The Housing Project Between 1950 And 1970: Skip-Stop, Doorstep, And L’Espace Pivot". Space And Culture, 2019, pp. 3-6. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1206331218825433. Accessed 9 Sept 2020.

Heuerherd, Ben et al. "Living In Fear At The Dark & Deadly Hellhole Houses". New York Post, 2014, https://nypost.com/2014/11/22/tenants-live-in-fear-at-the-notorious-pink-houses/. Accessed 7 Sept 2020.

Fernandez, Manny. "Children Who Live In Public Housing Suffer In School, Study Says". The New York Times, 2008, https://furmancenter.org/files/media/Children_Who_Live_in_Public.pdf. Accessed 7 Sept 2020.

"242 Social Housing Units In Salburúa | Architravel". Architravel | Online Architecture Guide, 2020, https://www.architravel.com/project/242-social-housing-units-in-salburua/. Accessed 8 Sept 2020.

Page 7 of 8

Sebastian Görner 1880785

ARPL3021 – Project 3

14 September 2020

"242 Social Housing Units In Salburua, Vitoria-Gasteiz, AVS Awards 2013, Awards, Premios De Arquitectura". Premiosdearquitectura.Es, https://www.premiosdearquitectura.es/en/awards/32-avsawards-2013/all-proposals/591-242-social-housing-units-in-salburua-vitoria-gasteiz. Accessed 8 Sept 2020.

"242 Social Housing Units In Salburúa / ACXT". Archdaily, 2012, https://www.archdaily.com/234742/242social-housing-units-in-salburua-acxt. Accessed 8 Sept 2020.

Department of Human Settlements. The National Housing Code. 2009, pp. 25, 31.

Image References Figure 1

NEWSROOM. The Slum Dwellers International. 2016, https://www.news.uct.ac.za/cache/images/archive/dailynews/2016/800x0/normal/2016-1212_Upgrading01_700.jpg. Accessed 10 Sept 2020.

Figure 2

African News Agency. RDP Houses. 2019, https://citizen.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RDP-houses659x418.jpg?x93069. Accessed 11 Sept 2020.

Figure 3

Bettmann, Corbis. The Pruitt-Igoe Public Housing Complex. 1956, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/22/pruitt-igoe-high-rise-urban-america-history-cities. Accessed 8 Sept 2020.

Figure 4

Martinka, Paul. The Hallway Where A Man Was Shot. 2014, https://nypost.com/2014/11/22/tenants-livein-fear-at-the-notorious-pink-houses/. Accessed 9 Sept 2020.

Figure 5

Oritz, Aitor. 242 Social Housing Units In Salburúa. 2012, https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5001/0ff3/28ba/0d2c/9f00/04d8/slideshow/stringio.jpg?14145 24433. Accessed 9 Sept 2020.

Page 8 of 8

This essay serves to investigate the precepts of minimum standards of living in order to craft a new set of standards in response to the Covid-19 global pandemic. This investigation will delve into the canon of minimum standards of living, made manifest by architectural design, in both a South African and an international context. A sensitivity to the outcome of these various schemes of minimum standards will be applied in order to gain an understanding of the tool set used in this practice. These tools will then be manipulated in order to propose a set of standards which aims to create an egalitarian, democratic and sustainable living, and social environment.

In the pursuit of crafting a set of minimum standards of living, investigations will be made into the following precedent projects; The Weissenhofsiedlung (1927), NE 51/1-9 Housing (1951) and PELIP Housing (1999). The projects selected represent a variety of approaches to social housing and minimum living standards which all exist within their own social, economic, and political paradigms. However, these ventures often aimed to solve similar problems. The analyses of these projects aim to unpack what exactly the ‘problems’ that these projects were attempting to solve, as a result of their author's perspectives on the aforementioned paradigms. This understanding will also make clear the reason which their primary methods, or proposed method of solution, were selected. An in-depth comprehension of the intention of these solutions made manifest by the position of the author(s), will also expose that the proverbial yardstick used to measure the success of these projects, is seldom cast from the same mould. The level of success that these projects elicit is a matter of perspective and as such, determining the perspective that these projects were measured from will allow me to develop my own ‘yardstick’. A yardstick that will be used to determine my position on matters concerning social housing and minimum standards of living and will be used as a datum point from which to begin the works on my own set of minimum standards. As a young architect this process will enable not only self-reflection but will also result in a model that can be built upon and utilised in any future projects I may work on. This ‘yardstick’ method will form both a qualitative and quantitative method of measuring the success of these schemes across several criteria. The criteria imposed are as follows: The degree to which inhabitants of the scheme, or proposed scheme, have control over their environment or the architecture they inhabit. The level of social engagement and interaction the project creates The level of economic opportunity and activation that the project creates. These criteria will be applied to all the aforementioned projects, producing both visual representations of their result and a numerical value. These numerical values will be compared across the precedent projects in order to understand which projects aligns best with my position on minimum standards as well as to extract some of the methods that elicit this alignment. My position on the important aspects of minimum standards is made evident by the election of the proposed criteria. This method of positioning will be used to ensure that the minimum standard that will be crafted are scrutinised in the same method that the precedents projects are, in order to self-check my standards and result in a proposal that is as egalitarian, democratic and sustainable as possible.

Degree of inhabitants control over environment or architecture

.25

.75

Degree of social engagement created

.25

.75

Degree of economic opportunity created

.25

.75

project score

x fig_1 - Housing precedent project success model

Mies van der Rohe, et al Stuttgart, Germany 1927

The Weissenhofseidlung or The Weissenghof Estate is a collection of buildings in Stuttgart, Germany that served as an exhibition to display housing strategies, commissioned by the Deutscher Werkbund. These designs were not simply a replication of existing strategies but rather an exercise in attempting to find revolutionary solutions to the ever-increasing problem of cost effective housing. Completed in 1927, this estate boasts proposed solutions to this problem from architects such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Peter Behrens. With Mies van der Rohe serving as the exhibition’s art director, a focus on aesthetic and construction methodology was made as important as attempting to rethink the way in which cost effective housing was perceived and conceived. The International Style served as the overarching design aesthetic for these buildings, and as such the divergence from ornamentation and the implementation of the flat roof across the project created a stark contrast to the surrounding architectural environment and faced much critique. Despite the controversy emerging, this focus on a new aesthetic produced a groundbreaking perspective on methods of construction and architectural design. This is evident in Mies van der Rohe’s contribution to the exhibition; Haus van der Rohe. fig_2 - Weissenhofsiedlung Master Plan Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Source: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/87509

fig_3 - Weissenhofsiedlung Site Elevation Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Source: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/87508

Haus van der Rohe is a four storey building composing of twelve row houses, with a deep interest in innovative construction method, habitation, and aesthetic. The design of this building is where van der Rohe 1 first “realised the concept of a flexible floor plan” (Internationalen Bauausstellungen, 2010). This flexibility of floor plan is made evident in the sketch [fig_4] of a portion of the Ground floor plan below.

fig_4 - Haus van der Rohe ground floor plan sketch 1

Internationalen Bauausstellungen. 2010. Weißenhofsiedlung Stuttgart. Accessed September 2, 2020. https://www.internationale-bauausstellungen.de/en/history/1927-weisenhofsiedlung-stuttgart-a-testimony-to-neues-bauen/.

All of the units have differing layouts where the “only fixed points in the design were the kitchen, the 2 bathroom and the toilet” (Architectuul, 2020). This ability of van der Rohe to create unique layouts and experiences within one shell is made possible by the building's steel frame construction, which at the time was the first steel frame building constructed by the contractor awarded the commission, Richard Döcker. Van der Rohe and Döcker’s relationship became contentious due of the difficulty associated with constructing this building, such to the point that “Mayor Sigloch, considered firing Mies as director and 2 replacing him by Döcker” (Architectuul, 2020). Despite the difficulty in the production of this building, the pursuit of an innovative construction system that produces innovative living circumstances is where the success of this building lies. Van der Rohe’s statement that “he had chosen this design to accommodate people’s changing needs, their expectations concerning apartments and their related desire for maximum 2 freedom in designing their own interiors” (Architectuul, 2020) is one that shows a deep sensitivity to the importance of individuality and control over ones living environment. With the increase in need of the implementation of large-scale housing solutions of the time, allowing inhabitants to still have agency and control over the environment within which they live is deeply important. This agency and control of one’s own space is one that allows for the avoidance of creating living spaces for people that create monotony and repetition. In the pursuit of housing a large number of people in a cost effective manner, repetition and a design devoid of uniqueness is ubiquitous and seen in many projects both before and after this building, and ultimately create lower quality living environments for those within them. Further to the success of this project concerning its malleability, this building and the Weissenhofseidlung project as a whole offers a level of success in the two other criteria I have proposed, social and economic activation. This is achieved on a conceptual level due to the mission of the exhibition itself. To rethink and revolutionise the manner in which individuals can be housed at a large scale, cost effectively and to allow these new ways of thinking to be employed in other contexts. Contexts that these ideas or solutions can be employed to create great social or economic opportunity. This project looking to designers and architects that were at the forefront of a new perspective on architecture and the human condition as a whole resulted in an exhibition that introduced completely unique and interesting solutions to a problem that does not have but one solution. These buildings speak to the vast width and breadth of the problem of housing, and as such all offer differing perspectives. Perspectives that may fail or succeed on different fronts, but objectively succeed in the pursuit of facilitating a new discussion on housing, and developing new typologies to suit the needs of the modern human without forgetting that those needs cannot only be achieved by the least expensive solution. Architecture must not be controlled by one goal, yet many that strive to achieve the improvement of human life.

fig_5 - Haus van der Rohe, Weissenhofsiedlung 2 Architectuul. 2020. House 1-4 of Weissenhof Estate. Accessed September 1, 2020. http://architectuul.com/architecture/house-1-4-of-weissenhof-estate.

Degree of inhabitants control over environment or architecture

.25

.75

Degree of social engagement created

.25

.75

Degree of economic opportunity created

.25

.75

project score

fig_6 - Weissenhofsiedlung (Haus van der Rohe) housing precedent project success model

1.5

50%

Douglas Calderwood, PH Connell, Barrie Biermann, Betty Spence South Africa 1951

The NE 51 housing scheme is an example of the translation and manipulation of minimum standards of living into a housing scheme that serves to discriminate and segregate via race. This project illustrates the power and effect that a housing scheme can hold and how the tools normally associated with housing projects to create better environments for individuals can be manipulated to subjugate and oppress. Douglas Calderwood, the Chief Research Officer and later head of the Architectural Division at The National Building Research Institute (NBRI) of the South African Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), published his thesis in 1953 containing research pertaining to the “prevailing issue at that time: how to implement the new (1948) Nationalist government’s post-second world war township building programme and 3 minimise costs.” (Artefacts.co.za, 2020). Within this thesis Calderwood developed three housing strategies namely NE 51/6, NE 51/8 and NE 51/9 which were implemented as the new national standards for state funded housing and have had a lasting effect on state funded housing till this day. These designs were crafted to provide the absolute minimum standards of living for Black South African people and are a testament to the despicable way that South African people of colour were treated by the apartheid government as a whole. The nomenclature of this scheme breaks down as follows; “NE” representing the polarizing term “non-European”, “51” representing the year, 1951, that the designs were drafted and “/x” representing the number of a specific drawing. As seen in the drawing of the NE 51/8 house below, this scheme was to reduce all that one needs from a shelter to the absolute minimum. The planning of the spaces within are made as efficient as possible, reducing passage spaces to almost none and maximizing sleeping space. This principle allows for as many people as possible to be housed in a single stand, further minimizing cost when considering the space of earth that a house would take up and offsetting that with a higher occupancy. Via maximizing inhabitation, over-crowding and a lower standard of living is facilitated. These houses are pared down to such an extent that they do not contain their own bathroom or toilet, with those facilities proposed to be separate from the house, and often used communally. As seen in [fig_8] it was proposed that six single beds and one child’s bed be found within this house, suggesting a minimum of seven people inhabiting an objectively small hundred square meters.

Artefacts.co.za. 2020. Calderwood, Douglas McGavin. Accessed September 2, 2020. https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=2679.

fig_7 - NE 51/8 Housing Technical Drawings Source : http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/11081

Figure 10 Perspective view, elevation, and

This project and the project of “The Native 4 sion Type 51/8 house (Douglas MacGavin Housing Problem” (Mills, 1989) as a whole is a Calderwood, Nativeexercise Housing in South Africa in spatial and architectural [Cape Town: Cape Times, 1955], 30) discrimination and segregation. Not only does the architecture of the unit itself discriminate and work to oppress individuals but the larger system, being the Township, that it operates within does so as well. The concomitant development of the township for which these housing schemes would be constructed within developed from a “huge influx that the mining-driven economic growth brought to the 5 cities in the early 1930s” (Foster, 2012). This development was also facilitated by a government that believes that “the integration of Africans into the modern urban-industrial economy required their spatial and political 5 segregation from the city.” (Foster, 2012) plan of standard National Housing Commis-

fig_8 - NE 51/8 Housing Design Drawings Source : The Wilds and the Township: Articulating Modernity, Capital, and Socio-nature in the Cityscape of Pre-apartheid Johannesburg [Foster, 2012]

All of these factors lead to housing schemes that impersonate schemes that would facilitate 5 “self-sufficient community life” (Foster, 2012) and economic activation, but truthfully serve to justify forced removals and oppression. The Township as a model that would be constructed at a vast scale in urban peripheries with “cheap land beyond the unsightly mine 5 dumps” (Foster, 2012) and a great distance 5 from “places of employment (Foster, 2012) meant that; not only would South African people of colour be forced into sub-standard living conditions, but also would be spatially removed from economic opportunity that should reflect its inhabitants’ rather than createspractical viableneeds activation due to its proximity to compelling plan images. Enumerating the trials Africans ones place of residence

population also overlooked that population’s practical and social relationships with each other and the city. This was not the only possible model for incorporating “displaced from a feudal, uncivilized existence” faced, they Africans into the white mining city in the 1930s, however. argued that the Orlando housing not only failed to meet Although there was an awareness of CIAM ideas about modern standards, but that urban African housing in general urbanism in Joburg, it took time for these to affect the way needed to “stimulate a revival of that community spirit existarchitects and planners thought about the actual shaping of ing in the kraal, but destroyed or lost in the city.”94 Instead These oppressive specifications and methods of implementation of those specifications shed 90 the growing mining city. In 1937 a group of young Univerof bucolic bungalows surrounded by gardens, they proposed light on standards and socio-economic conditions that must be considered when attempting to medium-rise barre buildings arranged in asymmetrical sity of Witwatersrand architecture graduates started taking establish a setand ofpolitical minimum standards. The manners that this and manytravel similar superblocks thatmake saved land, minimized time,projects and an interest in social dimensions of the new 91 oppressive can be inverted in order to create environments and living conditions that work retained large interstitial pieces of veld to accommodate the to fight architecture. After completing a joint thesis on “Native 92 oppression and organize discrimination. Equally, this inversion of discriminatory also must look to community-consciousness that waspractices deemed to characterize Housing,” they helped a town planning congress the life ofThe most NE Africans before theyproject came to the city. They others on the topic economic in 1938.93 They argued thatand low-cost housing create activation social engagement. 51 Housing and many

undertaken in South Africa have had a lasting effect on how minimum standards and public J S A H / 7 1 : 1 , M A R C H 2 01 2 housing is perceived and designed, and is a case study of what must be actively fought against in the development of minimum standards. Fought against in order to create living and social environments that improve one’s standard of living on multiple fronts and not work to deteriorate it. This content downloaded from 146.141.13.72 on Sun, 13 Sep 2020 13:08:05 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

4 Mills, Glen. 1989. "Space and power in South Africa: The township as a mechanism of control." Ekistics 334/335: 65 - 74. 5 Foster, Jeremy. 2012. "The Wilds and the Township: Articulating Modernity, Capital, and Socio-nature in the Cityscape of Pre-apartheid Johannesburg." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 71 (1): 42 - 59.

Degree of inhabitants control over environment or architecture

.25

.75

Degree of social engagement created

.25

.75

Degree of economic opportunity created

.25

.75

project score

fig_9 - NE 51 housing precedent project success model

0.125

Noero Wolff Architects Red Location, Port Elizabeth, South Africa 1999

The PELIP Housing project by Noero Wolff Architects is a South African housing project that looks to reject and recast notions accepted in the policies and methods that South African governments have implemented in public housing projects for decades. This project looks to the principles of sustainability and site-consciousness to develop a model which produces egalitarian, democratic and equitable housing standards, and methodologies. This project, constructed in 1999, only five years after apartheid in South Africa ended, can be seen as one of the most important projects in post-apartheid South African public housing canon. This project diverges from housing and minimum standard research in South Africa as it firstly and insightfully aims to improve the life of its inhabitants, as opposed to focusing on other criteria, such as cost effectiveness. This is achieved through a deep sensitivity to the needs and existing cultural landscape of the people that inhabited the site, as well as an involvement of the people of this community in the conception and production of this scheme. Although this project resulted in a specific and unique architectural form, the effort as a whole is less product based and more focused on process in order to avoid the one size fits all approach which is endemic in South African housing strategies. This is evident in the project’s sensitivity to “local social, cultural, climatic and site specific conditions” (DIVISARE, 6 2011).

fig_10 - PELIP Housing street elevation Source: https://divisare.com/projects/173702-noero-wolff-architects-pelip-housing

In the production and conception of this housing scheme, sustainability in multiple forms is considered. Financial sustainability is pursued via the facilitation of PELIP as an organisation (a collaboration between the Port Elizabeth Municipality and The Swedish International Development Co-Operation Agency (SIDA)), to aid in the process of procuring small loans for low-income families in order to construct one of these houses, or extend upon an existing one. This financial aid allows individuals to invest in the construction of one of these houses and to eventually become an owner of said house, or to alter their house either to increase occupation capacity or increase economic opportunity. This financial sustainability plays into the economic sustainability of the project as the construction of these houses involves skill-sharing construction methods that allow inhabitants and other members of the community to become part of the construction process. Economic sustainability is also achieved in creating opportunity for inhabitants to alter their residence in order to facilitate new methods of income generation, such as a sublet-able room extension to 7 an existing house and job-creation found within “ground floor shops” (Noero Wolff Architects, n.d.). Social sustainability is also considered through these methods as the design of the houses are editable to allow for changes according to the wide range of needs of the inhabitant. This is made evident in a sensitivity to 6 disabled access that is an “issue[s] normally perceived as outside of the housing debate” (DIVISARE, 2011). Cultural sustainability is achieved via the development of this project as a model and process-based solution instead of a product based-solution. This is facilitated through in-depth analyses of the site-specific conditions and a deep understanding of the cultural landscape of the site. Methods such as undertaking research into which architectural interventions can be made to “create purposeful spaces that can be appropriated in ways that will provide people with opportunities to live, trade, and rent spaces” (DIVISARE, 6 2011), result in strategies that are not just from a birds-eye view, acceptable, but will be guaranteed to succeed, when produced with a sensitivity to the results of research done. The concept of applying this methodology to other contexts instead of simply repeating the resulting architectural form found in this context, creates further social sustainability. This is done by looking to achieve the success that this project achieves in Red Location in Port Elizabeth, in other contexts. Success only achievable by having the same sensitivities to site-specific conditions. Environmental sustainability is considered by ensuring that the environmental conditions of the site are considered in the design of the housing, to elicit passive heating and cooling as well as to facilitate resource harvesting such as rainwater collection. Environmental sustainability is also considered in the election of sustainable building materials. 6 DIVISARE. 2011. Noero Wolff Arhcitects - Pelip Housing. Accessed September 1, 2020. https://divisare.com/projects/173702-noero-wolff-architects-pelip-housing.. 7 Noero Wolff Architects. n.d. Pelip Housing. Accessed September 1, 2020. http://www.wolffarchitects.co.za/projects/all/pelip-housing/.

This project is an example of a housing scheme in a South African context that is well considered and very carefully conceived. The architects and other professionals involved in the conception and production of this scheme approached the problem of housing in South Africa with a great sensitivity to the history associated to this problem as well as to exactly what site-specific solutions will elicit the most improvement in the lives of those that will inhabit these spaces. This sensitivity to the problem of housing is also evident in the divergence from the common one size fits all approach to solving public housing, and this sensitivity offers a sustainable model to apply to other contexts in order to achieve a site-specific solution, but also offers a new perspective. A new perspective in the pursuit of egalitarian housing schemes. A new perspective that has affected the manner in which other designers, planners and architects consider the problem of housing and forms a large part of the over-arching success of this scheme. Complementary to the success of this scheme from a conceptual standing, is the success of this scheme as a creator of egalitarian and democratic environment, in a physical space that was nothing but the exact opposite. This scheme works to create a malleable physical environment and inhabited architecture via the inhabitantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s involvement and agency over the construction and production of these houses. Economic activation is created through several facets, by allowing inhabitants to have control over their own spaces as methods of income creation. Social engagement is created by carefully considering how the community and cultural landscapes operated before the establishment of this scheme, and only implementing interventions that would better that community and landscape. This project makes deeply important the agency of its inhabitants and proposed inhabitants, and that facilitated agency is the second half of this projects over-arching success.

fig_11 - PELIP Housing sketch

Degree of inhabitants control over environment or architecture

.25

.75

Degree of social engagement created

.25

.75

Degree of economic opportunity created

.25

.75

project score

fig_9 - PELIP housing precedent project success model

2.625

88%

A response to the Covid-19 lockdown

As a response to the Covid-19 pandemic, and the lockdown regulations imposed by the South African government, a reflection exercise on the experience of my confined lockdown space was undertaken. This reflection resulted in the graphic representation of the emotions elicited by this confinement to a singular space for an extended period of time. This experience allowed me to re-establish and analyse my relationship with my own space as well as my relationship with those that I cohabitate with within that space. The short reflective writing pertaining to this paradigm is cited below, which served as the beginnings of understanding of what I find important within my own living space as well as what I consider important when beginning to establish a position on the minimum standards that one may require from a living space or set of living spaces.

fig_10 - Lockdown confined space representation

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The beginning of lockdown, fortunately, coincided with the beginning of my roommate-ship with two `good friends. For this privilege, during such a difficult time I am deeply grateful, yet equally aware of the intricacies and difficulties we have found in sharing a confined space; with one another for an extended period. In my almost three years of living in this space I have had several other roommates, and the experience of understanding, learning and appreciating the manner in which one conducts themselves as a result of the space they are in as well as their idiosyncrasies; is deeply interesting for me. With the accelerated need to understand one another's spatial and emotional limits due to our extreme frequency of proximity, a steep learning curve emerged. These drawings stand to illustrate the division of spaces in our apartment by their levels of privacy. These boundaries are implicit and understood, however, this extended shared spatial experience has resulted in those margins being blurred and tested, and within that transient space lies the essence of both my lockdown experience and my relationship to my roommates. Specifically, the perspective drawing has been visually arranged to emphasise the spaces that are most public as well as the spaces that my access to semi-privacy or fully-fledged privacy is realised. This perspective results from only my experience of this space and would be different if taken from the perspective of either of my roommates. This again illustrates the variability of our shared understanding of this space and emphasises the nuances of that incongruent understanding.â&#x20AC;?

As a result of the case study into precedent projects dealing with minimum standards of living as well as a reflection of my own experience during social isolation due to the Covid-19 pandemic, my position on the parameters which may govern the minimum standards that a space within which one may live must adhere to, are as follows. Space must be malleable. The spaces that we inhabit must reflect the ever-changing circumstances we find ourselves in, be that a collective circumstance or not. Our needs are not static and nor should our spaces be. Architecture should be crafted in such way that one plays the same role in the design of that space as an inhabitant, that the architect played as the draftsperson. May it be through the physical manipulation of architectural elements like walls and windows, or through the presence of the inhabitant in the conception and production of the architecture. Space must be social. The separation and division of space is important in the creation of personal spaces, yet the confluence of the journey between those spaces must be carefully considered. At the scale of a city to the scale of a single apartment, the way in which one interacts with others as a result of moving through designed space must be considered to elicit social interaction to a degree that allows one to have agency over exactly what the extent of that social interaction is. Regardless of the need to physically distance from one another to avoid further spreading a pandemic level disease, interstitial spaces must be carefully considered to understand how one may possibly move, sit, meet or sell within that space, under all circumstances. Space must create opportunity. The spaces we inhabit must be spaces that allow an individual to pursue the endeavors of their desires. This may be translated as the provision of informal trading spaces within a larger public space or simply providing each individual in a home with a dedicated space to themselves to develop a vocation. We live in a world with ever expanding opportunity, and that opportunity is best acquired by those with the access to the space that allows them to grasp at that opportunity. The way in which we work as humans has continually evolved in our history, and as a result of Covid-19, the move to a further digitized work environment has been catalyzed and as such the design of inhabited spaces must be cognizant of the need one has, to have access to opportunity, and the design solutions that will facilitate this.

These standards are non-specific in their architectural specification yet provide the foundation from which I believe the design of a space with minimum provision or that of grandeur should be built atop. As seen and proven by the precedent studies undertaken, an approach that looks to provide a process and methodology that strives for the most egalitarian, democratic and sustainable product to be crafted is more successful than the design of a specific product itself, without a consideration of the process involved. The casting of a set of standards cannot be specific as the problems they should solve will always be unique. However, these standards are drafted with a cognizance of the history of the manipulation of these guidelines and are written to avoid the repetition of the creation of oppressive or discriminatory minimum standards of living.

Works Cited Architectuul. 2020. House 1-4 of Weissenhof Estate. Accessed September 1, 2020. http://architectuul.com/architecture/house-1-4-of-weissenhof-estate. Artefacts.co.za. 2020. Calderwood, Douglas McGavin. Accessed September 2, 2020. https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=2679. —. n.d. CONNELL, Paul Harold. Accessed September 1, 2020. https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=4493. atrefacts.co.za. n.d. Lexicon NE 51/1-9. Accessed September 1, 2020. https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/style_det.php?styleid=1556. 1975. The Weissenhofsiedlung, 1927. Directed by Tom Benton. Produced by BBC, Open University. Brillon, James. 2016. Le Corbusier's Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart was part of a Modernist housing exhibition. Accessed September 1, 2020. https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/30/le-corbusier-weissenhof-estate-stuttgart-modernist-housing-unesco-world-heritage-list/. Connell, PH. 1939. Native Housing: A Collective Thesis. Johanneburg: Witwaterrand University Press. DIVISARE. 2011. Noero Wolff Arhcitects - Pelip Housing. Accessed September 1, 2020. https://divisare.com/projects/173702-noero-wolff-architects-pelip-housing. Foster, Jeremy. 2012. "The Wilds and the Township: Articulating Modernity, Capital, and Socio-nature in the Cityscape of Pre-apartheid Johannesburg." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 71 (1): 42 - 59. Haarhoff, Errol J. 2011. "Appropriating modernism: Apartheid and the South African township." ITU A|Z 8 (1): 184 - 195. Internationalen Bauausstellungen. 2010. Weißenhofsiedlung Stuttgart. Accessed September 2, 2020. https://www.internationale-bauausstellungen.de/en/history/1927-weisenhofsiedlung-stuttgart-a-testimony-to-neues-bauen/. Mills, Glen. 1989. "Space and power in South Africa: The township as a mechanism of control." Ekistics 334/335: 65 - 74. MoMA. n.d. Mies van der Rohe, The Collection. Accessed September 1, 2020. https://www.moma.org/search?q=Mies+van+der+Rohe+Weissenhof+Apartment+House%2C+%22The+Dwelling%22. Murray, Noeleen. 2010. ARCHITECTURAL MODERNISM AND APARTHEID MODERNITY IN SOUTH AFRICA. Cape Town: University of Cape Town. Noero Wolff Architects. n.d. Pelip Housing. Accessed September 1, 2020. http://www.wolffarchitects.co.za/projects/all/pelip-housing/. Pascucci, Denim. 2014. AD Classics: Weissenhof-Siedlung Houses 14 and 15 / Le Corbusier + Pierre Jeanneret. Accessed September 1, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/490048/ad-classics-weissenhof-siedlung-houses-14-and-15-le-corbusier-and-pierre-jeanneret. Phaidon. n.d. Buildings that changed the world - The Weissenhof Settlement, Stuttgart. Accessed September 1, 2020. https://uk.phaidon.com/agenda/architecture/articles/2012/november/28/buildings-that-changed-the-world-the-weissenhof-settlement-stuttgart /. WiredSpace. 2018. National Housing and Planning Commission, Pretoria Architect: W van Beijma. 1951. Non-European Houses and Architect: W van Beijma. 1951. Non-European Houses and. Accessed September 1, 2020. http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/11081. —. 2012. SA Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria. SA Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria. SA Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria.16/04/1953. Accessed Septmeber 1, 2020. http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/11162.

Proposal for a New Development of Social Housing Project 3 Small Essay ARPL3021 Histories and Theories of Architecture Anneline Jacob 1901368 School of Architecture & Planning University of the Witwatersrand Hannah le Rouxâ&#x20AC;¨ 14-09-2020

ABSTRACT As a developing country South Africa requires social housing to meet the needs of its disadvantaged citizens. Social housing is a government funded initiative that provides individuals with rental units that are subsidized by the government. This allows low income individuals the opportunity of building a home and contributing to society. Since March 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has engulfed the world and put many countries under strain. This has resulted in a great number job losses and homeless people. There is now an increased need for adequate social housing that meets the requirements of life during Covid. This essay examines what the housing needs of individuals are at present and how architectural design can meet them through the four principles highlighted by the Social Housing Policy. This include; The promotion and creation of quality well-managed, living environments for low to middle income individuals and families. The creation of viable and sustainable designs. The promotion of peaceful, safe and responsible social environments that is responsive to local housing needs and demand and the promotion of community within housing groups.These principles will serve as the bench mark for the proposed housing project to encourage the longevity of social housing solutions.

ESSAY The month of March 2020 saw South Africans retreat into isolation as the COVID-19 pandemic reached our boarders. The home has since become a sanctuary of safety and has evolved into makeshift workplaces, schools and gyms. However due to lockdown limitations and economic downturn, many South Africans face displacement from their homes, shelters or have struggled to abide by regulations in restricted living spaces. This requires the government to aid citizens and provide adequate housing that fulfills a basic need, yet still protects both the physical and mental health of the occupants. A need for dedicated social housing that considers both practicality and functionality is vital to community well being. These housing solutions need to respond the new realities and expectations of living spaces. This essays proposes an innovative shift of known social housing principles to adapt the built environment from the current climate into the post pandemic environment. It will explore the use elements of sustainable design and renewable materials to reduce costs and create multifunctional space and architectural elements that influence a sense of place and community to create versatile housing that promote health and the community. Quarantine is the separation and restriction of movement to protect people from exposure to a contagion. At the end of March 2020 South Africa surrendered to a quarantine period to protect its livelihood from the deadly pandemic of Covid-19. Covid primarily attacks the human body producing deadly effects, but its effects are far more reaching. This pandemic has seen Covid spread its effects through peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s finances, their well being, their supplies and most importantly their homes. Due to this housing has become a focal point and I have noted two key obstacles from my personal experience. The first is that being confined to a space is limiting and often insufficient to maintain more than one activity per day in the same space, for that reason new home designs needs to produced multifunctional areas that can be adaptable to individual needs of the occupants. The second obstacle is the lack of safe, affordable social housing for many South Africans that bared the worst of the Covid-19 pandemic. Apartheid and socio economic conditions together with new job losses due to Covid have placed many citizens at a disadvantage and the government now has the responsibility to rebuild the lives and trust of people who have endured poverty and unjust treatment through the catering for a basic need: Shelter. The South African housing department describes social housing as government managed and funded rental, co-operative home solutions for lower income individuals with essential needs. These homes share a uniform built and scale provided by housing initiatives which seek to develop and restructure dense urban areas .1 In England a study was conducted among public housing residents to identify what are the needs in their place of residence. An affordable place to stay, an encouraging supportive place which facilitates daily commutes and activities with a sense of community that blends race, lifestyle and health together were the key findings.2 The South African Social Housing Policy (2009), provides guiding principles the echo the above findings and have implored that these principles be incorporated in all go forward housing projects. These include: The promotion and creation of quality well-managed, living environments for low to middle income individuals and families. The creation of viable and sustainable designs. The promotion of peaceful, safe and responsible social environments that is responsive to local housing needs and demand and the promotion of 1

Social and Rental Interventions, 2009:17

John Hill, End and Means, 2007: 5

community within housing groups.3 These principles will serve as the bench mark for the proposed housing project to encourage the longevity of social housing solutions. The promotion and creation of quality well-managed, living environments for low to middle income individuals and families is crucial for the economic welfare of South African citizens. The high level of unemployment that has since increased due to Covid related job loss places households under strain and in need of subsidized rates. Existing housing projects currently subsidizes rental fees ranging from R2500-R7500 per month in order to provide dwellers with additional disposable income.4 A precedent that shows the implementation of this principle can be seen with the RDP housing project that begun in 1994, houses were to be assigned to previously disadvantaged individuals for a fraction of the development cost, but it proved to be failure when corruption from government representatives resulted in raised rates, high utilities bills and poor quality in the materials and construction of the homes, leaving occupants dissatisfied. The new proposed social project seeks to minimize these fears from future residents by ensuring affordability with fixed rental fees by income brackets and improving the quality of materials used.5 The residents of social housing require a space that is within their current income range free of economy inflation and excessive maintenance cost that occur when you have a home. An architecture principle that can be applied to greatly reduce the costs is that of sustainable design. The proposed housing project will see the creation of viable and sustainable designs through three sustainability principles; the use of environmentally friendly materials, resource and energy efficacy design and the allocation and planning for efficient use of space. 6 The use of environmentally friendly materials can be implemented by using recycled, renewable and low energy manufactured materials that are locally sourced. Acarglu 2020, states that locally sourced materials are easily accessible by construction companies reducing overall development and transportation costs, further stating that having materials easily available ensures that residents or housing bodies are able to perform maintenance later on at lower costs. To further reduce costs by incorporating energy and resource efficacy in design, one can harvest renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and geothermal energy.This is achieved through the correct orientation of the housing buildings to gain maximum sunlight and heat exposure. 7 According to Greener Ideal (2013), sustainable practices like the incorporation of solar panels, rainwater harvesting and grey water systems, together with the use of passive design straggles like cross ventilation instead of an electrical powered cooling system will reduce the cost associated with the heating/cooling of houses and the electricity needed to run temperature appliances. Grey water will also reduce water usage for toilets and the maintenance of gardens, thereby lowering utilities paid monthly. Planning for efficient use of space allows for open plan areas that may be adapted for the multi use of the individual.

Social and Rental Interventions, 2009:23

Department of Planning and Monitoring and Evaluation, 2010: 2-4

Sondre Bailey, RDP Housing: Success or Failure?, 2017: 4

RISE, Sustainable architecture principles: environment, energy, eďŹ&#x192;ciency, 2015.

Leyla Acarglu, Quick Guide to Sustainable Design Strategies, 2020

The use of prefabricated materials create a clean pollution free atmosphere through good air quality, natural lighting and the use of untreated toxic free materials. 8 The Savonnerie Heyman is a social housing project that fully embodies sustainability principles. Designed by MDW architecture, the building located in Brussels, Belgium is the ideal model precedent for sustainable practices. A product of diversity the public housing holds 42 apartments with four different types of accommodation. According to ArchDaily (2012), the building was developed from low service and pure sustainability concepts. It has retained and reused the existing elements while using natural materials of hemp and timber to insulate and construct the building. A glass enclosure wraps around the complex, providing a thermal and acoustic barrier while allowing privacy for the occupants.This reduces the need for heating and cooling services and lowers the energy consumption within each unit. The building also incorporates straggles for energy efficiency through the use of solar panels which heat water and provide electricity to the units. The apartment block ensures the collection of rainwater for the flushing of toilets and outdoor garden maintenance. Another stellar principle incorporated was the use of passive design striates by providing spaces for interaction through multifunctional spaces like exterior gardens, semi private balconies ,meeting rooms, academic libraries and a playground area. The occupants reduce the need to spend money on insulation and water systems for their home and do not need to travel out for facilities. This all provides residents with a welcoming warm space to live, while reducing the cost of maintenance and rates required by the tenants.9 The housing project will seek to implement the use of solar panels and grey water systems as well as insulating local materials to ensure no matter what the climate of the country the residents may be able toArchitecture gain and use energy efficiently. Savonnerie Heymans / MDW

Recycled timber material and the reading of the original structure

Glass enclosure

Communal space on higher floors

Communal space leading to exterior courtyard Green roof and solar panels

Image showing the principles of sustainability implemented precedent, Savonnerie Heymans.10 8

Greener Ideal, Principles of Sustainable design, 2013

ArchDaily, Savonnerie Heymans, 2012

--1

The promotion of peaceful, safe and responsible social environments that is responsive to local housing needs and demand is a significant principle in the development of social housing. Creating a sense of place and not just shelter can aid and uplift residents. A sense of place as defined by Naqafi (2011), is “an overarching impression encompassing the general ways in which people feel about places, senses it, and assign concepts and values to it”. 11 This can be created through four components of safety, physical setting, human activity and the meaning associated with the space. The component of safety suggest that the housing project allow safe interaction between residents that enables them to connect through good and difficult times creating a sense of security from their surroundings. However in the past social housing projects have failed due to lack of safety. A precedent of failed social housing is that of Winnipeg's centre village designed by 5468796 architecture. Rosenfield (2016), states that the housing complex contrasted the generic ideas of social housing by creating a series of buildings that enclosed a courtyard space, allowing this space to be occupied by street criminals and drug addicts becoming a hotspot for crime and leaving residents in the building and surrounding housing to feel unsafe and uncomfortable.12 This failure was due to poor planning of the housing apartments for the type of people who would occupy the space.The needs of the residents were neglected for an architectural aesthetic. To avoid this problem designers should identify the residents that require social housing and incorporate the users needs and wants into the housing project.13

Exterior view of building

Lounge interior

Small bedroom interior

Small bathrooms

Small bedroom interior

Secluded courtyard

Narrow staircase

Small kitchen area

Winnipeg’s Centre Village 5468796 Architecture

Image showing the principles implemented precedent,Winnipeg's Center Village Project.14 11

Naqafi, The Concept of Place and Sense of Place In Architectural Studies, 2011:1

Rosenfield, When "Designer" Social Housing Goes Wrong: The Failures of Winnipeg's Center Village Project, 2016. 13

Moussaoui, Crime in the community, 2016

Rosenfield, When "Designer" Social Housing Goes Wrong: The Failures of Winnipeg's Center Village Project, 2016.

The component of physical setting refers to more than just the buildings physical features but also the location, elements and sense associated with the space. 15 Yet the component of human activity can include textured elements from the interaction with the space, the accessibility of the space, the transport options to and from the space and the privacy and safety within the space. Physical meaning is the bond or connection the occupant makes with the space which affects their emotional, mental and spiritual wellbeing. A physical setting within housing could be created by designing a flexible and versatile floor plan with extendable and contractable spaces that enables the occupants to customize and personalize their space by assigning their own unique meaning to the space according to the life demands.16 Physical setting may also be achieved with a private outdoor terrace or balcony so the residents can experience a change in environment that is naturally lit, or experience an exterior setting without leaving the privacy of their home. 17Physical setting can also take on the form of creating versatility for the resident, this can be achieved by creating a rent or payment plan that allows occupants to rent for the needed time needed and can move on quite easily depending on the job market and their employee status.This will allow them to control the amount of interaction they have with the building and the space creating a sense of ownership and responsibility, thereby creating a sense of place.Well creating flexible and versatile floor plans and spaces allows the occupants to customize and personalize their space by adding their own unique meaning to the space.18 A sense of place has been explored in the social housing precedent of the Tetris Apartments by Ofis architeki. This low cost government project is located in Slovenia Ljubljana and is an award winning design. ArchDaily (2006), describes the building as four stories high with 650 individual apartments.The building incorporated private balconies for each unit providing the occupants with a physical setting that has a different atmosphere than the interior apartments, each shifted 30 degrees south to avoid the noise from the street below and with no views form opposite apartments this creates a quite and intimate escape for the residents.The structure of the building is constructed with only the apartment exterior walls being structural while all interior walls are non structural. This allows people to alter and configure the apartment however they desire.The main access to the apartments blocks is from the east facade which has no windows, this with the individual balconies allow the residents privacy during their hours. While the integration of various types and sizes of apartments from 30 m2 studio lofts to 70 m2 family apartments, allows one flexibility if more space is required but maintaining the same location is necessary for employment and costs.This precedent shows why the incorporation of these principles in creating a sense of place is important. It maintains the quality of the environment and ensures the success and the integrity of human life within it.19

Sternberg et al.Designing a Sense of Place,2006

Naqafi, 2011:4

Najafi & ShariďŹ&#x20AC;, The concept of place and sense of place in architectural studies, 2011

Naqafi, 2011:5

ArchDaily, Izola Social Housing / OFIS arhitekti, 2006.

Slanted balconies away from the noise of the street

Adjacent balconies for no views into private apartment

Apartment type with a flexible interior

Various types of apartments to encourage socializing of different people

Tetris Apartments / OFIS arhitekti

Image showing the principles implemented precedent, Izola Social Housing.20 It is common for residents to judge physical features of a place first, therefore physical setting and its attached meaning is ideal for creating a sense of place. This is a principle that will be enforced in the new social housing project to enable residents to build an emotional relationship with their homes and people around them. A strong environment attitude fosters a sense of care which will help sustain the condition and longevity of social housing for future generations.21 The final guiding principle outline by the social housing policy is the promotion of community within a housing context. This may be achieved by creating a sense of community in the building through the use of architectural elements. A sense of community is defined by Corti et al (2017), as a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members are of importance to one another and to the group and a shared faith that members needs will be met through their joint commitment.22This sense can be achieved through three interlinking principles of physical environments, individual and society factors. The physical environment factors incorporate the presence and quality of the space that creates various gathering spaces for residents. While scale is the use of these gathering spaces to create proximity to others. This may involve passive or active socializing between the members. The individual factors can be seen as the level of 20

ArchDaily, Izola Social Housing / OFIS arhitekti, 2006.

Naqafi, 2011:6

Francis, Wood & Corti, Creating Sense of Community: The role of public space, 2017

engagement between the residents and the building. These factors may be manipulated through design features like overhead shading devices, seating and greenery to foster a warm welcoming environment.This provides residents with a place for relaxation and recreational activities which builds community living.23 The precedent that utilizes these features to achieve a sense of community is The AYA Housing designed by Studio Twenty Seven Architecture and Leo A Daly JV. These housing solutions are located in the United States of America, Washington The building is 8 stories, each with 8-10 apartment units per floor and various other communal facilities for the occupants.The buildings creates a where space social interaction is encouraged by creating a community within the building that is separate to the outside world.This is achieved through the incorporation of shared laundry rooms, communal game rooms and outdoor play areas on each floor, with residents units opening onto these spaces. This minimizes the effort required to use the facilities and motivated residents to get involved. The building also incorporates a clinic, computer room and a cafe style dinning hall with the addition of exam and conference rooms. Due to this versatile place and many offerings the building attracts a wide variety of people driving unique interactions to build a sense of community.The apartments are designed too to be flexible and a communal space as it contains 4 beds and desk areas this allows for interaction within the room space but can be closed off with partitions as there are not any fixed internal walls.Through the use of these elements the â&#x20AC;Š building manages to establishes a sense of community on a personal levels that residents feel comfortable to interact with.24

â&#x20AC;Š Meeting communal space located on each floor

--1 Double circulation cores to encourage cross socializing

Different types of apartments located in the building

Flexibility of apartments interior

Apartments and communal spaces integrated on each floor

Image showing the principles implemented precedent,The AYA Housing.25

Nady, A Sense of Community, N.D

Catlett, Gallery: Using design to build a community, 2016

Archdaily , The The AYA AYA Housing Seven Architecture + Leo A Daly JV, 2019 Housing/ /Studio StudioTwenty Twenty Seven Architecture + Leo A Daly

While social housing call architects to be innovative and sustainable in their approach, It is crucial that they recognize the recipients of their homes when designing plans. The promotion of well managed living, locally sourced materials and the budget of the potential occupants need to be implemented and functionality and adaptability of space need to be further explored. Spaces need to be adaptable for working individuals, families and the elderly , they need to be affordable and improve quality of life creating a sense of place and community in order for housing projects not to meet the adequate standards and not fail.

!10

BIBLIOGRAPHY Social and Rental Interventions,Dhs.Gov.Za, 2009, http://www.dhs.gov.za/sites/default/files/ documents/national_housing_2009/6_Social_Rental_Interventions/3%20Vol%206%20Social %20Housing%20Policy.pdf. Ends and means :the future roles of social housing in england,ESRC Research Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, 2007,http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/5568/1/ Ends_and_Means_The_future_roles_of_social_housing_in_England_1.pdf Evaluations.Dpme.Gov.Za, 26 2020, https://evaluations.dpme.gov.za/images/gallery/DPME%20%20Social%20Housing%20Programme.pdf. â&#x20AC;&#x2018;

Sondre Bailey, RDP Housing: Success or Failure?,2017,http://www.cplo.org.za/wp-content/ uploads/2017/02/BP-432-RDP-Housing-May-2017.pdf Studio, RISE. "Sustainable Architecture Principles: Environment, Energy, Efficiency | RISE Blog". Risedesignstudio.Co.Uk, 2020, https://risedesignstudio.co.uk/blog/index.php/2015/08/26/ sustainable-architecture-principles/ Leyla Acarglu, Quick Guide to Sustainable Design Strategies, A Medium Corporation, 2020, https:// medium.com/disruptive-design/quick-guide-to-sustainable-design-strategies-641765a86fb8 Greener Ideal, Principles of Sustainable design,Greener idea ,2013, https://greenerideal.com/ guides/renewable-energy/5-principles-sustainable-architecture/ "Savonnerie Heymans / MDW Architecture". Archdaily, 2020, https://www.archdaily.com/220116/ savonnerie-heymans-mdw-architecture. Mina Najafi, Mina, and Mustafa Mustafa Kamal Bin Mohd Shariff. "The Concept Of Place And Sense Of Place In Architectural Studies". Citeseerx.Ist.Psu.Edu, 2011, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.294.3599&rep=rep1&type=pdf. "When "Designer" Social Housing Goes Wrong: The Failures Of Winnipeg's Center Village Project". Archdaily, 2020, https://www.archdaily.com/779899/when-designer-social-housing-goeswrong-the-failures-of-winnipegs-center-village-project. "Crime In The Community: When 'Designer' Social Housing Goes Wrong". The Guardian, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jan/04/crime-community-designer-social-housingwinnipeg?utm_medium=website&utm_source=archdaily.com. Sternberg et al.Designing a Sense of Place,Mill Design Lab , 2006 ,https://www.mlldesignlab.com/ blog/designing-a-sense-of-place-dont-forget-memory "Gallery Of Tetris Apartments / OFIS Arhitekti - 17". Archdaily, 2020, https://www.archdaily.com/ 3547/tetris-apartments-ofis-arhitekti/500ee6c928ba0d0cc7000c55-tetris-apartments-ofis-arhitektiimage?next_project=no. â&#x20AC;¨ Francis, Jacinta et al. "Creating Sense Of Community: The Role Of Public Space". Journal Of Environmental Psychology, vol 32, no. 4, 2012, pp. 401-409. Elsevier BV, doi:10.1016/j.jenvp. 2012.07.002. Catlett, Gallery: Using design to build a community, Ideas ted, 2016, https://ideas.ted.com/galleryusing-design-to-build-a-community/

!11

Nady, A Sense of Community, MGS Architecture ,2017, https://www.mgsarchitecture.in/ architecture-design/projects/1680-creating-a-sense-of-community.html

!12

Ashton James 1839108 Flexibility within small spaces Abstract: Everyone has been confined within their homes, with the current conditions of Covid-19. Flexibility is the new term to grow onto architects. Small spaces have been affected the worst, having minimal space and now being stuck in that space throughout the day for almost seven months. Spaces that we would designate with a program has now been changed due to people working from home. Looking at precedents we can understand how various people have adapted their small spaces to create a spacious and multi-purpose space. It can then be adapted to our current situations on how to create something similar. Multi-purpose partition walls are the solution to cluttered spaces whereby it will not only move but also creates a threshold in a space. This idea is to allow for multiple furniture components to be compacted which saves space. Therefore, allowing the partition wall to adapt to a userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs.

