Haoyue Xu Landscape Architecture Masters Design Research Project B PGRD SEMSTER 2021 RMIT University
How can cemetery systems be made sustainable while assuming a more important community role in the context of urbanization?
How can cemetery systems be made more sustainable while assuming a more important community role in the context of urbanization? As continued population growth accelerates demand for cemeteries, this project explores how landscape architecture strategies can address some of challenges arising out of Australia’s growing population and rapid urbanization – a lack of space for graves, the high cost of traditional burial systems, and environmental pollution associated with mainstream burial methods.
The project site is located within the City of Wyndham, Victoria at the edge of Melbourne’s urban growth boundary. Wyndham is the most populous local government area (LGA) in Victoria and one of Australia’s fastest growing communities. The project explores how a landscape approach to the design of Melbourne's future cemeteries can address current urban, ecological and social issues, in a place where many changes associated with these issues are playing out. Principles of topology and poetry are deployed as tools in the design process. The project aims to create a cemetery “workflow” that benefits both the city, the environment, and leads to an individual rethinking of the relationship between people, nature, death and urbanization.
A future cemetry
A green public space
A community center
A habitat for native species
MBetter soil condition
Interconnected urban green lands UGB protection belt
High vegetation cover
Greater habitat for native species
Low heat island effect
Highly attractive LGA
A low-carbon city in harmony with nature
3
1
08
1.1 Urbanization and cemetery issues in Australia(XXL) 1.2 Three main challenges for Melbourne(XL) 1.3 Site selection
1.4 Wyndham City Analysis(L) 1.5 Point Cook Analysis(M) 1.6 Cemetery Site Analysis(S)
2 EDGELAND: A
2.0 Overall Masterplan 2.1 Entrance Garden&Worship Island 2.2 Masoleum&Church 2.3 Community Center&Visitor Facility 2.4 Traditional/Lawn Burail Area/Second Entrance 2.5 Tree Burial Area 2.6 Grenn Loop 2.7 Site Partition Logic 2.8 Main Nodes/Building Locate Logic 2.9 Road System Generation Logic 2.10 Architecture Concept 2.11 Road Network 2.12 Burial Strategy 2.13 Planting/Habitat Strategy
3.1 Future Point Cook:UGB Habitat Belt 3.2 Cemetery Recycling System 3.3 Cemetery Economic System 3.4 Future Wyndham City: Green Communities
4
10 13 17 18 24 28 32 34 36 38 42 46 50 54 56 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 75 78 80 88 90 94 100
+/- 0.5 child
50 Population(million)
40
Number of deaths(thousand)
400
20
30
1.1 Urbanization and cemetery issues in Australia(XXL)
1.2 Three main challenges for Melbourne(XL)
200
300
10
1970 1980
1960
1950
2060 2070 2080 2090
2050
2040
2020 2030
1990 2000 2010
median
95% prediction interval 80% prediction interval 80% prediction interval
+/- 0.5 child 95% prediction interval
95% prediction interval 80% prediction interval 95% prediction interval 80% prediction interval 100
Perth 25-99 years
In the context of urbanization, Australia's population has continued to grow over the last few decades and will continue to do so in the coming decades. At the same time, the number of people dying each year in Australia has also continued to rise and will face the same situation in the coming decades.
This means that Australia will need more cemeteries in the future, however, as many Australian cities have permanent cemetery tenure, this means that the capacity of many existing urban cemeteries will be depleted in the near future. For example, Sydney's cemetery capacity will be depleted by 2050 and Melbourne's existing cemetery capacity will be exhausted by 2048. Thus, the shortage of cemetery capacity is the first challenge in the context of urbanization.
median
Adelaide 25-99 years
Brisbane Permanent 200hm² left Whthin a generation
Sydney Permanent 710hm² left until 2050
Melbourne Permanent 1011hm² left until 2048
The second challenge is the rapid depletion of urban land leads to higher costs when people buy or rent a space in the city. Today, people face high burial prices when they need to purchase a grave plot; a 2 square meter grave in Melbourne's general cemetery costs about $15,000, while in Sydney's Rookwood Cemetery, the largest in the southern hemisphere, graves cost up to $40,000 and that cost is likely to continue to rise as the number of graves decreases.
So today, when people are considering what to do with their bodies after death, cost is a priority, rather than traditional culture or religious beliefs.