ARPL3021-2020 PROJECT 3: SMALL ESSAY FACILITATOR: HANNAH LE ROUX FACULTY: ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING DUE DATE: 14 SEPTEMBER 2020

1|Page

I am writing about how flexible spaces can develop further within tiny living spaces and become a space of interaction between a person and their home. The idea of flexibility will allow one to manage and program the space according to the current daily. This allows for the manipulation of a certain space in a home, for example having a dining room as a workspace during the day and an eating area during the night. Creatively allowing a human being to customize their programs and uses accordingly to their desires. Looking at precedent studies of how there can be a manipulation of tiny spaces, which overall have an outcome of flexibility and multipurpose, ensures that this solution is possible which will essentially help many people struggling now and in the future. With the current conditions of Covid-19, home spaces are extremely crowded, having the whole family confined to the home during the lockdown, creates no sense of space. A home is defined by a space created by the people you love. (Kate, M, n.d.) Although working at home does not change the definition of a home, it rather manipulates the spaces that would be used for family. Personally in my home, we would always sit in the dining room every evening to eat dinner but due to the pandemic, the dining room has become a workspace for the family where books and electronics are placed every day. The solution to this is understanding what the uses are currently, in my case, work and eating area, and combine the two to create a multi-purpose dining room. Looking at a tiny space, according to Jacoba Urist, he believes that the term ‘home’ symbolizes a place of safety, but due to living conditions within small spaces filled with furniture might feel claustrophobic. (Urist, J, 2013) This essentially means that with all the fixed furniture in a small space, may lead to a mental impact on someone because we are stuck in a small space. Due to people working at home during the lockdown, lead to us staying at home every hour every day, when usually we would leave the house for half the day. Le Corbusier’s Cabanon was built for himself. This small cabin suited the needs of Le Corbusier. Built-in 1951, Le Corbusier already illustrated the understandings of saving space within his cabin. Having chairs by his kitchen which could slot back underneath the table as well as making use of partitions which not only acted as a threshold but also as a furniture component. Space has fixed programs in each segment of the Cabanon but I think with the current day and technology using this as a base can be changed according to how a user sees it. Personal preference can adjust the overall use of space. The use of combining multiple furniture components to save space and allow for flexibility to happen. According to Alex Martin’s research on Sotaro Ito’s small apartment loft which has a total area of 9,46 square meters in Tokyo. Alex Martin states that Ito’s apartment resembled more of an office cubicle than an actual apartment. Having a 3.6m high ceiling allowed for a mezzanine area for the bed. (Martin, A, 2019) Looking at it from a personal perspective, it cannot be argued that the space is really small and cramped. Although Sotaro Ito found this loft to meet his personal needs, I think this space is not workable. The idea of the loft gives the apartment extra space but overall with the fixed furniture it has not been set out in a way to make space feel inviting. With the idea mentioned above with flexible furniture, I believe that to re-configure this apartment, the bed, and desk can be one component, which frees up the overall space of the bottom floor which allows for a small couch to be adapted and implemented onto the wall where the window is. I also think the ladder could be integrated better which frees up leg space where the possible couch could be situated or having a type of bookshelf where the stairs are combined with a bookshelf. With the vast increase in population around the world and high rise buildings being built, not only is the space being taken up but forests are being destroyed to accommodate large buildings. The solution is to make use of vertical space as seen in the Ququri’s living space. With Tokyo being a dense area with no space to build outwards, allowed Spilytus Co. to think rationally and build upwards. Another study I found is with Patrick Mills who speaks about a Polish Designer named Szymon Hanczar who confines himself within a 13 square meter apartment. The apartment situated with a loft for the bed made use of its small narrow space. Szymon Hanczar wrote that initially, this apartment would be a place just for him to sleep after work but mentioned he wanted this space to feel more like home. (Mills, P, 2015)

2|Page

I think looking at this plan makes use of every space and still has a comfortable walkway. However, what I believe is that the desk, drawers as well as the bed can be integrated into one component to allow for more space and even allowing for a dining room to be implemented. The idea of eating on a desk and working on a desk in my opinion does not feel comfortable as one needs to ensure that one does not mess on one’s electronics. Finally, the idea of not having a large table to sit at and eat rather to a confined open space on a desk is rather uncomfortable. By creating one component with the desk, drawer, and bed that’s mobile, saves up on the top loft as well as the bottom whereby the partition created from these three furniture components will be able to meet the needs of Szymon Hanczar daily. Whether it be eating during the day, the partition can be compacted and open into a large dining table or if he needs to sleep, then the table can be compacted and the bed pulled out. Looking at Graham Hill’s tiny apartment, according to Eleanor Gibson, she explains that Hill’s tiny apartment in New York is a 33 square meter multi-functional apartment that has the master bedroom as the centre of attention being able to adapt from a bedroom into a 10 seat dining room table. Graham Hill illustrates how it is possible to make the most of a small space with design, which he believes functions double of its original size. (Gibson, E, 2018) This is the overall idea of what my solution is. The adaptability of a small space to suit the needs of a user throughout the day. It can be seen that doing so creates a more vibrant space and allows the user to manoeuver around a tiny space. It makes the space free as with flexible furniture, it does not designate a single space such as a bedroom but rather allows a bedroom to become a space that a user desires. Eleanor Gibson also speaks about Alfonso Arango’s small cabin situated in Columbia. With a size of 24 square meters situated on the Andes Mountain can be seen as a simple shape. The roof has greenery and overlooks the town of La Calera. Arango designed this space to be a weekend retreat where he can work without any interruptions from his family. With the sleeping space designated on the mezzanine level which creates the idea of multi-functional components, which can come into play. (Gibson, E, 2018) The space is well designed to allow comfort for Arango when he uses the bottom floor, as studio space, but the mezzanine floor possibly could be adapted to allow for more comfort in that space. The idea of the bed and desk is a single component with the partition which will essentially split the two programs. The moveable partition that I have thought about can be used to create a more comfortable desk as well as a bed. It frees up on the small space of the mezzanine level. This allows for the large window to overlook the space and creates more comfort for a user whereby they can situate their bed or desk where they want to. The idea of flexibility and unfixed components. The function of a house is to provide shelter over our heads. We have been indoctrinated by previous generations to believe that having a large house is the best way to solve space. This is not the case though. Furniture is the factor that takes up space and designates a program in a home. The true solution is looking at how can we bring furniture together to not only create multi-functional furniture but as well as reducing how much space we consume within a home. The solution is to reuse current furniture within a home such as tables, chairs, beds, and break them down into its components and use them to make a flexible partition that contains multipurpose furniture. This would lead to the reconfiguration of space to meet the requirements of one’s needs. However, first, we need to break down the two terms that will create the solution of tight spaces. These two terms are flexibility and multi-functional. Flexibility is derived as the ability of an object of altering in various ways to achieve new desires. (Nazarian, T, 2015) This can be a structure that can adapt to what is required without having to change the main elements of the object. The term flexibility can furthermore be broken down into three additional categories which include: versatility, diversity, and variability. (Nazarian, T, 2015) Flexibility is a word uncommonly used in the design. Flexible architecture is a feature that includes; Capability to use a longer time: This idea illustrates a ‘cradle to cradle idea’ which is determined by the life span cycle of the materials as well as the structure of the building. The possibility of having a certain function or functions after its life span by using its key features. 3|Page

Adheres to the users’ needs and requirements: The building or design should adhere to a flexible design whereby it will meet all the users’ needs within a small space. Flexible space should allow for a certain function or program of a room to have multiple outcomes for a user. Contains advantageous decisions towards technical alteration: The idea of creating technical alterations that will not adjust the outcome of the reconstructed space. This is possible by having portable technology that is not fixed but rather flexible. Sustainable concerning the economic and environmental needs: Throughout the lifespan cycle there will be waste material that is produced. The overall solution is to create a flexible space that has minimal production of waste material and the reduction of environmental impact. My solution to this is the reuse of existing furniture and components to create the overall concept and idea for small spaces. Tayebeh Nazarian speaks about ’The Common Language of Sustainable Architecture in Creating New Architectural Spaces’. I think that Flexibility is the key concept to my solution to save space as well as being cost-effective the overall idea is to not only create multipurpose furniture but as well as ensuring that with the creation of these ideas, it still follows the crucial rules of architecture such as; sustainable and cost-effective. Multi-functional refers to an object that can have numerous different uses. (Julia, 2013) Furniture which can adapt to a multi-functional furniture piece can save a lot of space. This can be done by compacting furniture into a single partition that can be opened and closed with various functions. For example, one side could open out to a bed whereas the opposite side of this partition can be accessed as a work station. This has an effect of clearing space up and allowing that space to be less cramped, which overall reduces the effect of claustrophobia. The idea of a compacted partition that can manoeuver and adjust to a users’ needs leads to the overall objective of the multifunctional design. Other advantages of multifunctional furniture are; maintenance and cleaning can be easy. Having a single piece can save time on cleaning and maintaining instead of having separate pieces that might have a higher chance of having problems. (Julia, 2013) The ideas of flexibility and multi-functional, coherently combined, create the concept that can be derived as an object that not only frees up space but adapts accordingly to the users’ needs daily. The idea is not only so that it can suit a small space but on a larger space inside business spaces as well as other spaces that can start promoting a safety factor of social distancing. The partitions therefore will act as a separation barrier to implement the social distancing factor. Furthermore, the idea is to allow for human rights to be implemented to allow for people to not strictly be situated at home in their confined space. This will allow for interaction and freedom to happen whereby the workforce can be able to work outside of the home and people wanting to still work from home can do so with the new design idea. My room is 2,5mx2,5m with fixed furniture. I have thought of an idea on how to manipulate the furniture into a movable partition that will not only allow it to be flexible but also create more space than what I currently have. This solution would allow me to interact with my room better rather than walking into my room and choosing if I sit at my desk and work or go to my bed. This idea influences the lack of activity when one decides to ‘take a break’ which leads to the notion of not working, whereby the bed will be put away to encourage one to do the work during the day. Looking at Figure 1, the bedroom layout is quite small and cluttered with barely any room to walk around. Having the bed in its current location can be seen once walking in and the narrow Figure 1: Original layout of bedroom space between the bed and built-in cupboards gives minimal space to walk through.

4|Page

The idea for my specific room is to have the bed, desk, and cupboards integrated into one flexible component which can manoeuver using steel legs either connected to the ceiling or into the floor to allow for this partition to move. By doing so will have this 600mm thick partition component which will be the only component within the 6.25 square meter room Looking at Figure 2 My solution towards freeing up space in my room follows with this partition and illustrates how it can be adapted throughout the day, which allows me to see all four walls in my room instead of seeing two walls due to the cupboard and bed taking up the other two walls. Creating emptiness within my room and not overcrowd it with all the Figure 2: Partition illustrating bed opened furniture that currently sits there. Figure 3 shows another case of closing the bed as well as pushing it against the wall to free up space behind. This side however contains a desk that can be pulled out with hinges and pulled back, creating a spacious desk. Overall the adaptability of my room will create a large amount of space that is not used and can allow me to do whatever I want with that space which will make my room feel bigger. This partition can be pulled or pushed which will have wheels at the bottom so that the partition can move. I think this solution can be adapted not only to my room but as well as in other situations such as businesses and other parts of homes. Whereby fixed furniture does not need to be the flow of Figure 3: Partition illustrating desk opened design but rather a flexible furniture piece that will always allow for the interior design to change. Creating a space of revolution which can change whenever. In conclusion, my solution aims to help various people feeling overwhelmed and claustrophobic within these current times. Flexible space within a tiny space can be achieved with multi-functional furniture. Maximising as much space as possible is crucial to allow a user to interact with a small space better. This component will be cost-effective with the reuse of material that currently sits inside space and easy building guides to create what is required. Combining the understanding of terminology as well as the keywords mentioned above, we can start thinking rationally and adapt the partition to other spaces as well. Fixed furniture has been the cause of designated programs within a space, it is time for movable furniture to take over and allow users to adjust their own homes or spaces as they desire.

5|Page

Referencing: Urist, J., 2013. The Health Risks Of Small Apartments. [online] The Atlantic. Available at: <https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/12/the-health-risks-of-smallapartments/282150/> [Accessed 13 August 2020]. Nazarian, T., 2015. The Common Language of Sustainable Architecture in Creating New Architectural Spaces. International Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 3(2), p.47. Inhabitblog.com. 2013. Advantages Of Using Multifunctional Furniture | Inhabit Blog â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Green Homes, Eco Friendly Furniture And Sustainable Architecture. [online] Available at: <https://www.inhabitblog.com/furniture/homefurniture/advantages-of-usingmultifunctional-furniture.html> [Accessed 13 August 2020]. Kinnear, S., n.d. 3 Benefits Of Having Multi-Functional Furniture In Your Space. [online] Blog.mobelli.co.za. Available at: <https://blog.mobelli.co.za/3-benefits-of-having-multifunctional-furniture-in-your-space> [Accessed 13 August 2020]. Emamgholi, A., 2011. Flexible Spaces in Architecture. Flexible Spaces in Architecture, (5th), pp.1-8. Martin, A., 2019. Downsized Dwellings: Inside Tokyo's Tiny Living Spaces. [online] The Japan Times. Available at: <https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2019/04/20/lifestyle/tokyos-tiny-living-spaces/> [Accessed 13 September 2020]. Gibson, E., 2018. Alfonso Arango Builds Tiny Black Cabin Next To His Childhood Home. [online] Dezeen. Available at: <https://www.dezeen.com/2018/07/01/house-on-the-mist-alfonso-arango-micro-black-cabin-colombia/> [Accessed 13 September 2020]. Mills, P., 2015. Szymon Hanczar Crams Entire City Home Into 13 Square Metres. [online] Dezeen. Available at: <https://www.dezeen.com/2015/07/18/szymon-hanczar-13-square-metre-micro-apartment-wroclaw-poland/> [Accessed 13 September 2020]. Gibson, E., 2018. Tiny New York Apartment By Graham Hill "Functions Like One Twice Its Size". [online] Dezeen. Available at: <https://www.dezeen.com/2018/08/09/lifeedited2-tiny-new-york-apartment-graham-hill-functionslike-one-twice-its-size/> [Accessed 13 September 2020]. Mawis, V., 2018. Are Small Spaces Bad For The Health?. [online] INQUIRER.net. Available at: <https://business.inquirer.net/252928/small-spaces-badhealth#:~:text=According%20to%20some%20experts%2C%20these,abuse%20in%20worst%2Dcase%20scenarios.&te xt=For%20its%20supporters%2C%20tiny%20spaces,a%20better%20sense%20of%20control.> [Accessed 13 September 2020]. Capmoderne.com. n.d. The Cabanon â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Cap Moderne. [online] Available at: <https://capmoderne.com/en/lieu/lecabanon/> [Accessed 13 September 2020].

6|Page

ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY PROJECT 3 ARPL3021-

“Less is More” – Mies van der Rohe

Sanam Kanjee 1853140 Transforming Minimal Living Spaces that adapt in times of crises

Abstract This paper is drawn from research into architectural design style that explores innovative ways of living in smaller spaces. The paper reviews several methodologies and elements of minimal design to utilise in times of crises. The current crises being the COVID-19 Pandemic. These methodologies and elements are derived from past precedent studies. The studies showcase creative ways to be unify with nature through simple and small living spaces. The focus of the document is to show multiple ways in which small living can be achieved in a sustainable, functional and cost-effective manner. The document explores the idea of modular living and how is used in both singular models and in multi-storey residential units. Other attributes include socio economic issues of high cost housing and alternative methods of minimal living that challenge the notion of minimal living spaces even further by creating micro living concept pods. The document concludes with key proposed standards of living that meet the requirements stated by the Bureau.

Keywords: minimal design, COVID-19 Pandemic, sustainable, functional and cost-effective, modular, socio -economic, micro living, pods, proposed standards, Bureau

Sanam Kanjee 1853140

Introduction The COVID-19 Pandemic brought South Africa and the world to a complete halt. The increasing number of infections caused the country to declare a national state of disaster1. The spread of the virus negatively impacted the country and its people both economically, politically and socially. Several measures were thus taken to slow down the infection rate of the virus. A national Lockdown was implemented along with rules for social distancing and strict public hygiene. People were required to stay in their dwellings to avoid exposure and contact with one another. This resulted in the entire country to be isolated with all movement restricted to the confinements of their own living space. However, this became challenging for areas that were densely populated such as the informal settlements. What the lockdown created was the need for small living spaces that also provided comfort and addressed the socio-economic needs of people. In order to tackle the issues and effects of Covid-19 Pandemic, a fundamental understanding of Minimal living in design must first be addressed. There are distinct similarities between minimal design and modern architecture such as: §

its simplicity in form and function,

uncomplicated cladding and wall finishes,

clean open, light filled spaces,

simple detailing and the strategic use of materials for visual appeal, uniqueness and texture (Yr Architecture Design, 2020).

Small living, also known as minimal living, is a form of design that emphasises simplicity in creation of form2. It explores innovative ways of spatially

Michael Cohen and Amogelang Mbatha. “South Africa Orders Three-Week Lockdown to Curb Virus Spread.” https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/south-africa-orders-three-week-lockdown-to-curb-virus-spread. Accessed 12 September 2020. 2 Yr Architecture Design. “5 characteristics of modern minimalist house design.” http://www.yr-architecture.com/5-characteristics-of-modern-minimalist-house-designs/ Accessed 8 September 2020.

Sanam Kanjee 1853140

integrating form into function such that space, materiality, detail and colour are constructively integrated. The objective is to produce habitual living space that is also comfortable for the inhabitants. The quote above by Mies van de Rohe, one of the founding members of modern architecture, depecits the ideas of modernism in simplistic forms3. Although the reference is addressed to modernism during a specific period, it resonates with the concept of continuation of life living despite obstacles that may come. Life never stops. Challenges will always occur. It is how one faces these challenges to produce solutions that matter. Thus, the question to address is â&#x20AC;&#x153;how can minimal living be achieved whilst creating a safe, clean and liveable space in the context of national crises?

Anon â&#x20AC;&#x153;What did Mies van der Rohe mean by less is more?â&#x20AC;? https://www.phaidon.com/agenda/architecture/articles/2014/april/02/what-did-mies-van-der-rohemean-by-less-is-more/ Accessed 8 September 2020

Sanam Kanjee 1853140

Mapping My Personal Space: Image 1A

The collage is a symbolic representation of how I felt within my confined spaces during this lockdown period. The spaces seen are my bedroom and kitchen. Sanam Kanjee 1853140

My bedroom has my bed and desk which have been the most used space since lockdown began. The ground floor below is the kitchen, which is another frequently visited space. Connecting the spaces is a staircase allowing for circulatory flow between the two spaces. There is a spatial link between my bed and desk as I constantly move from the two in order to get work done. There are three circular scenic landscapes depicted on three posters on the east wall that radiates a sense of calmness whenever I look at it . This is meant to contrast the architectural construction drawings which spills over into the kitchen space. This represents the overwhelming feeling of work I am required to complete through my online classes. The three posters and working drawing are juxtaposed with a theme of stress and peace that has been the key experience throughout lockdown. These feelings linger on even after leaving my bedroom. The entire collage is completed with a yellow back-ground which represents natural light entering the two spaces. The red dashes show my movement pattern between each space. Despite the stress of a global pandemic and major adjustment to online education, both sunlight and posters provide a sense of warmth and relaxation.

Sanam Kanjee 1853140

Precedent case studies The precedent case studies below showcase ideas on how minimal design living responds to the urban environment within varying contexts. Le Corbusier: The Cabanon The Cabanon is both a work of art and spatial innovation. The design is based on a typical cell with a direct approach to functionalism and full use of ergonomics, a modular structure which Le Corbusier described as “a castle on the riviera” (Nomination file, 2015)4. The proposed castle measures 3.66x3.66 meters in total to achieve a “extremely comfortable and cosy” feeling inside the house (Gray Eileen, Badovici Jean, Le Corbusier and Rebutato, Thomas, 20205). The cabin was built in 1952 and made from wood. The cabin is

a series of collected measurements defined in the style of Modular. Modular was a publication released by Le Corbusier to search for the mathematical relationship between human dimensions and nature (Gray Eileen, Badovici Jean, Le Corbusier and Rebutato, Thomas, 2020). l

Image 2A: Aspects that make up functional and multifunctional living spaces. Highlight components display Partition walls in blue and storage compartments in grey. Furniture such as the bedrestand chairs are multifunctional. Its intended for the purpose of seatingas well extra storage space Movement within in the space is illustrated through red dashes.

Nomination File. The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier: An Outstanding Contribution to the Modern MovementNomination file for the inscription on the World Heritage list. 2015. https://lecorbusierworldheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/dossier-de-candidature-en.pdf Accessed 11 September 2020 5 Gray Eileen, Badovici Jean, Le Corbusier and Rebutato, Thomas. “Le Corbusier’s Cabanon.

https://capmoderne.com/en/lieu/le-cabanon/ Accessed 11 September 2020

Sanam Kanjee 1853140

The concept of The Cabanon is to appeal to the vernacular of the site whilst incorporating the functionalism derived by modernist movement of architecture during that period (Nomination file, 2015). Evidence of this is seen in the rustic appearance of the cabinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s outer walls. To achieve a fully functional design, the typology was defined as a living cell that is condensed to a minimal space to satisfy certain functions all at once. Spaces such as the roof, working area, resting area, bathroom, wash basin, table, storage cupboards and coat racks are distinct in the cell dimension of 3.66 meter by 3.66 meter by a 2.26 meter height (Gray Eileen, Badovici Jean, Le Corbusier and Rebutato, Thomas, 2020). The entire structure was prefabricated wooden

elements that was easily constructed on the site. Simplistic and innovated ideas to utilise the space are seen in storage facilities and partitioning. The partition was made by using a curtain to enclose the toilet. Whereas the bed contained a wooden head rest used for storage. Functional living was the concept, but the aim was to live harmoniously together with nature. Gray, Badovici, Le Corbusier and Rebutato (2020) note that to break the bridge between man and nature Le Corbusier created a makeshift outdoor bathroom and shower underneath a carob tree, and also added a space for reflection and contemplation by placing a concrete table with seating close to the makeshift bathroom. In addition, the garden on the site was intended to serve as a natural extension to the cabin. Minimal living in Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the Cabanon expands the notion of small living and creates a pathway for people in densely populated urban environments to maintain a simplistic way of living. Gray, Badovici, Le Corbusier and Rebutato (2020) note that this maintains a standard that is affordable and

cost effective. The authors also conclude that the Cabanon by Le Corbusier is a masterpiece of art and architecture combined as its minimalistic approach portrays a universal and timeless notion on the concept of modular living which is still observed and used today by contemporary architects. Sanam Kanjee 1853140

LOT-EK: Drivelines Studio Minimal Living spaces can also be implemented in areas that are densely populated such as cities. Like Le Corbusier’s Cabanon, LOT-EK’s Drivelines Residential building incorporates both modular and minimal design elements6. The building is in Maboneng, Johannesburg, an area has been going through urban development in recent years to respond and accommodate a post-apartheid generation that now resides in this part of the city (Eicker, 2018)7. The project’s objective was to repopulate the city’s downtown through innovative ways of urban model living. Due to the site’s triangular geometry, the building embraces a billboard form where two separate rectangular shapes are hinged at a narrow end (Manaadiar, Hariesh, 2019)8. The narrow end is used to frame the open interior courtyard. The rectangular shapes are the residential units with the courtyard in between as a social gathering space. Just like a billboard, the buildings outer façade is aligned and flushed within the site boundary. Manaadiar (2019)notes that the inner façade with the courtyard is articulated through its staircases, elevator tower and bridges linking every level, while the exposed circulation pathways which are activated by the units also spill over into the outdoors. According to Manaadiar (2019) the two buildings are made up of 140 upcycled shipping containers in modular units, all of which are left unpainted as the availability of containers determined the overall colour for the building. Before being combined to form two large units, the containers were stacked and cut on site, while windows were formed by large diagonal cut outs from the corner to the centers of each container. Manaadiar (2019) notes that the windows overlooked the street edges and courtyard space on either side

Drivelines Studios. “LOT-EK.” https://lot-ek.com/DRIVELINES-STUDIOS . Accessed 11 September 2020. Eicker, Karen. “Drivelines by LOT-EK”. October 1, 2018. https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/13661-drivelines-by-lot-ek. Accessed 11 September 2020. 8 Manaadiar, Hariesh. “Containerised studio apartments a big hit in Johannesburg” February 14, 2019 . https://www.shippingandfreightresource.com/containerised-studio-apartments-abig-hit-in-johannesburg/ . Accessed 11 September 2020. 7

Sanam Kanjee 1853140

such that repetition and mirroring of the window cut outs create a façade pattern for the building. LOT-EK’s aim was to defy the narrowness of the container by designing two liveable units that ranged between 37 to 45 square meters (Eicker, 2018)9. They were driven by the potential use of light and space within the site. The idea was to contrast the loud busy road by opening the units to an internal courtyard. The containers had a central core for bathroom and windows which opened from to the left and right. This allowed for diagonal bracing to dictate simple yet efficient fenestration cuts in the corrugated metal. The ground floor is pedestrian friendly due to retail spaces near the entrance of the building. Along the rear end there are residential units. A private courtyard for its residence along with a pool, while is follower by six more floors of residential on both buildings (Manaadiar, 2019). Image 3A: The image depicts how the building responds to its context and highlights the spatial parameters seen in section and plan

The reason Drivelines was built was to create live-work areas that are affordable within city parameters and to create a sustainable, cost effective ways of living. The architects have responded to the people’s needs and

Eicker, Karen. “Drivelines by LOT-EK”. October 1, 2018. https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/13661-drivelines-by-lot-ek. Accessed 11 September 2020.

Sanam Kanjee 1853140

living conditions but have not addressed the on-going issue of gentrification in the area (Eicker, 2018). Despite achieving sustainable minimal living, the socio and economic impact of neighbouring communities in the area are greatly disadvantaged. A proposal should be set in place that despite minimal living is realised, consideration and respect for community needs already situated in the site must be addressed.

Sanam Kanjee 1853140

James Law: OPod Tube Housing Architect James Law, founder and CEO of James Law Cybertecture developed prototypes of low-cost living units to combat Hong Kong’s affordable housing problem10. Hong Kong has the highest priced housing market in the world. Due to the increasing population and limitation of the cities island topography, there is a high demand for accommodation. The average rent for a one bedroom apartment in Hong Kong’s central is over 1500 pounds - approximately 30 000 rand (India Block, 2018). A solution was thus created by Law to resolve Hong Kong’s high living expense. A prototype was created called an OPod tube, which was a 2.5 meter wide concrete water pipe that was altered into a 9.29 square meter home11. Law intended for the circular tubes to be stacked or pile on top of one another forming homes for younger people in empty and available locations across Hong Kong12. The pods can be stacked up four pipes high without any structural support, and can also be inserted into gaps between building thresholds. Law stated that the pipes were not a permeant solution to the problem in Hong Kong but rather, act as a temporary solution to ease off expensive living in the city. The idea was to also promote inexpensive, micro-living to appeal to young people who cannot afford private housing. Despite being a concept, a prototype was created to display a typical micro-home living. In the interior there are curved concrete walls with utilities for living, cooking and bathing. A fully glazed front panel doubles as a door and window with the doors locking and unlocking using smartphones. Lighting strips are added

India Block. “Micro apartments in concrete pipes designed to ease Hong Kong's housing crisis.” 16 January 2018. https://www.dezeen.com/2018/01/16/opod-james-law-cybertecture-hong-kong-micro-apartmentsconcrete-pipes-low-cost-housing-crisis/ Accessed 11 September 2020. 11 Cybertecture Architects. “Floating OPod Housing”. http://www.jameslawcybertecture.com/?section=projects&id=1203. 12 Kelly, Erin. “Inside The Cement Tube Homes That Might Be The Future Of Hong Kong’s Housing. July 14, 2019. https://allthatsinteresting.com/opod-tube-house. Accessed 11 September 2020.

Sanam Kanjee 1853140

under the shelves and retractable lamp which is fixed into the wall. This is in addition to the natural light provided13. Image 4A: OPods are responding to its context with prototype in callouts showing details of its interior furnishing and exterior shell

To reduce the industrial appearance, the interior walls of the pipe were whitewashed, and a flat wooden floor was installed to allow occupants easy movement through the pipe. The space is multi-functional as the bench seat can be folded down to form a bed, with pillows playing a double role and used as a mattress. The pipe has space to also add a mini fridge, microwave cooker, clothing rail and a suitcase stand. The opposite end of the pipe contains a partition that hides the bathroom compartment with a shower and toilet. Drainage is clever inserted by covering the floor in slatted boards. The bathroom walls are finished in a white, hexagonal tiling layout. The cost to create these micro apartments are estimated to be 11000 pounds to manufacture each pipe. The rent could be less the 300 pounds, which is 1200 pounds less than the average private living space (India Block, 2018). The space will offer a shared common kitchen and co-living courtyard. Each Tube House is 13 square meters in size with private toilet and shower, food preparation area, living room and sofa bed. To promote sustainable living and lifestyle, the Tube House will already be equipped with Wi-Fi and a home computer for Improved standard of living. 13

Cybertecture Architects. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Floating OPod Housing No 1â&#x20AC;?. http://www.jameslawcybertecture.com/?section=projects&id=1170. Accessed 11 September 2020.

Sanam Kanjee 1853140

Common elements across these case studies Each architect in the case studies above responded to their environments. They displays modular and micro forms of minimal usage to their given space. Some designs responded to their environment better than others. However, similarities resonate strongly in each design such as the use of sustainability and low cost housing. Le Corbuiser’s Cabanon addresses the issue of small living in a comfortable yet innovated approach. The design is an extension of its natural surroundings and utilises the natural elements to create makeshift functional spaces. James Law’s OPods maximise the use of minimal living space for low cost housing which is a key issue that is he attentively addresses. The modular spaces are functional and are easily transported. They can be stacked and inserted into small spaces between buildings and inside alleyways. This allows for the structure to be placed anywhere in the city and even the world. LOW-TEK’s Driveline Studio incorporates innovation by upcycling used containers. This creates sustainable development as it is easy to move and very cost effective. The architect addressed the issue of creating a space for people to live. However, the environmental response does not play such an important response compared to the socio-economical factor of providing cost effective living in a post-apartheid city. It appears the architect addressed an issue in hopes to resolve that factor. However, Maboneg’s cultural art hub has been criticised for its attempt at gentrification on existing community of Jeppestown. An are economically disadvantaged and urban decay.

Sanam Kanjee 1853140

Proposed new standards Based on my experiences and reviews of the three precedent studies, the following set of standards are proposed to address the minimum rights for an individual and/or a small social group space: §

Sustainable design to implement low cost living;

Where possible local materials to be used and assembled or built on site;

Internal spaces that allow for aesthetic interiors and personal artefacts to promote an individual’s well-being;

Design and construction phase should respect and take into consideration the socio-economic needs of communities already situated on site;

Percentage of the design should be an extension to the natural or urban environment.

Way forward: Addressing future environmental challenges The minimum standards proposed provide the rationale to address possible future challenges that explore architectural parameters for liveable small spaces that include the minimum rights for an individual and/or a small social group in space. The information presented is based on my personal experiences of lockdown, as a young woman living in an urban middle-class environment. Mapping my space brought a deeper insight through the limitations of movement in the confinements of my own living space. It has been further explored in Le Corbusier’s cabanon, which in contrast, embraced the ideals of small living. Both architecture and site were in tune with its natural surroundings. James Law utilised the concept of sustainability through small living creating a solution that is empathetic to the socio- economic housing crises in Hong Kong. Law promoted small living units that were cost effective and responsive to its environments. Similarly, LOT-EK’s sustainable housing solution transcended the notion of recycling by upcycling its containers to use as Sanam Kanjee 1853140

residential units. The firm was design driven and utilised the material to its full extent. And in doing so explored social boundaries that further challenge the use of shipping containers. In addressing similar crises situations to those presented by the COVID-19 Pandemic, a fundamental understanding of minimal living must be addressed. A strategic approach based on the proposed standards, extracted from precedent studies and personal experiences, can serve as the basis for future transform of minimal living spaces to be adaptable in times of national and international crises.

Sanam Kanjee 1853140

Housing: how the corona virus has changes the way we perceive space NA KHUMALO 815397 ARPL 3031: HISTORY ESSAY 1|Page

INTRODUCTION The Coronavirus has created a global health crisis, which has affected the way in which we live and perceive the space we inhabit. â&#x20AC;&#x153;At least 10percent of South Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 44million people live in urban informal settlements. This equates to more than 1.2million households and an informal settlement population of over 4.4millionâ&#x20AC;? ( NGOPulse, 2010). These people in particular have faced the inequalities that have now been inevitably highlighted by the effects of the corona virus including lack of sanitation, well ventilated spaces and low socio-economic standards due to unemployment and lack of access to opportunities. The challenge in dense populated urban settlements, is the feasibility of self- isolation and social distancing as regulated by the government to help curb the spread of the virus, where overcrowding makes it impossible to adhere to these regulations. This is caused mainly by the number of people dwelling within one unit and the spacial standard that weighs the space habitable throughout the day. Other factors include the socio-economic status of people that dwell within these settlements. This essay will analyse how current spacial standards in dense urban settlements has affected the way people respond to the regulations of the lockdown. And how space within these settlements is adapted to the new way of living cause by this pandemic. It will also propose a new spacial standard that could possibly form a part of a new housing standard that creates spaces that take into account health and hygiene and fit well within the declining economy of South Africa without compromising the health of individuals if similar outbreaks occur.

2|Page

ABSTRACTION “Throughout time, the primary function of the house has been safety, it initially served as a hiding place from bad weather” (S. Makhno; 2020), as well as provide comfort. Now considerations of health and hygiene in dwelling spaces has been a rather difficult task to adapt to. The idea of social distancing and quarantine has proven to be a challenge in informal settlements and townships. “In these densely populated communities, where there’s no access to running water and where a single family must share one mobile toilet with at least 10 other family members”( Ndopu ; 2020), it inevitably highlights the issue of house standards in South Africa cause by the Apartheid government. As I went back home to quarantine with my family when the president announced a national lockdown. I was faced with the most brutal reality of having to adapt to our small confined space at home, and having to find ways to fit my schedule and be able to perform my daily tasks without overlapping into anyone’s private space. It proved almost impossible to adhere to national lockdown regulations and also balance our everyday activities. I live with 4 other family members in a standard RDP house that forms part of the post-colonial apartheid era design implementation to address the socio-economic problems brought by apartheid. The area in which I live has almost no housing regulation monitored by the state this is no different to other informal settlements as Gibson notes that “there are an estimated 146 000 households living in informal settlements in Cape Town, many of which are not recognized as permanent, with the residents lacking occupation rights and security of tenure”, and with the growing poverty rate in townships, the ultimate response in my community was for people to erect closely packed shacks in their yards so generate an income through rentals. The cause of this may also be the lack of affordable vacant land for people to purchase and inhabit. This is popular in the informal as well as township landscape across South Africa. The RDP layout has no indoor toilet included, therefore this means we share our bathroom with 5 other families that live within our yard and this questions the hygiene aspect of these living conditions. The spacial standard is very poor, with limited space for both indoor and outdoor activities. Given the nature of densely packed townships and informal settlements, Gibson suggests “it should be established whether an individual urban settlement is able to achieve adapting to the national regulations of the lockdown, based on the layout of the particular settlement”. Factors such as distance between homes and number of people dwelling within one unit should be investigated. These will assist in generating a standard design approach for housing

3|Page

layout that takes into account social distancing within dense urban settlements. Since RDP delivery continues as a socio-economic response to address shortfalls in social services, the government has to consider spacial layout to adapt to self-isolation by crafting comfortable spaces that do not compromise the health standard within a unit. This will include consideration of public and private space within each dwelling unit and the allowable outdoor space used for social interactions. To do this there should be a standard number of family membersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; deduced to help guide the design process. This standard can be a consensus formed from a study of family members dwelling within one unit. Having obtained this number it would be easier to formulate design strategies that would form part of the new housing standard that takes into account the population within the dwelling units as opposed to the existing design implements that seemingly only can accommodate a family of 3.

THE BROADER CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Figure 1: spacial layout of informal settlements. (Khumalo, 2020)

4|Page

It is almost impossible to assess the spacial standard of one domestic space in informal settlements without looking at the broader context to which it belongs. We first need to understand how space is perceived in these settlements before we can address the modifications needed to be implemented in order to create a communal layout that will be able to adapt to restrictive measures of the corona virus. In my community the space between each erected dwelling space is at a minimum 500mm. These are built with corrugated Iron sheets and timber framing support just enough to hold the structure up. Due to the nature of the materiality used for the dwelling units, there are small windows placed either on one side or two and just sufficient enough to allow light in yet with very inadequate ventilation. Yet, because the shacks are so densely packed some end up receive no light and people resort to spending their time outdoors as opposed to indoors. These spaces promote no social space to relax and also interact as they are so small only a bed and a small space for storage can fit in. With all the domestic uses delegated to one space of about 3mx2m as illustrated in the figure below, it becomes almost impossible for people to inhabit the space throughout the day and that is why during the lockdown period the number of people occupying the streets instead of their homes increased. The small spaces created in between the units is then used as courtyard spaces for people to socialize. With less that 1m given between each space the mapping illustration above is meant to show how the distance between the dwelling units and the estimated number of people within the highlighted space makes social distancing regulation inapplicable in my community. Basic layouts of informal settlements include toilets placed at a certain distance from the households which would be shared by a fraction of people or sometimes the whole community, fortunately for us we have at least on one toilet for every RDP household, but to accommodate the rented settlement spaces we all have to share that very one toilet facility. The space created by the distance within one unit and the toilet often becomes the habitable courtyard that people use as a sociable space during the day. Therefore on a daily, direct contact with other people becomes inevitable as these are spaces that have to be used frequently between families within our yard. The cluster of units means more people within one yard. This rather puts into question if social distancing is the approach when considering housing layouts or if it is physical distancing of units that we needs to Figure 2: standard layout mapping of unit (Khumalo 2020)

5|Page

apply on the informal settlement layout. South Africa the recorded average household size is 5.4 people per household. This means in a broader context of our community where each yard has an average of 3-4 shacks including the RDP there would be at least an estimated 27 people within one yard space where in contrast to a suburb this yard would equivalently be occupied by at most 5.4 people on average. This contrasts between suburb dwelling and informal settlement dwelling, shows where is might be more feasible to adhere to national lockdown regulations.

Figure 3: access to sanitary area for all households. (Khumalo 2020)

Analysing dwelling spaces of at least 9msq area shows the poor spacial standard that people in informal settlements have to inhabit of a daily.one of the challenges for me has been finding ways to make the space I live in adaptable to becoming my new school environment. Noise and time balance have been the biggest distractions for my studies. I used to be fascinated at the idea of micro living as well as modular design in architecture. Work by David Krynaw who is a South African furniture design who has recently looked at modular design using timber sparked my interest. Prior to the pandemic my interest lied in finding ways to implement luxury micro living in informal settlements and analysing the strong juxtaposition in the two contexts, yet also realised how similar these concepts of dwelling units are. Looking at work by Koto and Abodu on tiny prefabricated modular units made the idea feasible, yet the regulations of the corona virus changed the way in which I perceive tiny spaces more especially within 6|Page

informal settlements where there is a large population that needs to be accommodated and particularly the change that can be implemented in making informal settlements more comfortable to inhabit. With the lockdown implemented the function of these units had to drastically change to adapt to function they were never designed for in the first place. Trying to adapt the place to function as a school and work environment proved almost impossible to implement for many other people. I personally struggled with the amount of noise during the day from our tenants occupying the yard for social interactions, and trying to study at night was also a nightmare as the space I could potentially use for studying is now being used as sleeping and eating area for the course of the night. Allocating programming for specific needs in specific spaces becomes as challenge as one overlaps the other because multiple persons have to use this confined space at once. Socio-economic status “These concentration of informal housing have limited opportunities for safe physical activity and healthy food options, and high levels of depression and stress”. This entails that a lot of people who occupy these units are unemployed and depend on the social welfare to supply their daily needs. Even though this does not in particular focus on the spacial standard it indirectly affects it. Lack of basic goods and services leads to unhygienic practices which also contribute to the spread of the coronavirus. “Access to safe sanitation is a growing challenge in informal settlements where over 65.0% of the residents have inadequate sanitation”. (UN-Habitat 2014). As mentioned above in our yard we have one functional toilet that we have to share within 5 dwelling units, and in our neighbouring settlements across the street there are chemical toilets which are temporary structures that are shared within in multiple households. This is the norm for most South African Informal Settlements as “in 2016 the City of Cape Town erected 371 chemical toilets to accommodate the approximately 60 000 people living in the Marikana informal settlement…this comes to 1 toilet for every 32 households” (SERI, 2018). These are placed a distance from other households along the periphery lining the settlement, entailing that people have to walk a fair distance to access sanitary spaces. This eventually leads to people using small courtyard spaces created by the settlement dwellings to urinate leading to foul smelling environments that are unhygienic, and this is no different to the my community. Usually at night people are lazy to walk to use the toilets and end up doing it at the nearest convenient pace close to their households. 7|Page

PROPOSED SOLUTION The broader context Relocation has been a strategy overly proposed as a response to de-densifying Informal Settlements. This still remains the best possible and feasible response strategy that can also work to address effects of the corona virus in dwelling spaces more especially in formal settlements. In previous implementations of this strategy the constraints included: â&#x20AC;&#x153;insufficiency of budget to cover the huge capital cost, shortage in sufficient and suitable land, difficult nature of many informal settlement sites looking at high density, steep slopes, geotechnical and drainage problems and lastly lack of suitable relocation destinations. Firstly by looking sat relocation sites and land as a constraint the architectural response would be vertical stacking. By identifying households that can be relocated to create more courtyard space and de-densify the informal settlement landscape, the identified units can be vertically stacked on existing and remaining structures. This can be done with a framing support steel system to implement modular unit design as illustrated on figure 5. These structures can remain as a temporary solution until a permanent one can be implemented with factors such as budget cost already included. Secondly to address cost issues. These temporary structures will be pre-fabricated and readily to be erected on site. The system will be clip on for easy assembling which can also be a skill taught to the community to engage and empower them in services that help the society. To Figure 4: de-desnsifying informal settlement strategy. (Khumalo 2020)

8|Page

vertically stack, recycled framing material as well as corrugated iron sheets can be used to mimic container structures which have over time gained popularity in the

architectural scenes to promote luxury modular units and urban design strategies. Figure 5 below illustrates the strategy of verticals stacking which was a strategy we derived with my fellow students for a design project that focused on de-desnifying the informal settlement landscape to provide more sanity courtyard spaces that would promote hygiene and sanitation as illustrated in figure 6 to show a new possible configuration. The new configuration will work on a decanting strategy of identifying suitable houses that would be relocated for vertical stacking this will be done by considering the constraints of geological sit, steeps and slopes and drainage issues.

Thirdly to address services mainly sanitation. With the identified households relocated this will result in pockets of public spaces/ courtyards that can be used as location sites to erect well serviced toilets to be used by at least 2 family members without having to walk a distance to access them. Drainage in the current context is hard to achieve due to no access to the units for sufficient servicing, therefore by applying this strategy the three would be sufficient land space that can be used for drainage access.

9|Page

Figure 6: Layout on new spacial configuration (Khumalo2020)

To address spacial standards, the approach would be focused on planning the dwelling unitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s layouts to design comfortable spaces that can function multivalent to any specific function at any time without restricting space to a specific function. This was done in the housing unit project for RDPs between 1997-2014 where the unit design where open plan concepts that people could occupy freely setting out different domestic functions to whichever space they see suitable, the only issue was the square metre assigned to each household. Looking at the standard average family number the spaces where insufficient to be occupied comfortably. The revised solution would be assign a bigger square metre and instead of the openly concept, have at least 2 rooms that could be privately used for other functions.

10 | P a g e

Conclusion The inequalities highlighted by the corona virus pandemic have deeply affected the informal settlements, and the space that was once popular in urban architectural design has proven to be insufficient to promote hygiene, social distancing and become adaptable to the corona virus regulations set by the government. With the urban density landscape with erected dwellings not more that 1m apart from each other it shows that maybe the solution is not social distancing but rather physical distancing of household units to assist in curbing then spread of the corona virus. While permanent solutions might be costly looking into temporary solutions will help with immediate responses that can later be applied a permanent solutions in case similar outbreaks had to occur. The reality is that informal settlements will always from part of the South African post-colonial landscape and continue as an emergency housing response from people who desperately need shelter. The important thing is not to promote solutions based on eradicating slums as this is impossible but rather shifting the mind-sets of people around the perception of informal settlements, this will help us in implementing ways to better the spaces on those who occupy them and engage them un urban design solutions that could possibly be the answer if similar outbreaks had to occur.