Cremation has therefore become the most popular method of disposal, with 70% of people in Australia now choosing cremation. On the one hand, because it is cheaper and less space consuming than traditional methods, and on the other hand, because people wrongly believe it is more environmentally friendly than traditional methods. In reality, cremation releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and harmful gases, with the average cremation releasing 50 kg of carbon dioxide per burial, which is equivalent to the absorption of an adult tree in 2.4 years.
Green burial, such as tree burial, is a more environmentally friendly method of burial, but it has not yet become the mainstream method of burial because it is still more expensive (compared to cremation) and its acceptance needs to increase over time.
x1 CO2 Dioxins Mercury Furans Other particulate pollutants ≈50kg ≈2.4Yrs total absorption
The issue of carbon emissions from mainstream burial methods therefore becomes a third challenge in the context of urbanization. Australia has the highest per capita carbon emissions of any developed country in the world, and the Australian government has set a goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Therefore, the carbon emissions of death-related industries deserve attention.
No data 0t 1t 2.5t 5t 7.5t 10t 15t 20t 50t
Elements such as the weeping angels, the weeping willows, on top of headstones suggest that people regard death as a kind of gentle sleep
Hospitals become the main place where people die, and people no longer hold funerals at home
The style of the tombstone is more concise than before, and occasionally some signs symbolizing hope appear
Human perceptions of death have evolved over time, and the functions and forms of cemeteries have evolved as well. Today, in post-industrial Australia, people's needs and perceptions of cemeteries are becoming more diverse, and more and more people want more activities in the public space of the cemetery, such as dog walking, art exhibitions, education, etc., rather than just burying and remembering the dead. The cemetery of the future will therefore need to better serve the surrounding community and residents.
The groundwater under the church’s cemetery was contaminated, aggravating the spread of the plague
As one of Australia's largest cities, Melbourne is still growing rapidly in the context of urbanization and is now facing three major
climate change, urban heat island effect and population growth. Each of these issues is closely linked to the issue of cemeteries, The aim of this project is to create a new cemetery system that
impact on Melbourne's urbanization issues through a landscape strategy for a new future cemetery.
A Venn diagram (also known as a set or logic diagram) can show the differences, similarities, and overlapping relationships between sets.
This project uses the Venn map to set up conditions at different scales to find the most suitable site for this project.
Zoom in on the intersection1 3 conditions Find intersection2 which is the site that meets 7 conditions, Zoom in for design.
Condition 4 Condition 5 Condition 6 Intersection2: Point Cook
The site selection for this project was based on the logic of the Wayne diagram, finding an area that met multiple conditions at the same time. The first step was to find an area of Melbourne with "high population, high urban heating, low tree cover, high vegetation potential" (Wyndham City) as the main coverage area for the cemetery system. The second step was to further screen the area for an area with "high urban heat island effect, high biodiversity value, and within the urban growth boundary" (Point Cook) as the heart of the cemetery system. The third step was to find a suitable location and size of open space in the area for the site of the future cemetery.
1.4 Wyndham City Analysis(L)
1.5 Point Cook Analysis(M)
1.6 Cemetery Site Analysis(S)
Wyndham City is located in an area with extremely low rainfall, with the average annual rainfall dropping from 538mm to 468mm over the past decade. At the same time, the drainage patterns have changed due to the removal of native vegetation and trees as a result of large population movements and the construction of new residential areas. Soil access to water has been further reduced, which has led to the current classification of Wyndham City's soil environment as vulnerable, endangered or depleted.
Changes in the soil environment have led to changes in the ecosystem, and the current type of ecosystem can only support a small number of trees, so Wyndham city has very low vegetation cover (less than 10%) and urban tree canopy cover (33%). On the one hand, this leads to high daytime urban heating, which reduces the comfort of citizens at home and when they go out to use parks, reserves, etc. On the other hand, the changing habitat causes Wyndham City's biodiversity is currently under threat. Native flora and fauna have limited ability to expand their populations, this is further compounded by the spread of weeds, pests and introduced This is further compounded by the spread of weeds, pests and introduced predators.
Population growth
Residential expansion Vegetation destroyed Low rainfall
The condition of the soil deteriorated
Discharges to Port Phillip Bay ‘untreated'
The condition of the soil deteriorated further Low vegetation coverage Urban heating Reduced amenity for residents
Native flora and fauna have limited ability to expand their populations
Further compounded by the spread of weeds, pests and introduced predators. Endangered native species
Point Cook is an important area in Wyndham City, with approximately 23% of Wyndham City's population, from just 1,737 in 2001 to 60,901 in 2018, with its population set to reach 82,085 in 2041. It consists mainly of residential areas/communities, and is adjacent to the urban growth boundary(UGB) of the Greater Melbourne area.