11 | P a g e

References Ducharme J. Time. 2020 Mar 11. World Health Organization Declares COVID-19 a “Pandamic. Heres What That Means URL: https://time.com/5791661/who-coronavirus-pandemicdeclaration/ Gibson. LA. 2020. “Novel CoronaVirus in Cape Town Informal Settlements:Feasibility of Using Informal Dwelling Outlines to Identify High Risk Areas for Covid-19 Transmission from a Social distance” . Reaserch Gate. Khumalo. NA. Kock. M. Xulu B. (2020) “New Spacialities in a Time of Plague”, wits university Muanda. C, 2020. “factors and impacts of informal settlements residents sanitation practices on access and sustainability of sanitation services in the policy context of free basic sanitation.Jornal of water. URL : https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.123 accessed 14/09/2020 SERI. 2018. “Informal Settlements and Human Rights in South Africa.

12 | P a g e

A b s t r a c t. The current precedent studies introduced, plan to reflect on a dwelling minimum livable space through its functionality and spacial highlights, all through compositional models of the supposed 'social housing', where spending restrictions and the need to elevate the territory coincide. Spacial and formal controls are subsequently characterized as the principle worries in a structural examination, implying that 'base' thinking does likewise apply to an everyday compositional practice, where there's a need to adjust the 'ideal' house with the 'conceivable house'. Hence, the significance of the current proposition is shown in an assessment of Architecture as a far-reaching practice, dissected in its contemporary setting and building up boundaries that will be applied in new housing recommendations. The proposed paper hence attempts to propose new boundaries for a small habitable space. The fundamental design developments will be referenced through their conceptual beliefs who express the standards of spacial definition and its relationship with the individual and the general external condition. However, in this article, an emphasis on the admissible minimum was proposed as the maximum conceivable.

N e w s p a t i a l i t i e s I n a t i m e o f p l a g u e. The spatial response to the new COVID-19 pandemic has taken a new direction. Border restrictions have been put in place,individuals are advised to limit their outdoor movement, and open spaces have been closed off to the public. It has abruptly changed the way we view the spatialities of housing. The first form of architecture was residential architecture. The key and basic conduct of the first human settlements were established to be nomadic, transitory, and mobile. When the first centers of the urban communities emerged, the development of houses as buildings started, and later, changes in their fundamental qualities arose (Fรถrster, 2006). Housing has been the premise of indigenous social orders and cultural evolution since the existence of humanity. Houses are constantly impacted by their respective living inhabitants, social limits, and ecological conditions. As noted by Mohamad Mahdi Shabani, housing should be structured with a sense of place, comfortability, and safety within a space. Designers of spaces should take note of the importance of organizing the public and private spaces within and around the unit. (Lane, 2007). According to Towers, the main motivation behind redesigning the spatial parameters of a housing unit is to move away from designing spaces that leave the inhabitant feeling confined

and arrive at a good spatial standard in housing configuration. The awful monetary and psychological effects on an individual during the 120+ day lockdown is currently unfolding in South Africa, alongside numerous different nations. The demand for a habitable space ought not to compel us into being their enclosed subjects but ought to permit us to analyze and propose new architectural parameters for livable small spaces. The aim of this essay is to analyze the challenges faced by talented architects in designing small but perfectly formed buildings and later, propose new architectural parameters for small spaces. This essay argues the motivation in which interrelated space planning improve spaces to accomplish an effective spatial arrangement. This paper seeks to identify the key standards in creating a home that is comfortable, functional, and aesthetically pleasing at a smaller scale.

Case study 1 - FlexIblility Flexible housing designs are planning decisions in relation to the social use and construction, within residential architecture. The adaptability of a space can be defined in two different ways. Firstly, the internal opportunity for a space to adapt to different social uses and secondly, the opportunity to rearrange elements freely within the space. As once stated by Schneider and Till, incorporating flexibility within a space allows the architect "the illusion of having some control over the building, even beyond the time they are responsible for it”. (Schneider and Till, 2005). A flexible housing scheme can be adjusted to the occupant’s necessities, changing prerequisites and patterns- both social and technical issues and will prompt doing their desires and requests with their own joint effort. Occupants cooperation in this cycle will at last result in expanding the overall fulfillment of the users of the space. One of many buildings viewed as a pioneer of social housing is the Bergpolder building because of its stature. The structure was constructed between the year 1933 and 1934.In the north of Rotterdam lies the Bergpolder square. The structure is listed as one of the skyscraper housing ventures planned by Van Tijen. The building consists of 72 flats for small, working-class families with and without children. There are nine floors containing eight lofts each. The area of the space is 50 m² and every floor adheres to a similar floor plan. As one enters the space, they enter through a gallery which transitions into a hallway and on opposite ends lies the rest room and kitchen. The passageway is linked to the lounge containing a storage cabinet on either side. The lounge allows entry into the children’s room. The main room and the lounge append the overhang and are separated by a glass sliding entryway. According to Barbieri et al, the space is transitioned during the day by swinging up the beds into

a storage block and sliding the dividers to increase the size of the space. (Barbieri et al., 2003). The incorporation of Glass sliding doors and collapsible beds by the architect allows the space to be utilized in two distinct manners. In the daytime, the foldable beds are collapsed up into the storage block and the line separating the main room and the lounge space disappears. This detachment by means of sliding entryways permits an increase in size of the space during the dayâ&#x20AC;?. In the evening the glass sliding doors are then shut creating another transition within the space (Architecture in Rotterdam, n.d.). This spatial configuration can be seen in figure 1 below.

Collage: (Kock,Melissa.2020) Figure 1.

C a s e s t u d y 2 - T e m p o r a l i t y. Nakagin is not just a block of flats, it is known to be the first capsule architectural design. It is located within the core of Tokyo and was intended to provide singular units to traveling businessmen during the week. Before the building was constructed, the number of residents in Japan had been decreasing and in the main city's territories, most of the structures functioned

as places of business. The number of homes quickly diminished, as enormous quantities of individuals moved to peripheral territories. An issue arose when a need for a reestablishment of housing units was in demand. Nakagin Capsule Tower is a representation for the design of sustainability and recyclability, as every module can be connected to the central core and supplanted or traded when required. Each unit is 4 x 2.5 meters, allowing enough space for one individual to live easily. The internal space of every module can be controlled or manipulated by interfacing the container to different capsules. Every part of the unit was produced in a plant in Shiga Prefecture and later shipped to the site by truck. The pre-assembled internal items such as the circular window, builtin bed, restroom, TV, radio, and alarm clock fill the space. Lifted by a crane, the models were embedded in the steel shipping containers by the utilization of a crane and afterward secured to the concrete core shaft. This can be understood in figure 2 below.

Figure 2 Collage: (Kock,Melissa.2020)

This extraordinary interpretation of apartment buildings in Tokyo is a perfect representation of the Metabolism architecture movement. His concept focuses on making the most effective use of living spaces to accommodate the everyday essentials of a person. The key component of the Metabolist design is that the capsules can be replaced over time, allowing the building to adapt to the users’ needs over time. The Japanese idea of housing is framed by the enormous amount of movement and temporality. “For the modern man in our highly mobile society – for Homo movens – the capsule dwelling will probably come to be of high importance". (Charles Jencks, Kisho Kurokawa, 1977)

C a s e s t u d y 3 : I n c r e m e n t a l h o u s i n g. Elemental is an architectural firm lead by architect, Alejandro Aravena. A response to one of their housing issues in Constitución as incremental housing. Elemental conceptualized the idea of gradual housing, which is constructing half a house and permitting the new occupants to increase full responsibility for the homes by completing the other half. The firm provides the labour and payment for expenses regarding the materials to complete the house. At long last, they own what they construct. The idea of incremental housing allows the firm to analyze and survey the needs of the community who are displaced and understand the issues that plague the population. The point of the task was to assemble appropriate social housing for the displaced, in a way that would challenge individuals to explore their building capabilities, and still stay within the time and financial plan constraints. In attempting to handle the budget restrictions, the use of row housing was utilized to solve the issue of social housing in Chile. The solution was to make a social housing program that gave the community the ability to work towards transitioning into a middle-class household. The conceptual idea was materialled since Elemental allocated the funds to construct the part of the building that families could not afford to build on their own. The building's foundations, plumbing, water framework, waste management systems, and parts that required the coordination between homes or required more consideration, were allocated the most money and time. At the same time, they set aside the effort to run workshops for learning fundamental construction abilities to give the new inhabitants the devices to build upon their new homes. The spatial relationship is evident in figure 3 below.

Figure 3 Collage: (Kock,Melissa.2020) The case of the half-a-house venture has demonstrated that the methodology of incremental housing could be a reasonable resolution to the issue of small livable spaces; much as it did in Constituciรณn, it could offer different advantages for the living community, ranging from economic independence, housing security, the flexibility of expansion, and community development. It is significant in any case to perceive that every city worldwide has its exceptional features and issues; thus, incremental housing techniques must be applied accordingly.

P r o p o s i t i o n. Before one can propose new internal standards for a small space, one should first identify and analyze the surrounding context. As a young person who represents my community in South Africa, the context of an Informal Settlement comes to mind. While examining the external

boundaries of informal settlements, the issue of accessing essential services appears. The RDP housing venture was established to tackle the issues surrounding the right to quality and dignified habitable space. The government provides 45-meter squared dwellings to qualifying individuals as well as an individual title deed. The basis on which one is eligible to profit in this endowment is, amongst additional rules, that the recipient must be part of a family unit that has a consolidated pay of under R3,500 every month, and is above the age of 21 years old. (Department of Human Settlements. No date). However, the realism of current events indicates that the RDP housing system might not be capable of tending to the right to a dignified and comfortable dwelling within a rational time frame.

The right to basic services should be adhered to. When the land to be built upon has been selected, providing adequate services should be the next step. The land should be provided with a minimum of shared water resources and public lavatories within a resealable distance agreed upon the community. The introduction of basic stormwater management systems and a new grid consisting of streets permitting individuals to navigate around the area even in unbearable climate conditions need to be considered. (Center for Scientific and Industrial Research [CSIR], 2005). Entry to recreational areas, health services, police, and additional open administrations and offices ought to likewise be given as a major aspect of the essential administration bundle (CSIR, 2015). Space is a site for human collaboration, interaction, and rituals. These activities decide the spatial plan and the spatial highlights impact the user of the space and the functions.

The structure and the design of the space consider the connection between the space and the function. A key element in transitioning a space is the design of a space that follows function. The functions of spatial planning are significant components and consistently influence the last spatial form. Similarly, Kisho Kurokawa's deduction around the possibility of structures as unique and versatile objects to a relentless, ceaselessly developing cityscape of things to come- spaces ought to be adaptable to one's needs. As expressed by Kurokawa, "The room" acts as a holder of individuals character, individual intrigue, identity, and taste. The spatial boundaries of the unit ought to effectively adjust to one's character, culture, and individual intrigue. Spatial layout is the most significant factor in a fruitful little space. A spatial layout involves defining the areas and creating a relationship between them. When all is said in done, one might want to isolate living functions to give a sense of privacy where required, however, the space should not wind up

being separated into hard cubicles. The utilization of partitions, stretching out from the floor to midsection or chest area, can give a sufficient feeling of division, particularly while seated, without losing the feeling of transparency, fluidity, and openness within the space. This is represented in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Collage: (Kock,Melissa.2020)

When exploring new spatialities in a time of plague, the basic principles of temporality, adaptability, and inclusivity are key components to take note of. By utilizing community-based support, Elemental had the opportunity to consider feelings of fear, doubt, and desires of the individuals, ultimately constructing a building that mirrored the knowledge and desire of the local people. The spatial parameters within the Bergpolder building could be easily adjusted by the occupants to suit their requirement for the day and the night which provided the occupants, the power to make multi-utilitarian spaces, with the least amount of changes to the space. Introducing flexible elements within a space creates a sense of belonging due to the dwellings ability to adapt over a long period of time. All case studies presented, displayed the need for flexibility and adaptability within a small space in order to achieve maximum spatial experiences within a minimal space. These principals should continue to be reflected in the present-day designs of small habitable spaces.

R e f e r e n c e s. Architecture in Rotterdam. (n.d.). Acquired on September 13, 2020, from http://www.architectuurinrotterdam.nl/building.php?buildingid=248&lang=en&PHPSESSID=228f4f ae1 3d7250ef550110c6208b879 Schneider, T., & Till, J. (2005). Flexible housing: opportunities and limits. arq: Architectural Research Quarterly, 9(2), 157–166.

Schneider, T., & Till, J. (2007). Flexible housing (p. 237). Oxford: Architectural Press. "AD Classics: Nakagin Capsule Tower / Kisho Kurokawa". Archdaily, 2020, https://www.archdaily.com/110745/ad-classics-nakagin-capsule-tower-kisho-kurokawa. Accessed 13 Sept 2020. "Designing Small Space Living In Architecture". Ukdiss.Com, 2020, https://ukdiss.com/examples/small-space-living-in-architecture.php. Accessed 13 Sept 2020. Pretoria, National. "National Building Research Institute: South African Council For Scientific & Industrial Research Pretoria. Non-European Housing. 1951-1952.". Wiredspace.Wits.Ac. Za, 2020, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/11082. Accessed 13 Sept 2020. Förster, W. (2006). Housing in the 20th and 21st centuries =Wohnen im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert (p. 175). München etc.: Prestel. Shabani, M. M., Tahir, M. M., Shabankareh, H., Arjmandi, H., & Mazaheri, F. (2011). RELATION OF CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ATTRIBUTES IN DWELLING, RESPONDING TO PRIVACY IN IRANIAN TRADITIONAL HOUSE. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(2), 273–287.

Barbieri, U., van Duin, L., de Jong, J., van Wesemael, P., & Wilms Floet, W. (2003). A Hundred years of Dutch architecture :1901-2000 : trends, highlights (p. 370). Amsterdam: Sun. Images used: Figure 1 - "Bloques De Viviendas Bergpolder Y Plaslaan En Rotterdam (Holanda), 1933-34 Y 1937-38.". Core.Ac.Uk, 2020, https://core.ac.uk/display/41783569. Accessed 13 Sept 2020.

Figure 2- Sanchez, Jose. "Nakagin Capsule Tower - Thesis Prep 793A Li Yang". Issuu, 2020, https://issuu.com/josesanchez010/docs/thesisprep_yl0110. Accessed 13 Sept 2020. Figure 3- "Elemental Makes Housing Schemes Available For Public Use". Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine, 2020, https://www.designboom.com/architecture/alejandroaravena-elemental-abc-of-incremental-housing-open-source-architecture-04-06-2016/. Accessed Sept 2020.

PROJECT 3 ESSAY

Justine Le Pere 1601949 ARPL 3021 HISTORIES AND THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE

As an emerging young architect, I write this essay with the hope of bringing awareness to the current world health crises (COVID-19) we face today and might possibly face again. People in high positions need to be aware that living conditions in poorer communities and the small spaces that people are confined to in their homes are not sufficient1, and that not everyone is well equipped to deal with the current crises. In the world that we live in today, we only ever dreamed of working from home until it became a reality. This dream has now become a nightmare because it is uncomfortable being cooped up in a space all day with everyone in your house or alone, while still working and trying to stay sane. We as professionals in the built environment need to help people enjoy their spaces to the fullest, while providing for mental and physical health.2 Most of us are thinking of how we can manage working while at home, but a lot of people are also facing mental health issues, physical health issues, emotional issues and financial issues at the same time. While some people are lucky to be able to stay safe and away from our neighbours, many people in the townships are too close in proximity to each other to have this safety in terms of distance. 3 An article about how many people were meant to be housed in Khayelitsha4 really put into perspective just how little space people in townships have. The township originally made to house 200,000 people now houses +600,000 people, which is way more than its initial amount, resulting in people being on top of each other. This limited space means people being in constant contact with each other and not being able to socially distance. Because of this inability to socially distance, the people in townships like this have a higher infection rate and have more chance of passing along the virus to everyone they know. A case study done in Paraisopolis, Brazil, shows the affects of the pandemic in the Favela, and how people have come up with solutions to deal with it5. The article talks about how communities have appointed “watchmen” who make sure that their streets are doing okay, and how they have employed private ambulances to help with the more serious cases. In doing this, they have managed to control the pandemic and

Figure 1. Favela’s interpretation of space drawn by author. [2020]

https://unstats.un.org/unsd/censuskb20/Attachments/2007KOR_CensConfGUID845b2545091b406db71fe56f6fd0f52e.pdf 2 https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/technicalguidance/mental-health-and-covid-19 3 https://wp.wpi.edu/capetown/projects/p2010/stormwater-management/appendix/case-studies/alexandrasettlement/ 4 https://www.sikhulasonke.org.za/aboutkhayelitsha.html#:~:text=The%20original%20development%20plan%20intended,subsequently%20doubled%2 0to%20400%2C000%20people. 5 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-05-03/how-one-of-brazil-s-largest-favelas-confrontscoronavirus

effectively live their lives in close proximity to each other while still being cautious. I think the South African government needs to adopt the way of the Brazilians in order to minimise the infection rate, and to prove to its people that they care as much as they say they do. Mental health to many is something that is put on the back burner because it is easy to forget about. It does not help that we have been forced to stay at home and not see people we know and love, because this just enforces an ill mental health6. As a person who lives and breathes architecture, I think that the spaces that we are forced to be in do not qualify in terms of creating a good live/work environment because most of us work in our rooms where we sleep as well, or we work where we eat and socialise. These spaces need to be separate so that you do not associate working – a stressful thing – with sleeping, eating or socialising, which are enjoyable activities. The clash in the two often create an unenjoyable space which leads to mental health issues, and causes one’s motivation to work to decrease, which can result in higher stress and anxiety about work7. The spaces we work in are not all necessarily small, but they do not all meet the requirements for habitable rooms in poorer suburbs. The minimum, according to SANS, requires the entire floor area of a small house to have a habitable room and a separate room for toilets, basins, etc8. With work coming into play in the above paragraph, I think that people need to stop prioritising work time and start prioritising “me time” properly9. “Me time” is not Figure 2. Corona around the world is on peoples’ minds. necessarily focussed on yourself, Diagrammed by author. [2020] but it is the down time you should be taking to do activities that you enjoy, such as spending time with your family in the house, or facetiming your mom because she makes your belly ache from all of the laughs. One should not put all of their time and energy into their work just because they are working from home now, but should rather give the same amount of time an energy given while working, to the “me time”, because this will ensure a balanced and productive day. In a case study done by Lynn Saladino10, she talks about the effects that a space can have on a person. She describes how even the cleanliness of a space can affect your mental health and that we can use these things that seem like disadvantages to our advantage. A space that is chaotic and untidy can be mirrored in our minds and cause us to become disorganised in our work. We need to tidy up our spaces, even if it just means moving books from your workspace onto the floor. Saladino’s idea that a small space helps you to feel like part of a community can be contrasted with the way people in South

https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/technicalguidance/mental-health-and-covid-19 7 https://www.verywellmind.com/the-stress-of-working-from-home-4141174 8 https://www.sans10400.co.za/size-dimensions-room-height/ 9 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html 10 https://www.brickunderground.com/live/living-space-affect-on-mental-health

African townships feel. The idea of a community lives within the township, yet it is the same reason the infection rates have been the highest compared to the suburbs. The way people live their lives in townships should not be frowned upon because they all want to look after each other as a community, but the amenities11 and regulations in place due to the overcrowding is limited, and drives the virus to spread. Lynn speaks about housing with the correct people but people in high density areas and townships do not have that luxury. In a case study done by Ben Clifford12, he speaks about how the small spaces that people are stuck in during lockdown affect us mentally and physically. Not only do the spaces affect us, but the people who we live in those spaces affect us too. In some families, the luxury of everyone having their own room is not the case and they all have to share a room. The sharing of a room can become physically demanding as you are in a constant struggle to find your little “space”. You must deal with the people who you live with when you have had a bad day and deal with the infections that they could possibly bring home with them. You do not get a say in how you live because this is your family. I find this very unsettling because, yes, every person has the right to a roof over their head, but they should also be allowed some form of privacy in this space. I think young adults who still live with their parents especially need a space that is their own so that they can find themselves as a person. This lockdown has taken these young adults and thrown them for a loop because they are now confined indefinitely with their families and lack that “figuring myself out” stage. Ben mentions that in England, overcrowding is not a new thing and dates back to the 1930’s in terms of residential housing. He goes on to say that the small house needs to have rooms for everyone living in it, unless they are young children, or are in a relationship, then they may share a room. These rooms must be 6,5m2 per person over the age of 10 years old. More than 750,000 houses do not meet these standards, and this concerned England’s health sector when Covid hit. In England, office buildings can be made residential without planning permissions, and yet this has not happened, even with Covid13. I think that this rule would be put to great use in South Africa instead of abandoned office buildings just being left to rot and become drug houses. In times of crises we really need to implement strategies that not only protect our people, but also make use of what we already have. Another issue we need to address is the idea of social housing, community housing developments and residential buildings. These types of housing strategies are not effective, but they are also necessary in cities where housing needs to be built for many people. Economies need these types of buildings in cities because they generate income and provide housing that is not too expensive, in some cases. As I looked at Mirador by MVRDV architects, I saw how “stacked neighbourhoods” can be done effectively while providing adequate housing and a sense of community in the bustling city of Madrid, Spain14. The housing provided is attractive to look at and offers social distancing because the architect had the budget to design to the standards people expect. What would happen if everyone in the world thought like that and built housing like that? Would we all be happier in quarantine? Would we lessen poverty? I think that if we built housing to a set standard which considers the population of a city, the amount of money people could spend and the affects that this space would have on a family/person, we would be able to eliminate some of the mental and financial issues that Covid has come with. A

https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/lack-of-water-hinders-good-hygiene-efforts-in-townships-48222372 https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-pandemic-puts-the-spotlight-on-poor-housing-quality-in-england136453 13 https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-pandemic-puts-the-spotlight-on-poor-housing-quality-in-england136453 14 https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/135/mirador 12

bare minimum should not just be something covering your head and something enclosing you, it should be something affordable, it should be easy to build, it should be something that is not a burden to live in and it should be somewhere that everyone living in can be protected from the outside, while still being able to separate from the people that they live with. While the idea of social housing is good, to a person who suffers from anxiety and mental health issues this could become a nightmare during a pandemic. They do not want to leave their space in fear of contracting the virus, they do not want to stay in their space because of lack of social interaction15. How do they win? A possible solution would be to videocall or call a loved one everyday to still keep contact, if data and technology is not an issue, but how do people with none to little of those things stay sane if they live alone? An article about living alone speaks about the adverse effects of living alone and how it can mentally as well as physically impact a person during lockdown. A serious physical effect can be a decrease in autoimmune function, which could lead to worsening of other diseases, and the higher chance of you contracting the virus16. On top of this scary thought we still have Covid to think about. This thinking is what ups anxiety levels and causes mental health to decrease. Another thought is that people who live with other people may still feel alone as they might feel that because of the virus, they must be distant, and this becomes their norm17. While I have been speaking about people who do have a fixed home/shelter, I need to touch on people who do not have a home and are displaced due to the virus. Emergency shelters need to be erected efficiently and effectively so that its occupants can stay healthy and safe18. A person who is homeless or displaced needs to be treated with respect, just like anyone else, and the emergency shelters need to display this respect. In a camp area, a 45m2 space for residential use needs to be allocated to each person and a minimum of 30m2 needs to be allocated to each person for any other facilities, including schools, sanitation and agriculture. These minimums are set because they are the minimum in which a person requires to live in dignity19. These living conditions described by the UNHCR are aimed to make families and people feel like they belong somewhere, all while being safe and living in crises. After reading many articles and case studies, I think that minimum living standards need to be updated yearly with the knowledge of a pandemic in mind, because no one was prepared for this year. These updates must take into consideration the population, the minimum income of a city, the materials available, the space available, the people who need space, the people who need to better their spaces, the need for more space and the mental and physical implications a space could have. It is possible to designate large areas of land to emergency shelters because of the mostly flat patches of land scattered around the country. Government needs to set a budget for this type of housing and save it for a rainy day in case something as drastic as this pandemic happens again. Funding can be done by organisations who really aim to help people such as WHO and the UN. I do not think that this pandemic could have been easily stopped or avoided, but if we had the correct infrastructure and forward

https://medium.com/@BrandGenetics/independent-or-invisible-coping-while-living-alone-in-lockdown5d57dbecc863 16 https://medium.com/@BrandGenetics/independent-or-invisible-coping-while-living-alone-in-lockdown5d57dbecc863 17 https://medium.com/@BrandGenetics/independent-or-invisible-coping-while-living-alone-in-lockdown5d57dbecc863 18 https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/45581/camp-planning-standards-planned-settlements 19 https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/45581/camp-planning-standards-planned-settlements

thinking planning in place, coupled with a government that was not as corrupt, the people of South Africa could have been better taken care of and better prepared. Our rainbow nation of a country has taken such a setback from this pandemic that any measures to further better an emergency state needs to be put in place and made to be easily adaptable. The way we live, the way we think about living and the space we live in needs to be suited to every family, culture, religion and person who occupies it. We need to think of how to build better as architects alongside our crazy building ideas. Taking it back to basics is what is necessary in times like these because basics can be made readily available. Town planners need to think about how close buildings would be to each other on plots of vacant land, and they need to help us, the architects build effective â&#x20AC;&#x153;emergency citiesâ&#x20AC;?. An emergency city being a place of refuge for displaced people and the homeless who need to be kept safe too.

Figure 3. Gauteng statistics and the townships affected by Covid-19. Diagrammed by author. [2020]

These emergency cities must be kept vacant and only be used in states of emergency such as this pandemic lockdown, and as shelter for the many homeless people. I think that the government needs to implement strategies such as this one to better our country and prove that they care about the people. Many a time we drive past an open field as architects and think about what is going to be built there in the next couple of years, and what if that land could be used to serve the people effectively instead of an estate being built. Why should we build estates to house expensive homes and not basic spaces for the homeless?

My stance on this whole situation has made me very aware of space and how it affects people. I see now how much this pandemic affected people, rich and poor, all because of space. The biggest issue in busy cities and townships is space because Figure 4. Western Cape statistics and the townships affected by Covid-19. Diagrammed by author. [2020]

there is not much of it, and the space given to you is practically on top of someone elseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s space. Designing spaces with actual people in mind needs to be a thing when thinking about how to help the future. We need to design spaces where people can feel happy and sad and comfortable yet protected and safe. Once we have this understanding, we can design effective spaces to set standards for people. Basic, sustainable and effective materials must be thought about and appropriately dimensioned to be able to fulfil the basic space. I think that the main driver for my argument was the fact that majority of South Africans live in poverty20 and need to feel safe where they live in times of pandemics such as this. A minimum standard needs to be in place where a space is naturally ventilated, naturally lit and where entrances are at 1,8 to 2m apart21. These regulations need to be considered when designing informal settlements and housing where people are in closer proximity to each other. 20 21

Figure 5. Aspects needed to create minimum space. Diagrammed by author. 2020

https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/InformalSettlements/SERI.pdf https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

These standards as well as a green space where everyone can be while socially distancing seems like a necessity when it comes to the wellbeing of the mind22. I hope that these measures can be set in place for future designs and are made a necessity because we now know the affects a huge pandemic such as Covid-19 can have on everyone. As a young architect I feel that it is very necessary to argue that basic standards and spatial requirements need to be adjusted. From first year we are taught to think about space as not just emptiness but about what will fill that space. This space needs to make the occupant comfortable and be effective in its purpose. The physical and mental aspects of spaces need to be thought about for minimum spatial requirements and be built quickly and effectively. The interior of a space must be exciting to keep the occupant stimulated according to Carl Penfold and Betty Spence23, and this is just as important as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;perfectâ&#x20AC;? amount of space to help people mentally. The pandemic was a very new thing to many people, and everyone is still trying to adapt because we do not know what the future holds. This adaptation has come with the need to stock up on food, stay indoors and socially distance. A South Africa without braais? No one wants that, but we need to all take action and make safe choices so that we can thrive again. Our economy needs it, but our people need it more.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/05/26/viewing-nature-can-helpyour-brain-work-better-study-finds/ 23 http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/22934/Journal%20of%20SAAI-April-1954001.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y

References 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/05/26/viewingnature-can-help-your-brain-work-better-study-finds/. Harrisberg, Kim. 2020. "Coronavirus Exposes 'Brutal Inequality' Of South Africa Townships". U.S.. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-safrica-housing-tr/coronavirus-exposesbrutal-inequality-of-south-africa-townships-idUSKBN23J2BS. "Alexandra Settlement". 2020. Wp.Wpi.Edu. https://wp.wpi.edu/capetown/projects/p2010/stormwater-management/appendix/casestudies/alexandra-settlement/. “Khayelitsha”. 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayelitsha 2020. Unstats.Un.Org. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/censuskb20/Attachments/2007KOR_CensConfGUID845b2545091b406db71fe56f6fd0f52e.pdf. "Examples Of Patterns And Generative Codes On Socially-Organized Housing In Latin America". 2020. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/944295/examples-of-patterns-and-generative-codes-onsocially-organized-housing-in-latin-america. 2020. "Bloomberg". 2020. Bloomberg.Com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-0503/how-one-of-brazil-s-largest-favelas-confronts-coronavirus. "On The Origin Of 'Favela' - Rioonwatch". 2020. Rioonwatch. https://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=2920. "Not Everyone Has A Price, Part 1: (Re)Introducing Favelas - Rioonwatch". 2020. Rioonwatch. https://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=45633. "Which Countries Are Most Densely Populated?". 2020. Our World In Data. https://ourworldindata.org/most-densely-populated-countries. "About Khayelitsha". 2020. Sikhula Sonke Early Childhood Development. https://www.sikhulasonke.org.za/aboutkhayelitsha.html#:~:text=The%20original%20development%20plan%20intended,subsequently%20d oubled%20to%20400%2C000%20people. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". 2020. Centers For Disease Control And Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html. 2020. Ohchr.Org. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/InformalSettlements/SERI.pdf. "Advice For The Public On COVID-19 – World Health Organization". 2020. Who.Int. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public. 2020. Wiredspace.Wits.Ac.Za. http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/22934/Journal%20of%20SAAI-April-1954001.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y. "Construction And Development Funding – Emscredit". 2020. Emscredit.Co.Za. https://www.emscredit.co.za/constructionanddevelopmentfunding/.

PROJECT 3_SMALL ESSAY ARPL3021_HISTORY 1 8 4 1 5 0 5

When Less Is More : The New Minimum Standard ABSTRACT: This research explores the conditions under the influence of the current pandemic COVID 19 and how has this urgent global issue brought upon new

parameters in the field of the profession. By rethinking the concepts of home to how

spatial design facilitate the quality of life while sustaining the social and psychological well-being of inhabitants in a limited small space. An attempt to redefining

a new standard of living that appears to be the future-driven element for developing countries such as South Africa. Rapid urbanisation and population growth are

inevitable future states of a developing country. By implementing scale of house-

holds will shape the country in many directions such as social, economics, land

distribution and environmental aspects. The misinterpretation on small spaces and minimum living standards has emerged as a primary boundary of the development

of micro-scaled architectures. The youth of today approach micro spaces with negative perspective such as the origin of anxiety and the lack of privacy. However, this can be improved with standard conventional methodologies together with carefully

designed cohesive private space with proximity requirements, setting the new min-

imum standards. Critiques made in this research paper are based on the interrogation into the different lifestyles under shelters of limited spaces in the city Tokyo,

Japan and Hong Kong. Concerning the high-density living and the gentrification as a standard of living in the city. It looks particularly on the application of micro-scale

and the extraction of these conventional methodologies for individuals and a stan-

dard family, setting the basis for living in small spaces. The design proposition that framed by the spatial analysis of realities and demands of inhabitants in a micro-scaled architecture seeks to provide a living experience of quality and dignity.

KEYWORDS: Small space, minimalism, space, spatial standards, humanism, micro-scaled,

This paper is an establishment of the simplicity of minimalistic analysis. Aspires new conventional methodologies to new minimum standards in correlation to micro-scaled

architecture. Partly this involves becoming acquainted with the design technology that is essential in part of the specialized approach for small spaces. In the enduring design

process, Architects has been paying increasing theoretical attention in humanism and human geography to understand how the production of scale is working to implicate the production of space. Under the current influence of COVID 19 pandemic, the world is slowly reopening, easing lockdown measures. It is unfortunate for everyone to adapt to

the new norm, the reality of individualism. As a result of the pandemic, coronavirus has

introduced a new “normal”, changing our sentience and altering our priorities. A new

chapter of architectural history has silently begun reacting and anticipating to the unknow feature. Imposing minimal changes in the architecture in dealing with drastic adjustments in the environments of inhabitants is what this paper aimed to derive. “Less Is More.” - Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1947)

In the eastern hemisphere, a series of excellent practices on micro-scaled architecture are developed due to the high-density living, specifically in Japan and Hong Kong. Japan is a famous country known worldwide simply for its high population and its gentrification of dense living conditions. Examples used in this paper are majorly from Japan, a country

predominantly practices in developing downsized architectures which are closely related to the theme of minimalism and micro-scaled architecture. Within the small living spaces magnifies the benefits through the tool of design methodologies is yet to be de-briefed and explored.

Architecture has a novelty of eras unique to its periods and the various living styles locus-specific. Analogously, in the current millennium, at an indistinct location, a brandnew evolution of architectural style is easing for establishment. As proven in the past

and current pandemic that Architecture solitary cannot be the direct solution to save the world, but without its assistance, it is almost impossible to save the world. It is introduced

the “Interdisciplinary approaches” by Christele Harrouk and Eric Baldwin that logical analogies based on the current situations could be created and recorded (Harrouk 2020).

While we cannot foresee the future, bringing new expertise and diverse views to the built environment will contribute to addressing urgent global issues while integrating notions of public and sustaining the social and psychological wellbeing of inhabitants efficiently.

Moving forward with the current trend, emergency architecture will shortly overtake the built environment in dealing with provisional conditions. For future projects to become

more self-sufficient, it is essential to possess an effective form of sustainability and fi-

nancial affordability. The ability of transition and adaptive reuse approaches should be the vital primary integral part of this new era of architectural style.

“Home used to be a place where I pause and take a break, a place that gently sets bound-

aries between the joy of travelling and the serenity of standing still, but now I meditate on the meaning of home.” A review statement reflecting the “stay in place” condition under

the period of the pandemic. Questioning how limited spaces could be reinterpreted for more by rethinking the concept of home. As the world slowly moving forward in the different phases of the pandemic, attention is drawn towards our intimate spaces. New con-

figurations together with new plans are slowly emerging where comfort and living quality become significant. Within a confined environment exploring new requirements and basic needs is indispensable for the inhabitant’s psychological well-being.

The Japanese Architect Takeshi Hosaka explored the close connection between the ex-

terior and the interior in the project “Love 2 House” (Ott 2020). Published in the “Journal of Health Psychology”, individuals could reduce psychological stress by interacting with plants. Having the statement in mind, by providing possible connections for the people

to the external environmental components is an advantage for the period of the pan-

demic. In the project”Love 2 House”, the Architect strongly imposed the experience of

every earth component for its instance and tactile sensations. Architect Takeshi Hosaka said:” I focused on the eternity of small spaces which possess everything in” (Ott 2020). Architect Takeshi Hosaka did not only impose the basic needs for a living but enriched

the living condition beyond the essentials with components setting the ideal life. Hosaka explored the enjoyment of bath, listening to the collection of old disc record on the player,

having meals boiled in an earth-pot and reading the library of books in the small house of 18.84m². He has successfully explored the quality of living through the five components

for an ideal lifestyle identified to be learning, bath, drama, music and epicurism, extracted for the villa by the ancient Roman has shown in every touch within the project.

In the project “Love 2 House”, Hasaka has shown the importance of site orientation and positioning of openings. As sustainability further consolidate its status as an integral part of the approach, the “Love 2 House” has become a self-sufficient building as a passive design system is achieved within the project. In the other hand, the large openings imple-

mented a connection to the outdoor nature and the surrounding neighbourhood. Connections in all dynamic are vividly manifested through the project “Love 2 House”. “Love 2 House” presented the “infiniteness of small things”, Hasaka has logically and sensuously turned the land of 18.84m² into something like fiction and fact.

Figure 01 : images of “Love 2 House” by Takeshi Hosaka

As different phases of lockdown reached, different levels of anxiety and stress will slowly reveal within the confined spaces in our houses or even an enclosed compartment. More

importantly with health-orientated issues, the architecture should approach directly is

to prevent the proliferation of diseases. New standards on health-orientated approach-

es should deal with while eliminating the risks transmission of coronavirus. Notions of modular designed for the configuration of social distancing, physical health is constrained

under the new form of living separately. In better the condition of mental health, the ability to transition and the flexibility of the interior spaces have become necessary.

In the past, public spaces have always been the most engaging and activated space. This

shared platform performs as the threshold and the point of transformation between public and private divisions. As these norms of controlling the boundaries of personal spaces

become a permanent element, it is a need for public spaces to become more flexible in terms of physical engagement. In the outdoor space, natural elements are creating a

neutral zone marking the unapproachable personal spaces, marking and highlighting the boundary for safe areas of practising social distancing.

Living under the constrains of the pandemic period, practising flexibility within a limited space and creating an indoor “public space” for interactions has become the challenge

of many architectures, especially micro-scaled architectures. Gary Cheng, who resides in

Hong Kong has taken transformation to a new extent through a 30-year long transformation of his 32m² apartment. Gary Cheng transformed his apartment to suit the different stages of his life in achieving of his daily activities and his job requirements. The movable

panels in his apartment served as spatial dividers, the numerous mobile paths indicate possible systems of transformation. Thus, satisfy the need for physical engagements

while adapting different activities to each system. Gary’s statement of “you should not change for your house, your house should change for you” (Pechakucha 2017) greatly supported the Japanese ideology of space where spaces are framed as a relationship amid the people.

Figure 02 : Gray Cheng Exploring possible transformations in his arparthment

The Japanese ideas of space surround the concept of framing the space central to the people and activities, mainly derived from the tradition Shinto(an indigenous spiritual

tradition in Japan) and Buddhism (imported from mainland Asia) (McGrath 2018). The concept acquires from the two foundational traditions have a high value on harmony in

relationships and intellectual connections of sound and silence that tie people together. The concept is reinforced through the design of the traditional Japanese tea room. The simplicity of the flexible design ideology reflected the relationship between movements, time and space (Michiko 2015).

Figure 03 : Tea Ceromony in the tea room

In the progression of developing countries, an increase in the density is certainly an inev-

itable feature of rapid urbanisation and population growth (Ng 2010). Expanding the city has been the priority of developing countries, which densification being the first urbanism

feature advocated by urban designers. Comparing devastating urban sprawls, identifi-

cation is a far more sustainable and reliable process to carry out. Under the period of COVID 19 pandemic, hight living density cities seem to raise the issue of lacking privacy

simply due to the lake of individual spaces. Lacking individual spaces are not the same as lacking spaces. It is the absent of accurate divisions and a well-considered spatial design such as vertical density growth.

A house in Nada, Japan, by the Fujiwaramuri Architects presented a possible spatial division in the vertical dynamic. This project by Shintaro Fujiwara reflected the social-culture dimensions of high density living in the city Nada, Japan. Hence humanism is considered

to be the governing principle concerning the design process. Apart from humanism, Fujiwara has combined collected voice of intent, living experiences, past aesthetic design

approach and his professional expertise as the design solution in the project. A total site area of 37mÂ˛ in which only 22.13mÂ˛ are part of the building coverage, Architect Shintaro

Fujiwara has explored the minimum living standards in the small space further by designing the architecture to cater for a family of five. Unable to speak from the asymmetric

scattering of apertures puncture the external envelope, undercover is the multi-levels of the single-family home. With the constraints of a limited site, Architect Shintaro Fujiwara

has taken advantage of developing more personal spaces laterally. The planning and setting out of spaces laterally decrease the land distribution while advocating density vertically.

Figure 04 : house in Nada, Japan, by the Fujiwaramuri Architects

The minimum living standard for any individual in a living condition is determined by the minimum right of connection. A minimum right that any inhabitant within the space could possess is the right of connecting. The link between the inhabitant and its surroundings defines its living standards. The depth of connection which in term determine the quality

of this living standard. With minimalism being the reoccurring theme maintained through-

out the paper, the minimum standard for small spaces will be the ability to connect. In Hasaka’s project of “Love 2 House”, he was able to provide connections between the interior and exterior spaces, a connection to nature. Similarly in Gray Cheng and Fujiwara’s

projects, a connection between transforming and vertical spaces are drawn together to perform the minimum living standards within those spaces. Minimum standards are in term defined by the inhabitants, how one chooses to connect will determine its minimum standards.

Keep in mind the minimum living standard, a series of conventional methodologies should

be applied. The division of spaces should be carefully studied with the study of anthropometry. Anthropometry is the study of human body measurements in all positions and

activities, this in term act as the production of scale for the production of space. Human geography in the other hand measures human activities to the surface area which greatly

help in transition spaces for various used. Lastly for all methodologies to be possible for the minimum standard to take place, financial affordability becomes necessary.

COVID 19 is not only an urgent global pandemic and public health crisis which has also severely affected the global economy leading it to drop drastically (Ling 2020). As a result

of the affected financial market, many families have remarkably affected by the reduction of income while others might experience unexpected unemployment. With these factors in mind, many families innovated new business ideas as a method of gaining income

in which the city is mobilising these ideas. This action is put in place to prevent further possible damages which in turn helping young entrepreneurs and businesses to retrace back to the norm. While maintaining minimum standards in the Architectural profession, it is essential to sustain a minimum standard in the financial industry as capital determine one’s attitude towards innovations. Nothing sounds appealing if one cannot maintain it.

“When Less is More: Japanese Concept of ‘MA’, Minimalism and Beyond”, “The essence

of Japanese aesthetics is a concept called ‘MA’- the purity, and indeed essential, a void

between all “things”.” -Yukiko Kisaki (Kisaki 2011). The beauty behind minimalism is the emptiness full of possibilities. The recurring theme of getting more from less is explored

through the application of conventional methodologies by the Architects. Through the debriefing of micro-scaled architecture, a link between the existing and future design

ideologies has merged. It is central to be conscious of the logic behind a space in which inhabitants being the origin where design ideologies derive. This distinctively reveals the

meaning of space, the boundless three-dimensional scope where humanism is manifested.

Figure 05 : Japanese room repretenting the concept of ‘ma’

References 1. Harrouk, Christele. 2020. ArchiDaily . May 23. Accessed September 12, 2020. https:// www.archdaily.com/939534/architecture-post-covid-19-the-profession-the-firmsand-the-individuals.

2. Hernรกndez, Diego. 2019. ArchiDaily . April 10. Accessed September 12, 2020. https://

www.archdaily.com/345709/house-in-nada-fujiwarramuro-architects?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all.

3. Kisaki, Yukiko. 2011. WAWAZA. Auguest 15. Accessed September 12, 2020. https://

wawaza.com/blogs/when-less-is-more-japanese-concept-of-ma-minimalism-andbeyond/#:~:text=The%20essence%20of%20Japanese%20aesthetic,stand%20out%20 and%20have%20meaning.

4. Ling, Jonathan. 2020. Frontiers in Public Health . May 29. Accessed September 12, 2020. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00241/full.

5. McGrath, Jerrold. 2018. QUARTZ. January 18. Accessed September 12, 2020. https://

qz.com/1181019/the-japanese-words-for-space-could-change-your-view-of-theworld/.

6. Michiko, Chachitsu per. 2015. MATILDE CASSANI . Accessed September 12, 2020. http://www.matildecassani.com/#.

7. Ng, E. 2010. Designing HIigh-Density Cities for Social and Environmrntal Sustainability. London : Sterling, VS : Earthscan .

8. Ott, Clara. 2020. ArchiDaily . April 30. Accessed September 12, 2020. https://www. archdaily.com/917773/love2-house-takeshi-hosaka-architects?ad_medium=gallery.

9. 2017. Pechakucha . May 28. Accessed September 12, 2020. https://www.pechakucha.com/presentations/transformer-apartment.

MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR MAXIMUM LIFESTYLE Merlin Lollis Love 1864546

ABSTRACT

This report is aimed at providing a new set of minimum spatial standards to be used by the bureau in order to inform future design, implementation and support of small scale housing in South Africa. The 2020 Coronavirus pandemic and government enforced lockdown restrictions, has exposed the current standards of South African housing for the majority as inadequate in terms of providing space, dignity, mental and physical health and opportunity for survival in times of crisis. Based on a detailed analysis of three existing small scale typologies: the Spilytus Co. Ququri apartments, the Tiny House community Bristol project and the UBU housing project, we can discern the topography for a set of new standards and guidelines. The Ququri apartments reveals the problems of small living typologies, the Tiny House Community Bristol project highlights how outdoor connection and community building is essential to minimal living and the UBU project demonstrates the agency required of residents in the building, further expansion and economic scalability of the dwelling. This report proposes that future small scale housing schemes should employ principles of economic scalability, modularity and expandability, the incorporation of outdoor and communal spaces and the creation of a communal social fabric.

MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR MAXIMUM LIFESTYLE

The effects of the widespread Coronavirus pandemic and protective government measures of lockdown and social distancing have exposed certain truths about our domestic spatial properties. For many, home design, minimum spatial standards and domestic norms have proved inadequate for responding to global catastrophes. By examining Spilytus Co. Ququri apartments, the Tiny House community Bristol project and the UBU housing project, I shall be exploring how use of minimum space can inform a new set of appropriate standards for future small spaces in South Africa to respond to issues of mental and physical health, economic factors and limitations that will ensure dignity, empowerment and a high quality of life for its inhabitants. I will be arguing that this standard is mainly achieved not simply through a reduction of meterage but by giving residents agency to determine the construction and expansion of their living space and ensuring a strong, external connection to community.

QUQURI HOUSING

Fig. 1. Ququri housing project axonometric with overlaid analytical information by author https://www.nippon.com/en/news/fnn20200211001/tokyo%E2%80%99s-micro-apartments-see-a-surge-inpopularity-the-secret-of-living-in-a-shoe-box.html Accessed: 10 August 2020.

One of the most important issues of defining a minimum housing standard is balancing size and price. For many in South Africa living on minimum wage or less means being unable to afford reasonable accommodation in an area close to job opportunities. In Japan, the architectural firm Spilytus Co. have responded to the issue of high property prices in Tokyo by building compact dwelling units in specially selected nodes which are close to workplaces and transport routes. Their Ququri apartments minimize space to an extreme for those who will “forgo floor space in exchange for affordable rent and inner city convenience”1. The way these apartments accomplish this is by reducing the floor plan, generally between 9 and 13 square meters, but increasing the height to 3.6 meters. A sleeping loft is placed in the extra volume to create more useable space in the small apartments. “Japanese building regulations stipulate that the maximum height of the ceiling for structures of this size must be no more than 30 times the width of the pillars supporting the structure”2. In order to make their apartments tall enough to accommodate a loft sleeping space, the supporting pillars are 15% thicker than normally required3. Under South African building standards, we do not have these maximum restrictions. Thus we can create taller rooms with thinner structures. From the outside, the structure reads as a cohesive “neighbourhood” and the configurations of apartments should create a community experience. However, the design’s strict adherence to the building codes means that the minimum dimensions create friction between residents. The small space and free Wi-Fi means these “mini apartments (are) very appealing to young people”4. It is an excellent prototype for South African student accommodation or even for workers from rural settings who work in the city and return home periodically. Small spaces have the potential for lower costs and allow for higher density. Nevertheless, even though the small dwellings of the Ququri model can provide adequate spaces for individuals living and online work or study, or even for self-isolation and quarantine situations, the intermediate and common spaces cannot support safe social distancing protocols. Moreover, this kind of strategy excludes individuals who are incapable of making use of the verticality of the design due to disability or age. Even those who are taller or larger than average might find it difficult to navigate the constricted spaces. These apartments also do not support family living and the importance of the extended family is disregarded. One also relies on external factors in order to live in the unit. One resident noted that the small kitchen size was not an issue for her as she mostly ate out5. This is problematic as eating out is not economically viable for all. It can be cheaper to buy food and prepare and cook it oneself at home than to make use of restaurants and take away options, and in times of pandemic when restaurants are shut down as was the case in the early stages of lockdown in South Africa, most people need an adequate kitchen during troubling times. Even though living in this kind of way could save money that could be used to enrich one’s life, it does not promote 1

Alex Martin, “Downsized Dwellings: Inside Tokyo’s Tiny Living Spaces”. The Japan Times, (2019), Accessed: 7 August 2020. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2019/04/20/lifestyle/tokyos-tiny-livingspaces/#.XzW1Kegza00 2 Martin, ”Downsized Dwellings: Inside Tokyo’s Tiny Living Spaces”. 3 Martin, “Downsized Dwellings: Inside Tokyo’s Tiny Living Spaces”. 4 Nippon, “Tokyo’s Micro-Apartments See a Surge in Popularity : The Secret Of Living In a Shoebox” Nippon.com, (2020), Accessed: 10 August 2020 https://www.nippon.com/en/news/fnn20200211001/tokyo%E2%80%99s-micro-apartments-see-a-surge-inpopularity-the-secret-of-living-in-a-shoe-box.html 5 Martin, “Downsized Dwellings: Inside Tokyo’s Tiny Living Spaces”.

the establishing and maintaining of home businesses that are more than purely digital in nature. The predominantly internalised nature of the apartment and lack of connection to larger public or communal spaces means that meeting clients or practical work is not easily carried out in the close confines of Ququri style living. Therefore, although these small dimensions are practical and potentially viable for individuals to live in denser areas at a cheaper rate, they do not provide a high quality of life in the long run and cannot easily adapt and allow the inhabitants to eventually empower themselves while living in these apartments.

TINY HOUSE COMMUNITY BRISTOL

Fig. 2. Tiny House community Bristol Site Plan with expanded analytical overlays by author. Tiny House Community Bristol, Conceptual Site Plan 1.4, 2020. https://www.tinyhousecommunitybristol.org/conceptual-site-plan Accessed: 14 August 2020

The tiny house movement has been growing rapidly as an alternative to the expensive housing market. Not only does it offer a more affordable minimal lifestyle but it promotes the use of sustainable and eco-friendly practices. This environmental awareness and response is something many strive for to combat climate change and enrich the earth. ‘Tiny House Community Bristol is a project for a selfgoverning group aimed at working within the UK legal framework to create a community driven collective of affordable housing as well as an eco-friendly, sustainable and regenerative housing system’6. The tiny houses in the complex are available in three size categories. A Small House of 46sqm (the largest size which can still be classified as a tiny house), a Tiny House of 26sqm, and a Micro House 6

Tiny House Community Bristol LTD. “Individual Sufficiency Collective Abundance”. Tiny House Community Bristol.org, (2020), Accessed: 14 August 2020 https://www.tinyhousecommunitybristol.org/

of 14sqm. All the houses are clustered into groups around a central communal space and each cluster is responsible for a different part of the community output, from growing legumes to tending chickens. The community also makes use of solar power, water collection and car-shares. This approach to communal living means that individuals have separate private spaces but can also make use of communal zones throughout the community. The tiny houses are gathered around a central focal point of the vegetable gardens and have views of each other and the gardens beyond, creating visual connections between inhabitants. This can create spontaneous interactions cementing community bonds while naturally maintaining social distancing. This also increases investment in the community and ensures a safe environment. Like Jane Jacobs’ principle of “eyes on the street”7, the community is activated and thrives from on-looking tiny homes. In fact, the circular plan allows for neighbours to check on one another from a distance and maintain a community interaction without physically approaching one another. The small square meterage, however, means that only essential and private programming happens within the tiny house as one is expected to go out to work, socialise, tend to the gardens and animals, and even cook and eat communally. However, in a time of pandemic when communities are advised to socially distance and isolate as much as possible, this reliance on community and outdoor interaction can be viewed as problematic and is usually discouraged. Paradoxically, research suggests that in the case of the Covid 19, the virus spreads more easily indoors and especially in poorly ventilated spaces. According to one study on the indoor transmission of the disease, the most vulnerable spaces were indoor domestic spaces and the least vulnerable were outdoor spaces where social distancing protocols could be followed8. Thus the predominant outdoor nature of tiny house living is safer for those in the community, as individuals access their indoor private areas for essential needs and can otherwise benefit from community interaction in intermediate outdoor areas. Tiny houses also afford mobility. Most tiny homes are designed to the legal payload restrictions on public roads so that the tiny house may be moved legally and relatively easily as a trailer or with the assistance of a truck. In South Africa these dimensions are 2.6m wide by 4.3m high and a maximum overall length of 22m. Furthermore, SANS regulations state that the minimum dimension of any one side of a liveable room must be at 2m and a minimum area of 6 square meters9. Thus it is feasible that a tiny home designed to fit the legal payload restrictions may still be a suitable dwelling. The natural flow between indoors and outdoors in tiny house living allows for more home business opportunities and growth. This model allows residents to live a more minimal and cheaper lifestyle thus allowing for greater disposable income to enrich one’s life or to set aside for savings. Subsequently, the money saved could be used to purchase a more permanent dwelling, should one choose to do so. The tiny house can be sold on or placed on the land of the more permanent home, to sustain a family member or be rented out for additional income. After an initial building cost there are only minimal maintenance costs and any utilities due to landlords or municipalities. Garth Ensley, a South African artist and owner of a tiny house in Plettenberg Bay notes that tiny house living is a route towards

Jane Jacobs, “The Death and Life of Great American Cities”. Random House, New York, (1961): 35 Hua Qian, Te Miao, Li Liu, Xiaohong Zheng, Danting Luo, Yuguo Li, “Indoor Transimssion of SARS-CoV-2”. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (2020) doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.04.20053058 9 SABS, “SANS 10400-C: The Application of the National Building Regulations Part C: Dimensions” edition 3, SABS Standards Division (2018): 5 8

sustainability and cheaper living but that this lifestyle is most suited for rural areas10. Many suburban plots across South Africa and the world over are being densified or demolished and rebuilt to satisfy denser living. However, using the tiny house model, one can live on someone else’s land temporarily, densifying the garden spaces rather than the built homes, retaining the character of residential areas while providing more and cheaper accommodation opportunities. In times of pandemic, where travel is restricted and urban centres become unused, empty urban parking lots could be transformed into affordable temporary living spaces to remove individuals from high risk dense living situations or even used as a quarantine location. This allows the site to be populated in times of need with in situ or prefabricated tiny homes transported to site, and relocated after life returns to normal.

UBU HOUSING

Fig. 3. Author’s own sketch of the UBU housing typology.

UBU is an architectural response to the housing crisis of Cape Town, looking specifically at how this affects informal settlement dwellings. UBU or Ubuhle Bakha Ubuhle (beauty builds beauty) focuses on using “self-build technologies” to empower people to build their own structures using affordable means and feasible materials11. The structure can go through many phases before it is finally complete. The relatively small preliminary structure consists of a timber frame with zinc cladding. However, as the occupants earn more and become more financially stable, they are able to fill the frame with sand bags. These bags can be bought ready filled or filled over time by the inhabitants. The benefits of the sand bags are that the house is thermally efficient, staying cool in winter and warm in summer, and is also bulletproof. For township living this was identified as a necessary feature in maintaining safety and security for the residents. The strength that the sand bags allow also means that the house is robust enough to accept additions. A second storey may be added in time to allow residents to expand their homes. And once the structure is complete, the zinc panels can be removed and the sand bags can accept a plaster finish to allow for a more formal home aesthetic. 10

Garth Ensley,”Tiny House Living in South Africa” Youtube, (2018) Accessed: August 31 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-PUX61WqH0&t=5s 11 UBU, “About”. UBU.Bz (2020) Accessed: August 28 2020 http://www.ubu.bz/about

The incremental building strategies afforded by the design allow not only for economic viability but also for a better standard of living. The resident has the ability to start, grow and support a family and their dwelling grows according to their needs. The use of sand bags as a building material is not only an appropriate climatic response, but gives agency to the resident in the building of their home. They do not have to employ a contractor or buy different expensive materials but can source, fill and even install the bags themselves. This not only saves cost but also allows the work to be done over a longer period of time. Most small affordable housing typologies are lightweight structures. This method has the added benefit of a construction technology and methodology that makes the home robust enough to weather serious damage while still remaining a semi-permanent dwelling. This means that this typology could be erected fairly quickly in times of pandemic. While sandbag walls offer safety to its inhabitants, they also offer acoustic insulation. This makes living in a community of these houses where residents must remain indoors, more viable, since noise levels are reduced and homes can become places of focus and concentration minimising external distraction.

RESPONSE AND PROPOSAL South Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s response to the Covid-19 pandemic created enormous disruption not simply to the social fabric of life but also economically. The stay in place lockdown orders deprived many people of working opportunities and forced isolation from loved ones. This also meant that many were forced to live their daily lives entirely in their existing cramped conditions without the relief of spilling out into streets and communal areas. As we can see from the Ququri housing, affordability and location are essential to successful minimal housing. However, these dense tiny apartment typologies are not suitable for times of pandemic and can in fact isolate one further and put one at risk. The Tiny House Community Bristol project however, aims to balance the tiny footprint with communal space, something that only remains viable during a pandemic should this communal space be outdoors. This connection to the outdoors is beneficial to residents not only in terms of mental and physical health but also in terms of expansion of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s personal territory. The temporary and mobile nature of the structure, a product of its scale and materiality, affords agency to the resident giving them the freedom to move with their home to a new location, and even repurpose it in the future. However, constant moving is not always viable and in order to create a liveable and stable community, personal investment from the residents is essential. The UBU housing scheme allows its residents to set the pace of its construction. The owner is removed from the high cost of short term construction and can source their own materials, making use of alternatives or even expand or relocate the structure as required. This enables the owner to set their own housing terms and to make informed economic decisions.

Fig. 4. Authors own sketch, analytical diagram of new minimum spatial standards.

Therefore, a new set of standards is required. These standards are not merely based on size as size alone cannot determine viability. I propose that, based on the analysis of the precedents in this report, one should use the following parameters as guides in the design and implementation of new build low cost housing schemes. The dwelling should be designed within legal road payload dimensions (2.6m wide by 4.6m high and within 22m in length) either in total or as maximum set of dimensions for any portion of the design, to enable the structure to be transported, should that be necessary. The main load bearing structure is to be specified in terms of materiality and strength but any infill or finish is to be left unspecified, so that the owner may source these and may find the most economic method for their individual situation. The base design should be able to accept additions or extensions and be easily fixed and assembled or disassembled to allow the building to develop and grow with the owner as per their individual needs. Sections should be designed so to be bought over time. Finally, the dwellings must have connectivity to outdoor spaces, so as to maximise liveable space and allow for community interaction and integration, as well as encouraging spilling out for potential business opportunities. In conclusion we can see that a new set of minimum housing standards should not be based on a single principle or criterion. The Ququri apartments focused solely on size and cost and neglected dignity and empowerment of the resident. Whereas the Tiny House community Bristol project foregrounded community integration and social fabric, the UBU project revealed the importance of agency and ability to not simply spill out of the home but expand it through modular additions and staged construction. Economic scalability, modularity and expandability, the incorporation of outdoor and communal spaces and the creation of a communal social fabric are thus essential principles of design for small scale dwellings. The interplay of all of these principles will allow a temporary solution to a pandemic that can become integrated into the built fabric for a long term solution to the diverse and changing needs of the population.

Naledi Mametje: The Minimum Standards report

The Minimum standard report Naledi Mametje For many years, architects have tackled with the idea of Minimum standards. Certain events in history such as the war, Spanish flu pandemic shed light on the urgency for quality, liveable spaces that promoted sustainable living and is easily accessible to anyone. Minimum standards were then created at certain points in time to address and â&#x20AC;&#x153;improveâ&#x20AC;? the lives of many. The arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted many areas that have been neglected placing the vulnerable in difficult conditions. As a student living in social housing, isolation and social distancing becomes very difficult to. In a time of social distancing, not only do we need more space, but we need to rethink and reinvent the idea of space. The past minimum standards that are still being utilized, must adapt and change like the rest of the world. The aim of this report is to provide a minimum standard that are inclusive, sustainable and affordable. The report will focus on my communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Covid-19 experience, case studies focussed on The Modulor, Romerstadt, Ipod Idlala and my minimum standard proposal. Our experience I am a third-year student studying architecture at the University of Witswaterstrand in Johannesburg. Due to the initiation of the State Emergency Lockdown by the President Ramaphosa on the 26th of March, I returned to Avoca Hills in Durban where I reside with my Mom who is a nurse, my brother and my 6-year-old sister in a small five room flat. Reality sunk in for many especially the vulnerable. Covid-19 highlighted several problems that my community, like many other communities across the world are facing: Overcrowding. For some it may seem as though a five-room flat is enough, but unless you have walked in the shoes of members in my community, you would notice that there is not enough space. Several households have more than five people in one flat. This makes it very difficult to practice social distancing. It makes it even more difficult for those in school/university like me. It has been difficult academic year due to mainly the lack of resources and lack of space. As an architecture student, the one thing we need is space. Due to the lack of space, I have had to reinvent the meaning of space. The lounge, a space where the family spend quality time

Figure 1. A planning drawing showing representing our flat together became a workspace and a gym. The bedroom, a space for you rest became a workspace. I was forced to compromise when it came to the bedroom as my mother needed to rest as she was working long hours. It was clear that freedom and privacy was no longer an option. With Covid-19 highlighting all the problems that my community is facing; I began to question this idea of minimum standards. How can we design standards that improve qualities of life? The first stage focussed on projects where architects proposed ideas about the topic. People all around the world need minimum standards that cater to the needs of all people. Covid-19 has highlighted the many holes in society that have been visible, but society has chosen to ignore. In a time of social distancing, many families live in overcrowded areas. In a

time of social distancing, many must redefine the meaning of home. Our homes have become a hospital, school, office, gym and isolation space all in a matter of eight months. My home has become a gym, school and hospital. This is unfamiliar territory for me as home is a place of relaxation. The lack of space to breath has taken its toll on my mental health. If I for one can say that the space I have is not enough, then what should be said about those who live in overcrowded spaces? This report focusses on what I believe we can take lessons that will help guide us in the improving of the standards. The Modulor, Ipod Idlala and the Romerstadt are three projects that I believe we can learn a lot from and improve on to create sustaining standards for everyone. Le Modulor principle Le Modulor or The Modulor, derived from the word “module”, is a scale of proportions created by Le Corbusier which embody a “range of harmonious measurements to suit the human scale, universally applicable to architecture and to mechanical things”. Le Corbusier’s “Le Modulor”, is regarded and disregarded by the architectural world in the history of architecture. The manufacturing world standardization ideals came at the dissent of the architectural world.

Le Corbusier like many architects during the post-war era, were

determined to “make us take notice of the bodily disconnect caused by industry and its constant attempts at standardization”1. Theories presented by Le Corbusier in his research became the driver during his design process. Buildings such as Unite d’Habitation and La Cabanon are examples of theory. La Cabanon, a mere 3.6x3.6x2.26m, is made from prefabricated wooden elements. The cabin, concentrated space contains important daily use that are required in one’s home.2 The concept of architecture having a connection with the body is one I find fascinating. Creating spaces that bring all elements together rather than separate. Prefabrication does indeed help speed up the process, but it however does not offer the freedom choice that all architects dream of. I believe that maintaining the connection between space and the body is something that should be the driver of our Minimum Standards. I agree with the theory but cannot say the same about its application. As my

See M. Arellano,” On the Dislocation of the Body in Architecture: Le Corbusier’s Modulor” translated by Maggie Johnson. Available on https://www.archdaily.com/902597/on-the-dislocation-of-the-body-inarchitecture-le-corbusier-modulor 2 Further explanation of La Cabanon are covered in “The Cabanon- Cap Moderne”, 13 July 2020. Find article at https://capmoderne.com/en/lieu/le-cabanon

research into Le Modulor progressed, I began to question who he created this for. The measurements used in La Cabanon are driven by the measurements of a 1.83m Caucasian male.3

Figure2. Interior arrangement (See https://www.capmoderne.com/en/lieu/le-cabanon/ ) The concept follows the ideologies created by the Western world that the “white body” is superior than any other body. This is a standard that was and is still prevalent in present society. Le Modulor focusses on “restoring order” for a singular group. We live in a diverse world that consists of different bodies, cultures, beliefs etc. If history has taught us anything, that separatism brings more pain than joy. In the article “Human, all too Human” written by Federica Buzzi, she talks about her experience with Le Corbusier furniture collection. She mentions in the article how her grandmother got in the LC2 armchair. The collection is a product of the Le Modulor theory. Her experience is proof on why we need to redesign the minimum standards. Some households in my community have 6 people in a four-room house. We cannot assume that the conditions for one group is the same for the other. We cannot

Universal consequences about the use of a singular group addressed in “Human, All Too Human”, F.Buzzi. Available on https://www.failedarchitecture.com/human-all-too-human

look at humanity from one view. The same applies to our minimum standards. We need minimum standards that are universal, Standards that flexible, not fixed. Standards that do not focus on the singularity, but on the entirety. Romerstadt: The modern garden city Romerstadt, or “The Modern Garden city” was a result of many years social and economic frustration that followed World war 1. Following England’s Garden City principle, Romerstadt described as a “primary achievement of the New Frankfurt initiative”4, was in response to great demand for housing that increased following the end of the war. Housing during this time was dominated by ordered and clustered housing called tenements. The German government at the time had the idea of moving away from tenement housing towards sustaining housing models. Romerstadt was the realization of this ideal. Designed by Ernst May, with only 17% built area and 55% dedicated to green space, Romerstadt was the first social housing project that focussed on the people.

Figure3.

Site

plan

showing

spatial

arrangement

Romerstadt

(See

http://www.dggl.org/fileadmin/media/lv/hessen/pdf/jahrbuch_gartenkultur_2015 )

S.R. Henderson, ‘Romerstadt: the modern garden city’, in Planning Perspectives (Taylor & Francis Group), Vol.25, No. 3, pp323-346

The density in the settlement was low and offered a gracious amount of space, with households equipped with the latest technology such as electricity and heating. The technological advancements present at the settlement people did not need to get fuel in order to heat and to cook. Everyone was provided with their own toilet, cooking and laundry space which offered a sense of freedom and privacy. Each unit came standardized fixtures, while the interior space was designed in such a way that no space was wasted. Along with the single house rowhouse with front yards and passages, the architect had recreative activities such as a theatre, clubhouse and educational facilities in mind but due to economical restraints, only a few facilities were added to the settlement. All functions were accommodated efficiently. Achieving its goal of merging modernism with nature, it was in high demand by people. With all the luxurious items the settlement offered, it failed to accommodate the working-class. The only groups that could afford it were â&#x20AC;&#x153;mostly professional people and the upper-level white collar workerâ&#x20AC;?. Critics believed that the architect focussed more on impressing the modern world than providing social housing that assisted the vulnerable. As the economic crisis of Germany was not improving, inflation increased drastically which resulted in the increase of essentials, housing etc. Romerstadt became too expensive that some households could not afford to have electricity and heating in their houses. Many lived in unbearable conditions due to the economic crisis which forced some to abandon the modern way and go back to using gas stoves. There are opportunities provided by this model that I believe we can use and improve. I am impressed with the concept of the modern merging with nature to create sustaining spaces that improve the quality.

Figure 4. View showing arrangement of housing and greenspace Romerstadt is evidence that this concept is possible, and it improves the quality of life. The addition of recreative activities to the settlement adds a sense of community and allows for interaction between members in the settlement. I however believe that it should be easily accessible to everyone and not singular group. My community seems to be on the same path as this settlement. We live in â&#x20AC;&#x153;social housingâ&#x20AC;? that costs R4000. Covid-19 has placed many countries around the world in difficult economic conditions. Approximately 60% of people in my community have lost their jobs during this time. The higher power has also decided to increase rent during this which has created more problem. We are also faced the reality of social distancing. I believe the principles of the design is something we should look towards when designing minimum standards. With the advancements that have been made in present day world, anything is possible. In our present day, living sustainably is an ideal the world is striving towards. We can use solar energy, wind energy, hydropower and many more to produce energy. Romerstadtâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s living costs increased mainly due to the consumption of energy.5 Romerstadt existing during that time was big step but failed as the time it was 5

Units at Romerstadt included the latest technology. The biggest achievement being electricity. The use of fuel for cooking heating was replaced by electric stoves and electric heating. The German government teamed up

designed in did not have the necessary technology to sustain it permanently. Today, we have the means to make living affordable, efficient and sustainable. Our responsibility is to ensure it is easily accessible to all people and does not benefit the wrong people. Pod Idladla: The tiny home Tiny homes have become very popular as many looks for ways to live in simpler, cheaper and sustainable ways. Pod Idlala is a tiny, prefabricated modular 17m2 unit that was designed as both a temporary structure for people who often move around but also for people living in one place. Pod Idladla, designed by Clara de Cruz Almeida has been described as efficient, eco-friendly and attractive.6 With overcrowding being our toughest challenge, our focus is on how to design/create spaces that are flexible? Pod Idladla is designed to accommodate two people and can be expanded by joining several units to accommodate as many as twelve

Figure 5. Spatial arrangement of Pod-Idladla . See http://www.pod-idladla.com/

with many local manufacturers that were selling these items to have the installed into each household. See S.R Henderson, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Romerstadt: the modern garden cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in Planning Perspectives (Taylor & Francis Group), Vol.25, No. 3, pp323-346 6

See http://www.pod-idladla.com/ for further information on the tiny home and what the design goal is

people.

Reinvention of space becoming a prevalent theme, Pod Idladla provides each

household freedom and privacy. With the concept of living sustainably being encouraged, the architect focussed on reducing the carbon footprint by designing with sustainability in mind.

The tiny home includes pitched roof with solar panels and has large openings which promotes natural ventilation. Pod-Idladla is a lightweight structure made from drywall construction with materials such as wood, steel and aluminium which makes it enough for people who tend to move around. Pod-Idladla offers some good ideas which could be incorporated. In a community that is overcrowded, Pod-idladla allows for the reinvention of space through the joining of multiple units. Load-shedding still reality, Pod-Idladla provides sustainable means such as generating your own power through solar panels. Pod-idladla has provided an alternative to what has been identified as quality minimum standards. However, it has failed to accommodate those who are vulnerable. A single pod is estimated to cost between R200 000 to R700 000 although there are conditions attached to this8. Many members of community do not even earn a tenth of that amount. Covid-19 increased the economic problems that many households in our community are facing, forcing many to look for different ways to be able feed themselves and their families. We need minimum standards that recognise the reality that many like the members in community live in difficult conditions. Pod-Idladla may not be affordable for many; it however has provided us with interesting solutions that I believe our Minimum standards should aim to achieve. A model that provides sustainable ways to live, freedom and the right to privacy all in one. The purpose of this report is not place blame on anyone, but to try and make your aware of the problems that we have neglected. Covid-19, a pandemic we did not expect is the reason why we need to start. Another pandemic will happen, this is inevitable. We live in a world where different species cross paths every single day. It would be dangerously ignorant of us to ignore this fact. This report serves only to inform you, the bureau, that there are good and bad options that we can use, learn and improve on. Le Modulor recognised the huge disconnect between space and the body but failed to recognise humanity. Romerstadt 7

See http://www.inhabitat.com/sola-powered-POD-Idladla-is-a-tiny-flat-pack-home-for-two-that-lets-youlive-almost-anywhere for illustrations on how the pods are joined to accommodate larger groups. 8 See http://www.pod-idladla.com/ to find out the prices

focussed on improving the quality of life, providing sustainable ways to live but unfortunately it was to early in history. Pod Idladla offers better ways of living with the right to freedom and privacy but failed to recognise the vulnerable that could benefit from such a design. The lessons retrieved from all precedents are the clues we need to create Minimum standards that provide for everyone. The world we live is more advanced that the past world. This makes me more optimistic about the future. Humanity has proven on several occasions that we have the learn, fix, create and improve. The same mentality should be used to improve our minimum standards and quality of life. It would be inhumane for to continue as if nothing is wrong when Covid-19 has shown us many wrongs. Covid-19 brought many struggles, but it also gave us an opportunity that should not be disregarded or wasted. We now live in different â&#x20AC;&#x153;normalâ&#x20AC;?, that does not mean ignore the problems and lessons. It is time for the world evolve, not to remain still. Let us embark on this journey together to create a better world for the next generation so that they do not know the pain and struggles that we know. On behalf of my community, we hope that this is the beginning of a positive relationship. I hope that this report begins the journey of improving the quality of life.

ARCHITECTURAL PARAMETERS FOR LIVEABLE SPACE DURING LOCKDOWN ARPL3021 HISTORIES & THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Tintswalo Mathye 184458

I am writing about how architecture can contribute to helping ease the after-effects of events such as pandemics, wars or other traumatic events that may affect the country, and most importantly, its citizens. I will be looking at precedent architects and buildings they have designed that were built in an attempt to help ease the life of citizens after traumatic events. I will be referring to these precedents to show how a building should have properties which contribute to creating a sense of community such as open spaces which allow for natural lighting and ventilation, spaces which connect the user to the outside, cost-effective designing of these spaces and ensuring that in the long run the buildings do not pose as a threat to the livelihoods of the tenants which could add to the anxiety of living in stressful times. An article on Health-E News about the effects of lockdown on mental health in South Africa reads: “the lockdown has resulted in the disruption of community networks such as church going and attending soccer matches…the sense of community is affected.”1 Personally, being in lockdown took away the opportunity of interacting or socializing with fellow architecture classmates which would have made the stresses that come with being an architecture student more bearable. This shows that buildings need to be designed in a way that encourages a sense of community so that those living in the buildings do not feel alone during a tough period such as a pandemic or any event that requires citizens to be confined to their homes. In order to do so, the spaces in the buildings should move away from having properties such as long dark corridors which deny residents a connection to the outside which could give the feeling of being in a jail cell. Moving away from long dark corridors provides the extra benefit of providing natural lighting which brightens up the space as well as creating natural ventilation. An example of a building that has long dark corridors is the Unite d’Habitation by Le Corbusier. The building was built after World War II to accommodate French citizens who were dislocated following bombings. Kenneth Easton writes of the building in an essay: “The internal planning itself, the thin slices of double-storeyed living accommodation 12 feet wide and 60 feet long, lit only at the ends, and served only by internal roads, artificially lit and ventilated”2 Eastons description of the building shows how the special planning and the use of artificial

Mental health in lockdown: So many are just not coping Easton, “Views on Le Corbusier’s Unite d’Habitation”

Lozano 2010

ventilation and lighting as seen in the image created an unpleasant environment for the tenants of the building because of the lack of connection to the outside and to other tenants in the building. This relates to my suggestion of creating spaces which have a connection to the outside which result in natural ventilation and lighting which makes the building more comfortable for its tenants. Having these open spaces encourages tenants to go outside which can result in a community being formed amongst them. This could help the tenants with dealing with the effects of a lockdown as they would have a group of people who they could talk to or share their experiences with. The Bastion Community Housing by Office of Jonathan Tate is an example of a building project that has spaces which encourage a sense of community unlike the Unite dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Habitation. The Bastion Community Housing units were built to accommodate 9/11 combat veterans. In contrast to the Unite dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Habitation, the architects of the Community Housing units attempted to create communal spaces by designing the units so that a shared courtyard is created using two units as seen in the image with the hope that residents in the two units would be encouraged to interact with each other. Having spaces such as courtyards allows for the creation of natural light and ventilation which makes spaces which are bright making the experience for tenants more pleasant for its tenants. The shared courtyards meant the residents would be able to share their experiences and trauma from 9/11 with each other which would make dealing with the trauma better as they would feel as though they are not alone in dealing with the trauma. Personally, being in a shared studio and being able to be around a community of fellow students who were going through the same stress and anxiety that came with being an architecture student made it more bearable and contributed to me pushing through and not giving up. This is different to being in lockdown where I am not round a group of people who are experiencing similar feelings that come with being an architecture student which has made learning more difficult than it usually is. This shows that buildings should have spaces that allow residents to interact with each other especially in situations such as a lockdown as they get to share their experiences which makes the burden of being locked down easier. Jenna McKnight writes in an article on the

OJT 2018

Community Housing: â&#x20AC;&#x153;For one, they needed to balance high density with a respect for the

suburban context…The development also needed to offer community space, and it needed to be mindful of the unique challenges facing veterans who have endured war and trauma.”3 Along with the negative effects on mental due to being under lockdown comes, there is also the negative effect on the economy with a lot of businesses being closed for a long period of time. This means that in order to be able to implement the measures I have suggested, there has to be a cost-effective way of implementing those measures. This means that the buildings should be designed in a way that will save money when it comes to constructing and maintaining the building while also having spaces which will make the experience of the tenants living in the building pleasant. An example of a residential building that did not succeed in being cost-effective in construction and also with maintaining it while it possessed the properties, I have suggested above is Habitat 67 by Moshe Safdie. One of the reasons the building was built, was to accommodate the high number of people who needed to stay in the city while also giving the tenants the feeling of being in the suburbs. Tim Abrahams writes in an article on Habitat 67: “Each thick-walled apartment is secluded from its neighbour and the gardens provide incredible views of the city, St Lawrence or both.”4 Just like in the text the image shows how the building was able to create spaces which connect the tenants to the outside. Hannah Frearson writes in an article on Habitat67: “The

original

masterplan

involved

over

1000

residences…This was scaled down to just 158 homes…To allow the prefabricated construction process to take place on site, a factory was built on the site to produce the concrete modules…Safdie believed this to be the most cost-efficient solution – a decision that ultimately backfired with costs spiralling”5 (Frearson 2014). This shows how cost must be considered when designing the buildings as if it is not controlled it could take away from the purpose of the building. When designing the building, things such as the

Hursley 2014

materiality, location and energy usage of the building needs to be taken into consideration as these will affect the cost of both constructing and maintaining the building. These things will also need to be considered when designing the spaces that encourage a sense of community as

McKnight, “OJT creates Bastion Community housing complex for war veterans in New Orleans” Abrahams, “Revisit: Habitat67, Montreal, Canada, by Moshe Safdie” 5 Frearson, “Brutalist buildings: Habitat 67, Montreal by Moshe Safdie” 4

well as creating natural lighting and ventilation. This shows that my suggestion of creating spaces which have natural lighting and ventilation is also cost effective as a building would have much less energy consumption which not only saves money but decreases the amount of carbon that is being released into the environment by the building. Personally, living in a building that provides natural lighting during the day as well as natural ventilation decreases the amount of electricity that is used during the day which decreases the expenses of the house and considering the financial burden that came with being under lockdown, helped ease the anxiety of being under lockdown. A building that does the opposite of Habitat 67 in terms of saving costs is the Treehouse Coliving Apartments by Bo-DAA Architects. The apartments were designed and built for single independent occupants and the intent of the design of the building was to encourage the occupants to create a community of their own in the building. Although the apartments were not built following a traumatic event, the building has properties that I have suggested such as shared courtyard spaces, connection to the outside and the use of natural lighting and ventilation. The architects were able to create those spaces while also saving costs in the building and the maintenance of the building. The planted courtyard in the centre of the building as seen in the image helps with cooling down the building while also decreasing the amount of carbon that is released into the environment. Jon Astbury writes of the building in an article: “Windows on the south façade help to create a stack effect to ventilate the central atrium, releasing any pent-up hot air and drawing wind into the garden.”6

Bo-DAA 2018

The last thing that needs to be considered for architecture to be able to make living through traumatic times is making sure that the materials and construction of the building do not pose as a risk to residents in a building. This is important when considering construction methods and which will be cost effective as well as designing the building so that it is not difficult to maintain. An example of architecture in which the buildings pose as a risk to its residents is the tenement housing in Nairobi, Kenya. Baraka Mwau writes in a blog on rental housing in Nairobi: “As well as shelter, the ground units provide commercial space for businesses. This

Astbury, “Treehouse is a sloping block of co-living apartments with a tree filled-atrium”

creates a vibrant local economy that supports livelihoods for thousands of households and has made the streets more active…But these concrete jungles…They are mostly built without planning approval and so go against building regulations.”7 This shows that when designing and constructing low cost buildings, shortcuts should not be taken as this defeats the purpose of the buildings. The buildings are no longer safe spaces for residents and they are much worse than buildings which lack community spaces and natural lighting and ventilation. The lack of

Mwau 2012

natural lighting and ventilation contributes to the buildings not being safe for residents as the fumes which are released by the materials of the building end up getting inhaled by residents. The buildings which do not follow regulations also do not offer safe spaces for residents in the event of an emergency. As seen in the image above, the high number of residents in the building may encourage residents to form a community however it will be pointless if they all fall ill due to the lack of safety of the building. The anxiety and stress of living in a building which could cause harm to its residents will not make being under lockdown any easier for residents. The thought of being confined to a building which is not safe will add to the anxiety. Personally, I have not had to worry about whether the building I have been living in during lockdown has caused any harm towards me and if I had to go through that stress it would have made being under lockdown more difficult for me. A building which was built for communal living and is the opposite of the tenement housing in Nairobi in terms of materiality and being safe for residents is Residencial San Felipe by the National Housing Board of Peru. The apartment buildings were built for the same reasons as the tenements in Nairobi which was to accommodate the high number of middle-class people who were moving to the city. As seen in the image, the building is supported by size cores which ensures that the building is steady which explains why the building was able to last for so many years. Fabio Burney writes in an article on the building: “due to budget constraints, the 7

Mwau, “The rise of Nairobi’s concrete tenement jungle”

Bernuy 2020

layout served as a base for the final version of the project.â&#x20AC;?8 The Residencial San Felipe was built in 1969 and is still standing today. This shows that having a building which does not have any issues in terms of the materials that are used to construct it allows for the building to be extended should there be a need to accommodate the rising numbers of people who need places to live in. It also allows for the spaces that I have suggested to be implemented or added on to a building that does not have the qualities that create communal spaces without the stress of disrupting the structure of the building. Personally, having lived in a building which did not have communal spaces, the idea of creating communal spaces in the building that I was living in would have been appreciated considering the building had good structural and materialistic qualities. In conclusion, during stressful times such as a pandemic which require residents to be confined in their homes, the buildings in which they are staying in during that period of time are important in ensuring that the trauma that comes with being confined is easier to deal with. As I have shown with the precedents that I have presented, buildings should have communal spaces which will allow for residents to interact with each other making the stress of being under lockdown a bit better. The buildings should also have natural lighting and ventilation and also give the residents a connection to the outside as it is something they are being deprived of when in their homes. It is also important that all these measures are implemented in a way that saves money , however shortcuts should not be taken when constructing the buildings as they could be a threat to the residents and add to the anxiety they are already feeling from being under lockdown.

Burney, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Architectural Classics: Residencial San Felipe in Lima / Enrique Ciriani + Mario Bernuyâ&#x20AC;?

Bibliography: “Mental health in lockdown: So many are just not coping,” Health-E News. Accessed August 13, 2020.https://health-e.org.za/2020/05/30/mental-health-in-lockdown-so-many-are-just-notcoping/ Easton, Kenneth. “Views on Le Corbusier’s Unite d’Habitation.” Architectural Review. Accessed August 13, 2020. https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/views-on-lecorbusiers-unite-dhabitation Guzman, Lozano. “Unite d’Habitation/Le Corbusier.” ArchDaily. Accessed 13 August, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/85971/ad-classics-unite-d-habitation-le-corbusier McKnight, Jenna. “OJT creates Bastion Community housing complex for war veterans in New Orleans.” Dezeen. Accessed 13 August, 2020. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/06/21/bastion-community-new-orleans-office-of-jonathantate/ OJT. “Bastion Community housing unit plan.” ArchDaily. Accesses 13 August, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/919835/bastion-community-housing-ojt Abrahams, Tim. “Revisit: Habitat67, Montreal, Canada, by Moshe Safdie.” Architectural Review. Accessed 12 September, 2020. https://www.architecturalreview.com/buildings/revisit-habitat-67-montreal-canada-by-moshe-safdie Hursley, Timothy. “Habitat 67.” Dezeen. Accessed 12 August, 2020. https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/11/brutalist-buildings-habitat-67-montreal-moshe-safdie/ Frearson, Amy. “Brutalist buildings: Habitat 67, Montreal by Moshe Safdie.” Dezeen. Accessed 12 August, 2020. https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/11/brutalist-buildings-habitat67-montreal-moshe-safdie/ Astbury, Jon. “Treehouse is a sloping block of co-living apartments with a tree filled-atrium.” Dezeen. Accessed 12 August, 2020. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/08/12/treehouse-coliving-bo-daa-seoul-concrete/ Mwau, Baraku. “The rise of Nairobi’s concrete tenement jungle.” (blog). International Institute for Environment and Development. Accessed 12 August, 2020. https://www.iied.org/rise-nairobis-concrete-tenement-jungle

Mwau, Baraku. “Typical Tenement Building: Pipeline, Embakasi-Nairobi.” Muungano wa wanavijiji. Accessed 12 August, 2020. https://www.muungano.net/browseblogs/2013/05/27/the-tenement-city-the-inconvenienturban-reality-facing-nairobi Bernuy, Fabio R. “Architectural Classics: Residencial San Felipe in Lima / Enrique Ciriani + Mario Bernuy.” ArchDaily. Accessed 12 August, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/946440/architectural-classics-residencial-san-felipe-in-limaenrique-ciriani-plus-mario-bernuy?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects

TALYA MICHAELS - 1854340 PROJECT 3 - SMALL ESSAY

TABLE OF CONTENTS: USING THE PERSONAL............................................................................................................3 ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................4 ESSAY.................................................................................................................................5-11 PRECEDANTS USED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

LE CORBUSIER - LE CABANON PARENT & VIRILO - THE FUNCTION OF THE OBLIQUE KISHO KUROKAWAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S NAKAGIN - CAPSULE TOWER CATSEYE BAY DESIGNS: A SMALL SCULPTED STUDIO APARTMENT ELANDS BAY CAVE

I u s e d t o f e e l s a f e i n t h e w o r l d . I w a s f r e e . To e x p l o r e , t o e n g a g e a n d t o e x p e r i e n c e a n y t h i n g a n d e v e r y t h i n g . B u t t h e n i t a l l c h a n g e d . M y s e n s e o f p l a c e w a s s h a t t e r e d a s t h e v e r y a s p e c t s o f m y a u t o n o m y w e r e t a k e n a w a y . M y v a s t w o r l d b e c a m e l i m i t e d t o t h e f o u r c o r n e r s t h a t s u r r o u n d m y r o o m , w h i c h h a s b e c o m e m y o n l y s a f e h a v e n . H o w e v e r , a s t i m e h a s p a s s e d , t h e d a y s h a v e b l u r r e d a n d t h e o n l y t h i n g t h a t i s c e r t a i n i s t h a t t h e c l o c k w i l l k e e p t i c k i n g . T h i s r e a l i s a t i o n t r i g g e r e d t h e m o u n t a i n o f t h o u g h t s t h a t ï¬&#x201A; o w t h r o u g h m y m i n d o n a d a i l y b a s i s , a s m y b e d r o o m h a s b e c o m e t h e s p u r r i n g g r o u n d f o r w o r k , n e w i d e a s , s l e e p , e a t a n d r e p e a t . T h i s t h o u g h t f o r m e d t h e u n d e r p i n n i n g s o f m y d r a w i n g : w h i c h d e p i c t s t h e c h a l l e n g e o f c l i m b i n g o u t o f b e d e a c h d a y t o m a k e u s e o f t h e f o u r w a l l e d s h e l l t h a t n o w c o n d u c t s a l l t h e h a p p e n i n g s o f m y e n t i r e l i f e . T h e l e v e l s e m p h a s i s e t h e j o u r n e y t h a t w e a s h u m a n s l i v i n g w i t h i n t h e c o r o n a e r a w i l l h a v e t h e e m b a r k o n i n o r d e r t o r e a c h t h e p e a k o f t h i s m o u n t a i n , b y b e g i n n i n g t h e e x p e d i t i o n o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d a c c e p t i n g t h e r e a l i t y o f t h i s n e w w o r l d .

ABSTRACT This essay covers the proposed minimum spatial standards in a post pandemic world. The study intends to unfold the architectural parameters that define small spaces, in order to prepare for future periods of isolation. The Covid-19 pandemic has introduced a period of instability affecting the dynamic of the modernist era. This flux in our accustomed way of living has led to the introduction of a season of uncertainty, introducing the crux of the post-pandemic reality: the human readiness for change. Previous parameters have focused on accelerating innovation to ensure comfort in space - however the present consideration will begin with a critique of the modernist movement and propose that new buildings can serve many purposes in changing times. This study intends to provide a solution to push small spaces into a new anti-linear realm, of minimum standard, with the intention of creating engaging and interactive spaces, no matter the size. The proposed parameters will be inspired not only by the ephemerality and transience of the world, but by the human ability to adapt to change in times of uncertainty. Forcing the inhabitant to participate actively in his / her movements in space. The study concludes by suggesting that small spaces should be defined by: 1. Access to rooms of inside and outside. 2. An oblique, engaging internal environment that makes use of the diagonal/organic planes. 3. Modular structures â&#x20AC;&#x201C; that may adapt to times of change quickly and appropriately. 4.Â The importance of light/openings within all spaces as a means of time telling. 5. Generous communal space for safe passage through the building.

This brief called for a redefinition of the basic architectural parameters for liveable small spaces - eliciting in me the need to understand and describe the evolving ontologies of space in a post-pandemic world. Architectural parameters are governed by the way in which humans inhabit space; however, the corona-virus has completely modified this collective reality, leading to a period of instability affecting the stable dynamic of the modernist era. This flux in our accustomed way of living has led to the introduction of a season of uncertainty, introducing the crux of the post-pandemic reality: the human readiness for change.

In order to avoid such trauma in the future we, as architects, must make use of space as a primary means of transformation. Using these newfound minimal living standards, that we now need to put in place: dynamic/ modular structural formations, oblique internal spaces, outdoor courtyards/micro-environments, the room as a sundial for light and the retraining of the human body, to introduce a shift in the paradigm of space from expansive to limited. In fact, we need to recapture the human tendency to instability as a solution to the spatial crisis of the post-Covid-19 era.

The present consideration will begin with a critique of the modernist movement1, as the origin of the human right to undeviating space, in essence, the belief in a right to comfort. The modernist movement spurred the introduction of orderly and minimalist buildings, spaces and places1. Upholding the notion of “form follows function1,” structures built within this time were designed with the assumption of a practical purpose. Albeit, modernist buildings are a function of their time, their relevant contexts and raison dêtre are somewhat unchangeable. Yes, modernist buildings become a shell for internal spaces that “catalyse moments of change3”. However, the inhabitant is always confined to the linearity of his/her surrounding space. Modern buildings are, in essence, enclosed unassuming shapes, deprived of any form of uncertainty or improbability1.

Therefore, I believe that the modernist movement has become a symptom of the orderly life lived within – relevant only to a world where disorder exists in the unlikely, the unknown. As a result, in a post-pandemic world that is defined by the unfamiliar, I have found that the modernization of the built environment may in fact be responsible for reducing our pre-modern capacity to adapt to change.

Childs, Peter. Modernism. Routledge, 2000. ”The Cabanon — Cap Moderne”. Capmoderne.Com, 2020, https://capmoderne.com/en/lieu/le-cabanon/. 3 Le Roux, Hannah. “Lived Modernism: When Architecture Transforms”. University Of The Witwaterstrand, 2014. 4 Johnston, Pamela. The Function Of The Oblique. AA Publications, 1996. 1. 2

The attributes of modern functionalism can be seen in Le Corbusier’s Le Cabanon2. Le Corbusier is considered to be the pioneer of the modernist movement and his buildings (and their forms) are particularly centred around order and functionality1. It is clear that these factors were the main drivers of the Cabanon; which intends to be the amalgamation of pure, habitable functionality combined with an engagement with the natural, external environment2. The structure is defined by its small space - a microstructure that works in synergy with the context of the outside.

However, what is important to note when considering this case study is the importance of the external and ones’ ability to engage with the outer world. The holiday home was intended to be used in conjunction with the peripheral realm, and only functioned as a buffer space for human basics, such as: shelter, grooming and ablution facilities.

Therefore, when considering the composition of only the internal framework of this small space -without free access to the “outside house2” / outside environment- (with regards to the reality of a post -pandemic, urbanised world) it is clear that it may in fact, not meet the needs of those stuck in isolation. This introduces the drawback to modernist buildings in a period of uncertainty – that being the modern focus on a defined, contextual function and framework at the time of creation1.

I believe that the cues to be taken from this case study are firstly, the importance of a room of outside – especially regarding city contexts and urbanised areas; and secondly, the creation of an engaging inside. Given these constraints, a building can serve many purposes in changing times.

The Cabanon therefore, introduces very important aspects for minimum requirements such as the acknowledgement of access to the natural world, light, and colour. Le Corbusier has juxtaposed the rigidity of a small space with a kind of aesthetic internal movement/visual interaction inside2 - through his use of internal colour and paintings2. Hence, contrasting the inflexibility of the modernist structure with the organic flow of abstract and attention-grabbing visual art. I believe his use of coloured paintings was an attempt to instil a kind of visual activity into an otherwise, very linear internal space.

The Cabanon also reflects the irrefutable human need for sustainable green spaces when confined to small physical places2. Without such it is questionable that the building would suffice as a liveable space.