Urban Growth Boundary
Data from the community survey shows that the Point Cook neighborhood is a multicultural community with a diverse range of cultural backgrounds and religious beliefs. It also has the highest proportion of people in the 30-50 age group, which, based on Australian life expectancy(82.9 years), means that there will be a high demand for graves in 40-50 years. However, there are currently no funeral facilities around the community.
The cemetery site is located between the Point Cook residential area and the UGB, with an overall area of approximately 1.06km2, with high terrain to the northwest and low terrain to the southeast, and a relatively flat site with good potential for vegetation growth. The design of the site is the core of the whole cemetery system
Worship island
Masoleum&Memorial walls
Entrance garden
West Gate
Water catchment facilities
Crematorium
Green Loop
Natural burial area A
The EdgeLand Nature Park consists of six main areas: the entrance garden and worship area, the mausoleum and memorial wall area, the traditional burial area, the tree burial area, the community center, and the infrastructure area.
South Gate A
Natural burial area B
South Gate B
Natural burial area C
Lawn burial area
Pocket Square
Traditional burial area Community center
East Gate
Parking area
Second Entrance
Green Loop
As visitors enter the main entrance to the park they are greeted by a colorful garden with native species selected to suit the soil of Wyndham City (a detailed planting list for all areas is on page 72). Away from the main road is the Native Vegetation Reserve, where native species of a certain height are planted to screen the view and separate the different areas. At the same time, these plants will attract native birds and insects, thus helping other species to live away from the areas of intense human activity.
On the right hand side of the main entrance is an artificial pond which, through a combination of water quality and aquatic plants, will become an attractive habitat for local wildlife (mainly frogs and lizards). The low aquatic vegetation does not block the view of visitors from outside the park, so the view of the area from the community is open and natural. In the center of the pond is an artificial island with five indoor spaces that serve as worship areas for the community's multi-religious residents. The surface of the worship building is covered with green grass and the height of the building is only one story (details of the architectural design concept on page 66), so that the view of the visitors is not too much blocked and the building is naturally integrated into the landscape.
This is a colorful area where one can hear birds and frogs chirping and enter EdgeLand Nature Park with a sense of nature and wonder.
The Mausoleum and Memorial Wall area is the first cemetery area in the park, with four large mausoleums and many memorial walls, which are built around artificial fountains. The entire area of mausoleums and walls is surrounded by trees of the local vegetation reserve, which serves as a shield from the view of the outside population. The roof of the mausoleum is planted with shrubs and rushes, and the overall atmosphere is peaceful and unnoticeable, like an area hidden in green space.
Not far from the mausoleum area there is a wide lawn with a large church in the center, which has two different areas, indoor and outdoor. The rest of the lawn area is a picnic area with a low density of vegetation around it, which ensures that it receives a lot of light.
There are not too many people here, just the sound of birds and water, hidden in the woods, a quiet memorial area.
The Community Center is the most vibrant area of the park, easily visible to visitors due to its colorful colors, and consists of five main areas, each offering a different type of activity, as well as a place for residents to socialize and for services to provide jobs to those who need them. The community center building in the center is the largest building in the park and is the only one that is not one story high, it is two stories high and is a mixed-use building. The building is gently sloped and has a special ramp that allows people to walk up to the roof of the building. The roof is a sky garden with open views and al fresco dining areas.
The traditional burial area offers two methods of burial: lawn burials and tombstone burials, which are separated by paths and vegetation. The headstones in the traditional burial area are neatly arranged on a lawn with a calm lake in the center, providing a peaceful atmosphere for those who come to remember their loved ones.
Near the eastern boundary of the park are the water collection area buildings and funeral facilities, which are hidden in the woods and only accessible to staff. The pocket square and parking lot are located to the right of the east entrance.
Water catchment facilities
The traditional burial area is quiet and ceremonial, with tall trees separating it from the bustle of the community center, where only the slightest sound of the wind blowing across the lake is present, without much distraction.
The tree burial area is located on the south side of the park and is divided into three main areas. The different areas can correspond to slightly different natural burial methods. Two trails within the tree burial area provide a quiet route for people on foot.
The Green Loop is the main route of the park's carriageway, connecting the inner and outer carriageways, while there are wide sidewalks on both sides of the carriageway, suitable for exercise and running.
The EdgeLand Park is a comprehensive public space whose basic function is to meet the cemetery capacity needs of the surrounding community for decades to come, and whose further value is to provide a green public space that enhances the well-being of the community and provides a comfortable habitat for native vegetation and small animals.