Figure 1. Own sketch of movement in oblique space

These insights located my study in the notion of the oblique. I choose to take my cue from the Cabanon and Le Corbusier’s focus on a striking internal environment, and to give it further thought by studying Parent and Virilo’s Function of the Oblique4. I wish to push small spaces into a new anti-linear realm, of minimum standard, with the intention of creating engaging and interactive spaces, no matter the size. My proposed parameters will be inspired not only by the ephemerality and transience of the world, but by the human ability to adapt to change in times of uncertainty.

Claude Parent and Paul Virilo’s Function of the Oblique4: was a study done to uncover a new architectural and urban order: considering form as “an enclosed [yet participative] entity.4” This study aims to introduce a new plane for design, other than merely vertical or horizontal4 (completely contrary to modernist ideologies). They claim that this represents the “end of the vertical as the axis of elevation4” and the “end of the horizontal as the permanent plane.4”

What is interesting about this concept is that it forces the human body to adapt to instability, in the same way as we have had to adapt to COVID-19. It is a fascinating thought that architecture can train an individual’s ability to adapt to change. Houses, until now, have been inspired by modernist techniques, a shell for one’s life, a space of temporary experience, whilst one makes use of their external environment to fill our time (be it with work, leisure, or social schemes).

Figure 2 Own sketch of movement in oblique space

This study has inspired me to consider how a more angled (yet unified), connected (yet interchanging) internal design, as a minimum requirement for small spaces, could ensure an engagement with the entirety of an allocated space. This forces the inhabitant to participate actively in his / her movement, “bringing the body into a tactile relationship with the building4” and relinquishing our reliance on the external world. 2 4

”The Cabanon — Cap Moderne”. Capmoderne.Com, 2020, https://capmoderne.com/en/lieu/le-cabanon/. Johnston, Pamela. The Function Of The Oblique. AA Publications, 1996.

COVID-19 has caused the world, hypothetically, to shrink. Therefore, a minimum requirement may indeed allude to oblique buildings4 as architects attempt to bring the beauty of the external environment into small spaces.

This time of isolation has been emotionally draining, where every day is spent staring at the same blank white wall. This is where oblique buildings can come into play. I believe that a room that expands/plays on the notion of an ordinary (modernist) square box would motivate a higher morale. This would naturally transpire as a visually appealing internal, organic, moving, askew, environment that would evoke a curious gaze into the surrounding spaces, prompting the inhabitant to refocus or reposition himself according to mood. I believe it is important to occupy an exciting space, in order to ensure internal movement and engagement. If architecture is stimulating, then as a consequence, space will encourage the inhabitant to enjoy and benefit from their environment – taking pleasure from its design and program.

Modern architects have the ability to create inviting and changing spaces, similar to those naturally created in the geological world. If a minimum standard becomes the designing of oblique spaces4, then small spaces will inevitably become a source of variance. Their evolution will be based on needed ongoing function, emotional feeling or lived reality. In a similar way to how preceding humans engaged with space in times past, wandering as nomads until they found a space that met their needs.

Figure 2. Collage of Claude Parents sketches and external environment.

What’s more is that oblique design essentially takes a cue from humankind’s initial living standard: the external environment, natural caves, and the earth’s organic places. Reiterating the purpose of place as a means of emotional and physical fulfilment. I believe that post-pandemic space should attempt to bring that sense of journeying back into permanent postmodern space. This can be achieved by designing a system that is intended to incite movement into the internal environment – allowing the inhabitant to feel the effects of the oblique environment.

Johnston, Pamela. The Function Of The Oblique. AA Publications, 1996.

A simple design consideration like using gradients, stairs, or ramps to connect rooms will ensure a subtle exertion to ones’ body, similar to the journey that man made in the past to find shelter. This would counteract the unhealthy dynamic of living in single planed, spatial confinement, that has undeniably led to a weakening of muscle mass, a halt in movement or even a lack of sun exposure. Confinement has led to the disruption of human movement – a concept that has been prevalent since the beginning of time.

The nature of human existence is characterised by this abovementioned journeying – throughout the history of the world humans have explored, evolved, and adapted in order to survive. However, the stability of the modern world has evoked a sense of comfort and self-assurance in the human condition, where the world was indeed one’s oyster – to explore freely without obstruction. Therefore, when the Covid-19 pandemic struck, it tested the accepted way of life and the and resilience of post-modern man.

The living conditions of early man were exposed to the uncontrolled effects of environmental and earthly change5. People were ready for change. Individuals were geared to be flexible. It is my belief that if the new minimum standards of today are inspired by success of human beings in the premodernist past, then we can surely adjust to the instability that will attack us in our postmodern future. In the lives of prehistoric man I have found similarities between my proposal of oblique characteristics4 in small spaces and the everchanging living conditions of our ancestors5.

Ancient humans were accustomed to instability5 – they were continually faced with challenges such as: famine, extreme weather conditions, war and the uncontrolled spread of disease6. These are parallels to the present. Hence, I decided to shift the context of my study to South Africa’s, Elands Bay5 cave to study aspects of archaic behaviours and living standards.

Interestingly, upon delving into the context of prehistoric living standards, I noticed various similarities to my proposal. Firstly, prehistoric man lived in harmony with the natural environment - surviving off and innately relying on sustainable (rooms of outside) micro-environments that were cared for and farmed. Secondly (much like the present) days passed quickly succumbing to the monotony of a mundane survival. Prehistoric

Johnston, Pamela. The Function Of The Oblique. AA Publications, 1996. “Elands Bay Cave - 3D Model By The Rock Art Portal (@Stevil1) [D0c88d0]”. Sketchfab, 2020, https://sketchfab. com/3d-models/elands-bay-cave-d0c88d0853844a8e9a1de22a342326cb. 6 Harari, Yuval Noah. Sapiens : A Brief History Of Humankind. Harper, 2015. 4 5

man spent much time monitoring the passage of time using the movement of the sun, a focus on shadow and light. Thus, he took full advantage of safe, daylit spells of activity (much like man’s present activity in noncurfew hours). Likewise, ancient human beings lived with a readiness for change – constantly retraining their bodies and behaviours to adapt in order to survive.

This study of prehistoric man combined with a modernist concentration on function and the oblique motivation for movement introduces my proposition of re-training the present-day human body in place.

I believe that this all culminates in modern architectural parameters adopting a Metabolist mentality7: whereby buildings are made to emulate the life of a living being, ever-changing7. A shift is needed in the paradigm of space and the built environment from one of crisp and unchanging structures to dynamic buildings and internal spaces that have been designed to adapt to change7. This focus would ensure the recapturing of the human right to instability and would moreover enable a human readiness for change through the dynamism of modular design8, as a solution to the spatial crisis of the Covid-19 era.

Kisho Kurokawas Nakagin Capsule Tower9 in Tokyo is the perfect example of the introduction of the modularity that should define the structure of the built environment in a post pandemic world. Buildings, like their inhabitants, can adapt to the various restrictions to ensure a comfort within a world of limitation. This façade structure combined with the interior styles of the oblique would indeed create an engaging liveable small space, Figure 4. Own drawing Capsule Tower.

using the present-day example of Catseye Bay Designs: a small sculpted studio apartment10.

In plan, this interior guides the inhabitant’s movement through the diagonal plane10 - whereby stark yet organic shapes have been positioned to ensure a journey through the small space. Catseye Bay designs “Metabolism | Tag | Archdaily”. Archdaily.Com, 2020, https://www.archdaily.com/tag/metabolism. “The Metabolist Movement In Architecture”. Thoughtco, 2020, https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-metabolism-in-architecture-177292. 9 “Nakagin Capsule Tower In Tokyo / Kisho Kurokawa | Archeyes”. Archeyes, 2020, https://archeyes.com/nakagin-capsule-tower-kisho-kurokawa/#:~:text=Completed%20in%201972%20in%20the,of%20Japan’s%20postwar%20cultural%20resurgence. 10 “House Plans Under 50 Square Meters: 26 More Helpful Examples Of Small-Scale Living”. Archdaily, 2020, https:// www.archdaily.com/893384/house-plans-under-50-square-meters-26-more-helpful-examples-of-small-scale-living. 7 8

10.

managed to completely alter this previously, bare linear apartment through adding one simple oblique-like piece of architectural furniture. In so doing, completely transforming the experience of the inhabitant within this confined space. It is therefore clear that the solution to neo-age architectural parameters can be found in the amalgamation of a Metabolist8 mentality, an oblique internal environment, modular/everchanging structures as well as the acknowledgement of the past as a pivotal means of understanding man’s space in the present and the future world.

I conclude this essay by proposing a new minimum set of spatial parameters. Small spaces should be defined by: 1. Access to rooms of inside and outside. 2. An oblique, engaging internal environment that makes use of the diagonal/organic plane. Hence stimulating the bodies function in space. 3. Modular structures that are defined by a readiness for transformation – that may adapt to times of change quickly and appropriately. 4. The importance of light/openings within all spaces as a means of time telling. 5. Generous communal space (passageways) for safe passage through the building.

The above-mentioned new minimum standards have been recommended to ensure the re-training of the human body in place as we adapt to the post Covid-19, a far from normal, world. We need to use these architectural parameters and an adapted built environment to re-instil the human right to instability and the premodern capability to adapt and seek change.

These new standards emphasise the ideal, they are aspirational qualitative notions that all groups of people can design towards, with the intention that the characteristics become embroided into the post pandemic urban fabric.

.8 “The Metabolist Movement In Architecture”. Thoughtco, 2020, https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-metabolism-in-architecture-177292.

11.

PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING AS PART OF THE MINIMUM STANDARD An argument for a new approach to the formulation of minimum living standards that places equal importance on the mental wellbeing of individuals.

1819023 Priyan Moodley ARPL 3021_Project 3_Small Essay

Abstract The establishment of minimum living standards has often been an approach focused on principles of budget and access to resources. While novel, it is my belief that living standards of any kind extend beyond the means that allow one to simply exist, but that it should encapsulate the psychological and intangible effects of space. Additionally, living standards should place equal priority on mental wellbeing as part of a minimum standard. This paper will analyse three housing precedents (ranging from single person homes to social housing projects) as well as research pertaining to the relationship between space and psyche. In doing so; this essay will present a new approach regarding minimum living standards that highlight the importance of psychological wellbeing. This will be done in order to support a more holistic mind set in regards to low income spatial planning that provides both onesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; finite access to resources and also their infinite access to psychological and emotional space.

Page 1

Introduction Current Minimum standards ‘The policy on the minimum norms and standards for student housing and public universities’ is a Government approved document that defines and outlines the minimum requirements for the design of student housing. The document covers a broad range of criteria ranging from the minimum allowable floor area for various programmes to specifications of lighting and fixtures. There is a significant level of detail afforded to the physical nature of the spaces and what constitutes its minimum requirements. Of course an emphasis on the number of fixtures required for a specific space of the nature of wall and floor finishes are of importance when considering the design of these living spaces. The great amount of detail acts as a sufficient guideline for architects to create spaces that provide all the necessary physical attributes in order to be usable and reasonably comfortable (Depatment of Higher Education and Training 2015). While the majority of the document focuses on the attributes of the physical space; there is, however, a consideration for healthcare, resources and general welfare. Amongst this we get a section with a single paragraph outlining the minimum standards for ‘Student well-being and Support’. The section reads as follows:

Page 2

“The University student housing must provide for adequate provision for access to medical and psychological services to cater for the well-being of student residents during work hours, and must ensure that emergency support is available after hours. This includes the provision of a first aid kit and instructions on the use thereof.” (Depatment of Higher Education and Training 2015, 11) Herein lies the impetus for this paper. We can see that the total requirements outlined regarding the minimum for mental wellbeing comprises of a miniscule part of the overall document. Not only is there a lack of emphasis placed on mental wellbeing, but the requirements that are stipulated essentially shift responsibility to organizations outside of the design of these spaces. Essentially mental health provisions have been relegated to a service, whereas it is my belief that this is something that manifests itself in the design of spaces just as much as any physical spatial requirements that have been stipulated.

Current Context The stigma surrounding mental wellbeing has always been prevalent and has perhaps hindered progress into improving this for the general populous. Perhaps itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s this stigma that has influenced its lack of prioritization with regards to the establishment of minimum living standards. However when considering the current context of the world, the prevalence of mental wellbeing and spatial design has become increasingly important.

Due to the current quarantine restrictions put in place, people are forced to remain confined in their homes for weeks on end. This has not only led to a shift in how individuals interact with the world regarding remote/online working and learning, but also a dramatic shift in how one regulates their mental wellbeing. Having to condense a variety of private, public, stressful and leisurely activities into a single space creates a confused and psychologically straining association with these spaces. Research conducted on the association between mental health and high-rise residential living reinforced the relationship between built environments and mental health, finding social well-being in these spaces to act as a regulating variable between them (Barros, et al. 2019, 268).

Page 3

The varying social, private and security conditions were found to have positive and negative effects on the mental health of the inhabitants with reference to the design of separate parts of typical high-rise residential towers as seen in figure 1.

Therefore the link between the design of spaces and its effect on the psychological state of those who inhabit it is not a new association and has certainly been discussed within architectural discourse. However from studies such as this we can see how this relationship is often posthumously considered and when looking at low income schemes, the omission of this understanding from minimum standards often means that it is not dealt with. Its lack of prioritization amongst the plethora of standards therefore results in detrimental long term psychological strain within these spaces that are then only attempted to be rectified much later on. Whereas being dealt with from the start means we can avoid retroactive design changes that not only cost more money, but in some cases this strategy is used by developers to inflate the value of these buildings, therefore further marginalizing the lower class. These situations seem to highlight how design that might improve mental wellbeing of inhabitants is viewed as a luxury.

Process In order to justify this new approach to minimum standards, I’ll be analysing 3 precedents with the intention to present a series of conditions that improve mental wellbeing, while also attempting to revisit the minimum standards that are currently in place. With this analysis I hope to highlight the implementation of strategies that positively affect ones’ psyche in an attempt to remove any stigma of such strategies being non-essential.

Figure 1: Diagram of high-rise study findings

Barros, P., Ng Fa, L., M.T. Garcia, L., Dorothée Slovic, A., Thomopoulos, N., Herick de Sá, T., Morais, P. and S. Mindel, J., 2019. Fig. 3. Key Findings (Floor Level).. [image] Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Damien_Riggs/publication/257310003_Stressed_Spaces _Mental_Health_and_Architecture/links/54311c070cf27e39fa9e45d4/Stressed-Spaces-MentalHealth-and-Architecture.pdf> [Accessed 13 September 2020].

Page 4

Precedent 1- LeCabanon; Le Corbusier

Figure 2: Le Cabanon

Bougot, Manuel. 2015. Interior Of The Cabanon And The View South West © Fondation Le Corbusier / ADAGP; The Cabanon And, On The Right, The Carob Tree © Fondation Le Corbusier / ADAGP. Image. https://capmoderne.com/en/lieu/le-cabanon/#le-cabanon-de-le-corbusier.

Page 5

Context The design of small, minimalist spaces is often one that is concerned primarily with the provisions of adequate interior spaces. This is of course a logical approach when attempting to design according to established standards of living. The provision of adequate sanitary spaces, sleeping spaces and so forth form part of the internal planning of small spaces with the goal being to make the most efficient use of minimal floor area. However this focus on internal spatial planning can lead to counterproductive design strategies when considering the psychological effects of confined/claustrophobic spaces. In colloquial terms, more floor area is equitable to better spaces for living. This attitude and desire for larger living space is one that is prominent amongst those living in low income housing. This can be seen in the housing situation that has plagued Port Elizabeth’s Red Location. Here, community members got into increasingly heated debates over the rebuilding of their defective government subsidized homes. The primary discussion point being the homeowner’s insistence that the homes be rebuilt at their original 48m2 size and not the 40m2 government standard size (Mail and Gaurdian 2016). A difference in floor area of only 8m2 was enough to rally a large community behind the cause for better living spaces. This equating of larger floor area to better quality space tends to push the narrative that ‘bigger is better’, however this may not necessarily be accurate.

Page 6

Le Corbusiers’ Le Cabanon is a relatively miniscule space measuring in at 3,6m x 3,6m or 12,96m2 for comparisons sake. Of course the contexts of Le Cabanon are not comparable to that of Red Location, as one is an underprivileged township in Port Elizabeth, and the other is nestled in the Mediterranean coastline. It is perhaps then this difference in context that becomes a defining factor when assessing quality of space. While Le Cabanon is modest in size, its spatial characteristics create an experience that is described as cosy rather than cramped. Le Corbusier stated himself; “I have a castle on the Riviera, it measures 3.66 by 3.66 metres. It’s for my wife, and is extremely comfortable and cosy,” (Capmoderne 2015).

All of this is to say that workmanship and design all form fundamental parts of defining the difference between cosy and cramped. However, I believe amongst the more prominent justifications for this delineation is not found on the interior of the building, but rather the lush and beautiful Mediterranean garden that surrounds it.

The quality of the internal space at Le Cabanon is due in no small part to the nature that surrounds it. This relationship forms part of conscious design decisions made by Le Corbusier in order to create an “osmosis with nature,” (Capmoderne 2015). Through actively framing window views to the sea and using the adjacent Carob tree to inform the cabins placement, Le Corbusier uses the context to improve the experience of the minimalist interior space. This symbiosis of internal and external is part of what makes such a small living space feel comforting. Even within confined dimensions, an active relationship with context allows for a positive psychological association with smaller spaces. This association with context is not exclusive to secluded hillsides however. It is simply the positive psychological link with the surroundings that can make a small space feel homely. A consideration of this link and an active effort to design in relation to context allows small living spaces to have a symbiosis with their place. This creates an inherent sense of belonging that extends to the mentality of the individual thereby proliferating the sense of ‘home’ beyond the miniscule boundaries of the space itself

Page 7

Of course specifying in detail the methods an architect could use to achieve this becomes quite difficult. However this connection with context may not need to be form specific, and could instead manifest itself in terms of materiality and contextual spatial planning, which would force architects to design with a more considered approach rather than replicating the Apartheid-esque ‘one-size fits all’ strategy that resulted in the unrest in Red Location and countless other low income areas across the country.

Precedent 2- Micro Courtyard House; Atelier Kaiser Shen

Figure 3: Micro Courtyard House

Archdaily. 2018. Micro Courtyard House / Atelier Kaiser Shen Save This Picture!. Image. https://www.archdaily.com/892708/microcourtyard-house-atelier-kaiser-shen.

Page 8

Nature When referring to nature, we speak not only of the use of plants and natural physical elements and materials, but nature in this case encapsulates a plethora of experiential elements. These can expand into: “smells, noise, temperature, environmental complexity, fresh air and ventilation, colour, art/aesthetics and entertainment,” (Connellan, et al. 2013, 144). This combination of sensory attributes have been linked to stress relief and mental health improvement. Views of nature in the form of gardens was found to reduce stress and depressive symptoms (Schweitzer, Gilpin and Frampton 2004, S76). This effect extended to the usage of indoor plants and linked with benefits of aromas that were found to reduce blood pressure and anxiety (Connellan, et al. 2013, 145). These are attributes that prove to be very beneficial at reducing stress and creating environments that promote calmness and positive mental states.

Page 9

However, these days it is common for planting and nature in the built environment to be romanticized and viewed as a caveat for aesthetic purposes or as an appeal to green architecture. This has resulted in a commercialism of urban planting systems that have become synonymous with gentrification or ‘hipster culture’. We need only look at the success of projects such as the Highline in New York that has since become a much travelled cultural and tourist attraction that has inspired similar style renovation projects globally. This popularity tends to isolate the lower class in most cases, even where this was not the intention. Because of this planters and landscaping in general may be viewed as accessory or superficially aesthetic which causes it to be omitted from discussions of minimum standards and in so doing also denying lower income designs of their benefits.

Courtyards The Micro Courtyard house sits upon a traffic island between 2 busy roads in the town of Ludwigsburg near Stuttgart. At a mere 7m2, the tiny home emphasis the extraordinary results that can be achieved with efficient use of space and considered design (Atelier Kaiser Shen 2018). Here the home prioritizes the courtyard over the allocated â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;indoorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; space, thereby taking full advantage of the psychological benefits of the plants, but also of the climatic benefits that a courtyard affords in terms of natural ventilation and lighting, which themselves carry mental health benefits. Light specifically which was found to diminish the effects of depression as well seasonal affective disorder (SAD), (Connellan, et al. 2013, 135). Furthermore there is yet another benefit to the courtyard typology employed here, and that is one of privacy and isolation. The bustling urbanity of the surrounding streetscape influenced the inward focusing configuration of the house that essentially closes itself off to the surroundings, however due to its contextual nature, this is in fact a design in response to its surroundings, thereby building off of the first point of context.

Page 10

This privacy and isolation affords the design a unique appropriateness when considered in a post COVID context. The isolation this typology affords allows a small amount of space to adequately provide for an individual even in quarantine scenarios.

Precedent 3- Rumah Tambah Expandable house and Tropical Town Project; Urban Rural Systems

Figure 4: Rumah Tambah + Tropical Town Project

Archdaily. 2020. Expandable House Part 02 / Urban Rural Systems. Image. https://www.archdaily.com/934398/expandable-house-part-02-urban-ruralsystems?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects..

Page 11

Self Sufficiency In the context of a pandemic, our over reliance on external sources for energy, food, resources, etc. has proven to be problematic. It has emphasised how little we rely on ourselves for the resources we use. This over-reliance impacts the lower class more than anyone else as they’re forced to put themselves at risk in order to acquire these resources, and should they get infected, the lower-class has the least access to sufficient healthcare. This is where self-sufficiency comes in. Due to this risk, the ability for individuals to not only produce their own food, but also electricity, water, etc. has become increasingly prevalent as an essential solution especially for the less fortunate. The stresses and risks that come with a lower-class lifestyle can cause immense pressure and psychological fatigue that we often turn a blind eye to. Self-sufficiency therefore empowers individuals and affords them a sense of control in contexts where such decisions are normally taken for them. These themes of empowerment in self-sufficiency manifest in the Rumah Tambah and Tropical Town project; a hybrid scheme that is intended to be constructed almost entirely by context specific, hand-crafted materials such as handpressed brick and bamboo screens.

Page 12

The intention being that the entire scheme be constructed with local labour and rudimentary tools to implement sustainable water collection, energy production and agricultural systems through various interventions throughout South Asia’s developing cosmopolitan cities, with the hope that these interventions would empower local communities and create resource sharing ecosystems and skill development throughout the region (Urban-Rural Systems 2020). This represents a seminal approach to minimum living standards that don’t represent a disadvantage in a class system, but instead use the constraints of lack of resources and funding to actively empower individuals to create living spaces that not only provides for all necessary physical standards of living space, but through its design actively improve livelihoods and psychological health as well. And here its’ been achieved on a very small budget and has almost entirely been intrusted to the inhabitants, rather than following the typical model for social housing that entails the lower class be reliant on governance, in the Tropical Town Project the people rely on themselves and their community.

Conclusion

A New Approach to Minimum standards The vast array of psychological and emotional space that an individual can explore is a variable that minimum standards have, for the most part, ignored. It has been a severely under-represented aspect that has deprived the vulnerable of living spaces that actively encourage positive mental growth and empowerment, and in the post COVID context, highlights a lack of prioritization on mental health as part of a minimum standard. The current standards stipulate a dependency on area and furnishing check boxes rather than prioritizing spatial quality over planning specifics. Through an analysis of effective small spaces such as Le Cabanon and Micro Courtyard house, we can see that floor area is not automatically equitable to appropriate or psychologically adequate spatial quality. They both highlight the importance of contextual response and its effect on the phenomenological aspects of minimal spaces. These responses thereby contrasting the current governmental approach that prioritizes pre-fabrication and economical-efficiency. Figure 5: Sketch representing an integration of Context, SelfSufficiency and Nature

Page 13

This paradigm has resulted in an omission of psychologically beneficial specifications from the minimum standard. The inherent benefit of nature in conjunction with natural ventilation and lighting ought to be viewed as a requirement of equal importance to running water as it drastically improves the livelihood of the individual. Furthermore the empowerment and deterioration of reliance that are results of self-sufficient design and spatial planning serves to improve the wellbeing of individuals and communities as a whole as seen in the Tropical Town Project. In this way removing the burden of funding from government and giving the expertise and ability back to the people. The approach to minimum standards should be redefined not as what an individual can merely survive with, but instead as the ability for an individual to achieve the ideal living conditions. Through a combination of contextual design approaches, inclusion of natural design features and methodologies and an emphasis on individual empowerment through self-sufficiency, we can begin to move toward a position that breaks the boundaries of class prejudice and enhances the lives of the vulnerable.

Page 14

References Atelier Kaiser Shen. 2018. Micro Courtyard House / Atelier Kaiser Shen. Edited by María Francisca González. Accessed September 13, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/892708/microcourtyard-house-atelier-kaiser-shen. Barros, Paula, Linda Ng Fat, Leandro M.T. Garcia, Anne Dorothée Slovic, Nikolas Thomopoulos, Thiago Herick de Sá, Pedro Morais, and Jennifer S. Mindel. 2019. "Social consequences and mental health outcomes of living in high-rise." Cities (93): 263-272. Accessed September 13, 2020.

Capmoderne. 2015. Cap Moderne- Le Corbusier's Cabanon. Accessed August 14, 2020. https://capmoderne.com/en/se_documenter/. Connellan, Kathleen, Mads Gaardboe, Damien Riggs, Clemence Due, Amanda Reinschmidt, and Lauren Mustillo. 2013. "Stressed Spaces: Mental Health and Architecture." HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL (Vendome Group LLC) 6 (No. 4): 127-168. Accessed September 13, 2020. Depatment of Higher Education and Training. 2015. "Higher Education Act,1997(Act no.101 of 1997)- The Policy on the Minimum Norms and Standards for Student Housing at Public Universities." Government Gazette, September 29th: 4-31. Mail and Gaurdian. 2016. Red Location Museum Held to Ransom. Accessed August 14, 2020. https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-21-red-location-museum-held-to-ransom/. Schweitzer, Marc, Laura Gilpin, and Susan Frampton. 2004. "Healing spaces: elements of environmental design that make an impact on health." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 10(Suppl 1): S71-S83. doi:doi:10.1089/1075553042245953. Urban-Rural Systems. 2020. Rumah Tambah. Accessed September 13, 2020. https://urs.sec.sg/category/rumah-tambah/.

bella mzolo 1895386

Minimalism as a concept, is an advocate for livivng in small spaces, it constantly probes the question of how much space does one really need. But it has also isolates architectural elements that make a space multi-functional and pleasant by harshly defining the threshold between interior and exterior, public and private.Through this case study, I want to incorperate a prominent element in the architectural discourse, while proposing new standards of minimal living to adapt to the traumas of living through a global pandemic.

â&#x20AC;&#x153; s

â&#x20AC;? -

Minimalism has always been at the helm of interesting arguments, all throughout the creative field, from its propellers to its critics. It succeeded an era where excessive and extravagant designs were the norm, and it turned the idea of what’s supposed to be on its head. Minimalism - in architecture to be specific- has broken rules and created new ones, it has blurred the lines that defined space and what defines it. Spaces are smaller, more precise, only what is needed is used, but in so doing has Minimalism disregarded some key elements of architecture that make a space pleasurable? And what are these elements?

In this essay I want to compare and show how spaces were defined pre-pandemic and how they will be defined post-pandemic in a Minimalism influenced urban context.

Minimalism in today’s context poses quite a few significant questions. Covid-19 or a pandemic of its size is almost unprecedented. These times, whether or not any of us are prepared for it, are drastically bringing about changes in the way we live and interact with each other and our immediate surroundings, most especially in the urban landscape, such as parks, supermarkets, lobbies, corridors and more importantly, our homes. Most of the ways we previously lived in our spaces was influenced by plenty of modernist, or Minimalist architecture. The latter is the successor of Modernism and although many people confuse the two because of their obvious similarities, Minimalism, in my opinion, is an extreme form of Modernism. The spatial implications of Minimalism in an urban context together with the reverberation of the Covid-19 in the world might change Minimalism and what governs its rules, or at least make us questions what Minimalism actually means and what it means for each of us as individuals.

Minimalism as an idea in art field as a whole emerged as a vital art movement in the 1960s. This was a direct response and reaction to Abstract expressionism; Minimalist artists did this by focusing on materials rather than ornate symbolism. Industrial materials such as steel and concrete were used even more, and attention was paid to the extent of the physical properties and forms of these materials rather than the emotion. Simple, smooth geometric were the centre of attention rather depending on metaphors for interpretation to give meaning to the art. Minimalism questioned what traditional the traditional fine art values meant and stood for.

Minimalist Architecture does not stray too much Minimalist art, in fact it shares nearly if not all of its characteristics. Minimalist architecture refers to stripping a building or design to its bare minimum by using simple design elements, condensing the content and form, and revealing the “true essence of architecture”, according to some of the Minimalist proponents. Minimalist architecture blossomed from the Cubist-inspired movements of De Stijl and Bauhaus in the 1920s era. Architects such as the likes of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, proposed a theory that minimalism gave maximum power possible to architectural spaces. One of minimalism’s main characteristics is the open-plan way of designing, removing all unnecessary partitions and walls. This has been a massive demand in the housing sector for the past decade or so, with many people opting for more open planned houses than rigid ones. The appeal of open planned housing lies in its ability to collapse space and apply flexibility and adaptability to almost any living scenario.

Yet, there is one important element of architecture that is lacking in minimalist architecture. That is, the interaction with the outside, whether it be the street, the garden, or other people. Although interaction should not even be a subject matter in this current time, because the pandemic we are experiencing needs as little human physical contact as possible, but humans thrive with interaction and mentally that is how one keeps sane. Interaction is vital in helping citizens to avoid such trauma again, but it is also a strong design element that makes a design, a space, a building be considered as successful.

Minimalism seems to use architectural conventions to shut out the external. This dates a long time back before minimalism was ever thought about. In The Domestication of the Human Species, Peter J. Wilson talks about the effects of the shelter and the human’s view of the outside world. He further argues that domestication cut off our visual horizon and altered our view of the outside, shifting our focus to small, bounded spaces in which we had to “pay attention” to each other. Wilson, in book, spoke of the changes that domestication caused in our society and species without people necessarily aware of these changes. These changes were realised by using different types of materials and certain elements of architecture to buffer out or repel elements of the outside world. These four elements of the outside world conceived by Empedocles (5th century) versus the and aspects of architecture realised by Gottfried Semper (1851)1: Empedocles earth vs. wind vs. water vs. fire vs.

Semper mound (the floor) enclosure (the wall) roof hearth (fireplace)

My proposal is Minimalism meeting the outside. This is the culmination of Minimalism and the external in the South African Covid-19 context. What would the bridge between these elements look like?

1. R, Koolhaas, Elements of Architecture, (Harvard Graduate School of Design, 1994), pg lxix.

Le Corbusier, one of the 20th centuryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most beloved architect and revolutionary that was a member of the modernist movement and consequently the minimalist movement, was interested in the human scale, the proportions and how they fit in minimal spaces. He built a cabin famously known as Le Cabanon in 1952 that was close to a restaurant and the Mediterranean Sea. The Cabanon size was quite small, the dimensions following the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Modularâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main focus on the design of the Cabanon was multi-functionality reduced to a minimum space, with the dimensions being 3.66m by 3.66m and 2.26m high. The structure is made of prefabricated wooden elements comprising of a few different types of wood. Plywood was used as a creative way to divide and define spaces.

Interior of Le Corbusier's Cabanon, Yvonne's bed, the hall and the toilets ÂŠ Fondation Le Corbusier / ADAGP â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Photo by Manuel Bougot

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Â Â? Â? Â? Â?

Â Â? Â Â&#x20AC; â&#x20AC;? 2

It is quite interesting to discover that so many of Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s designs and creations were inspired and driven by the external environment, the relationship of a space to the outside or at least a view of it. He oriented his workspace, a place where his creativity was at its peak, towards the Mediterranean and his washbasin looked out onto a tree. It was this very tree - a carob tree â&#x20AC;&#x201C; that determined where he would build Le Cabanon.

// / / / Â /

This discovery of how much the external influenced the design of Le Cabanon, I realised quite a few significant differences between my bedroom and its relationship to the external and my room at the student residence in which I stay. In the student residence, all the rooms are either double or triple shared, meaning there are up to 3 people in an approximately 3,15m by 4,8m space. Which is not a lot for two people to inhabit, at a time where the least amount of human contact is required. It took me and my roommate finding ways to manoeuvre the furniture to create a level of separation for us to get some level of personal space. One thing that is quite different between quarantining at home and at my res room, is the access to the exterior. At home I could get out of my room and onto the yard as I pleased, I could sit on the grass and while doing schoolwork.

Now at res, on-the-other-hand, I am confined to my room, the only connection I have to the outside is the window that looks onto a busy Melle Street, that is my only consolation. For me to go outside and get some air, one option would be to take the stairs down and exit the building. Now, this would not be an issue if the building had not been building up to the edge of the street, that would have allowed for some space for a public space catered to the residence to allow students to have a place to socialise with distancing or just go for a walk, maybe then the building students would have less mental strain because of the lockdown. But I digress. The other option would be to go to the rooftop, which is not a rooftop that was created to be inhabited.

This then brings me back to my argument of how much the relationship between a small space and the external is vital in making the space successful, feel less confined and pleasant.

(minimal space).

The Balcony at the Venice Biennale Architettura, 2014

The evolution of the balcony throughout history has been an interesting one, it has been modified through material use, size, and design. The balcony holds a significant position in the architectural discourse, it is a prime area of technical and aesthetic experimentation. It articulates the thresholds that exist between the private and public realm.

" Â? Â&#x20AC;

The balcony has also played an integral part in other fields of study, such as art and politics. Its political role is to act as a carrier of both pivotal speeches and actions and accommodates the everyday resistances of its inhabitants. Balconies as a platform of climatic scenes has also been a prominent element in the importance of balconies, for example, the first address of a newly liberated Nelson Mandela at the Cape Town City Hall in 1990.

https://www.tudelft.n/research-publication/balcony-exhibition/

Through housing projects images shown at â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Balcony at the Venice Biennale Architettura in 2014â&#x20AC;?, it is shown how balconies are one of the architectural liminal spaces where â&#x20AC;&#x153;the world reverses itselfâ&#x20AC;?4. The balcony is further solidified as an element that brings the outside inside, and acts as a mediator or negotiator of what defines this threshold that has been so strongly articulated through the domestication of human beings. According to the curators of the Venice Balcony Exhibition, Rem Koolhaas and Tom Avermaete, the balcony does this by â&#x20AC;&#x153;regulating the in-formality between interior and exterior, individual and collective domains and between the private and public realms, among many other tensions.â&#x20AC;? The balcony constantly releases these tensions that exist between architectural elements that are a make or break in defining spaces. It is especially important that these tensions are relieved when dealing with minimal spaces as everything is amplified, if you are in a small space everything around the inhabitant would feel heightened.

Â? https://www.tudelft.n/ Â / Â?Â Â? / 4. https://www.tudelft.n/ Â / Â?Â Â? /

Alexandra Road Estate, by Neave Brown. 1978

Bringing this topic back to minimal spaces as a whole and its implications, spaces, whether minimal or not, must be designed for the human experience. Sometimes we as designers of these spaces, tend to be caught up in maximising functionality of spaces and forget that the task of architecture is to â&#x20AC;&#x153;make visible how the world touches usâ&#x20AC;?, as explained by Merleau-Ponty on the paintings of Paul Cezanne.5 That is the psychological impact of architecture in these spaces, it gives a person the opportunity to experience beyond the tangible aspects of the space. Minimal spaces are where the combination of spatial psychological concepts with functional and practical design tools, according to Dutch architect and Benedictine monk Dom Hans van der Laan. At a time where the word is at the mercy of a pandemic of the size, these are the characteristics of architecture that not only assist in the mental state of a person confined to a tiny room, but also it is very much economically possible to allow for these new standards of small spaces to be set. There has always been a strong relationship between architecture, human experiences and how that affects oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mental health. Studies in this field of Health and Architecture have shown that through the use of architectural elements to alter a oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mood or experience, mental health centres have been able to reduce the distress patients feel in stressful health related situations. A project that shows this connectivity between living spaces and experiences in and around these spaces is the Alexandra Road Estate project designed by a prominent figure in brutalist architecture Neave Brown. The project was started to help the low-rise housing development and tackle the population density in England. This projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aim was to build a different type of urban building models, a contrast to the high-rise buildings that were previously being built, it also met the needs but also established â&#x20AC;&#x153;new type based on a radical reinterpretation of traditional English urbanismâ&#x20AC;?.6 The concept of the project was also centred around street architecture, Neave Brown believed that even in centralised urban spaces, each living space must have an opening that looks onto the network of streets that make the city what it is. He also believed that each space should have its own minimal private outdoor space that acts as a mediator between the private and public realms. This connection to the street not only allowed for a place where social interaction takes place but also gave an opportunity for each living space to have a close connection to the main road. Even though this massive brutalist structure with dramatic shapes may seem detached from the human scale, the small house modules encompass the concept that was intended for the project. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Â

Â? Â&#x152;

Â&#x20AC; Â Â? Â&#x192; Â? Â? Â? Â? Â&#x2026; .â&#x20AC;?7

//Â?Â?Â? Â / /Â? Â Â Â&#x20AC; _Â&#x201A; _ _ _ _Â _ _ _ Â? Â&#x192; // Â? Â&#x201E; Â&#x2026; / Â / Â? Â Â / 7. // Â? Â&#x201E; Â&#x2026; / Â / Â? Â Â /

https://www.port-magazine.com/in-print/from-issue-21-neave-brown/

Â&#x2020;

Â&#x2030;

// Â? Â&#x201E; Â&#x2026; / Â / Â? Â Â /

The success of a minimal space is determined by how many different activities performed in the space that it can encompass without changing any of the physical properties of the room. The space has to be easily adaptable to almost any living situation. Depending on the sizes of the room, the key factors that I would like to propose are the adaptability, access to the exterior and relationship of the space to the exterior. The manner in which these factors are defined and applied would change with each room but the same principles apply. â&#x20AC;˘ Adaptability This refers to the how much the building can adapt and accommodate the everchanging needs of a space. Buildings are constantly being recycled in their lifetime, and how adaptable it is to the uses of the space is vital, it also introduces an economic aspect to the table. It would cost less to repurpose the use of a building or space if the components that make up the space are more adaptable. Â Â? Â? Â? Â? Â Â Â Â Â?ÂÂ?Â?Â&#x20AC; Â&#x201A; Â? Â? Â? Â? ( Â? Â? Â Â Â?Â Â&#x192; Â Â&#x201E;) â&#x20AC;˘ Access to the exterior Through research and personal experiences, I have come to the realisation of how important the access to outside is. It is an element of architecture that aids in the mental state of the inhabitant. It instantly makes a space pleasurable, adds value to it while also blurring the lines between the public and private thresholds and gives the inhabitant of the space a level of control over what private space means to them. Similar to how the terraces were used in the Alexandra Road project to look onto the street. Â? Â Â Â&#x201A; Â?Â&#x192;

Â&#x201A; Â&#x20AC; Â? Â&#x201A;Â&#x201A; Â Â?Â? Â? Â? Â Â?ÂÂ?Â?Â&#x20AC; Â&#x201A; Â&#x2026; Â&#x2020;Â? Â Â?Â&#x20AC; Â? Â Â? Â Â&#x201A; Â?Â&#x192; Â? Â Â? Â? Â? Â?Â&#x2021; Â Â? Â?Â Â?Â?Â&#x20AC; Â ÂÂ?

Â? Â? Â?Â? Â? Â? Â? Â? Â? Â? Â?Â?Â? Â Â&#x2C6; Â&#x2026; Â? Â? Â&#x201A; Â?Â? Â? Â? Â Â Â&#x192; Â? Â? Â Â Â Â&#x201A; Â?Â&#x192; Â? Â Â? Â Â? Â&#x201A; Â? Â Â?Â Â?Â?Â? Â? Â Â&#x20AC; Â? Â Â?Â?Â&#x201A; Â? Â&#x201A; Â&#x2026;

â&#x20AC;˘ Relationship to the exterior Finally, the relationship to the exterior would refer to what elements of the building or space are used to connect to the exterior. A window opening of significant size would be a good example, it invites the sun into the space and allows the inhabitant to have a view of outside. Â?Â?Â? Â? Â Â&#x2030;Â?Â?Â&#x20AC; Â? Â? Â&#x201A; Â?Â Â Â Â?Â&#x201A; Â&#x201A; Â? Â?Â?Â&#x201A; Â&#x201A; Â&#x2026;

Â&#x17D;

Bertoni, F. (2002) Minimalist Architecture. Basel: Birkhauser Peter J. Wilson, the Domestication of the Human Species R, Koolhaas, Elements of Architecture, (1994), pg lxix. C, Aronis, The Balconies of Tel-Aviv:Cultural Hostory and Urban Politics (2009) Https://capmoderne.com/en/lieu/le-cabanon/ https://www.tudelft.n/research-publication/balcony-exhibition/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314249909_On_minimlism_in_architecture_-_space_ as_experience https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/alexandra-road-state/ https://www.port-magazine.com/in-print/from-issue-21-neave-brown/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336586314_Universal_Space_in_Dwelling_-the_Room_for_ All_Living_Needs

University of the Witwatersrand

Small Essay proposing new standards architectural parameters for liveable spaces

ARPL 3021: Theories & Histories of Architecture III Individual Assignment Instructed by: Hannah Le Roux Essay produced by: Simone Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Maker 1836640 September 2020

Researching Standards | Simone Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Maker 1836640

Abstract This paper is drawn from research into gaining an insight of minimum living standards required for survival. Small living spaces have exacerbated the need for newly defined spatial parameters. Investigating the psychological significance of these spaces on individuals can determine whether they express a sense of dignity. This paper will review similar conditions through means of an analysis of own personal experience and various precedents where a small multi-functional space can provide adequate habitation, self-expression and peaceful serenity. Similarly, forced minimalistic housing exemplifies the effect of monotonous restrictive living spaces on human rights and wellbeing. The findings of this research identify new minimum standards that connect individuals physically, emotionally and mentally within the boundaries of architecture. Results indicate that architecture can change the way in which people perceive space and can positively uplift their mental health. New minimum standards promote a unique design approach which alleviates emotional anxiety. Architects need to consider psychological factors such as privacy, safety, social inclusion, flexibility and ease of movement to maximize the quality of life. In addition to the basic needs, architectural elements such as light, ventilation, artwork, materiality and colours can ease monotonous small living spaces. Finally, architectural parameters can cure the morbidity of minimum living no matter the size of the modular. Word Count: 208 Keywords: Dignity, experience, flexibility, minimum living standards, privacy, psychological significance, serenity.

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Mapping of a confined space ..................................................................................................................... 5 Finding Precedents..................................................................................................................................... 6 “Le Cabanon” ............................................................................................................................................. 6 “KwaThema Township” ............................................................................................................................. 8 “Grand Parc Bordeaux” ........................................................................................................................... 10 “PanGoPod” ............................................................................................................................................ 11 New Standards ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Proposed new standards ......................................................................................................................... 12 References................................................................................................................................................ 14

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

List of Figures Figure 1: “Le Cabanon” .............................................................................................................................. 7 Figure 2: “KwaThema Township” .............................................................................................................. 9 Figure 3: “Grand Parc Bordeaux” ............................................................................................................ 11 Figure 4: “PanGoPod” ............................................................................................................................. 12 Figure 5: New Standards .......................................................................................................................... 13

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

Researching Standards Small living spaces have exacerbated the need for newly defined spatial parameters. This essay presents an analysis of minimum standards, for a home condition, that a human requires in order to survive. If a “stay in place” is needed, for a prolonged period of time, rethinking architectural standards is needed for minimum living conditions. This questions whether the effects of a limited space could be mitigated through an alternative architectural experience that expresses a sense of dignity. It is important to understand the significance of small living spaces and its psychological effects on an individual. Through means of researching, identifying similar conditions of one’s own confined spatiality and various precedents will be reviewed. The contrast between each analysis will assist in identifying what influences the spatial design. Further exploring the bare minimum rights and effects on a confined individual in order to determine whether their dignity, mental health and well-being are maintained. According to Carry (2017), “Dignity is about knowing your intrinsic worth and seeing it reflected in the places you inhabit. It is about being primed for your full potential.”1 An individual’s experience is critical when influencing the quality of life led. In terms of architecture, certain psychological factors affect an individual’s attitude or performance. Designing dwellings that honour and dignify its inhabitants could potentially create a “new era of architecture for all2.” Currently, a minimum dwelling is perceived to be a home space that ensures the bare minimum living conditions are met. The problem of the ‘minimum dwelling’ has been a focal point of contemporary architecture. However, there still seems to be no recognition of dignity. This term should not be seen as a small space that is inhabitable, but rather be influenced by a collection of spaces including cultural, social and economic factors. Transforming a sizebased space into one of better quality could potentially enhance an individual’s lifestyle physically and mentally. This ‘dwelling for subsistence minimum’ has thoroughly changed the basis of functional architectural parameters for the lower class. In contrast with the current Covid-19 pandemic, the ‘call for a new postulate of dwelling type solutions’ that honours its users, is on the rise3. The analysis of the impact of a limited space, on an individual during confinement, can assist in determining the ‘minimum living superficies’ related to one’s mental and physical well-being. A personal insight into a confined spatiality and a restriction of movement during the Covid-19 pandemic revealed a definite impact on the daily life and influence on one’s psychological attitude. The ideology of a personal experience confirmed that a home space is not designed to be multifunctional. Different spaces are used for various needs which highlights the lack of separation between work, leisure and relaxation. The movement between three predominant spaces, that being the bedroom, the study and dining room, have resulted in a ‘domestic rearrangement’. Collisions occurred between family members, while transitioning between the various spaces. According to Leon Alberti “the city is like a great house, and the house in its turn a small city”4.This is an indication that the home condition is, in essence, our new city during a pandemic. The way in which movements overlapped with each other mimics the bustling hub of a city centre, emphasising the need for flexible space. In order to ease one’s everyday work routine, rethinking spatial design is needed in order to achieve an allowance for privacy. This intimate private function will improve one’s dignity and identity. Psychological symptoms were also studied, during the early stages of the lockdown, which highlighted the sense of fear, uncertainty and anxiety. Key architectural elements mitigated the spectrum of negative emotions. These include natural lighting, spatial arrangement, privacy and a connection to the outdoors. These

Cary, John. Design for Good. Island Press, 2017, pp. 1-255, https://islandpress.org/books/design-good. Accessed 24 Aug 2020.

Teige, Karel. The Minimum Dwelling. MIT Press, 2020, pp. 1-443, https://issuu.com/antonas/docs/karel-teige-the-minimumdwelling_9d442d9898367c. Accessed 14 Aug 2020. 4 Alberti, Leon Battista. "Leon Battista Alberti Quote". A-Z Quotes, https://www.azquotes.com/quote/966517. Accessed 8 Aug 2020.

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

factors created a sense of individuality and dignity5. Natural lighting penetrated the rooms occupied and proved the stimulation of productivity and participation within activities. Exposure to light and the outdoors proved a decrease in one’s ‘pandemic anxiety’. Within a study, thirty percent of architects design outdoor space which indicates the importance of being able to connect with the outdoors6. The spatial arrangement of a confined spatiality was restrictive but adequate for the number of occupants. Although clashes occurred within the transition period, each occupant still had a sense of privacy while working. During ‘the midst of a pandemic’7, confinement brings an awareness of the bare minimum required to survive. Minimal needs are perhaps too basic and should include adequate psychological factors, comfort and a creation of dignity. This could include personal belongings, creative space and serene colours. Personal spaces need to virtually connect with physically enriching elements in order to deflect ‘pandemic anxiety’ and promote comfort. Dignity should not only be defined based on the area value of an area but rather the level of comfort of an individual. Minimum living standards should be independent from the number of square meters. This raises the question, when designing for dignity, of whether existing architectural parameters should still be in place with regard to size. This proves that architectural elements can change the way in which people perceive small space with the help of windows, partitions and a connection to the outdoors. Furthermore, “minimum living superficies” of at least 50m² area is considered standard according to Ernst May.8 The attempt to review these parameters in contrast with emergency standards could highlight the bare essentials needed for survival. Recommendations by the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR, states an acceptable standard range of 35-45m². The allowance of acceptable space internally and externally is critical as cramped spaces could lead to ‘increased morbidity and stress.’9 This links to the Covid-19 pandemic crisis and individuals within a limited habitable space during isolation. The square meterage values identified should not only be considered for the present minimum standards but should provide a guideline for future habitable spaces. Going beyond values of square meterage, ample space could preserve the dignity of an individual even within a time of crisis.10 A limited multifunctional dwelling can be achieved during isolation to enhance one’s well-being and level of comfort.11 “A dwelling is a ‘biological phenomenon,” as the structure, space and site affect the opportunity of the size of the unit. The modest but primitive wooden cabin “Le Cabanon”, designed by Le Corbusier, with a minimal design approach reflects ambition and forward thinking. The spatial organization, circulation and service components enhance this ideology.12 ‘Illustrations of harmonious dimensions’ defined in the 16m² cabin fulfils several functions. It consists of various spaces including, an area for rest, work and leisure thereby encouraging flexibility within a small living space. Within the interior, the toilet and bed are separated by a curtain. It is clear that a visual barrier rather than a permanent one creates a sense of psychological privacy and dignity. In contrast, the exterior is illustrated as being rustic and

Harrouk, Christele. 2020. "Psychology of Space: How Interiors Impact Our Behavior?". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/936027/psychology-of-space-how-interiors-impact-our-behavior. 6 Chayka, Kyle. "How The Coronavirus Will Reshape Architecture". The New Yorker, 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/dept-ofdesign/how-the-coronavirus-will-reshape-architecture. Accessed 13 Aug 2020. 7 Chayka, Kyle. "How The Coronavirus Will Reshape Architecture". The New Yorker, 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/dept-ofdesign/how-the-coronavirus-will-reshape-architecture. Accessed 13 Aug 2020. 8 Hoffman, Julius. Dwellings for Lowest Income. pp. 2-9. Accessed 4 Aug 2020. 9

Emergency Handbook. 4th ed., UNHCR, 2020, curl https://emergency.unhcr.org/static/UNHCR-EH-USB-stick.zip --output emergencyhandbook.zip. Accessed 12 Aug 2020. 10 Hoffman, Julius. Dwellings for Lowest Income. pp. 2-9. Accessed 4 Aug 2020. 11

Hoffman, Julius. Dwellings for Lowest Income. pp. 2-9. . Accessed 4 Aug 2020.

Le Cabanon’ |Roquebrune, Cap-Martin, France |1952 |Le Corbusier. pp. 1-26, https://www.academia.edu/4589129/Le_Cabanon_Roquebrune_Cap_Martin_France_1952_Le_Corbusier.

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

functional while the interior is seen to be minimalistic with ease of functions. 13 The continuous walls define the rectangular interior space where activities occur on the periphery leaving the centre space free. “The space of intimacy and the space of the universe are in harmony. When the solitude of man is intense, the enormity of these intimacies collide and become the same.” 14 This quote defines the reality of Le Corbusier preferring to inhabit his own private space, essentially his own isolation, as opposed to being part of the greater reality around him. This proves that architecture can cure the morbidity of minimum living by creating a sense of serenity no matter the context and size of the modular.

Figure 1: “Le Cabanon” collage showing the importance of light, art and architecture to encourage productivity and serenity. Le Cabanon, Own Collage Image, 2020. Image: S.O’Maker.

The ‘Outside-In’ modular, is built on a steep slope with a panoramic view of the ocean and viewed as an extension of its surroundings. This establishes the architects’ idea of a sense of place for quiet reflection. In addition, the use of a wooden material palette, such as plywood and chestnut partitions, portrays the creation of an own osmosis with nature. The cabin was a canvas for Le Corbusier and his creative artworks enhanced the minimalist personal appeal of the architecture. The artwork displayed on the shutters, yellow wooden flooring and colourful panels add vibrant colour to the harmony of the interior. Research shows that vibrant colours and artwork can stimulate a sense of communication and

Le Cabanon’ |Roquebrune, Cap-Martin, France |1952 |Le Corbusier. pp. 1-26, https://www.academia.edu/4589129/Le_Cabanon_Roquebrune_Cap_Martin_France_1952_Le_Corbusier. Accessed 9 Aug 2020. 14 The Poetics of Space. Beacon Press, 1958, p. 203, https://www.academia.edu/27960956/Bachelard_Gaston_The_Poetics_of_Space_1994. Accessed 12 Aug 2020.

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

comfort15. We spend 87% of our lives in the interior of a dwelling and architects have the power to design pleasant interior spaces that affects one’s experience and mood16. Combining art, architecture, light and materials enhances individuals’ subconscious thoughts which provides a sense of reflection. Light colours were used which subconsciously makes the cabin appear larger. This could potentially limit one’s thoughts about being within a compact space improving their psychological well-being. Personal space should evoke meaning and symbolize culture, history and identity. This will enhance one’s dignity and self-expression. In Le Corbusier’s case this expression was displayed through art and personal architectural appeal. “Le Cabanon” was designed according to social and psychological factors of the occupants. Thereby creating a safe and harmonized domain that clearly illustrates a space designed according to personal needs. Thus this research shows that with art, architecture, light, materials and colours alter one’s perception of space. The creation of positive psychological space evokes productivity while architectural elements impacts behaviour and performance. Architectural frameworks and psychology are interlinked which forms the realm of the users’ experience. An individual’s psychological behaviour is formed within the spaces they occupy and is known as “space psychology17.” Expanding on the psychological impact of a minimal space, having a connection to your psyche contributes to your perceptions and emotions. Spatial geometry is interpreted through a part of the human brain that provokes a range of emotions and behavioural patterns. In the past, the rise of flexible living spaces that reflected its program, proves function takes priority. Today, an architect should design for an individual’s preference where equity and dignity are seen as the main objective. The subject of architecture becoming a mediator should provoke a sense of psychological well-being even when confined within unpleasant small living spaces. Past political narratives, in rural African townships, reveal a pattern of small cultural spaces created that infringed upon the dignity of occupants. This shows that unpleasant living conditions can negatively affect a person’s well-being, behaviour and perception of small living spaces. The repetitive design of row houses in “KwaThema” township formed a basis for resistance and subtle infringement of rights. This shows that during apartheid in South Africa, government legislation and spatial policies dictated changes to the way black South Africans were allowed to live within “local townships.” Restrictive monotonous living space amplifies the effects inflicted on an individual in regards to their human rights and psychological wellbeing. There was increased control of new urban black settlers by clustering houses in social groups so they could be “civilized for purpose of control18”. Standard sizes of plots and plan types were developed to potentially create social appropriation. However, this vision was not carried through to completion which included schools and cultural amenities. The conventional NE51, Non-European 195119, module unit was built in 66% of the township and emphasizes the lack of empathy for an individual’s dignity and identity. This was due to the failure of the initial perception of what a “local township” should have been. Elizabeth Spence’s study

Harrouk, Christele. 2020. "Psychology of Space: How Interiors Impact Our Behavior?". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/936027/psychology-of-space-how-interiors-impact-our-behavior. 16 Souza, Eduardo. 2020. "How Colors Change The Perception Of Interior Spaces". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/935067/howcolors-change-the-perception-of-interior-spaces?ad_source=myarchdaily&ad_medium=bookmark-show&ad_content=current-user. 17 Harrouk, Christele. 2020. "Psychology of Space: How Interiors Impact Our Behavior?". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/936027/psychology-of-space-how-interiors-impact-our-behavior. 18 Hickel, Jason. 2014. Engineering the Township Home: Domestic Transformations And Urban Revolutionary Consciousness. Ebook. England: Routledge.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272164901_Engineering_the_Township_Home_Domestic_Transformations_and_Urb an_Revolutionary_Consciousness. 19 Hickel, Jason. 2014. Engineering the Township Home: Domestic Transformations And Urban Revolutionary Consciousness. Ebook. England: Routledge.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272164901_Engineering_the_Township_Home_Domestic_Transformations_and_Urb an_Revolutionary_Consciousness.

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

influenced the design of the vision of the ideal township module. Her conscious design concept reflected a unique design narrative to “township living.”

Figure 2: “KwaThema” Township Collage showing the monotonous row houses and psychological feeling of being constricted. Kwathema, Own Collage Image, 2020. Image: S.O’Maker. Source of Photograph: H. le Roux, Row housing, KwaThema, (2017).

Furthermore, the way in which people occupy, adapt and connect to their context piqued her interest. Spence considered an individuals’ identity, dignity and well-being for the dwelling type. This includes planned spatial layouts, connectivity to the surrounding context and privacy.20 Dual-flexible spaces were designed within the three-room house type. Due to the age and gender of the occupants, a half bed, half living room was designed to accommodate privacy traditions and family growth within the 50m² dwelling. Although these row houses were set between private garden spaces, they were perhaps not promoting an individual’s sense of place and connectivity. Psychological consciousness dictated the feeling of being constricted within a small space due to the control of the physical dimensions of the plots. Separated independent units illustrates the determined physical and mental dimensions of an individual, emphasising the controlled ‘modernist approach’ to the ideal dwelling.21 This “schematic layout” influenced the replication of the “township house” to include three bedrooms, a kitchen and a bathroom with a simpler minimalistic approach to reduce costs. Although these spaces were designed according to their basic cultural needs it lacked in freedom of choice of design. This negatively affected their mental well-being and the restrictive choices that were enforced on them, due to poverty. In order to overcome psychological impacts of poverty, the design of the minimum dwelling should include

Hannah le Roux (2019) Designing KwaThema: Cultural Inscriptions in the Model Township, Journal of Southern African Studies, 45:2, 273301, DOI: 10.1080/03057070.2019.1602323, https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2019.1602323. 21

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

elements of history, culture and future ambitions of individuals. It should be a place for community congregation that reflects or ceases the cycle of poverty especially in the context of KwaThema. A person’s psychological well-being and dignity are considered when their preference is taken into consideration. Modern architecture promotes the need to design innovative standards based on its inhabitants. Thus, this research shows that psychological consciousness of an unpleasant living condition can hinder a person’s performance and participation. Architectural parameters define the mental well-being of an individual if forced to stay within boundaries. In addition, being able to provide comfort and quality of the interior of one’s dwelling assists mental positivity. The successful transformation of 530 dwellings, within the “Grand Parc Bordeaux” located in France, expresses an innovative social housing concept. Lacaton and Vassal architects took on the project for the rehabilitation of a post war block of flats.22 As stated by Anne Lacaton, the architects understood living spaces and their potential. Rethinking architectural standards while prioritizing flexibility of the space was their main idea23. “The important aspect was to focus on improvement of quality and the comfort of the interior space24.” This quote proves the thought about an inhabitant’s interior spatiality and experience. Interior architectural elements can aid the desired behaviours or mood that inhabits experience within minimum living conditions. Introducing “balance, proportion, symmetry and rhythm25” within an interior design could enhance these factors. Additional space, light, and a view26 were considered to improve the inhabitant’s quality of life. Additions of balcony spaces placed on the existing façade proved the need for semi-private space. Extending the balconies across each room creates connectivity and mobility between spaces. Placing lightweight transparent polycarbonate sheeting against the existing façade, natural light is captured within the space. In addition, reflective solar curtains provide an enhanced level of comfort. Natural light is reflected within the apartment, providing a psychological thought of being within a larger area which enhances one’s consciousness and experience within a minimal space. By the placement of plants, bicycles and seating on the 3.8m extension proved to positively uplift the inhabitant’s quality of life and comfort. New “innovative” qualities of space are produced while preserving the existing architectural qualities. Looking beyond architectural elements, enhancing one’s identity, social inclusion and dignity was achieved.27 It is clear that minimal space can be improved psychologically by providing additional space, light, a view and freedom. This can be done with larger windows and a connection to the outdoors. New modern standards reflect a simpler living lifestyle which encourages quality over quantity of space. In addition flexibility within a small dwelling expresses a modernist approach to new dwelling types.

Walsh, Niall Patrick. 2019. "Grand Parc Bordeaux Wins 2019 EU Prize for Contemporary Architecture - Mies Van Der Rohe Award". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/914806/grand-parc-bordeaux-wins-2019-eu-prize-for-contemporary-architecture-mies-vander-rohe-award. 23 Tajeri, Niloufar. 2020. Interview With Anne Lacaton, Lacaton & Vassal: Approaching Buildings From The Interior A New Attitude To Transformation. Ebook. https://www.academia.edu/29231757/Interview_with_Anne_Lacaton_Lacaton_and_V 24 Tajeri, Niloufar. 2020. Interview With Anne Lacaton, Lacaton & Vassal: Approaching Buildings From The Interior A New Attitude To Transformation. Ebook. https://www.academia.edu/29231757/Interview_with_Anne_Lacaton_Lacaton_and_V 25 Souza, Eduardo. 2020. "How Colors Change The Perception Of Interior Spaces". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/935067/howcolors-change-the-perception-of-interior-spaces?ad_source=myarchdaily&ad_medium=bookmark-show&ad_content=current-user. 26 Tajeri, Niloufar. 2020. Interview With Anne Lacaton, Lacaton & Vassal: Approaching Buildings From The Interior A New Attitude To Transformation. Ebook. https://www.academia.edu/29231757/Interview_with_Anne_Lacaton_Lacaton_and_V 27 Tajeri, Niloufar. 2020. Interview With Anne Lacaton, Lacaton & Vassal:Approaching Buildings From The Interior A New Attitude To Transformation. Ebook. https://www.academia.edu/29231757/Interview_with_Anne_Lacaton_Lacaton_and_V

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

Figure 3: “Grand Parc Bordeaux” showing the apartment block before and after indicating the importance of light, space and greenery. Grand Parc Bordeaux, Own Collage Image, 2020. Image: S.O’Maker

The new modern standard includes lowering costs of living, encouraging flexibility and mobility. The unique South African “PanGoPod” expresses a sense of dignity within an area of 25m².28 Architectural parameters do not define dignity but rather should be used as a standard guideline for future habitable spaces. Small living is a social movement that encourages living simply while “maximizing the quality of life.” The eco-friendly pod is a new dwelling type solution that honours its users while providing basic needs. “Roll up and go” was inspired by the observation of a Pangolin which performs a rolling up motion to guard itself with its keratin scales.29 Hence this inspired the mobility and comfort of the module. Biodiversity and Development Institute designed the pod promoting a modern approach.30 The new lifestyle change encourages freedom to engage and connect to their surrounding context. This positively uplifts the psychological well-being of a person while living “small.” One can choose their aesthetic approach within the interior thus promoting custom design. This includes choosing from a range of colours and interior finishes that promotes individuality and identity.31 PanGoPod can assist with working remotely in a sustainable environment with the placement of windows all around, encouraging a visual experience with nature. The “off the grid” sustainable design promotes a sustainable approach with the use of solar power, water harvesting as well as a compost toilet. It reduces the carbon footprint while providing an enriching experience to the inhabitants. Open plan spatial design ensures flexibility located on ground floor. Essential basic needs are accommodated for

Underhill, Les, Pete Laver, and Jorn Das. 2015. "Pangopod Faqs | BDI". BDI. http://thebdi.org/pod/pangopod-faq/.

Eaton, Megan Loftie. 2020. "Pangopod: SA’S Off-Grid Tiny Home". Klasirie Chronicle, 2020. https://bit.ly/2Szeatc.

Pretorius, Anton. 2020. "Eco-Friendly Tiny Homes - Wineland". Wineland. https://www.wineland.co.za/eco-friendly-tiny-homes/.

Underhill, Les, Pete Laver, and Jorn Das. 2015. "Pangopod Faqs | BDI". BDI. http://thebdi.org/pod/pangopod-faq/.

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

with an area for rest, work and leisure. A separate sanitary zone provides privacy containing a shower, a washing machine, a toilet and a basin. Thus, proving that sanitary requirement needs to be considered while promoting dignity. It is clear that one’s experience and well-being takes priority within the pod. This questions whether pods are the future when rethinking architectural parameters. This pod proves that one can live small but still be satisfied mentally within their environment with the help of a sensory experience.

Through the analysis of various precedents, it can be noted that past experiences and present manifestos highlights certain minimum rights. Taking these factors into account for future concept dwellings could potentially create architecture for all. Within “Le Cabanon” and the “PanGoPod” a small square meterage of space did not limit the user’s experience but rather promotes positive psychological emotions encouraging productivity. This was achieved using the factors of natural light, custom design, privacy and a connection to the immediate context. In contrast to “Grand Parc Bordeaux”, additional square meterage was provided to encourage these architectural and psychological factors. The transformation of the existing apartment block exposed the missing architectural elements providing dignity to the users. Basic needs were identified within the Kwathema module but lacked dignity and self-expression. This precedent forms the basis for how we should not make the same mistakes as the past.

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

“Architecture is a physical mean.”32 The power of design can encourage behavioural patterns experienced within a space. A design that dignifies, honours its users.33 Through redefinition of architectural parameters, architects need to be mindful of the psychological well-being of individuals where equity and dignity are seen as the main objective. Proposing new standards to the bureau, architects need to consider psychological factors such as privacy, safety, social inclusion, flexibility, and ease of movement to maximize the quality of life. In addition to the basic needs, architectural elements such as light, ventilation, artwork, materiality and colours can ease monotonous small living spaces. Architecture can enhance the five senses of a person where the outcome can either be a positive or a negative experience. Thus this shows that future minimum spaces should engage with one’s five senses where architectural elements will provoke one’s body, mind and soul.34 Focusing predominantly on one’s visual sense. Finally, dignity can be achieved no matter the size of the space.

Figure 5: ‘’Minimum Standards Concept” showing the minimum standards in order for a human to have a sense of dignity. Design Concept of Minimum Standards, Own Collage Image, 2020. Image: S.O’Maker

Architecture can change the way in which people live. By changing one’s immediate context it can positively uplift their mental health and spiritual well-being. New minimum standards promote a unique design approach which alleviates emotional anxiety. This promotes positive psychological emotions which assist in coping during times of a pandemic or in a confined spatiality. Architecture can cure the way in which people experience minimum dwellings through consideration of dignity. Total word count: 3036

Harrouk, Christele. 2020. "Psychology of Space: How Interiors Impact Our Behavior?". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/936027/psychology-of-space-how-interiors-impact-our-behavior. 33 Cary, John. Design for Good. Island Press, 2017, pp. 1-255, https://islandpress.org/books/design-good. Accessed 24 Aug 2020. 34

Clements-Croome, Derek John. 2000. Creating The Productive Workplace. Ebook. London: E & FN Spon. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279190533_Creating_the_Productive_Workplace.

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

References Alberti, Leon Battista. "Leon Battista Alberti Quote". A-Z Quotes, https://www.azquotes.com/quote/966517. Accessed 8 Aug 2020. . augusztus, Július. 2019. AZ IDEI MIES VAN DER ROHE-DÍJ TANULSÁGAI. Ebook. https://doi.org/10.33268/Met.2019.4.4. Budds, Dianna. "Design in The Age Of Pandemics". Curbed, 2020, https://www.curbed.com/2020/3/17/21178962/design-pandemicscoronavirus-quarantine. Accessed 24 July 2020. Cary, John. Design for Good. Island Press, 2017, pp. 1-255, https://islandpress.org/books/design-good. Accessed 24 Aug 2020. Clements-Croome, Derek John. 2000. Creating The Productive Workplace. Ebook. London: E & FN Spon. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279190533_Creating_the_Productive_Workplace. Chayka, Kyle. "How The Coronavirus Will Reshape Architecture". The New Yorker, 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/dept-ofdesign/how-the-coronavirus-will-reshape-architecture. Accessed 13 Aug 2020. Einifar, A, and S Tabaeian, 2011. A Study Of The Perspectives Of Architectural And Environmental Psychology. Ebook. 1st ed. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331658185_Interior_Architectural_Elements_that_Affect_Human_Psychology_and_Behavior.

Emergency Handbook. 4th ed., UNHCR, 2020, curl https://emergency.unhcr.org/static/UNHCR-EH-USB-stick.zip --output emergencyhandbook.zip. Accessed 12 Aug 2020. Hannah le Roux (2019) Designing KwaThema: Cultural Inscriptions in the Model Township, Journal of Southern African Studies, 45:2, 273301, DOI: 10.1080/03057070.2019.1602323, https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2019.1602323. Harrouk, Christele. 2020. "Psychology of Space: How Interiors Impact Our Behavior?". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/936027/psychology-of-space-how-interiors-impact-our-behavior. Hickel, Jason. 2014. Engineering the Township Home: Domestic Transformations And Urban Revolutionary Consciousness. Ebook. England: Routledge.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272164901_Engineering_the_Township_Home_Domestic_Transformations_and_Urb an_Revolutionary_Consciousness Hoffmann, J. Dwellings for Lowest Income. 1933, pp. 2-20. Le Cabanon’ |Roquebrune, Cap-Martin, France |1952 |Le Corbusier. pp. 1-26, https://www.academia.edu/4589129/Le_Cabanon_Roquebrune_Cap_Martin_France_1952_Le_Corbusier. Accessed 9 Aug 2020. Pretorius, Anton. 2020. "Eco-Friendly Tiny Homes - Wineland". Wineland. https://www.wineland.co.za/eco-friendly-tiny-homes/. Souza, Eduardo. 2020. "How Colors Change The Perception Of Interior Spaces". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/935067/how-colorschange-the-perception-of-interior-spaces?ad_source=myarchdaily&ad_medium=bookmark-show&ad_content=current-user. Tajeri, Niloufar. 2020. Interview With Anne Lacaton, Lacaton & Vassal: Approaching Buildings From The Interior A New Attitude To Transformation. Ebook. https://www.academia.edu/29231757/Interview_with_Anne_Lacaton_Lacaton_and_V Teige, Karel. The Minimum Dwelling. MIT Press, 2020, pp. 1-443, https://issuu.com/antonas/docs/karel-teige-the-minimumdwelling_9d442d9898367c. Accessed 14 Aug 2020. "The Cabanon — Cap Moderne". Capmoderne.Com, 2014, https://capmoderne.com/en/lieu/le-cabanon/. Accessed 9 Aug 2020.\ The Poetics of Space. Beacon Press, 1958, p. 203, https://www.academia.edu/27960956/Bachelard_Gaston_The_Poetics_of_Space_1994. Accessed 12 Aug 2020. Underhill, Les, Pete Laver, and Jorn Das. 2015. "Pangopod Faqs | BDI". BDI. http://thebdi.org/pod/pangopod-faq/. Walsh, Niall Patrick. 2019. "Grand Parc Bordeaux Wins 2019 EU Prize for Contemporary Architecture - Mies Van Der Rohe Award". Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/914806/grand-parc-bordeaux-wins-2019-eu-prize-for-contemporary-architecture-mies-van-der-rohe-award.

Figure References Figure 1: “Le Cabanon” collage showing the importance of light, art and architecture to encourage productivity and serenity. Le Cabanon, Own Collage Image, 2020. Image: S.O’Maker Image Sources [ that made up the collage figure 1] Le Cabanon, Le Corbusier Roquebrune, Cap Martin France, 1951. 2020. Image. Accessed September 13. https://arquiscopio.com/archivo/wpcontent/uploads/2013/09/130822_Corbusier_Cabanon.jpg.

Researching Standards | Simone O’Maker 1836640

Corbusier, Le. 2020. The Site: Sketch By Le Corbusier. Image. Accessed September 13. https://www.academia.edu/4589129/Le_Cabanon_Roquebrune_Cap_Martin_France_1952_Le_Corbusier. Les Couleurs®. 1949. Le Modulor. Image. https://www.lescouleurs.ch/fileadmin/_processed_/1/c/csm_410x480_2049_2063_c7cf298dc3.jpg. arquiscopio. 2020. Painting By Le Corbusier Within Le Cabanon. Image. Accessed September 13. https://arquiscopio.com/archivo/wpcontent/uploads/2013/09/130901_Corbusier_Cabanon_Int06.jpg. Figure 2: “KwaThema” Township Collage showing the monotonous row houses and psychological feeling of being constricted. Source of Photograph: H. le Roux, Row housing, KwaThema, (2017), ‘Designing KwaThema: Cultural Inscriptions in the Model Township’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 45:300. KwaThema, Own Collage Image, 2020. Image: S.O’Maker Image Sources [ that made up the collage figure 2] Photograph: H. le Roux, Row housing, KwaThema, (2017), ‘Designing KwaThema: Cultural Inscriptions in the Model Township’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 45:300. KwaThema, National Building Research Institute, ‘Furniture and Daylighting Analysis of a Standard Native House Plan’. Source: NBRI Bulletin, 8 (1952). Jason Hickel. 1948. Meadowlands; Typical Of African Townships Developed After 1948. Image. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jason_Hickel/publication/272164901/figure/fig3/AS:392000848318466@1470471693490/Meadowla nds-typical-of-African-townships-developed-after-1948_W640.jpg. Figure 3: “Grand Parc Bordeaux” showing the apartment block before and after indicating the importance of light, space and greenery. Own Image Collage. Grand Parc Bordeaux, Own Collage Image, 2020. Image: S.O’Maker Image Sources [ that made up the collage figure 3] Arch Daily. 2020. Axo Of Grand Parc, Courtesy Of Lacaton&Vassal, Druot, Hutin. Image. Accessed September 13. https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5cb8/96e4/284d/d1a8/1200/00d1/slideshow/120620-Axo_logements_PDF.jpg?1555601110. Arch Daily. 2020. Transformation Of 530 Dwellings. Image. Accessed September 13. https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5cb8/9464/284d/d114/4700/0160/slideshow/GRP-150419-%C2%A9PR_MG_0077bd.jpg?1555600479. Druot, Frédéric. 2020. Grand Parc, Bâtiment G, Bordeaux, Before.. Image. Accessed September 13. https://www.smow.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2016/02/Grand-Parc-GHI-Bordeaux-Before-300x200.jpg.

Figure 4: “PanGoPod” showing the minimum living space in harmony with the surrounding context indicating the importance of light, space and greenery. PanGoPod, Own Collage Image, 2020. Image: S.O’Maker Image Sources [ that made up the collage 4] Pangopod. 2020. Image. Accessed September 13. http://thebdi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/IMG_20190617_172838_HDR_2-31260x350.jpg. Sanitary Zone, Pangopod. 2020. Image. Accessed September 13. http://thebdi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Inside2-800x450.png Pangopod. 2020. Image. Accessed September 13. http://thebdi.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/08/68997722_2358720714206179_7054061820323037184_n-768x768.jpg.

Figure 5: ‘’Minimum Standards Concept” showing the minimum standards in order for a human to have a dense of dignity. Design Concept of minimum standards, Own Collage Image, 2020. Image: S.O’Maker Image Sources [ that made up the collage]

ARPL 3021: Histories and Theories of Architecture // Project 3: SMALL ESSAY Tammy Ohlson de Fine // 1389009

ABSTRACT Global healthcare authorities suggest that the Covid-19 pandemic is one of many we are set to experience in the 21st Century, and the need to isolate alone or in small groups will become the norm. South Africa has the second highest gini coefficient in the world, and the Covid-19 crisis has highlighted the deep social and economic inequalities in our society as a result of this ‘measure of wealth distribution among a population’1. It has shone a light on the inadequate living conditions of the poor and vulnerable in our society. Using the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11 (To make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable) and three housing precedents as a starting point, this report provides a framework for the legislation of minimum housing standards and the provision thereof. By referencing 1) Designers on Holiday, 2) Airstream and 3) Xiong’an New Area Housing Concept, I argue that the current minimum housing standards set by the South African government are deficient and open to interpretation and do not satisfy the needs of basic human dignity.

INTRODUCTION Since CK Prahalad introduced the idea in 2004, there has been an ongoing critique around the notion of designing solutions “at the base of the pyramid”2. The ethics surrounding selling inferior products designed especially for the poor brought the concept into question3. As far housing is concerned, the idea has been criticized as being counter-productive when it comes to the social and human development of disadvantaged societies. Many of the housing solutions tailored for the poor do not meet the basic requirements of human dignity, and certainly do not contribute to the building of healthy societies. Further, I would argue that all humans, irrespective of their income level, deserve to have a safe and healthy place to live where they are part of a functioning community. As such, three high-end, but small-scale, housing precedents have been examined with the aim of understanding what elements are required when the intention is to build a housing settlement where quality of life is paramount.

Chappelow, Jim. “What Is the Gini Index?” Investopedia. Investopedia, August 28, 2020. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gini-index.asp.

Dembek, K., Sivasubramaniam, N. & Chmielewski, D.A. A Systematic Review of the Bottom/Base of the Pyramid Literature: Cumulative Evidence and Future Directions. J Bus Ethics 165, 365–382 (2020) 3

Simanis, Erik. “Reality Check at the Bottom of the Pyramid.” Harvard Business Review. Harvard Business Review, May 19, 2015. https://hbr.org/2012/06/reality-check-at-the-bottom-of-the-pyramid.

SOUTH AFRICA: A BRIEF HISTORY AS IT RELATES TO PROPERTY South African housing policies were historically designed to separate citizens by racial group. The white Nationalist ruling party took interest only in ensuring adequate living conditions for white citizens. The result was the formation of highly congested informal settlements where Black citizens lived in abject poverty with no access to services such as electricity, running water and waste removal. “Through the Land Act of 1913, 75% of the population was restricted to only 7.5% of the land in South Africa. In 1936 the proportion increased to 13%. The […] most fertile rural areas and all urban centres were allocated to the white population. The implementation of these laws led to the forced removal of the black population, and [bad] living conditions in rural areas.”4. Many black South Africans were provided with meagre accommodation by their employers, but in 1953 a Bantu Services Levy Fund was established which levied a charge to those employers who did not provide accommodation for their staff. Essentially, the white employers who drew the black citizens to the city were to bear the costs. The government was prepared to provide some kind of shelter for this black workforce so long as they were serving the white population, but in order to do so affordably, the CSIR was tasked with ‘designing’ homes which were highly replicable and easy to construct. DM Calderwood was the architect responsible for the ‘native housing’ typology, which consisted of a single storey dwelling (between 40 and 70m²) in the centre of a roughly 260m² stand. This typology led to an urban sprawl which was poorly serviced by transport infrastructure and resulted in high cost of travel to and from places of work for black South Africans.

SOUTH AFRICA TODAY This way of living became so entrenched in South African society that even in 2020 the South African Government continues to develop townships and build houses in peripheral locations “that perpetuate the segregated urban form that was inherited by the ANC-led government”5. In 1996 the South African Constitution was re-written, and is considered to be one of the most progressive in the world. The Department of Human Settlements is responsible for implementing Section 26 of the Constitution which protects the unchallengeable right to housing: 1) Everyone has the right to have access to adequate housing. 2) The state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of this right. However progressive, these rights are vague and open to interpretation. Across official documentation, broad statements relating to “taking reasonable measures for the establishment of viable, socially and economically integrated communities” and “providing adequate protection against the elements” and “the eradication of informal settlements by 2014”6 have resulted in more of the same: poorly built free

Vestbro, Dick Urban. ‘Housing in the Apartheid City of Former South Africa’. Izgradnja, Journal of the Association of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineers, Architects and Town Planners, vol. 66, no. 7–8, Izgradnja, 2012, pp. 349–355 5

Harrison, Philip, Mzwanele Mayekiso, and Marie Huchzermeyer. Confronting Fragmentation: Housing and Urban Development in a Democratising Society. Cape Town: UCT Press, 2003.

“Strategic Documents: National Department of Human Settlement.” Revised Strategic Plan 2015-2020 | National Department of Human Settlement. National Department of Human Settlements, March 13, 2018. http://www.dhs.gov.za/content/strategic-documents.

standing homes in remote locations across the country, with limited access to running water and electricity; and a rise in the number of people living in informal settlements throughout South Africa. 2020 and the Novel Coronavirus forced people all over the world to isolate in order to survive. This global health pandemic continues into it’s tenth month with the highly contagious virus killing close to 1 million people and affecting the health of almost 30 million people worldwide7. The numbers continue to rise daily, and global healthcare authorities suggest that the Covid-19 pandemic is one of many we are set to experience in the 21st Century. Terms like ‘lockdown’, ‘shelter in place’ and ‘self-isolation’ have become part of our daily rhetoric, and it’s likely that the need to isolate alone or in small groups will become the norm. This pandemic has highlighted the deep social and economic inequalities in South African societies. Wealthier citizens have been able to stay safely indoors, shopping online from the comfort of their homes, or eating from their vegetable patches. They have had access to the internet which has allowed them to school their children online, connect virtually with friends and family, and have their curated food boxes and medical supplies delivered to their door. The poorest in our society have been confined to the walls of their shacks, in close proximity to many others. They have lost their income and are no longer even able to live from hand to mouth. If they wish to live, they must leave their homes to find money or food. Even the smallest of homes have had to accommodate extra people and activities as families returned to one another for the lockdown. GLOBAL STANDARDS AND BROAD CONCEPTS The following global standards and concepts provide a starting point for a framework for housing in South Africa. I acknowledge that collectively these guidelines are normative, and do not respond directly to the cultural, economic and social nuances of South Africa. However, they provide a global minimum standard for housing regulation which may serve to take South Africa beyond a rudimentary response ‘for the poor’. 1) The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11 8is to Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, for all people. The United Nations calls citizens to action to ’develop a vision for your building, street, and neighbourhood, and act on that vision’. In doing so, citizens are encouraged to job creation, the safety of children walking to and from school, the ability to walk safely at night, proximity to public transport, the quality of the air, and the quality of shared public spaces. 2) The World Economic Forum’s9 Social Progress Index ranks South Africa at 7310 of 141 countries for living standards, a ranking which is not adjusted for inequality and therefore likely to be lower. It serves here as a guide to the factors to consider when designing spaces for a better quality of life. The Index looks at three primary measures:

“WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard.” World Health Organization. World Health Organization, 2020. https://covid19.who.int/.

“About the Sustainable Development Goals – United Nations Sustainable Development.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed September 12, 2020. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/

Schwab, Klaus. “Global Competitiveness Report 2019.” World Economic Forum. World Economic Forum, 2019. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-competitiveness-report-2019.

“Gini Index (World Bank Estimate) - South Africa.” World Bank. World Bank, 2014. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA.

•

Basic Human Needs (medical care, sanitation, and shelter).

•

Foundations of Wellbeing (access to technology, and life expectancy).

•

Opportunity (personal rights, freedom of choice, and general tolerance).

3) Ernst Neufert11 in his book of architectural standards and guidelines suggests that House of 2000 ‘will have light steel supports and independent non-load bearing curtain walling and partitions whose composition provides protection against bad weather and affords sound and heat insulation: open planning is probable, with no doors between living area, dining area and hall. The author suggests that residences should be clustered and connected by foot paths, which should be well lit and overlooked by houses for security purposes; allow access by prams, bicycles and wheelchairs; removed from vehicular traffic. He further suggests that homes have visual and aural privacy, and be naturally lit and ventilated. Neuferts suggested minimum spaces are large – 50m² for a 1 bedroom unit – however, I argue that this amount of space is not necessary if the unit is well considered, as can be seen in the precedents that follow. 4) Alexander et al, 197712, suggest that varying forms of family have very different housing needs. They differentiate as follows: a) a house for one person b) a house for a couple c) a house for a small family Critically, they also argue that the nuclear family structure is not a viable social form, and therefore that homes must be built within a community that helps the family meet essential social and wellbeing needs. They suggest that one should have direct access to at least one dozen other people, and ‘public outdoor rooms’ where people can ‘hang out, comfortably, for hours at a time.’ They further suggest that clusters of houses should be connected by green streets and playgrounds, away from vehicular traffic. PRECEDENTS Three precedents have been selected and analysed. Each was chosen for it’s unique characteristics, and collectively they provide a set of concepts which form the basis for the framework. 1) Designers on Holiday was selected as a modular type unit which can be modified and extended. 2) Airstream Trailer was selected as a highly efficient multi-valent space. 3) Xiong’an New Area Housing Concept was selected as a self-sufficient community village design.

Neufert, Ernst. Neufert Architects' Data. Edited by Vincent Jones. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd, 1980.

Alexander, Christopher, Sara Ishikawa, and Murray Silverstein. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.

DESIGNERS ON HOLIDAY Designers on Holiday (DOH)13 is “a campsite residency and design studio for sustainable creative collaboration and exploration”. They are based in Gotland, Sweden, and California, USA. In 2014 cofounders Tom Gottelier and Bobby Petersen hosted their first summer design camp, bringing together designers from all disciplines to collaborate on sustainable and experimental design solutions. One of these solutions is their Mini Cabin concept. Though no technical or specific information is available, the cabin appears to be approximately 16m². It is designed to accommodate up to two adults and has a dedicated sleeping area, kitchen and workspace. The timber structure was conceptualised as part of the summer design camp and residents would be expected to use communal ablutions, so in its current form the cabin does not contain a bathroom, however it appears that one could easily incorporate a bathroom into the design. Suggestions are that for a holiday type structure this is acceptable, but any permanent residence would be required to include a toilet and washing facility. The cabin is designed to engage with its surroundings - particularly with nature – and so it has windows on three of the four sides. The simple cross shaped structure allows for very efficient use of space and demarcation of activities. In a standard 4x4m² space these efficiencies would be hard to achieve. Although DOH have not published possible enlargement of the cabin, the shape appears to lend itself to extension on all four sides, making it a very flexible structure.

Image 1

“Designers on Holiday.” Designers on Holiday Instagram, February 3, 2020. https://www.instagram.com/designers_on_holiday/.

AIRSTREAM In 1931 the intrepid traveller and lover of adventure, Wally Byam, opened the first Airstream14 Trailer Factory in California. The business was born of his love for camping and his wifes dislike for the discomforts of living in the outdoors. Since then, Airstream has pioneered space efficiencies in mobile holiday homes, favouring ‘clean, modern design that stands the test of time’. The BAMBI 19CB is a 13m² trailer that sleeps up to 4 people. It is a compact but highly efficient space, comprising a dedicated sleeping area, seating space for 4 people (which converts to a second sleeping space), a kitchenette with a stove top, an undercounter fridge and a microwave, and a shower and toilet. It also contains all of it’s electrical, water supply and drainage systems and has storage space. The interior living area is tight, but it is designed to be extended to the exterior with a tarpaulin, or beneath the shade of a tree.

Image 2

“Airstream USA, Travel Trailers, Touring Coaches.” Airstream, July 27, 2020. https://www.airstream.com/.

XIONG’AN NEW AREA HOUSING CONCEPT Emanating from the epicentre of, and as a direct response to, the Covid-19 virus is the Xiong’an New Area15 Housing Concept16. In 2017 Chinese President Xi Jinping announced the governments intention to transform the rural Xiong’an into an innovative, green city connecting Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. Since inception, plans have been in place for an advanced infrastructure network, including canals and high-speed rail. It was envisioned as a cutting edge technology hub with a focus on energy conservation and environmental protection; a “modern city that is green, intelligent, and liveable by 2035…with 100 percent clean power which will be powered by renewable and lower-carbon energy sources.” The Covid-19 pandemic incited a shift in the way designers and planners approach architecture and design for communities. In a world where we are now likely to have to lockdown or shelter in place in order to contain the spread of a virus, how and with whom we live become important factors to our survival. In August 2020 Guallart Architects, a Barcelona-based firm, submitted the winning entry for the design of a mixed-use community in Xiong’ans New Area. The competition was specifically to design a city for the postCovid era, which could be conceptually implemented anywhere in the world. The architects designed a city which responds to the social and environmental crises happening in the world. The Housing Concept can be completely isolated from it’s surroundings and is 100% self-sustained. The mixed use development incorporates apartments, schools, homes for the elderly, shops, offices, exercise facilities and social spaces. Each home contains a large terrace which allows residents access to an outside area should the need to isolate arise. The buildings are all covered with greenhouses which can sustain the number of residents, and the roofs are used for solar energy production. Workshops for 3d printers and rapid prototyping machines are an important conceptual element, allowing the production of objects or machine parts in the case of isolation. Critically, the city is conceived as a whole, and the production of food and energy is done collectively.

Image 3

“Xiong'an New Area: President Xi's Dream City.” China Briefing News. Dezan Shira and Associates, March 26, 2019. https://www.chinabriefing.com/news/xiongan-new-area-beijing-tianjin-hebei/.

“Guallart Architects Wins Post-Covid Housing Competition for China's New Xiong'an City.” De51gn, August 26, 2020. https://de51gn.com/guallartarchitects-wins-post-covid-housing-competition-for-chinas-new-xiongan-city/.

PROPOSAL The following proposal is based on a collation of the global standards and precedents and is focused on the quality of life of South African citizens. It does not seek to determine the recipients of homes or the model of ownership and management, but rather to provide a minimum standard for the quality of housing to be provided.

Location 1) Homes should be clustered in groups of between 5 and 20, with each cluster sharing an outdoor social space and some services (recycling station, for example). Each cluster should be designed to accommodate between 20 and 60 people. 2) All homes should be within 30m of a main pedestrian path. 3) All clusters to be connected by roads and pedestrian/cycling paths. 4) All clusters to be within 1.5km of a transport infrastructure node. 5) All developments to be within 15 minutes (by public transport) of economic centres.

Size 1) Homes should not be smaller than 12m². 2) Homes should be allocated based on the number of inhabitants. Up to two people may reside in a 12m² unit, with the space increasing by 6m² for every 2 additional people. 3) Every two adults, and every 4 children should have a dedicated sleeping space.

Amenities 1) Every home must be equipped with a minimum of one toilet, a bath or a shower, and a washbasin. This space must be separated from the main living area by a closing door. 2) Every home must have a dedicated kitchen area with a stove top cooker, a sink and space for a refrigerator. 3) Every home must have access to a private outdoor space, either a garden or a balcony, of at least 2m². 4) Every home must have access to the shared public space. 5) Shared public spaces must be designed to incorporate both shaded and unshaded recreation areas for adults and children. 6) Children’s play areas must be central to the social space to create an additional layer of safety for the children. Play equipment must be designed into the space. 7) Social spaces and foot paths must be well lit and visible from homes in the cluster. 8) For every 20 clusters the village design must incorporate: a. A major transport node b. A daycare centre c. A community centre for events, workshops, and shared workspace d. A small open air strip mall or market complex 9) All homes have access to either fixed or wireless internet. 10) Every home over 12m² must have a dedicated seating area which can be used to work or socialise.

Design and construction standards 1) The homes are to be designed by a team of expert architects to be low-cost, spatially efficient, energy efficient, ergonomic and visually pleasing. 2) A set of at least 5 key iterations should be designed, allowing for some level of customisation. Location and climate must be taken into consideration. 3) The homes should be insulated for temperature and sound. 4) Every home must be naturally lit and ventilated from at least two sides. 5) Where possible, homes must be orientated to the north. 6) Clusters should be built as double or triple storeys in order to minimize the FAR and provide better access to local amenities. 7) It is expected that every space must conform to all of the minimum standards as laid out in SANS 10400. Co-production 1) Where possible, residents should be consulted regarding the choice of unit and the customisation thereof. 2) Local labour and materials are to be used in every possible instance.

CONCLUSION It is my hope that through the implementation of this framework, all South Africans will have both safe and healthy places to live, from where they will be able to contribute to a functional community. Image 4

PERSONAL LOCKDOWN EXPERIENCE Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve spent the majority of 2020 in an unventilated workroom with no natural light. Our generous apartment was subdivided to accommodate ageing parents-in-law and in order to create a separation which still allowed enough space on each side, we had to sacrifice the light in some spaces. The original apartment has northern views towards Pretoria, and southern views over The Wilds, but my side of the subdivision has one over-lit northern room and several un-lit, unventilated southern rooms. The northern room has ceiling height windows along the length of the space and is too bright to work in. The wind at this elevation is very strong and the window design means itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s either open or closed, so the room is either hot and stuffy or has high speed noisy winds blowing into it. It also functions as the living area, which I share with my husband and 4 year old daughter so it cannot be used as a workspace. Although the apartment has a communal garden downstairs, it has no balcony. For the first few months of lockdown we were not allowed to use the communal spaces so the three of us were really stuck inside an uncomfortable space trying to be productive.

LIST OF IMAGES

Image 1: Renders: “Designers on Holiday.” Designers on Holiday Instagram, February 3, 2020. Sketches: Authors own

Image 2: Photographs: “Airstream USA, Travel Trailers, Touring Coaches.” Airstream, July 27, 2020. https://www.airstream.com/. Sketches: Authors own

Image 3: Renders: “Guallart Architects Wins Post-Covid Housing Competition for China's New Xiong'an City.” De51gn, August 26, 2020. https://de51gn.com/guallart-architects-wins-post-covid-housing-competition-forchinas-new-xiongan-city/.

Image 4: Authors own

DEBRIEFING FROM THE DEBRIS Project3 Small Essay

Sinead Pieterse 1857756 ARPL3021_Histories and Theories of Architecture Facilitated By: Hannah Le Roux

Debriefing from the debris | Sinead Pieterse 1857756

De-Briefing from the Debris

The bare minimum, though self-explanatory the definition seems to shift once placed on people from different backgrounds and circumstances. The most mundane definition of the brutalist phrase exists in the ideas of what is required for the most basic survival of a human to take place. however once delving deep into what this so called “survival” might be like, concern arises as the methods that have been implemented may seem somewhat primitive. Though the methods used work in ensuring the survival of the physical self, these methods do not seem to focus on much of the psychological and socio-cultural impacts that may occur. These existing standards of survival do not take into consideration social classes, mental health and differing cultures that coexist in todays society. Upon researching and unpacking spaces of students within the class, it was evident that many people had many various outlooks on their spaces and what these spaces act as or how they serve the inhabitants. Some seemed spacious and somewhat utopian whilst the majority seemed to portray a time during/post apocalypse. This intrigued me as the spaces portrayed were larger than what the bare minimum would usually be conceived as. Thus, my argument begins with the fact that the concept of “the minimum” needs to be revaluated. I hereby present the debriefing from the debris of what we have learnt and what we should perhaps unlearn in order to create a new and more inclusive narrative behind the idea of minimum spatial standards.