The site is divided into six zones based on the variation of the topography, one for each meter.
The site spans two different EVC areas: Victorian Volcanic Plain and Otway Plain, and the different areas correspond to different characteristics, thus dividing the site into two.
The first two zoning methods were superimposed to obtain twelve zones with unique properties.
The different zones were reorganized according to their size capacity and the projected future demand for cemeteries and different burial methods in the area.
Thus, the main zoning of EdgeLand Nature Park was obtained.
Design elements
Rhythmtic patterns
Stopping points Walking points
Unstressed syllable Stressed syllable
Iamb Trochee
*6 *5 *6 *5 *4 *5
Metrical patterns
Metrical foot Dactyl Anapest Spondee Iamb pentameter(*5) Trochee pentameter(*5)
Anapest trimeter(*3)
Feelings Peace/Nature
Trimeter=Meterfoot*3
Speed up/Intense sense of agitation Quickness/Spareness
Terameter=Meterfoot*4 Pentameter=Meterfoot*5 Hexameter=Meterfoot*6 Luxurious/Implies richness/A sense of joy
For example, the entrance garden is comfortable, so according to the theory of poetic rhythm, there will be six walking and stopping combination nodes, so that people can feel relaxed.
The number of nodes in the other areas has been set in a similar way.
In poetry, different combinations of syllables and rhymes create different feelings. In each area of the park, the positioning of the necessary landscape nodes and buildings is based on the theory of poetic rhythm. The rhythm of the poem is based on the theory of poetic rhyme, in which the stressed and unstressed syllables correspond to the stopping and walking points of the site, and the atmosphere formed by the combination of different syllables corresponds to the atmosphere of different nodes.
The road system connects the nodes in the site and forms the main traffic route. In order to create a "poetic garden" experience, the project analyzed two of China's most famous poetic gardens using topological theory to find the pattern of their routes and sight lines, and applied this pattern to the road design of EdgeLand Nature Park.
The number of nodes in the site is listed in the corresponding area
Simplify the site and nodes into a rectangular plane
Connecting the nodes according to their functional characteristics (privacy, pedestrian flow, etc.), obtain multiple connections that satisfy the conditions, and select the most fluid one.
The road system in the rectangle is restored to the original form of the site, and the final road system is obtained.
The concept of buildings and roads is derived from the mountains and water that represent nature in the landscape. By this method to create a natural visual atmosphere.
Simplify the form
Creating different views and sounds through the shading relationship between buildings and vegetation.
Covering the surface of the building with turf or planting vegetation to hide it in the landscape. Rain water Irrigate
Water catchment/ treatment building
West Gate
Pedestrian Only
Pedestrian and Vehicle
Funeral Facility Transportation Entrance
Two-way Carriageway(Outside the park)
Two-way Carriageway Loop(inside the park)
Main Visitor Walkway
Sidewalk
South Gate A South Gate B
East Gate
Parking area(150 spaces)
Second Entrance
The pedestrian and vehicular paths of the site are planned as two completely separate systems, thus ensuring that the activities of visitors are not affected by traffic. The traffic lanes in the site are all two-way. Including the main entrance, there are six entrances to the site, three of which are pedestrian-only. Two entrances are open to cars and one entrance is reserved for cemetery work vehicles. The parking lot provides approximately 150 spaces to meet the parking needs of the surrounding community.
Mausoleum
Memorial walls
Total 4,000 spaces
50 spaces/Each wall(5m2)
There are a total of approximately 103,460 grave spaces on the site. The traditional cemetery area has a choice of grave plots of different sizes (single or double occupancy). As a sustainable cemetery, all grave spaces in the cemetery are leased for a period of 10-50 years, with the public being able to choose the duration of their lease depending on their circumstances, which will reduce the financial pressure on some people to purchase a grave.
Tree burial 440,000m2(100%) 10m2/plot 440,000m2 Total 44,000 plots
Total 5,000 spaces
1250 spaces/Each Masoleum
Traditional burial 180,000m2 120,000m2(67%) 6.5m2/plot 60,000m2(33%) 10m2/plot
Total 24,460 plots
Lawn burial 80,000m2(100%) 3m2/plot 80,000m2 Total 26,000 plots
Total: 103,460 burial plots/spaces
All vegetation in the park is selected from native species in Wyndham City and planted according to soil moisture and color requirements of different areas. Different vegetation attracts different small animals (birds, insects, etc.), and this planting strategy allows human and animal activities to not interfere with each other.