Page 1|9

Debriefing from the debris | Sinead Pieterse 1857756 It is without doubt that majority of the year 2020 has thus far been a blur. A certain irony exists within the blur. A daze seems to cloud the memory of how many months has passed since so-called normality was viciously interrupted, whilst in the blur new clarities were discovered. As an architecture student these clarities presented themselves whilst attempting to complete my final year of architectural studies under a ‘stay in place order’. Realisation is overwhelming once the upheaval occurs. Adaptation is the uprooting and re-rooting that keeps one afloat. And lastly the uprising exists in the understanding and innovation of what we once believed to be acceptable. This paper investigates the Upheaval, Uprooting and Uprising as a suggestion comprising of the redefining of individual and collective rights relating to spatial and social standards.

Upheaval The human condition is to interact, mimic and innovate. this is not possible should we be ordered to confinement within our specified spaces. Throughout the architectural degree it is taught that the mind is directly affected by the space that it interacts with, and similarly space is affected by the mind. For us as architects it would be ignorant to believe that providing the minimum standard is as simple as the provision of physical shelter, hygiene and access to water. A series of aspects seem to be absent from this concept. “Early economies were based on these simple survival essentials. As societies developed, economies grew to be more complex.” [2] The idea of basing minimum spatial standards which should be acceptable on studies from years past is beyond ignorant since new socio-cultural conditions exist. Pandemics have occurred in the past and much can be learnt from what had been implemented or invented as coping mechanisms for the shift in normality. Precedents assist in providing information on possible solutions but also suggestions that had not proven successful in that time period. We must not however become fixated on implementing those same concepts on a culturally and economically different society. Upheaval is the sudden and violent disruption of what has been perceived to be the acceptable standard of space and individual and collective rights. This is appropriate as it responds to the similarly sudden and violent disruption which any pandemic brings upon society. In order to understand what needs to be disrupted we must understand standards which already exist. As a student it is fitting that I had researched the minimum norms and standards for student housing at public universities. Student housing is a great prototype model from which to draw from as it forms a discourse between private and public as well as social, cultural, emotional, sanitation and economical aspects.

Minimum design standards within student housing consist of the following “Maximum two people per 14m2 double rooms and maximum one person per 8m2 single rooms.” [3] The concept of the maximum is intriguing as it contradicts the idea of a minimum standard. This maximum poses a limit on the habitability of a room and suggests that a singular person makes use of only 8m2. Though this may be a design standard based on furniture sizes this number seems quite daunting. The reason this seems daunting is that nowhere in the standard does it state the breathability of a space. A picture of an apocalyptic bunker begins to be painted by the omission of the idea of openings thus boxing the individual in. The primitivity of this concept is underlying yet in plain sight. “In cases of self-catering student housing it is required to have a storage, source of heat to cook, sink/water supply and countertop.”[3] This list seems sufficient at first glance however this refers to a communal kitchen. The idea of the communal kitchen is welcomed until culture becomes a factor. Numerous cultures and religions have specific requirements regarding food preparation and types of foods that can be housed in the kitchen that is intended for use. We as architects cannot detract culture and religion as non-human trait. spatial standards which encourage the comfortable survival of the human should include all aspects of the human condition one specifically being the right to have a religion or set culture within one’s way of living.

Page 2|9

Debriefing from the debris | Sinead Pieterse 1857756 A list of minimums for a social space is also set out. “Large common/meeting rooms – a minimum of 1,5m2 of communal space per student resident for the first 100 students and 1m2 per student resident for numbers in excess of 100. Such communal space shall comprise a combination of some or all the following: communal lounges, games rooms, gymnasia, television rooms, meeting/seminar rooms, dedicated group study spaces, computer centres, or other appropriate spaces.”[3] It was to a pleasant surprise that social space had been somewhat prioritised however the definition of social space still seems to be lost in translation. The explanation of the room uses though accommodating is still enforcing the idea of confinement. Because a room is being shared by numerous people it does not create an immediate socially interactive space. Space that encourages interaction through its design is required even when placed in the context of a pandemic which diminishes social interactions. This is the very reason why these social spaces are in desperate need of new parameters. The mention of green space, clean air or anything relating to nature has not been viewed as a requirement. Due to this omission it was deemed appropriate to conduct a survey which would decide whether the aforementioned should be revisited. Upon conducting a survey on social media, numerous demographics of the student body as well as the general public participated. The following was concluded. 87% of the questioned individuals believe that much of their sanity is maintained by having access to green space. This access to nature allows people to re synchronise and allows space for sanctuary away from the stresses of everyday life. Green space also affects the psyche in that it releases hormones that promote happiness and destress. Overall, green space or access to nature is a positive addition and detrimental in adding value to the lives of a dwelling’s inhabitants. The remaining 13% were questioned as to why they felt green space is not necessary and the argument of feeling saner when interacting with modern technologies is of more relevance. This brings about the socio-technological aspect of the bare minimum standards. Technology has become a platform of connection; people are often dependant on keeping up with various relationships by means of technology. The policy for the norms and standards for student housing fortunately includes “the most cost-effective access to internet, as determined by the university, is required in all residences. It is preferable that all student rooms have access to the internet for study purposes. All communal spaces designed for study purposes in residences must have internet access” [3]. This access to Wi-Fi assists those who are unable to pay for data on top of accommodation fees and any other everyday student expenditure. Cost efficiency of student accommodation. There is no set standard except for the expected “the more one pays the more one receives” attitude. This concept is one that should be rethought throughout society as pandemics take financial toll on almost every individual. Finance has a domino effect in the circulation of money in a country and thus a prototype for cost efficiency needs to be implemented as a standard in order to ensure healthy and comfortable survival.

Page 3|9

Debriefing from the debris | Sinead Pieterse 1857756

Uprooting After unpacking the existing minimum standards for student housing, it was necessary to understand this prototype in a broader spectrum. Three precedent case studies were conducted in this broadening and various aspects were dissected as possible suggestions for small scale living should a “stay in place” order be issued in future. 1.Taiwan Apartment by A Little Design “This is a renovation project of an old flat which measures 22 sqm and 3.3m in height. Due to the high housing prices in Taipei City, the living space that young people can afford has become smaller and smaller in the last decade. Faced with such a living unit which is not spacious but still has a chance to fulfil all basic living functions, the needs of clients must be analysed more precisely and arranged suitably. The client agrees with the idea that space is as important as function when it comes to a place where people will live for a long time rather than a room for a shortterm stay. (Though the footprint of the flat might be smaller than many hotel rooms.) We both agree that space should be left free with the main furniture arranged discreetly to ensure the long-term living experience is comfortable.”[1] The design of the apartment allows for sufficient natural lighting and ventilation which rids the boxed in feeling that is difficult to conquer at times. Another wonderful feature is the tatami area which responds to the culture of the inhabitant but can also be adapted to be a bay type area overlooking the city should the inhabitant choose to not use the space for cultural practices. The design beautifully encompasses the private living space and overall functionality. Unfortunately, there has not been much consideration of social or green space within the apartment with regards to a possible terrace or balcony but proves to be quite cost effective and thus carries wonderful spatial standards.

[7]

(Floor Plan LITTLE DESIGN, 2020)

Page 4|9

Debriefing from the debris | Sinead Pieterse 1857756

2.Pod Idlala – Clara da Cruz Almeida “The design goal behind POD-Idlala was to make an attractive eco-friendly home that promoted simpler living and was affordable enough to appeal to young adults. “I realized the answer [to homeownership for young professionals] was to build literally the smallest space possible, but one that was designed for the local market and using locally sourced materials in keeping with the desire to limit the footprint,” Almeida told mblife. The energy-efficient PODIdlala is topped with a pitched roof that maximizes solar potential with room for solar panels. The white and mint green-painted facade reflects the harsh sun to keep the interior cool, while the multiple openings and operable concertina doors promote natural ventilation. The POD-Idlala can be further customized for off-grid capabilities.” [5] The design of Pod Idlala works immaculately once placed in the context of spatial standards as it creates a comfortable living space which welcomes the surroundings as well as its functionality and social allowance. The downfall exists in that the social space is outdoors and uncovered and may prove to feel claustrophobic during bad weather. This design is attractive as it is relatively appropriate when considering bare minimums whilst keeping the human condition in mind. This module might however prove difficult in high density areas but conceptually the design is suitable as a possible suggestion in pandemic circumstances.

[8]

(Basic Floor Plan Pod idlala, 2016)

Page 5|9

Debriefing from the debris | Sinead Pieterse 1857756 3.Aula Modula -Studio Belem â&#x20AC;&#x153;The project redefines the living spaces of housing and allows its residents to be creative. It also provides workspaces to each apartment. These individual home offices are all facing a common courtyard and have direct access to collective terraces that promote social and professional interactions between residents and workers. Aula Modula frees itself from the standards and codes of traditional housing and rethinks the pre-established functions of a home. it allows us to be free and flexible enough to sustainably support these societal changes. Aula Modula brings a natural environment back to the city, promoting new commonly shared spaces and social interactions between its residents.â&#x20AC;?[4] This project proves valuable in dissecting as it was designed with Post Covid 19 in mind and it responds to the issue of high-density areas such as Johannesburg or other large-scale cityscapes. This concept encourages social interactions, terrace space, food urbanism as well as live/workspaces. The idea also brings commercialism to the forefront which enhances the idea of close community living and self-sustainability. This module proves relatively appropriate and suggests brilliant ideas that could be adapted to fit any socio-cultural and economic atmosphere as it is also cost effective and quickly constructed.

[6] (program

axonometric, 2020 STUDIO BELEM)

Page 6|9

Debriefing from the debris | Sinead Pieterse 1857756 Uprising From the upheaval and uprooting we must learn and unlearn. Within this process we find the uprising of new innovations and possibly inventions that follow no precedent. Adaptation to this new way of life is key and preparation for future crisis should always be at the forefront of thinking lines. Within the considerations of the existing morbidity of the bare minimums and the preconceived ideas of spatial standard it is important to apply a new knowledge to new design. In addition to the precedent studies, a modular prototype of spatial relation has revealed itself as a potential to be the debriefing of pre-existing requirements. Through the combination of both digital and freehand a visual concept of this new prototype can be better understood. Society needs space to be human as comfortably as possible during any crisis which requires some form of isolation. To be comfortably human, the space in which one resides needs to encourage this and allow for a greater understanding of the subjectivity of a space.

(A mapping of overlaps as a conceptual driver, Sinead Pieterse )

To create the modular form, it is important to understand that overlaps that occur in the semi-private spaces within each unit. The kitchen and eating area form an overlap not only physically but also culturally. These spaces can be individual considered as per individual preference. The overlap between the indoor social space and the connection to nature through openings or terrace access must be considered with regards to the â&#x20AC;&#x153;outside-inâ&#x20AC;? ideals which open small space up and conquer the apocalyptic bunker atmosphere. Shared social spaces can exist within the semiprivate spaces and still create sense of place and ownership.

Page 7|9

Debriefing from the debris | Sinead Pieterse 1857756

Once the overlaps are understood and dissected a layout of connection can be determined. Suggestions of a typical unit inspired by precedents and new thinking brings about new possibilities for the future of spatial relation and coping with isolation. This prototype suggests communal living on a larger scale which promotes isolation if needed but simultaneously a sense of belonging. Sanitation spaces as entry foyers lead to the specified units wherein each individual is able to use rooms as seen fit. Each unit has the possibility of terrace space should they wish to use it as sanctuary or as a space that encourages food urbanism. The modular shape allows the units to be added onto or stacked depending on the cityscape it finds itself in. Aula Modula is a good precedent to better explain this concept. The use of a modular system also then allows for the flexibility in the family types that may choose to inhabit the units.

This concept encourages coexistence of all socio-cultural realms and economic classes as it will be cost effective and energy efficient as inspired by Pod Idladla. The compact yet efficient use of space stems from the Taiwan apartment which serves the functionality of the design. The design is an inclusive and innovative way of combatting the grim possibility of once again being ordered to self-isolate.

(Typical Unit layout and stacking possibilities, Sinead Pieterse)

It is time for the uprising of new typologies of spatial standard. We are amid a new architectural era perhaps one of the most exciting too-date. As architects we need to allow for constant adaptation, learning and unlearning. The reevaluation of individual rights regarding spatial standard is a conversation without end and there is never one final solution. We are to take the debris of what these crisisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; leave behind and build from it. Hence the continuous cycle of the Upheave, Uproot and Up rise ecosystem proves sufficient.

Page 8|9

A New Community: Transforming isolation into a dignified living experience through reconfiguring a community and shifting design parameters.

ARPL3021-2020 University of the Witwatersrand Moderator: Hannah Le Roux

Dinah Rabson 1713467

Abstract Confinement due to the COVID-19 lockdown has unearthed unnoticed limitations of living spaces, intensifying the need for redefining spatial parameters within existing and new homes. Should confinement continue, rethinking architectural boundaries of both the home and the community will be a necessary step to creating new living criteria. The lockdown has also had negative effects on peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mental and physical health due to the restrictions. The following essay goes through an analysis of various precedents in order to research the minimal living standards that one needs in a small living space as well as ways to stay confined within community boundaries instead of within oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s home. The precedents show that the pivotal spaces needed within a home are a sleeping area, work space, dining/food preparation area, as well as ablution facilities. While being conscious of designing to include these functions in a dignified living space, this essay will propose a new community configuration that is based on mutual beneficence. As will be discussed in the essay, reconfiguring the community allows diversity, along with communal spirit and increased levels of employment. Furthermore, the essay will show how this proposal of shifted design parameters and communal confinement will transform oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lockdown experience into a dignified living experience.

Table of Illustrations: Figure 1: Monotony – my lockdown experience

Page 4

Figure 2: Drawing of proposed configuration of Catal Huyuk

Page 7

Figure 3: Proposal for new community – mixing classes and levels of stature for mutual beneficence Page 8 Figure 4: Hong Kong micro-apartment typical layout

Page 10

Figure 5: New community concept – main house with new small dwellings on the same property

Page 14

Confinement due to the COVID-19 lockdown has unearthed unnoticed limitations of living spaces, intensifying the need for redefining residential parameters. Should confinement continue, rethinking architectural boundaries will be a necessary step to creating new living criteria. The design of spaces needs to have fluidity in mind and create a stimulating experience that allows for movement and flexibility. In this essay I will be exploring minimum living standards as well as different community configurations by looking at various precedent studies. I will analyse how these nominal spatial standards can be used to create a new community configuration while also shifting common design factors to transform the experience of isolation into a dignified living experience. Through this analysis, I will further explore an individual’s minimum rights and what effect small living spaces has on their physical and mental health. A person’s higher economic stature allows them to exploit their access to resources and technology, often resulting in their expanding their living spaces. Over time, the average living space has increased from 140sqm in the 1950s to 250sqm today. This created a vast difference in what is considered a basic standard of living. These expanded areas and increased access to resources has created a second standard of comfortable living – one that involves expansive residences and immediate gratification. It can be seen from the development of spatial design, that the basic comfortable living standard is dependent on the individual. One who is used to large living spaces may not agree with the basic living standards of someone living in a smaller space with only the necessities.

Figure 1: Monotony – my lockdown experience

“Living in a Box: How the Concept of Tiny Houses Has Changed Over the Years Arch2O.Com.” Arch2O.Com, 22 Mar. 2017, www.arch2o.com/living-in-a-box-tiny-houses/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

What we previously knew as the basic living standards needed by every person, has changed as we’ve transitioned to a new way of life – living, working and studying from the same spaces. Confinement has led us to transform our spaces to allow them to host new functions. As we use our dining room as an office, we start to notice things that now seem unnecessary and things that are missing in what have now become multifunctional rooms. “Quarantine makes all nonessential workers more intimately acquainted with the confines of their homes. We know everything about them, especially their flaws: the lack of daylight in one room, the dirty floor in another, the need for an extra bathroom. Space is all we have to think about” 2. When your spaces no longer have a designated function, it causes overlapping of activities. Working and studying from home has meant people are investing an increased number of hours into work, and less time into relaxing and spending time with their family. These factors have a negative effect on one’s mental health 3. This has exacerbated the need for new spatial parameters that allow one to live in a shared space, where there is a separation of activities and programming within the same spaces, as well as designated shared spaces between people within a community- allowing an extended version of confinement where individuals can escape their homes. A possibility for this spatial transformation is flexible spaces that allow multiple functions to occur in the same space. Flexibility of both furniture and structure will allow for a new standard of living that provides the space necessary for all activities with the possibility of adaptation to serve a new purpose. What needs to be explored further, is how these new design parameters will function within a proposed new community configuration. When looking at the minimum living standards, it is important to first note the rights of an individual. Every person has the right to an adequate living standard that allows them housing, adequate nutrition, clothing, medical assistance and care. Every person also has the right to dignified living conditions. 4. Over time, as many different housing and living options have been explored, these basic rights have evolved into a more in-depth understanding of a basic living standard. This 2

Chayka, Kyle. “How the Coronavirus Will Reshape Architecture.” The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 17 June 2020, www.newyorker.com/culture/dept-of-design/how-the-coronavirus-willreshape-architecture. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

Cleary, Kathryn. “COVID-19: The Pandemic’s Impact on Mental Health.” Spotlight, Spotlight, 4 May 2020, www.spotlightnsp.co.za/2020/05/04/covid-19-the-pandemics-impact-on-mentalhealth/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

“ENG.” Icelandic Human Rights Centre, 2018, www.humanrights.is/en. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

explores beyond minimal rights and looks at the minimal required standards defined by society that should be met in order for one to live comfortably within their space. Humans went from living in organic spaces like rock caves to breaking the organic coherence and metamorphosing with inorganic settlements. Looking at some of the earliest forms of housing and living spaces, we can see how the basic standards are translating in parts of today’s modern and contemporary design and spatial planning. Catal Huyuk, located in Turkey, was an expansive configuration of rectangular houses confined in one singular mass. The flat roofs acted as pathways and roads from which residents descended into their homes. This method of design had many benefits, one of which was saving space while creating minimal internal spaces only for what they deemed absolutely necessary. The standard residence covered around 30sqm – creating a compact living space that is seen throughout history in many different communities 5 . This living standard created space only for what was necessary. The open planned dwellings allowed the main living space to have multiple functions. While the connected roofs acted as paths and passageways to the entrances to individual dwellings, they also created shared public spaces. This emphasises the importance of social interaction. While staying confined to their community boundaries, the people of Catal Huyuk were still able to have their personal private dwellings as well as interact within shared external spaces.

“Living in a Box: How the Concept of Tiny Houses Has Changed Over the Years Arch2O.Com.” Arch2O.Com, 22 Mar. 2017, www.arch2o.com/living-in-a-box-tiny-houses/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

Figure 2: Drawing of proposed configuration of Catal Huyuk

This could be a possible approach to changing the configuration of a community. Instead of confining to an individual dwelling, people could confine to a community where they are able to leave their homes for the purpose of social interaction as well as to care for elderly family members. It is also possible for employees to move into the communities of their employers allowing them to continue working. This is important in the case of employees who cannot work from home. This could be done by allocating part of a larger home to another family or by adding smaller dwellings onto existing properties. This approach could mean higher density in existing communities, and would mean a partial loss of external space. A way to deal with this could be extending public spaces onto rooftops such as in the case of Catal Huyuk, or possibly creating courtyards between groups of dwellings. This challenge has caused architectural designers to look at a community that is based on African principles, characteristics such as mutual interdependence - homes where generations blend together and have communal settings designed for social interaction. The rise of a communal mindset, where class, socio-economic status and age are of no consequence, would be an ideal solution to the challenges posed by the effects of Covid19. The intermingling of groups would be beneficial to all parties involved as people that were disadvantaged by the lockdown would be able to earn an income such as domestic workers, babysitters and home based caregivers, in turn providing vital services to employers. Isolation for the older generation would be alleviated, as they

would be able to reside within the new communal space and the structure of the family unit would be reinforced as families could reside together as opposed to being kept apart by restrictions. The issue of the high cost of transport from outlying areas would be resolved as people travelling far distances could move to their workplace and save money that way. Public transport in South Africa is also dangerous as a vast number of people travelling together would ensure the spread of Covid19 and this risk would be mitigated through a communal living space. The opportunities for employment would arise within such a community as the increase in the number of people residing in the area would increase the need for retail spaces, restaurants, medical suites and educational facilities. Should this theoretical model come into practice, there would be an increase in population of the existing area in which people reside. This would necessitate an evaluation of living benchmarks â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the questions to be asked include what volume of area is required? Should we take resources from those of higher socio-economic status to provide to those of a lower level? Could a person who is not employed or related to the existing tenant/owner of the property inhabit it or should access be limited to the former criteria?

Figure 3: Proposal for new community â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mixing classes and levels of stature for mutual beneficence

A valuable exercise that would provide insight in the questions above would be to look into examples of similar living situations which could indicate what a suitable habitation resembles as well as the bare minimum a person requires in order to live. Hong Kong micro apartments – as Hong Kong is an area where the population density is very high, people live in constrained spaces due to necessity as space is at a premium and there are limited housing options. The majority of the population of Hong Kong reside in micro-apartments as the astronomical price of rent in the city, due to minimal land available for development, makes larger dwellings unaffordable. Within these apartments, residents often share spaces such as bathrooms and kitchens. 6 The micro apartment or micro flat is defined as what would be known as a bachelor flat, it consists of one room, which contains the entirety of the features that would characterise a living space. It is developed to incorporate a place to sit, sleep, as well as a bathroom and a kitchenette. In some developments, there may be a communal kitchen, bathroom/shower, patio and roof garden. 7 (avi.2018). Within the space, there is accommodation for a futon or a collapsible bed. A description of this kind of living arrangement is provided by Weller, “Inside a 600-square-foot (55 square meters) apartment complex in Hong Kong sit 19 units, all measuring less than 25 square feet (2.5 square meters). They are known as "cubicle homes." Or, more ominously, "coffin homes." 8

“Tiny Apartments and Punishing Work Hours: The Economic Roots of Hong Kong’s Protests.” The New York Times, 22 July 2019, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/07/22/world/asia/hong-kong-housing-inequality.html. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

Avi. “Living In The Future: What Are Micro Apartments?” PropTech News Asia, 4 June 2018, www.proptechnews.asia/2018/06/living-future-micro-apartments/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

Weller, Chris. “11 Crazy Photos of Micro-Apartments around Hong Kong - Business Insider.” Business Insider, Business Insider, Feb. 2018, www.businessinsider.com/crazypictures-of-micro-apartments-around-hong-kong-2018-1?IR=T. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

Figure 4: Hong Kong micro-apartment typical layout

These apartments are self-contained and are inclusive of an area to eat, sleep, cook and work. The minimum standards of living are catered for but the lack of space causes these to be fulfilled in an unconventional manner. Some residents sleep on a single mattress that they share with two others. The mattress is collapsible and is rolled up and stored during the day. Their meal preparation facilities consist of a two-plate stove that is situated on a wall-mounted shelf and is stowed beneath their sleeping facilities when unused. The top of the refrigerator is used for storage, and a tray on their lap when they sit on the floor or the bed suffices for their workspace. Few of these spaces possess bathrooms that are not communal, and an en-suite bathroom is an unknown luxury. These flats, even though they provide the bare essentials and provide for minimum human requirements, tend to be undignified and uncomfortable. The smallness of the area creates a situation where there is minimal or no organic sunshine, which has an adverse effect on the physical and psychological well-being of the inhabitants.

Lui, Kevin. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Move Over, New Yorkers: You Have No Idea How Small an Apartment Can Really Get.â&#x20AC;? Time, Time, 9 Dec. 2016, time.com/4581230/hong-kong-apartments-property-sale-rentsmall-housing/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

The issues that arise with this kind of living arrangement has inspired Hong Kong interior specialists and architects to tweak these dwellings into spaces designed with a higher level of ease. The utilisation of malleable spaces and multi-purpose furnishings, enables the various aspects that are needed within the area to be fulfilled in an intelligent manner. Automation and flexible furniture make the best use of the limited space

10.

The POD-Idlala is a 17m² eco-friendly home designed by Clara Da Cruz Almeida. The goal was to create an affordable ad simple living space that could be adapted and reconfigured to suit the need of the individual. The pod is double volume with a mezzanine level housing the sleeping space. Below it is the kitchen, dining area, work space and bathroom – all functioning within the space due to flexible design methods and folding furniture that helps maximise the available space. Multiple pods can be placed together for a larger family, or further, to develop a small community 11. An examination of these novel arrangements, and learning from the manner in which areas and initiatives have been emphasised, lead to a deeper insight into the basic habitation benchmarks needed by the resident. This will assist in the proposal of micro-spaces should the communal programme lead to its increase in population density. The “Tiny Homes” movement, is one that has arisen from people changing their habitation from a full-size house to a “Tiny House”, which is small and often mobile. This is an outgrowth from Minimalist culture and residents will deliberately downsize and move what they see as vital into it. Like the micro-apartment, the tiny house would use flexible spaces and furniture that performs various duties within a limited space, for a small amount of people. The demographic that adopts this manner of habitation are usually affluent members of society that are looking to simplify their existence or have a more movable space or to cut down on living expenses. This manner of life is a conscious choice, and in the majority of cases, it would be possible to move to larger spaces, should they wish to. This is in stark parallel to those who have no option other than to reside in small spaces,

Avi. “Living In The Future: What Are Micro Apartments?” PropTech News Asia, 4 June 2018, www.proptechnews.asia/2018/06/living-future-micro-apartments/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020

Wang, Lucy. “Solar-Powered POD-Idladla Is a Tiny Flat-Pack Home for Two That Lets You Live Almost Anywhere...” Inhabitat.Com, Inhabitat, 3 Aug. 2015, inhabitat.com/solar-powered-podidladla-is-a-tiny-flat-pack-home-for-two-that-lets-you-live-almost-anywhere/. Accessed 12 Sept. 2020.

out of necessity. The tiny house is created according to the residents’ requirements, and the result is an area that fulfils their individual specifications. The area of a tiny-house is roughly 10-15m2. Often the space is divided into a central plane and a sunken level that incorporates the bedroom area. As space is constrained, the plan of the house will incorporate such features as multi-purpose fittings such as a storage box that could double as a table or a bed that is collapsible and could form a table if required.

Another factor that characterises tiny homes is the environmental one, where rainwater is conserved and reused and solar panels are mounted on the roof. These factors bring down expenses in reduced-size residential areas, easing the change into the current population for those who were previously limited in their choice of residence due to socio-economic factors. Townships / informal settlements consist of dwellings with limited space as the residents do not have access to the financial resources to live in bigger spaces. In some communities, assets such as food and water have to be shared, as well as toilets or hygiene facilities. Due to the proximity of individuals, the community is close-knit and public space is communal. Due to increasing urbanisation and immigration from neighbouring countries, there is a large volume of individuals that are attracted by the employment prospects and promise of a higher standard of living in South African cities. As the country experiences a delay in the construction of low-cost housing as well as shortage of social grants, inhabitants do not have any other choice than to reside in informal communities and makeshift dwellings. 13 The precedents above give us an indication of the basic existential benchmarks that humans require. As an original design proposal, we would like to create suitable, financially savvy and ergonomic dwellings. As the new areas will be incorporated into current living areas, space is a major consideration, having to constrain the size of each unit. Despite the size factor, comfort is of utmost 12

Frearson, Amy. “Dezeen’s Top 10 Tiny Homes of 2017.” Dezeen, 24 Dec. 2017, www.dezeen.com/2017/12/24/top-10-tiny-homes-residential-architecture-housesapartments-review-2017/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

Richards, Robin, et al. “MEASURING QUALITY OF LIFE IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA.” Social Indicators Research, vol. 81, no. 2, 4 July 2006, pp. 375–388, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-006-9014-1, 10.1007/s11205-006-9014-1. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

importance, as well as access to vital resources. The aim of such a project is to ensure a feeling of comfort despite the small size of the dwellings, and this will need to be accomplished by maximising the potential uses of the area available. As the examples of micro-apartments, tiny houses and informal dwellings demonstrated, the pivotal spaces that are needed in a residence are a sleeping area, work space, dining/food preparation area, as well as ablution facilities. Through intelligent and agile use of space, these spaces are able to overlap and function harmoniously as well as concurrently. As the precedents have demonstrated, these spaces can be modified and reduced to the smallest size possible, in contrast to the vast expanses most residential dwellings demonstrate. Design aspects are useful tools to tweak current and future spaces to avoid the feeling of being hemmed in. A small space, cleverly utilised and constructed would have the psychological effect of raising the spirits of the dwellers and improving their mental health. The impact of a visually attractive internal aesthetic would lead to stimulation and movement based on the current activity. Le Corbusier’s The Cabonon was created as a small, minimalist creation of wood as a place of work and rest. 14 . It was a hut by the sea, and an excellent paradigm of modern architecture, distinguished for the complexity of its creation. The emphasis of the structure, in opposition to the majority of architectural spaces, was to be on the inner dimensions. The organisation of features, unlimited by the small size of the space, was complex, rational and aesthetically appealing. The lesson taught by this structure was that the value of a living space should rest in decisions that maximise returns rather than outwardly ostentatious features. The structure was meant to reflect the personality and characteristics of the inhabitants. 15 . Based on the “Modular”, which is founded on the motions of the human form, the structure consisted of prefabricated components. The cabin is 3.6m X 3.6m with a wooden interior. There are no kitchen or indoor washing amenities. These were provided by an inside divider linked to a neighbouring restaurant. 16 .

“Le Cabanon.” Iconichouses.Org, 2012, www.iconichouses.org/houses/le-cabanon. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

Etherington, Rose. “Le Corbusier’s Cabanon - the Interior 1:1 | Dezeen.” Dezeen, 6 Mar. 2009, www.dezeen.com/2009/03/06/le-corbusier%E2%80%99s-cabanon-the-interior-11/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

Ashton, Izzy. “Cabanon Is One of 17 UNESCO Heritage Le Corbusier Buildings.” Dezeen, 20 July 2016, www.dezeen.com/2016/07/20/le-corbusier-french-holiday-home-cabanon-17-buildingsunesco-world-heritage-list/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

Figure 5: New community concept â&#x20AC;&#x201C; main house with new small dwellings on the same property

An unexpected perk of the Covid-19 epidemic has been a paradigm shift in the way of living in the 21st century. Reconfiguring the community allows diversity, along with communal spirit and increased levels of employment. Should people be confined for long periods of time, it is preferable to shelter within a community, to avoid the monotony of being confined by themselves or in one place. People have the freedom to venture outside their homes, within the boundaries of the structure, which impacts positively on mental and physical well-being. Being within a communal structure allows people to share resources and operate within the principles of Ubuntu, caring for and assisting each other. Houses within the community will be adapted to create spaces that fulfil every need. The internal environment will be dynamic and allow for change and movement â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a living experience, as opposed to a mere living space. Though the new dwellings will be small in area, they will serve to fulfil human living needs, in addition to having an agile internal environment. The design of these spaces will be based upon established precedents, which have shown that the size of a living space is no barrier to ergonomics and needs fulfilment within the home.

Bibliography: “Living in a Box: How the Concept of Tiny Houses Has Changed Over the Years - Arch2O.Com.” Arch2O.Com, 22 Mar. 2017, www.arch2o.com/living-in-a-box-tiny-houses/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020. Chayka, Kyle. “How the Coronavirus Will Reshape Architecture.” The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 17 June 2020, www.newyorker.com/culture/dept-of-design/how-the-coronavirus-will-reshape-architecture. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020. Cleary, Kathryn. “COVID-19: The Pandemic’s Impact on Mental Health.” Spotlight, Spotlight, 4 May 2020, www.spotlightnsp.co.za/2020/05/04/covid-19-the-pandemics-impact-on-mental-health/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020. “ENG.” Icelandic Human Rights Centre, 2018, www.humanrights.is/en. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020. “Tiny Apartments and Punishing Work Hours: The Economic Roots of Hong Kong’s Protests.” The New York Times, 22 July 2019, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/07/22/world/asia/hong-kong-housing-inequality.html. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020. Avi. “Living In The Future: What Are Micro Apartments?” PropTech News Asia, 4 June 2018, www.proptechnews.asia/2018/06/living-future-micro-apartments/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020. Weller, Chris. “11 Crazy Photos of Micro-Apartments around Hong Kong - Business Insider.” Business Insider, Business Insider, Feb. 2018, www.businessinsider.com/crazy-pictures-of-micro-apartments-around-hong-kong2018-1?IR=T. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020. Lui, Kevin. “Move Over, New Yorkers: You Have No Idea How Small an Apartment Can Really Get.” Time, Time, 9 Dec. 2016, time.com/4581230/hong-kong-apartments-property-sale-rent-small-housing/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020 Avi. “Living In The Future: What Are Micro Apartments?” PropTech News Asia, 4 June 2018, www.proptechnews.asia/2018/06/living-future-micro-apartments/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020 Wang, Lucy. “Solar-Powered POD-Idladla Is a Tiny Flat-Pack Home for Two That Lets You Live Almost Anywhere...” Inhabitat.Com, Inhabitat, 3 Aug. 2015, inhabitat.com/solar-powered-pod-idladla-is-a-tiny-flatpack-home-for-two-that-lets-you-live-almost-anywhere/. Accessed 12 Sept. 2020. Frearson, Amy. “Dezeen’s Top 10 Tiny Homes of 2017.” Dezeen, 24 Dec. 2017, www.dezeen.com/2017/12/24/top-10-tiny-homes-residential-architecture-houses-apartments-review-2017/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020. Richards, Robin, et al. “MEASURING QUALITY OF LIFE IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA.” Social Indicators Research, vol. 81, no. 2, 4 July 2006, pp. 375–388, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-0069014-1, 10.1007/s11205-006-9014-1. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020. “Le Cabanon.” Iconichouses.Org, 2012, www.iconichouses.org/houses/le-cabanon. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020. Etherington, Rose. “Le Corbusier’s Cabanon - the Interior 1:1 | Dezeen.” Dezeen, 6 Mar. 2009, www.dezeen.com/2009/03/06/le-corbusier%E2%80%99s-cabanon-the-interior-11/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020. Ashton, Izzy. “Cabanon Is One of 17 UNESCO Heritage Le Corbusier Buildings.” Dezeen, 20 July 2016, www.dezeen.com/2016/07/20/le-corbusier-french-holiday-home-cabanon-17-buildings-unesco-world-heritagelist/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

ARPL 3021 HISTORIES AND THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE 3 School of Architecture & Planning, University of the Witwatersrand Facilitator: Hannah le Roux Date: 14/09/2020

A Futures PerspectiveDesigning Virtual And Physical Space Shreya Ramsarup 1847529

Abstract Due to the effects of COVID-19, our lives are limited to space and people around us. Our lives now consist of remote working, remote schooling, remote entertainment, and remote communication. This critical reflection on life during lockdown argues that our space cannot be considered as only physical but mental and virtual space as well. When discussing minimum standards in the preparation of a potential future lockdown, additions, and adjustments to physical and virtual infrastructure as well as legislation need to be considered. Infrastructure can be addressed by designing flexible spaces that can accommodate changing from one activity to the next while remaining in the same place. While virtually the majority of homes should be able to access data and/or internet services, allowing for a productive and comfortable home environment. Under these circumstances, internet access has become a lifeline and not a luxury. However, this is a lifeline that over 3 billion people around the world cannot access. This digital divide is one of the core standards that need to be addressed with future infrastructure development. As a government setting social distancing measures, and expecting people to survive in a now smaller physical space, physically, emotionally, and mentally, you need to give them virtual access.

As countries around the world are reeling from a public health pandemic, we have to comprehend how COVID-19 has condensed our lives and altered our priorities in a sudden and unprecedented manner. Living through lockdown day 169, my physical world has shrunk to include only my parents and sister. Within our home my space has become limited and confined. I am fortunate enough to have my bedroom with a desk and enough space to work. With both my parents and sister also working from home, our dining room has been converted into my parent's new office space. This unexpected experience has given me a far more personal perspective of the reality of small spaces and what can ensure privacy and dignity to those residing in them, as well as how important it is especially in these confined conditions to continue feel connected. When I reflect on my life over these few months the key events that surface like weekly family dinners with my extended family becoming Zoom calls and group WhatsApp calls with my friends, help keep us connected during this time apart. In figure 1, I attempted to map my experiences and connections with the outside world, I described these virtual experiences that comprised my life world by using a 3D image of my house and a series of interconnected lines showing the virtual connectivity that I experienced that helped over the last few months to create my networked world. This access to cyberspace, enables us make things that are impossible in the physical real or to give us the feeling of something real.

Figure 1: Mapping of virtual connectivity in my home

As an architect, the notion of space is central to our design in terms of forms, shapes, size, colour, smell, time, location, and atmosphere. Space controls our limitations and possibilities when designing. The lockdown and my reflections on my experience have forced me to hence confront what exactly does space mean to me as a person and me as an architect? Historically several authors have defined space within architectural discourses as encompassing the volumes of a structure, inherently the parts of a building that we move through. Simply it was considered to be the area left empty between objects. Historically architects have looked at multiple ways to affordably maximise the use and area of our physical space. In 1952, Le Corbusier designed Unite d’Habitation in Marseille, France. He was commissioned to design a residential family housing project for people that were displaced after the effects of World War II. The building was to accommodate approximately 1600 people that were able to have their own private space but were able to shop, exercise, and gather together (Kroll)1. The spatial organization of the residential units was organised to span on either side of the building, making the units narrow but consisting of a double-height living space. 1

Figure 2: Unite d'Habitation - Typical section illustrating interlocking volumes

Kroll, Andrew. “AD Classics: Unite d’ Habitation / Le Corbusier.” ArchDaily, 5 Nov. 2010, www.archdaily.com/85971/adclassics-unite-d-habitation-le-corbusier

This reduces the number of corridors, now only needing one corridor every three floors. The apartment units consist of 23 different types of layouts varying from small single units to larger family units. Le Corbusier efficiently placed 337 units in one apartment block by “creating an interlocking system of residential volumes” (Kroll). This design is considered to be a modern classic by following human proportions, Le Corbusier made each space not larger than physically and mentally needed but also provided dignity to its inhabitants. These are important design lessons. Considering people’s space in a limited and confined sense was not useful under lockdown conditions, we hence needed to explore the notion of space in a multi-dimensional way. Space becomes an interconnected construct comprising of the mental, physical, and virtual. Notions of space has become multi-dimensional and thus cannot be thought of independently as one impacts the other and in order to strengthen how people use physical space, their access to virtual space needs to be considered. Virtual space has become the enabler of the physical space as without it, our physical space becomes extremely limited. This brings upon a new form of the divide. This divide affects people unable to connect virtually with people outside the boundaries of their home, even if they have a secure, dignified house. This limits what they can accomplish within their home. William J. Mitchell states that modernism in the twentieth century focused on separating functions and prioritised presenting those separating of functions visually. He also states architecture of the twenty-first century should focus less on rigid programmes and more on flexible, dignified living spaces for its inhabitants as well as for “electronically supported nomadic occupation” (Mitchell) 2. Dignified living conditions thus cannot be separated or conceptualised separately from giving a person virtual access and connections as this essay argues that lockdown has illustrated how virtual space can become a facilitator of physical and mental space. In attempting to examine this multidimensional idea of space, I found researchers have looked at the relationship between physical and virtual through the use of virtual reality. Where creators develop large scale spaces for online communities. Creators of this new reality create environments to be virtual cities which includes many features of its realworld counterparts. This allows people to communicate and carry out business online. While these ideas are useful it has prompted my thinking , I was unable to find research within architecture that connected these domains and facilitated architects developing more nuanced ideas of space as they approach design and construction. This paper thus explores the notions of space while looking at the relationship between the physical and virtual and what could constitute some minimum standards when life is partly lived online as well as what the hybrid virtual/physical space standards are that we can create and how this can influence architects. In framing this essay I am fully aware that now more than ever, internet access has become a lifeline and not a luxury. However, this is a lifeline that over 3 billion people around the world cannot access. However, around the world, digital inequality deprives billions of people of these critical connections. In South Africa especially, data is already expensive for over 80% of South Africans and the effects of

Mitchell, William J. Me++ : The Cyborg Self and the Networked City. Cambridge, Mass., Mit Press, 2003.

lockdown have just made affordability even worse. At this rate, we are not only facing a global health pandemic. We also have a large digital divide threatening to “deepen offline inequalities.” (World Wide Web Foundation)3. By conceptualising providing space in this way deepens the divide and creates new barriers and inequalities, however they need to be recognised and held up to scrutiny . Thus my analysis attempts to visualise and argue for improved notions of how we argue for space while at the same time highlighting instances that can upfront some of these inequalities. Within lockdown, the new norm around the world, involves us living our lives online. Emine Mine Thompson likes to call the increased need and use of technology during this time, Techno-Accelerations. The global pandemic has accelerated the already-rapid assimilation of real and virtual activities. From online learning to working from home, live-streamed religious services, in some areas even live-streamed weddings and funerals. One thing that has stood out is that having access to the internet connects us to loved ones in this time of physical isolation (World Wide Web Foundation) This raises multiple new dimensions for architects to consider in their conceptualisation of space as multidimensional. There have been multiple attempts to alter the physical environment of small homes. Steven Holl is one of the many architects that made it possible to make changes or variations to the interior of the home depending on the use and needs of the moment. In Holl’s Fukuoka Housing project he used characteristics of the traditional Japanese screens and sliding doors called fusuma. He was able to create a modern interpretation of the fusuma using “pivoting wooden doors, panels and cabinets which can be moved at will”(Díez Blanco) 4, making it possible to join or take out pieces, according to what you need from the space. For example, living areas can convert into bedrooms in the evening, dining rooms can convert into separate office spaces, thus offering a flexible and dynamic space. Consequently, the concept of space is based on a defined volume has disappeared.

Figure 3: Steven Holl's Fukuoka Housing Project - Illustrating hinged screening system

Another example of this would be Biombombastic housing in Madrid, by elii architects. Biombombastic is inspired by the folding of paper from origami. The house is 24m2 consisting of an open space configuration, where the whole programme is arranged around an L-shape. The L-shape includes the entrance to the dwelling, the outer windows, a storage space, a complete kitchen, access to the bathroom, and the washing machine. The L-shape also includes flexible furniture including a folding bed and a fold-down rectangular table to 3

World Wide Web Foundation. “Covid-19 Shows Why Internet Access Is a Basic Right. We Must Get Everyone Connected.” World Wide Web Foundation, 15 Apr. 2020, webfoundation.org/2020/04/covid-19-shows-why-internetaccess-is-a-basic-right-we-must-get-everyone-connected/. 4 Díez Blanco, M. Teresa. “Steven Holl: From the Hinged Space to the Chromatic Space.” Architectural Draughtsmanship, 27 Sept. 2017, pp. 971–982, link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-58856-8_76, 10.1007/978-3-319-58856-8_76.

be used as a dining table or study area. This optimises spatial distribution and is able to compact its functions so you can maximise the amount of space needed for everyday activities. A hinged screen can be folded and unfolded depending on the everyday need of its residents. The screen acts as a physical separation, but due to the use of a white screen and wooden rails, the screen becomes partly opaque and partly translucent. This allows for light to flow from one space to another. Architects such as Holl and elli were able to adjust the physical environments of the space to allow for unpredictable functions (“Biombombastic / Elii”)5. Thus moving forward in framing standards that prepares us for a future lockdown period, closing the digital divide is critical with the hopes that the majority of people young and old, in urban and rural areas can connect with each other and be productive in terms of work or school. Critical to these standards will be infrastructure and legislation. I thus use these categories to frame my response. In terms of infrastructure, there has been development across the world in regards to creating community networks in an attempt to bridge this gap. Community networks are community-run Internet Service Providers (ISP) providing cheaper access to data and Wi-Fi interconnections for the community. However, this is only possible if they have the right tools, partnerships, and support. Most community network initiatives have to rely on solar panels and battery banks to power their electronic equipment, due to unreliable electricity. The need for community networks comes from areas where there is a lack of traditional or commercial networks, or in areas where most other operators are too expensive and cheaper internet connectivity needs to be provided. Consequently, these new systems have the ability to empower people in underserved areas across the world and help them connect especially during lockdown conditions. (Internet Solutions)6 An important issue that emerged during the lockdown, was the value of local networks. An inspiring example of an internationally recognised community network is Zenzeleni, based in rural South Africa. Since 2012, they have slowly developed high-speed internet that can be comparable to South Africa’s most developed urban areas. The internet connectivity provided is fast as well as affordable. Their model aims to significantly reduce the cost of telecommunications, provide a form of social entrepreneurship by retaining expenses, and develop the rural digital ecosystem with the hopes of bridging the digital divide (“Zenzeleni Bahlali INetworks”)7. The main organisation members are chosen by the community and they own, govern, operate and maintain the network. Especially during a countrywide lockdown period, these types of community engagement projects can allow many people and businesses to function from home in small underdeveloped spaces.

“Biombombastic / Elii.” ArchDaily, 26 Nov. 2015, www.archdaily.com/777801/biombombastic-elii.

Internet Solutions. “Supporting the Creation and Scalability of Affordable Access Solutions: Understanding Community Networks in Africa | Internet Society.” Internet Society, 4 Oct. 2018, www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/2017/supporting-the-creation-and-scalability-of-affordable-access-solutionsunderstanding-community-networks-in-africa/. 7

“Zenzeleni Bahlali INetworks.” Zenzeleni, 2019, zenzeleni.net/.

This idea about bridging the digital divide and finding ways to link physical and virtual space for the future raises multiple new dimensions for architects to consider in their conceptualisation of space. One of these examples is the ‘smart city’. The smart city is defined as a city that “uses technology, data, and intelligent design to enhance a city’s liveability, workability, and sustainability” (Smart City Council) 8. These cities are being developed for a better alternative for people, where data is shared between departments and are thus better linked with other data services through open standards (Smart City Council). These cities strive to be a more affordable option through getting better use out of provided facilities. Such as, how can our electrical connections double up as internet connection router access points. This could be an alternative to just increasing the number of fibre cables and allows you to consider provisions now for the future. As an architect, the problem with the notion of ‘smart cities’ is that all countries and cities have their own culture however the ‘smart city’ environment is extremely one dimensional and thus does not encourage or improve cultural specificity. Currently, the idea of a ‘smart city’ is about “blanket replication”(Shiny Varghese)9. This idea encourages gated communities and the creation of a city that is driven by infrastructure and investment. Consequently creating a new form of exclusion of people who cannot afford such a lifestyle. One way to enhance a city’s liveability, workability, and sustainability, would be to get people living in the city to get involved in creating the ideas behind the project. This reimagination of the city becomes a way to respond to the locals' needs and aspirations. By listening and implementing the locals' needs, the idea of a ‘smart city’ becomes socially relevant. Architect Rahul Mehrotra stated that governments should be making cities great places for living, working, and recreational activities (Shiny Varghese). To me, the idea of a ‘smart city’ would be to make service delivery better. The Norman Foster Foundation has started the development of the Droneport project. Realising the need for easier transport of medical supplies in underdeveloped areas in Africa due to the lack of roads and consequential infrastructure, the process of providing inhabitants with these vital amenities Figure 4: Droneport Project- Illustration of construction becomes a challenging but necessary development in and materials of structure many areas in Africa (Norman Foster Foundation) 10. Only the basic formwork and machinery for brick-pressing are delivered to the Droneport site. The clay for bricks and boulders for the foundation are raw materials that are locally sourced. This makes the construction process more sustainable and cheaper as transport costs are reduced. The brick structure is very minimal and thus can be constructed by the 8

Smart City Council, 2018. Smart Cities Guide For Built Environment Consultants. 1st ed. Australia: ARCADIS, pp.4-6.

Varghese, Shiny. “Architects Have to Get Away from the Position of Arrogance: Rahul Mehrotra.” The Indian Express, 9 Aug. 2015, indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/architects-have-to-get-away-from-the-position-of-arrogance-rahulmehrotra/. 10

Norman Foster Foundation. (2019). Droneport — Norman Foster Foundation. [online] Available at: https://www.normanfosterfoundation.org/project/droneport/.

local communities who adopt the ideas. The brick structure is made from multiple vaults that can be linked together to form flexible spaces based on the demands and needs of a particular place (Norman Foster Foundation). The Norman Foster Foundation is developing ideas that link to a ‘smart city’ being able to make service delivery better in local areas while allowing the community to be involved in the process and additionally creating employment. These type of projects need to consider the nature of how people will communicate and conceptualise the infrastructure need ‘beyond just the brick wall’. Looking forward to the design of minimum standards we should consider how to provide access to faster internet and being able to reach more people virtually. In 2019, 4.7 billion people were active internet users- over half the global population (Shaulova)11, which also means just under half is not able to connect due to the digital divide, highlighting how far we still have to go to bring everyone into the information economy. South Korea has one of the fastest internet speeds in the world, almost double the global average. With that in mind, South Korea’s internet is accessible to over 90% of its population. While Korea is not poor, it is also not amongst the world’s wealthiest countries. (Shaulova) Therefore Korea’s income level has very little to do with its high level of Internet penetration. The main reason why countries like Korea have such fast and accessible internet is that they put in the investment 20 years ago to install fibre lines and multiple internet exchange points throughout the country which allows for a much faster connection. In South Africa, we have only recently started moving to fibre connections and we only have two internet exchange points that are situated in the populated cities of Johannesburg and Cape Town. If we as a country put in the investment we can increase the number of internet exchange points situated in largely populated areas, such as Durban, the internet speed could increase by 20%. Furthermore, if more people are connected the price of data decreases. As a country that has very high prices for data services, the increase in more and better Figure 5: Map of South Africa illustrating impact of additional infrastructure should be a high priority to meet the data centres needs of the residents of the country. Thus drawing from these examples we can highlight that we should be designing with locally sourced materials to be more sustainable and cost-effective We should also be designing for the needs of people in the local community, one of these needs consists of addressing the digital divide in the country. We can do this by implementing community networks and increasing the number of data centres with internet exchange points within our country. We need to also rethink what we designing for and we need to design with a futures perspective, that understands the multiple levels of space needs people who occupy these spaces will have . designing physical spaces that don't think about virtual access will perpetuate the digital divide. 11

Shaulova, E., 2020. Topic: Internet Usage In Japan. [online] Statista. Available at: <https://www.statista.com/topics/2361/internet-usage-in-japan/>.

Increasing our infrastructure is important but a lot of improvements that come with an increase in virtual space cannot be achieved due to South African legislation. Though it could be thought that legislation is not central to the role of architects. creating the type of envisaged future lockdown will be hindered if we don’t examine the legislative barriers like access to full medical records being online (Eiser and Johnson) 12. Currently, we cannot have electronic medical records as current laws do not allow for this level of data sharing. If a lockdown had to happen again due to another pandemic contacting patients at high risk would be easily accessible and so would all their records. In this essay from the critical reflection on my life world within lockdown I have argued that our space is not only physical but mental and virtual as well. For us to work, go to school, and continue connecting with others we require this multidimensional idea of space that encompasses the interface between the physical and the virtual. Despite various levels of issues and barriers this would be possible with a change in infrastructure by designing flexible spaces that can accommodate being able to change from one activity to the next while remaining in the same place. While virtually the majority of homes should be able to access data and/or internet services, allowing for a productive and comfortable home environment. Homes or communities should not only provide space for basic electricity distribution board but router access as well. To facilitate the type of spaces I have further drawn from examples that show both infrastructure elements like locally sourced materials being used to create hinged screenings and an increase in data centres make data more affordable and to bridge the digital gap in our country. “The most striking transformation effected by digital technologies and telecommunication revolution is the change in our perceptions of materiality, space, and information, which is bound directly or indirectly to our understanding of architecture, habitation, the city and the entire built environment” (Moosavi)13

Eiser, Kirsten, and Shane Johnson. “POPIA: What Employers Need to Know.” Webberwentzel.Com, 2 Aug. 2019, www.webberwentzel.com/News/Pages/popia-what-employers-need-toknow.aspx?gclid=Cj0KCQjwhvf6BRCkARIsAGl1GGgCNok5gLK7YAB0nBrpEc4EVghYPOMA8z5Dzjj16zRLL_qy_HF0F6MaAl88EA Lw_wcB. 13

Moosavi, Mir Saeed, et al. “IMPACT OF URBAN LANDSCAPE ON HUMAN WELL-BEING AS A TOOL FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.” European Journal of Sustainable Development, vol. 7, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2018, pp. 7–10, 10.14207/ejsd.2018.v7n1p374.

References •

“Biombombastic / Elii.” ArchDaily, 26 Nov. 2015, www.archdaily.com/777801/biombombasticelii. Accessed 12 Sept. 2020.

•

Díez Blanco, M. Teresa. “Steven Holl: From the Hinged Space to the Chromatic Space.” Architectural Draughtsmanship, 27 Sept. 2017, pp. 971–982, link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-58856-8_76, 10.1007/978-3-319-58856-8_76. Accessed 12 Sept. 2020.

•

Eiser, Kirsten, and Shane Johnson. “POPIA: What Employers Need to Know.” Webberwentzel.Com, 2 Aug. 2019, www.webberwentzel.com/News/Pages/popia-whatemployers-need-toknow.aspx?gclid=Cj0KCQjwhvf6BRCkARIsAGl1GGgCNok5gLK7YAB0nBrpEc4EVghYPOMA8z5Dzjj1 6zRLL_qy_HF0F6MaAl88EALw_wcB. Accessed 12 Sept. 2020

•

Internet Solutions. “Supporting the Creation and Scalability of Affordable Access Solutions: Understanding Community Networks in Africa | Internet Society.” Internet Society, 4 Oct. 2018, www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/2017/supporting-the-creation-and-scalability-ofaffordable-access-solutions-understanding-community-networks-in-africa/. Accessed 12 Sept. 2020.

•

Kroll, Andrew. “AD Classics: Unite d’ Habitation / Le Corbusier.” ArchDaily, 5 Nov. 2010, www.archdaily.com/85971/ad-classics-unite-d-habitation-le-corbusier. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

•

Mitchell, William J. Me++ : The Cyborg Self and the Networked City. Cambridge, Mass., Mit Press, 2003. Accessed 11 Sept. 2020.

•

Norman Foster Foundation. (2019). Droneport — Norman Foster Foundation. [online] Available at: https://www.normanfosterfoundation.org/project/droneport/ Accessed 3 Sep. 2020.

•

Smart City Council, 2018. Smart Cities Guide For Built Environment Consultants. 1st ed. Australia: ARCADIS, pp.4-6. Accessed 12 August 2020.

•

Shaulova, E., 2020. Topic: Internet Usage In Japan. Statista. Available at: <https://www.statista.com/topics/2361/internet-usage-in-japan/> Accessed 12 August 2020.

•

“Zenzeleni Bahlali INetworks.” Zenzeleni, 2019, zenzeleni.net/. Accessed 10 Sept. 2020.

Research, study and analysis by

Emma Skudder_1839336

PROJECT 3//Small Essay ARPL 3021_2020 HISTORIES AND THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE III Instructed by Hannah le Roux

CO-LIVING -the architectural devices and behavioral aspects behind a shared dwelling-

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to propose a new series of domestic living conditions that are considerate of the physical, mental and emotional toOO WKDW FRQWDLQPHQW FDQ KDYH RQ D KXPDQbV OLYHG experience. This is reviewed through proposing proposes dco-livingb as the new minimum housing standard. Analysis of my personal lockdown experience; the principles, parameters and behavioral aspects of co-living and finally, three case studies illustrating the architectural aspects of co-living, are the means through which this proposal is reviewed. The study reveals that, co-living promotes social engagement within a community while still taking into consideration onebV SULvacy. In doing so, co-living defines a new minimum domestic spatial arrangement that encourages the three aspects of a satisfactory lifestyle: home, leisure and the dWKLUG SODFHb RU LQIRUPDl.

[page 2]

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS x

INTRODUTION…pp.4

PERSONAL LOCKDOWN EXPERIENCE…pp.4-5

PARAMETERS + PRINCIPLES BEHIND CO-LIVING …pp.6-8

The importance of a dthird placeb

Historical context of co-living

One Shared House

CASE STUDIES …pp.9-11 u

Community scale// The Urban Village Project

Singular age group scale//Space Scholarship

Domestic scale// Sky House

NEW MINIMUM STANDARDS…pp. 12-13

CONCLUSION…pp. 13

[page 3]

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020 Life under the constraints of lockdown has revealed that there is a clear need for a redefinition of the minimum standards of domestic housing conditions. COVID-19 has wreaked havoc on the existing organization and operation of domestic spatial structures. This is due to the upheaval of individuals’ work, home and leisure activities being condensed into one space. In an effort to combat the effects of the constricted living conditions of a lockdown, this essay proposes ‘co-living’ as the new minimum housing standard. This solution includes sub-standards, such as the minimum rights of an individual or group while also taking into consideration their dignity and economic constraints. In order to illustrate to the members of this bureau why co-living is the solution to the above-mentioned problems I will be undertaking a series of analysis. This analysis will be approached through means of understanding my personal lockdown experience; the principles, parameters and behavioral aspects of co-living and finally, three case studies illustrating the architectural aspects of coliving. This is all in hopes to produce a new series of domestic living conditions that are considerate of the physical, mental and emotional toll that containment can have on a human’s lived experience.

“You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete.” 1 At the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic the unexpectedness of a routine in lockdown made life feel as if it was temporary. Although, the longer the lockdown constraints continued, the longer I began to understand that this new routine would be the future for at least the next couple of years perhaps. My home has never felt quite so large and so small to me as it has over the course of this pandemic lockdown. I have spent an incredibly large portion of my time over the past six months in the confines of my bedroom. This is predominantly because it acts both as a leisure, home and work space for me. I can say fairly confidently that the maximum amount of time, on average, that I spend outside the four walls of my, approximately, 12m2 bedroom is two hours. This dworking routineb has become fatigue inducing —I am either boxed in my bedroom wanting to escape to another part of the house or incurring the clashing family members in spaces outside of my bedroom, for example: in the passageway. These micro-clashes occur in spaces that are not necessarily intended for communal gatherings. This has shown me the extreme need for flexible spatial planning with an allowance for privacy. Family space or space to interact with others in your home is very important, but should be able to change in order to accommodate various functions. In addition, having flexibility in the space where you are able to work, would be helpful in easing the monotony of the day to day routine that COVID-19 has instilled. The changes that I think should happen in future home planning endeavors after an analysis of my home includes: flexible family and work VSDFHV dEUHDWKLQJb VSDFH or complete

Fuller, B. (1982) Wikiquote [Online] Available at: https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Talk:Buckminster_Fuller#:~:text=On%20page%20101%20it%20says,makes%20the%20old%20 model%20obsolete.%E2%80%9D [Accessed: 12/09/2020]

[page 4]

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020 privacy and an increase in multi-purpose spaces. This drew my attention to non-normative housing conditions, as they tend to perform these functions through means establishing connections, mitigating loneliness and allowing for a certain flexibility.

+THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE III

[ ]

Â Â&#x201E; // Â Â

// Â // Â?

Â? Â? Â?

[ ]

// Â?

Â? Â? Â? "Â&#x2020;Â Â&#x192; Â&#x2026; Â&#x192;Â? Â&#x20AC;Â&#x192;Â? Â? ÂÂ&#x20AC;Â? Â&#x20AC;Â&#x192;Â? Â&#x201E;Â&#x20AC; Â&#x20AC;Â&#x192;Â? Â&#x20AC; Â?Â&#x2021; Â Â&#x192;Â? Â Â&#x20AC;Â&#x192;Â?Â&#x2C6; Â&#x20AC; Â&#x192; Â? Â Â&#x201E;Â&#x20AC; Â&#x20AC;Â&#x192;Â? Â Â Â Â&#x2021;" Â&#x2030; Â&#x20AC;Â&#x192; Â&#x160;

// Â Â // Â Â&#x20AC; Â? // Â Â&#x201A; Â&#x20AC;Â Â&#x192;

Â Â&#x201E; Â Â Â&#x20AC; Â Â&#x20AC;Â Â&#x192;

Â&#x2026;

Â Â

[page 5]

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020 Subsequently, from my personal analysis above it can be seen that it is important to look at standards in domestic housing that allow for spaces with genuine connectivity between individuals, especially under the confines of a lockdown. Separation measures for defining leisure, work and home spaces should also come into further consideration when keeping in mind these potential connectivity spaces. The work of urban sociologist Ray Oldenburg illustrates the importance of establishing what he calls a dthird place,b in order for individuals to live more “fulfilled, connected lives” in the form of community engagement. 2 The concept behind the dthird placeb came from understanding the dissatisfaction of the American middle-class living within the vehicle-ridden suburbs of a post WW-II era. In the case of the dhome [first place],b increases in “divorce,” “fatherless children” and the erosion of “the traditional family configuration” gave rise to a directly proportional dissatisfied population. 3 This dissatisfaction was masked by the assumed “luxury of choice,” but it was seen that the so-called chosen form of living was not nearly as satisfactory as the life of “the traditional family when embedded in a supporting community.” 4 This indicates that a nuclear family within a supportive surrounding community, a collection of nuclear families perhaps, formed the ideal satisfactory home living conditions. In the case of dZRUk [second place],b there was a tremendous increase in “absenteeism, company-paid medical expenses and lost productivity,” which were seen as the direct impacts and loss to industry of the dissatisfied, suburban middle class. 5 This shows that there was a heavy reliance in these suburban lifestyles on “domestic and work” relationships to satisfy “much that is missing in the constricted lifestyles of those without community.” 6 Intrinsically, there is a need for interaction of some sorts outside the confines of RQHbV home. In the case of OldenburgbV studies this came in the form of a collective solution, namely the dWKLUG SODFH.b Its model looked towards that of Europe and is proposed as a “generic [destination] for a great variety of public places that host the regular, voluntary, informal, and happily anticipated gatherings of individuals beyond the realms of home and work.” 7 These informal, day to day interactions create a sort of social cohesion and an “essential element of the good life” that many need in their lives in order to gain a sense of place and unity with their surroundings, establishing a community. 8

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Mortice, Z. (2016) "The Sociology of Coliving: How WeLive Creates a "Third Place"" ArchDaily. [Online] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/795620/the-sociology-of-coliving-how-welive-creates-a-third-place> ISSN 0719-8884 Accessed 13 Sep 2020. Oldenburg, R. (1989). The Great Good Place. New York: Marlowe & Company. pp 9-11 Ibid., pp. 9-11 Ibid., pp. 6-8 Ibid., pp. 6-8 Ibid., pp. 6-8 Ibid., pp. 3-4

[page 6]

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020 Historically, co-living took the form of co-housing where there would be “several individual homes or rooms built around large communal spaces.”9 This idea can be dated as far back as the 19th century where Charles Fourier wrote about workers being self-sufficient on their own property. His societal views and “proposals inspired a whole movement of intentional communities.” 10 Although, there were other forms of co-housing before the contemporary understanding of co-living existed, for example: Andre Baptiste Godinbs 1858 “co-housing community in Northern France.” 11 More examples include the centralized communal kitchen spaces encouraging community gatherings and group meal preparation; as well as, Israeli Kibbutzbs; boarding houses in 20th century Europe and America and displaced groups of individuals during and post war. 12 What all of these examples had in common is the collective sense of community due to dissatisfaction with current circumstances and some sort of agricultural-based or sustainability practices. This shows that the ideas of Oldenburgbs dthird placeb were not new to the way in which communities were thought about. Community establishment and guidance is something that clearly a larger global population were aiming to achieve. Similarly the California communes or hippie communes of the 1960bV DQG bV were a way of like-minded people coming together and co-living through means of guided principles. This was an act of rebellion in rejection of the normative housing and “gender role-defining behaviors of their parentsb generation.” 13

During this time, Stewart Brand introduced the World Earth Catalog , which aimed to give some

guidance through means of survival principles, “product listings” and D-I-Y practices for these communes. 14

“At the height of the civil-rights movement and the war in Vietnam, the “Whole Earth Catalog” offered a vision for a new social order—one that eschewed institutions in favor of individual empowerment, achieved through the acquisition of skills and tools.” 15 Stewart Brand became a visionary in terms of the establishment of the internet and digital practices as we know it, as well as sustainable or green practices (environmentalism). The modern co-living practices are seen as being instigated in 1970bs Denmark through programs such as the dSættedammen initiative.b These types of co-living programs were seen as being at the forefront of non-normative housing, pioneering the movement in America.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

15.

Unknown.(2020). What is Behind the Co-living Movement? Coliving.com. [Online] Available at: https://coliving.com/blog/what-is-behind-the-coliving-movement Accessed 11/09/2020 Unknown. (2020) Charles Fourier. Wikipedia. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fourier Accessed 11/09/2020 Unknown.(2020). What is Behind the Co-living Movement? Coliving.com. [Online] Available at: https://coliving.com/blog/what-is-behind-the-coliving-movement Accessed 11/09/2020 Ibid. Accessed 11/09/2020 Ibid. Accessed 11/09/2020 Wienar, A. (2018). The Complicated Legacy of Stewart Brand’s “Whole Earth Catalog” The New Yorker. [Online] Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-silicon-valley/the-complicated-legacy-of-stewart-brands-whole-earth-catalog Accessed 11/09/2020 Ibid. Accessed 11/09/2020

[page 7]

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020 The historical narratives of living with one another and sharing space often are not remembered although the pandemic has brought out the human need for physical contact and socializing. “Coliving [today is said to combine] many other aspects, such as a sense of community, sustainability, and collaborative economy,” although these principles have existed long before its modernization. 16 Additionally, the online research survey, One Shared House has been conducted, across the globe, in order to gain insight into the global parameters for sharing homes with one another or co-living. The premise of the survey is that it is the year 2030 and that there are a significantly higher number of people that need to share the earth. In order to meet the constraints of this increased population, co-living is devised as the solution. 17Although, the other common problems said to spur the idea for co-living are “rapid urbanization, loneliness and high living costs.” 18 This research gives a general idea of the needs and wants of an international client base when it comes to establishing the principles for a co-living complex. Furthermore, this type of survey is an indication of just how heavily over-populated our world is, yet ironically there is a greater need for physical connection due to loneliness. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted this need even more and put co-living into a much more intriguing light. The research of the survey still indicates even further that “the two biggest pros of living with others is having more ways to socialize, splitting costs and getting more bang for your buck.” 19 Other principles that can be drawn from this survey in terms of the behavioral or societal aspects are that individuals prefer: members being “neat, tidy, honest and considerate;” equal ownership; house members from different walks of life and would rather like a smaller group of house members ranging from 4-10. 20 The architectural aspects that can be drawn from the survey are that individuals prefer to: reside in the city; use a communal kitchen with a “more flexible private space” and are “have access to multiple homes they could easily move between.” 21 Co-living seems to be on a never ending cycle of relevancy. The principles behind this type of home condition tend to resurrect themselves in the form of a new and improved vision each time co-living becomes relevant again. This draws a conclusion to the principles and parameters that established the foundation of co-living.

16. Eduardo, S. (2019). "What is Co-Living?" [O que significa co-living?] ArchDaily. (Trans. Duduch, Tarsila) [Online] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/915335/what-is-co-living> ISSN 0719-8884 [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 17. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 18. Anton&irene + SPACE 10 (N.D) [Online] Available at: http://onesharedhouse2030.com/results/ [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 19. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 20. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 21. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.]

[page 8]

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020 Consequently, following on from the principles developed under the One Shared Home survey, SPACE 10 and architecture firm, EFFEKT Architects have created a larger scale, conceptual domestic housing project, The Urban Village Project. This project is “a vision for how to design, build and share future homes, cities and neighborhoods.” 22 The main priorities of this project are seen to be “livability, sustainability and affordability,” in order to establish a better basis for residing together in the future. 23 Establishing how we “design, build, finance and share future homes, neighborhoods and cities,” is one of the main ways in which they propose a “new way of living together.” 24 This project seems to take into consideration all of the societal issues that we were facing pre-COVID-19, although itbs principles apply to the pandemic lockdown solution as well. Some of these issues include “rapid urbanization, ageing populations, climate change and a lack of natural resources.” 25 To summarize, livability looks at community establishment; flexibility in apartment arrangement and configuration within a cubic module and the provision of various communal facilities that offer a “fulfilling daily life.” 26 Sustainability looks at creating a seamless transition between sustainable ways of living and everyday life; using sustainably sourced timbers and designing modules that fit into a kit. The kit is to include furniture components, structural components, service components and finishing components, all in an effort to minimize waste. Affordability looks at bypassing the “interests of short term investors and [challenging] existing models of development.” 27 The proposed housing would be “pre-fabricated; mass-produced and flat packed” putting potential construction costs at a minimum. 28 In addition, the community would pool funds and resources as much as possible and buy into a housing co-operative that gives the home-makers a chance to buy shares in the property, lowering costs further. The factors that stand out about this case study are the drive to be sustainable throughout the project from conception to execution; the uniform response to living conditions no matter the economic circumstances, as well as the flexibility in the spatial arrangement. The overall proposal of creating mini communities also links back the idea of sociability and the establishment of a “third place.” The first principles of “livability, sustainability and affordability” that form the foundations of this project, take into account the human experience of community living. The same principles can be applied to an individual in a pandemic lockdown as they are methods of combatting the effects of an economic and psychological toll. This proves the value of co-living, as it promotes micro-economies through means of establishing shared communal amenities and providing private housing components.

22. SPACE10+EFFEKT Architects (N.D) The Urban Living Project [Online] Available at: https://www.urbanvillageproject.com/ [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 23. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 24. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 25. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 26. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 27. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.]

[page 9]

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020

Additionally, an Italian based â&#x20AC;&#x153;communication research centre in Treviso, Italyâ&#x20AC;? called Fabrica has developed an experimental student housing model for co-living in Bangkok. 28 This Space

Scholarship offers a place for leisure, home and work, while â&#x20AC;&#x153;fostering communication and human relationships.â&#x20AC;? 29 The priorities of the project were to develop a place that allows for shared and private experiences for seven students, both male and female. Conceptually, â&#x20AC;&#x153;the design seeks to offer the students a sense of responsibility, independence and the feeling of being dhome.bâ&#x20AC;? 30 This project was conceived after research into the philosophy behind sharing a home. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Social overlappingâ&#x20AC;? was decided on as the main concept driver and is expressed through a range of â&#x20AC;&#x153;scales, details, materials and colors.â&#x20AC;? 31 Various components of the apartment are able to be shifted in order to meet the userbs different needs: studying; eating; chatting or privacy. The factors that stand out about this case study are the multi-functional and stacked furniture modules; the strategic use of light and the well-organized/ flexible spatial planning. These factors seek to create human relationships and a sense of community, tying back Oldenburgbs concept of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;third place.â&#x20AC;? Enclosure and opening allows for a shift in the spatial dynamic of the apartment by means of either establishing privacy or encouraging company. The first principles of â&#x20AC;&#x153;social overlapping,â&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x153;flexibility and functionalityâ&#x20AC;? encourages the fore-mentioned goal of achieving a highly efficient co-living housing condition. 31 This proves that co-living establishes a sense of community, but can also achieve privacy. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the need for flexible, affordable housing that takes into consideration the

28. Azzarello, N. (2017). Fabrica Conceives flexible and functional co-living space for seven students in Bangkok. Designboom. [Online] Available at: https://www.designboom.com/design/fabrica-coliving-bangkok-space-scholarship-11-22-2017/ [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 29. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 30. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 31. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.]

[page 10]

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020 userbs economic and psychological constraints. Space Scholarship seems to be able to do this successfully. In addition to that, the Metabolists of Tokyo, Japan fostered a unique type of architectural discourse that looked at “Marxist theories and biological processes” for inspiration in order to create a socalled “living architecture.” 32The principles behind the movement were to establish a new kind of urbanism, as the “group outlined that they wanted to create a city whose parts could grow, transform and die while the whole thing went on living.” 33 These Metabolist principles were established on a domestic scale application by avid founding member: Kiyonori Kikutake. The principles that have been spoken about in this essay thus far, as well as Metabolist theories can be seen in the architecture of his 1958, Sky House . This dwelling was his family home and used “structural planning and new models of urban communities” as its concept drivers. An internal, flexible, open plan spatial arrangement is established through means of creating a single 10x10m suspended concrete waffle slab on “4.5m high wharfs.” 34 This elevated waffle slab allowed for a mezzanine entry level and the ability to add drop down rooms or volumes by removing a part of the slab, therefore showing dgrowthb in the area of the dwelling. This was intended as a means to adjust the size of the home as the family dynamic changed throughout time. Additionally, there was external entry into the abode via a balcony threshold, allowing access to the living space from every possible side. 35 The factor that stands out about this case study is the allowance for family growth and flexibility in the square meterage of the entire dwelling while leaving the common living spaces unchanged. The attentive way in which privacy and meeting the needs of the family for different activities is approached is seamless, establishing a sense of harmony in the spatial arrangement. Using screens and alternative methods of entry adds to this layering of privacy and enclosure when needed. The first principles of “variability” and growth are important to consider when thinking about the confines of RQHbV home. 36 Having the option to expand or contract the square meterage of a room or the dwelling in its entirety by adding or removing volumes is, in a way, comforting. This is because it gives a sense of ownership. This proves that having a method of expansion and contraction within the spaces of a dwelling is extremely valuable in solving the issues of clashing versus isolation in a confined setting, such as the COVID-19 lockdown.

32. Unknown. (2020) Metabolism Architecture. Wikipedia. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism_(architecture) [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 33. Unknown. (2016). Sky House/ Kiyonori Kikutake. Archeyes. [Online] Available at: https://archeyes.com/sky-house-kiyonorikikutake/#:~:text=Sky%20House%20was%20the%20house,2011)%20for%20himself%20in%201958.&text=The%20house%20comprises %20of%20a,purpose%20to%20free%20the%20corners. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 34. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 35. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.] 36. Ibid. [Accessed 13 Sep 2020.]

[page 11]

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020

Ultimately, my proposal to the bureau draws from all the research and analysis conducted above. This must be seen as a method of extraction, as well as summarization, of the points made for the proposal of dco-livingb as a housing method that combats the effects of a pandemic lockdown. The sub-categories of this proposal are broken down into two parts: the behavioral or social aspects and the architectural or spatial aspects. Firstly, the behavioral or social aspects for harmonious co-living reveals that there should be: x

A sense of community or established community creating a dthird place.b

An established set of rules defining ownership; what is private versus what is public and the manner in which the dwelling should be maintained.

A defined personal outlook in terms of hygiene and cleanliness.

A temporary housing period to check whether you fit into that particular co-living community or not if you are an individual seeking a dwelling.

An understanding of what you as an individual seek in a co-living establishment.

An understanding of the financial arrangement that the group will have in order to be more economical.

[page 12]

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020 Subsequently, the proposed architectural principles and parameters for co-living should broadly include: x

Some sort of sustainability or agricultural function, for example rain water harvesting or vegetation growth.

Flexible, versatile and changeable interior spatial arrangements through various methods of enclosure, for example screens, partitions and/or furniture.

Flexible square meterage for family units versus single units if the modular dwelling system is used.

A highly functional plan of the possible changeable spatial arrangements.

An established sense of public versus private areas with spaces such as the kitchen, dining, living and working areas being communal.

Bedrooms and bathrooms to be demarcated as private spaces.

All of these aspects seek to define a new set of standards that establish a co-living space to combat the effects of economic hardship and rather promote phycological well-being of an individual in a confined space. The COVID-19 lockdown has quite significantly impacted the lives of so many. The various upheavals the pandemic has caused, has shifted the public mindset of what one requires when forced to remain in the same spaces for an extended amount of time. Co-living promotes social engagement within a community while still taking into consideration onebs privacy. In doing so, co-living defines a new minimum domestic spatial arrangement that encourages the three aspects of a satisfactory lifestyle: home, leisure and the â&#x20AC;&#x153;third placeâ&#x20AC;? or informal.

37. Oldenburg, R. (1989). The Great Good Place. New York: Marlowe & Company. pp 9-11

[page 13]

Emma Skudder_1839336//14.09.2020 List of Figures 1. Own drawing// Mapping of 3D Space 2. CASE STUDY 1: The Urban Village Project (Refer to text references) 3. CASE STUDY 2: Space Scholarship (Refer to text references) 4. CASE STUDY 3: Sky House (Refer to text references) 5. Proposal

_________________________________________________________________________________________end.

[page 14]

Name: Buhle Xhegwana Student Number:1855080 Date: 13/09/2020 Lecturer: Hannah Le Roux Topic: Project 3 Essay â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Setting architectural parameters for liveable small spaces Subject: ARPL3021 Histories and Theories of Architecture 3

[Buhle Xhegwana,2020, Illustration]

This year has been an interesting year in the way it has changed many peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relationship to their living spaces. Due to being forced to stay at home, homes that may be filled with already pressing issues like family problems, relationship problems and financial problems, the home has been transformed from a place of solace to a place of entrapment and stress. I am interested in the way that the architectural makeup of a living space can alleviate some of these stresses, or at least make them somewhat more manageable. I wanted to explore this topic after mapping of the space I live in and my own mental health issues that have arisen from the Covid-19 virus lockdown. The research question that I have developed for this essay is how does the combining of architectural, spatial design and mental health develop pragmatic results, as well as how does this combination determine what minimum standards, such as spatial, environment, population levels and location standards, among others, are acceptable to prioritize the mental health of its current and future occupants? It is important to keep the research question for my essay open-ended in order include all of the variables associated with the topic, such as socio-economic and political factors. My essay is about finding sound architectural parameters that will aid the improvement of mental health for those who live in those spaces. In the body of my essay, I will introduce this problem in relation to Modernist architecture that was born from an illness that required buildings to be minimalistic in their design and therefore easy to disinfect. This functionality of Modernist architecture has developed into an appealing aesthetic. My case studies focus on housing

conditions experienced in Scotland, Italy, Malaysia and the United States of America. The case studies look at how these housing conditions and living standards affect the occupants and their mental health. Towards the end of my essay, I have included suggestions on living standards that are required for improving mental health. During quarantine we have been asked to stay within the confines of our homes, unintentionally turning them into our personalized prisons. Our homes have gone from a place where we come back to at the end of the day, a place of leisure and downtime, to a place where routine and limitation in movement and action define our everyday experiences. This isolation and limitation provoke a high sense of claustrophobia and anxiety within all of us. What we demand of our space is similar to that demanded from the Modernist aesthetic. The Modernist aesthetic consists of simple geometry and is not ornately decorated, much like prison cell or hospital ward. It is difficult to connect to these kinds of blank spaces. What seems to be lacking from this “hospital architecture” (Chayka, 2020) is the consideration of the individual and their mental health. This quote explains the functionality of Modernist architecture in the realm of a pandemic: “Much of modernist architecture can be understood as a consequence of the fear of disease, a desire to eradicate dark rooms and dusty corners where bacteria lurk” (Chayka, 2020). In this contemporary pandemic, it is important for us to stay rooted in our creative expression of our living spaces, and to avoid turning to the Modernist aesthetic for ease of buildability and ease of disinfection. If the building is representative of the culture, it gives its inhabitants a sense of community, and it is this community feeling that will bring us strength and hope during such difficult times. The Covid-19 virus lockdown has drastically impacted the individual’s daily routine and experiences. The household, once a place to retreat and rest, now takes on multiple roles such as: a place to sleep, eat, work, exercise, play and socialize. The aforementioned, however, poses a question of functionality as the implemented, design strategies are not suitable to the newly-developed schedule and routines. In a review, published by Hopton JL, It Drives You Up the Wall; it was found that individuals placed under lockdown stood a higher chance of experiencing “mood swings, depressive and anxiety symptoms, irritability, insomnia, and acute post-traumatic stress symptoms” (Hopton, 1993), with all symptoms leading to in increased probability of behaviours such as alcohol abuse, self-medication, and escapist behaviours. Moving on to the case studies that I have looked at, I will be discussing four case studies in total that illustrate the way that architecture affects mental health levels of its occupants. The first case study is a study conducted by the Epidemial Community Health in 1996 aimed to understand the effects of housing on the mental health of individuals residing in low-income households (Jane L. Hopton, 1996). The study was set in a block of flats, which were systembuilt and located in the outskirts of Glasgow. The apartment development was said to be an appealing, modern, alternative option to the old, traditional buildings commonly seen in the inner city. A few questions presented themselves before the data was collected from residents. Firstly, what are the impact of the living conditions on social relationships and, thereby, what is the impact on mental health? This question came up as the site was considerably far from the city and therefore far from the city’s activity. Secondly, what are the effects of being in the continual presence of others? This question was asked because apartment sizes were quite small in size and close together. Thirdly, can we measure the

degree of crowdedness if it is not an objective measurement? Some people may prefer a close community while others prefer isolation, so there is no baseline to measure how crowded a living area is. Lastly, what are the identifiable social and material factors that can be linked to decreased mental health? In order to improve mental health through architecture, one needs to investigate what lowers mental health. Looking at the results of this study in Glasgow, the apartment block was not successful as many apartments were difficult to lease. The modern, architectural language and its distant location from the inner city are primary causes of the project’s failure. This outcome can be attributed to the transactional nature between the individual and place: people may have felt too far from the social vibrancy of the city as well as they may have felt estranged from the character and personality that the building lacks. The old buildings, which are found in Glasgow’s city centre, have an architectural language which speaks to a people and their history. By applying a Modern skin to the block of flats, they have created an environment of disassociation as the cultural link is broken, making for detached experience. Secondary reasons for the failure of the development are heating and cooling - apartments require high levels of mechanical heating to achieve a desired, comfortable temperature, increasing the expense. To add to this problem, high levels of noise in the vicinity of the building, lack of safety due to poor maintenance and overcrowding of the building has contributed to the failure of this project. I deduct from this study that the character of the building, locating the building in a social area, not overcrowding the building as well as being financially reasonable all contributes to the mental health of possible occupants of the building. Furthermore, I will now look at the second case study that explores the relationship between architecture and mental health levels. An internet-based survey was carried out, between the dates of the 1 April 2020 until 1 May 2020, with the intention of determining the relationship between housing conditions and mental health (Amerio et al., 2020). This survey was answered by 8177 university students above 18 years of age. In the beginning of the questionnaire, the students were asked about their general characteristics, such as age, marital status, level of education and their personal experience of lockdown thus far. The second section consisted of questions set out to measure levels of experienced, mental disorder symptoms. The tests set out to assess these symptoms included: the nine part patient health questionnaire (assessing the severity of depressive symptoms); the seven item generalized anxiety disorder scale (assessing the severity of anxiety symptoms); the seven item insomnia severity index; the Barratt impulsiveness scale (assessing the tendency of the individual to plan versus their tendency to think carelessly) and lastly the short form twelve item health survey (assessing the individuals’ quality of life in relation to their health by evaluating physical and mental components). The final section of the survey looked into the conditions of the individuals’ housing. The conditions were grouped together into several categories which included: overall square meters of the housing unit; presence or absence of habitable outdoor space (garden or balcony); views through a window; and, finally, indoor spatial qualities examined by a set of parameters: acoustic comfort, natural lighting, thermal comfort, presence of soft qualities (art objects or greenery), need for artificial light during the day and degree of privacy. The complied results of this online survey study showed that individuals with symptoms of depression rated their housing conditions between moderate to poor. Most of these

individuals had small square-meter proportioning, an unusable balcony, poor indoor area quality, and lack of scenic views through windows. This finding confirmed the researcherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hypothesis: individuals with a low quality of life, indicated by mental disorder symptoms (anxiety, depression, impulsive behaviour and insomnia), also live in poor housing conditions with the following architectural parameters: absence of outdoor space, lack of scenic views, low proportioning of liveable area, absence of natural light with the increased need of artificial lighting during the day, the lack of privacy, and the absence of soft qualities. So, to conclude from the research, amending these living conditions would significantly improve the mental health of those who live there, showing the effects that architecture has on oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mental health.

The painted image is of my experience in my home during lockdown and speaks to how I found warmth and comfort where ever there was light

[Buhle Xhegwana,2020, Acrylic paint on Canvas]

The third case study is a study that was conducted in 2008 to observe the effects of privacy regulation in Malay families living in urban, terrace housing (Abdul Rahim and Hashim, 2018). The study observes how these Malay families live and conduct privacy boundaries in their lived spaces. The concept of privacy is dependent on more than just the individual, thus making it a two way-process involving the permeability of boundaries and a common understanding between parties. This understanding is developed through non-verbal ques and cultural circumstance (Abdul Rahim and Hashim, 2018). The study identifies that a territory can be broken down into three sections, namely primary, secondary and public territories. Primary territories can be understood as territories that exclusively belong to a certain individual or group and are identified as theirs by others. Privacy does not always constitute the need of physical mechanisms put up to manipulate the space. In the place of physical boundaries, some cultures have rules, hierarchies, manners and phycological means to implement privacy in the home. The research finds that the territory of traditional Malay

households does not have strict boundaries but rather lose boundaries that encourage the interaction amongst different groups, which then strengthens the shared sense of community in the area.

The Illustrated Image is representative of the three types of territories found in my home during lockdown. The yellow (my bedroom) marks my primary territory and belongs solely to me; the pink marks the secondary territory which can be used by anyone but only at certain times; the green and blue mark the public territory which anyone can use at anytime

[Buhle Xhegwana,2020, Illustration]

The fourth case study was conducted in 2019, where researchers set out to understand why the built environment is oftentimes not built with the intention to improve mental health of its occupants. The study acknowledges that this may be attributed to the fact that there is not a general understanding of mental health and how the built environment influences it. With this idea in mind, the study posed ten, key questions regarding the effects of the built environment on mental health. Responses were formulated through an interdisciplinary approach, that involved architects, social scientists, health researchers and engineers. It was believed that without evidence-based research, it would not be possible for policy makers to make clear and effective guidelines to promote built environments that would promote desirable mental health levels in its occupants. The first question asked was what is mental health and how is it assessed? (Andrew J. Hosington, 2019). The World Health Organisation defined mental health as “a state of wellbeing in which every individual realizes his/her/their own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his/her/their community”(WHO,2020).The study notes that despite societies’ misconceptions, mental illness should not be described or depicted as the absence of emotion such as sadness, unhappiness, and anger but rather mental health should be thought of as including elements of emotional and social-wellbeing. The second question asked was do design and occupant-controlled parameters in the built environment influence mental health? (Andrew J. Hosington, 2019). Spatial qualities designed by architects and engineers have an effect on occupants’ mental health, with most research

to date focusing on poor architectural design and construction. The fixed nature of long-term architecture doesn’t allow for much change to the building’s exterior. However, giving occupants the ability to make changes to their internal environment based off their personal preferences has proved to be beneficial to their mental health. An example of this would be in the case of thermal comfort, as each occupant has their own shifting perceptions of what the ideal thermal comfort zone is, so by allowing the environment of the building to be changed by an Individual to achieve their preference would be ideal. The interior environment’s lighting is a primary influencer of mental health, with it being attributed to effecting circadian rhythms affecting our sleep duration and sleep quality. Prolonged exposure to cool, white, florescent light can bring out circadian dysrhythmia (Andrew J. Hosington, 2019) therefore proving that the quality and timing of lighting can affect mental health. The third question asked was what impacts does ventilation have on the built environment? In any building, the type of ventilation experienced by its occupants is altered based of whether ventilation is predominantly mechanical or natural, with a focus placed on how much natural air is moving into a built space. This factor moderates the level of pollutants produced within the spaces, caused by activity such as using cleaning products, electronic equipment, air fresheners and cooking. In a study conducted in an urban environment titled “What does the literature tell us about the ventilation-health relationship in public and residential buildings”, it was found that in spaces that have low, natural ventilation and high, pollutant concentration, occupants showed symptoms of chronic coughs, and asthma-like symptoms. The seventh question asked was does an increase in urbanization influence mental health? A number of studies conducted by J. Peen in 2010 titled ‘The Current Status of Urban-Rural Differences in Psychiatric Disorders’ proved that psychiatric disorders are more prevalent in urban areas versus rural areas (Andrew J. Hosington, 2019). This deduction can be connected back to features associated with rural living versus urban living which includes access to generous amounts of greenery versus a lack of greenery and being distance from excessive city-like noise versus being in the constant presence of excessive noise. To conclude the findings of this study and its questions, it is evident that there are many factors to be considered when conceptualizing a building. The study also shows how important it is to consider the way that the building will affect its occupants before it has even been built. In addition to the case studies, I will now provide some of my own suggestions on how architecture can be altered to improve mental health. As a part of new, minimum standards, architectural design strategies should be developed with a multi-interdisciplinary approach in mind, with factors to be considered such as “urban planning, public mental health, sociology, and environmental health” (Amerio et al., 2020). The identified, architectural parameters are based on the aforementioned case studies. There are a number of parameters. Firstly, habitable balconies and/or scenic views through windows are required. Studies have shown that viewing nature could induce helpful responses linked to mental health such as “improved attention, reduced stress, and distraction from focusing on pain” (Larson,2016). Secondly, natural lighting is suggested as a method to passively illuminate and heat spaces. Studies have shown that natural lighting decreases stress and anxiety, while increasing concentration by producing serotonin and endorphin hormones, leading one to feel well-rested, energized and happier (Sorensen, 2020). Thirdly, larger living spaces that provide adequate privacy and

decrease the sensation of being crowded and claustrophobic. This adds to oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feeling of calmness and security. Fourthly, a dedicated work space to allow for the separation between leisure and work. The creation of constant sight of workload is shown to have decreased actual productivity and increase stress. Fifthly, the use of sound dampening material to filter unwanted sound pollution. This would enable peacefulness in the living space and a reduction of stress. It is a combination of all of these features that will lead to an effective increase in mental health levels and an attractiveness of the building to future occupants. In conclusion, I have illustrated the ways that architecture has a direct effect on the mental health of its occupants, with the help of numerous case studies. It is through my own experiences and the reading of these case studies that I understand the dire need for buildings to be designed and constructed with the occupant in mind and not only with the financial gain in mind. It has been shown that when a building is not thought through with the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; mental health as a top priority that the building is not as successful as it could be. An occupant chose a living space with their subconscious choosing how the space will affect them psychologically and whether or not the space is fit to develop a home. I have confidence and hope that with my experiences that I have had during this pandemic, I and others in my field of study will be able to design architectural spaces that are beneficial to those struggling with their mental health. Therefore, this pandemic has pushed me to be a more aware and wellrounded architect, with a humanized perspective on the way I structure my buildings.

Bibliography Andrew J. Hosington, K. A. S.-Y., 2019. Ten Questions Concerning the Built Enviroment and Mental Health. Building and Enviroment , 155(1), pp. 58-69. Jane L. Hopton, S. M. H., 1996. Housing Conditions and Mental Health in a disadvantaged area in Scotland. Journal of Epimology and Community Health , 50(N/A), pp. 56-61. Amerio, A., Brambilla, A., Morganti, A., Aguglia, A., Bianchi, D., Santi, F., Costantini, L., Odone, A., Costanza, A., Signorelli, C., Serafini, G., Amore, M. and Capolongo, S., 2020. COVID-19 Lockdown: Housing Built Environmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Effects on Mental Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, [online] 17(16), p.5973. Available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7459481/> [Accessed 8 September 2020]. Abdul Rahim, Z. and Hashim, A., 2018. Behavioural Adaptation of Malay Families and Housing Modification of Terrace Houses in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies, 3(6), p.49.

MD, H. F., 2001. Beyond toxicity: Human health and the natural environment. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 20(3), pp. 234 - 240. Connellan, K., Gaardboe, M., Riggs, D., Due, C., Reinschmidt, A. and Mustillo, L., 2013. Stressed Spaces: Mental Health and Architecture. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, [online] 6(4), pp.127-168. Available at: [Accessed 13 August 2020] Kirmayer, L. and Pedersen, D., 2015. Toward a New Architecture for Global Mental Health. FOCUS, 13(4), pp.460-468. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1363461514557202?casa_token=Z5R5jRM2CBIAAAA A %3Atao4RU8tA8TBKczwCLRdxjwgzPdr1zTdN6GMWlLgsS5kB5FzDdSYNcrLlOTgm2SzK1m4iDmFytC> [Accessed 13 August 2020] Chayka, K., 2020. How the Coronavirus Will Reshape Architecture. The New Yorker, [online] Available at: <https://www.newyorker.com/culture/dept-of-design/how-the-coronavirus-will-reshapearchitecture> [Accessed 14 August 2020]. Larson, J., 2016. How Does Nature Impact Our Wellbeing? | Taking Charge Of Your Health & Wellbeing. [online] Taking Charge of Your Health & Wellbeing. Available at: <https://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/how-does-nature-impact-ourwellbeing#:~:text=Being%20in%20nature%2C%20or%20even,the%20production%20of%20stress%2 0hormones.> [Accessed 10 September 2020].