The metropolitan strategy release in 2002 known as Melbourne 2030: Planning for sustainable growth established an Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) around Melbourne to better manage outward expansion in a coordinated manner. With population expansion higher than expected, the residential area have already expanded to the UGB boundary now, so it is worth considering how to soften the urban/natural boundary, and a natural transition strategy will not only help to improve the quality of life in the UGB neighborhood, but will also have a positive effect on the environmental issues of the city. This project proposes to connect the green spaces around Point Cook to form the UGB Green Belt through a native tree planting strategy, thus preventing urban sprawl and reducing urban heating.
A citizen who wants purchanse for a grave plot
grave
Choose a burial method
The cemetery management team will plant a tree for the deceased within the area designated by UGB, and the tree will have a plaque with information about the deceased as a permanent memorial.
burial
in EdgeLand Nature Park Avaliable
Select usage period and pay the corresponding amount (Up to 50 years)
When the tree dies the use period will end
Expiration of usage period
The grave plot will be recycled and reused for others in the future
Select usage period and pay the corresponding amount (Up to 50 years)
The UGB Green Belt planting strategy is part of a sustainable cemetery system. Whenever a grave in EdgeLand Nature Park expires, the grave will be recycled and the cemetery management team will plant a native tree at the UGB boundary for the deceased as an environmentally sustainable memorial. The recycled graves will be reused for sustainable development.
The Cemetry Economic System is part of a larger scale (Wyndham City) sustainable cemetery system that aims to encourage the citizens of Wyndham City to reap the economic benefits of low carbon behaviour and tree maintenance, and to use these benefits to reduce the costs associated with future burials. The accumulation of these low-carbon behaviors will also translate into landscapes in people's backyards, and the accumulation of these backyard landscapes will translate into high greening rates and high CO2 absorption rates in the city, creating a sustainable green cemetery carbon cycle economic system.
REINVENTING THE LANDSCAPE OF DEATH
Grave plots are about to be exhausted
A community center Some grave plots' use rights were withdrawn upon expiration and being reused
A new cemetery
EdgeLand Nature Park (S) Point Cook (M)
A growing habitat of native species
Citizens earn carbon credits through lowcarbon behavior
Wyndham City (L)
Large number of grave plots' use rights were withdrawn upon expiration and being reused
Sustainable green cemetery space + Atrractive habitat & public space
More and more trees are being planted in the the edge of UGB
Trees honoring the dead are planted at UGB near Point Cook
Trees get maintenance and continue to absorb CO2
Better air condition Government plants free trees for citizens' backyards
Citizens gain economic benefits through carbon sink trading To offset future grave plots' expenses
The UGB Geen Belt is gradually forming and becoming more dense
Urban areas will stop expanding to the outside
UGB becomes a natural habitat free from human activities
Higher urban tree canopy coverage Low urban heat island effect High citizen happiness
Greater Melbourne (XL)
Apply the Cemetery economic system to other LGAs cemeteries
Apply the Recyclable CemeteryUGB Green Belt model to other LGAs cemeteries 2080 2100
Complete UGB green belt along Greater Melbourne + Decline in overall burial costs in the Greater Melbourne area
Landscape acts as a regulator in the context of urbanization. On the one hand, urbanization has shaped many creative urban landscapes, and on the other hand, has brought many challenges to people and nature. The project is a long-term landscape strategy at different scales and in different stages of development. It aims to achieve a harmonious relationship between the city and nature, between people and the city, and between people and nature, among many other connections.
Death is the final destination for everyone, and the cemetery is the final destination for people, which is a kind of spiritual support for families and a return to nature. So the cemetery is relevant to everyone, and to nature, and everyone is relevant to nature. If people can continue to give back to nature in some way after they have left the world in a physical sense, this is not only a sustainable act, but a continuation of vitality.
Death can be a commonplace thing, because there are people die almost every second in the world, and most people have no more connection than the resources they share on the same planet. But death can also be a poetic thing, where people who do not know each other can work together to preserve the beauty of the world through their own actions. The vision of this project is to build a standard of landscape strategy that allows people to give back to nature under the same set of standards and systems, so that it is more equitable and more efficient.
There are still many details of this project that can be refined in the future, such as how a sustainable cemetery system can attract more people to participate, how to generate revenue for citizens through more rational means, and how to create a richer landscape at the urban scale.
In a death-related landscape project, everyone is a client, because everyone will eventually become part of the landscape. At the same time, each person can be its designer, because each action of each person will make this landscape better in the end, and when people feel the poetry of nature, we hope that nature will also feel the temperature of human beings.
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