Estimated Wastage Of Construction Material
Abstract India is a developing country which has many ongoing & future planned construction projects. It is growing to become world’s third largest construction market by 2025. It is also accounting for 11% of India’s GDP after agriculture in country. Construction material waste is generated during any new construction, renovation, demolition of buildings and infrastructure projects. The construction waste is a by-product of construction process. Construction and demolition waste management is becoming increasingly important on construction sites as landfill space in India is rapidly depleting and waste management costs are rising. Due to these factors waste management plans are seen as a good response to minimizing waste on site and this thesis aims to investigate how to implement such a plan for the reuse of the construction waste. The research focuses on the construction waste and deriving strategies for reusing and recycling of the same. It also identifies the causes of generation of construction waste along with the quality of waste generated on site at different stages of conventional construction process. This study will help to encourage possible onsite practices and procedures to minimize the waste and to utilize the C&D waste involved in construction process. This research gives more focus on the importance of reduce, recur and recycle means concept of 3R for the management of the waste material.
Introduction India is growing to become the world's third largest construction market by 2025, as per a study by Global Construction Perspectives and Oxford Economics. Today the construction industry is the second largest industry of the country after agriculture and it is accounting for 11% of India’s GDP. The Indian economic environment and system and procedures would further enhance construction industry, as it provides the basic physical infrastructure for the nation as well as other industries. In India, construction industry is not just the fastest growing industry but largest in terms of investment, volume of natural resources consumed, volume of materials and products manufactured, employment generated and environmental impacts, etc. Along with development, construction industry carries several challenges like emissions to air, land contamination, noise pollution, waste disposal and discharges to water. In India infrastructural facilities are increased due to the construction, refurnishing and explosion of buildings, bridges, runways, flyover, roads, factories, industries, hospitals and other similar formulations. Due to huge consumption of construction materials, huge amount of construction waste is generated during construction. Construction & Operation Estimated Consumptions As per Pune Based Case Study Report
25
14
Fresh Water
25
Wood Energy Virgin Materials
40 35
Greenhouse Emissions
Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Type of material Cement Sand Aggregate Concrete structural Concrete binding (lean) Reinforcement steel bars Reinforcement steel mesh PVC sheeting Steel for windows Timbering in trenches Stone masonry Marble lining Wood for door frames Wood for shutters Wood for flooring / walling Sheet roofing Tile roofing
Estimated wastage 2% 10% 5% 2% 10% 3% 10% 15% 7% 5% 5% 20% 6% 10% 7.50% 2% 5%
Indian construction Industry The construction industry is the second largest industry in India after agriculture. It accounts for about 11% of India as GDP. It makes significant contribution to the national economy and provides employment to large number of people. There are mainly three segments in the construction industry like real estate construction which includes residential and commercial construction; infrastructure building which includes roads, railways, power etc; and industrial construction that consists of oil and gas refineries, pipelines, textiles etc. INDIA GDP FROM CONSTRUCTION In Billions
The construction waste dumped on landfill site, leads to soil pollution which affects soil fertility and also leads to sub-soil water pollution. Random dumping of these wastes leads to air pollution and degrades the air quality. The construction waste involves energy in extraction, manufacturing process, transportation to construction site, construction process, finishing and transportation to the landfill sites. Construction industry needs to address this issue and re-examine their construction processes and practices. Presently, awareness of resource-efficient construction practices is lacking in most countries. The excessive wastage of materials, improper management on site and less awareness of the necessity for waste reduction measures is common on construction sites. Many developed countries like U.K, U.S.A., France, Denmark, Germany, Australia and Japan have used costeffectively attainable technologies for recycling up to 80-85 percent of waste. However India is also doing various activities for achievement in that project but efforts are least.
Source: TRADINGECONOMICS.COM (CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANISATION, INDIA
Construction is an essential part of any country's infrastructure and industrial development. Construction industry, with its backward and forward linkages with various other industries like cement, steel, bricks, construction Equipments, etc. catalyses employment generation in the country. Broadly construction can be classified into 3 segments : Infrastructure Industrial and Real Estate.
Research Objectives
To identify the crucial sources and causes of construction waste. Determine the quantities of C&D Waste produced during construction. Find ways of reducing price associated with waste within the industry. Maintain better management and operating practices. Implement suitable wastage management hierarchy. Applications of better construction technologies. Use of 3R concept -reduce, reuse and recycle.
Research Questions 1. What factors contribute to waste generation within the construction industry? 2. What is the environmental impact of construction waste? 3. How can we manage or reduce the waste within the construction industry & cost associated with it? 4. What is the current state of construction and demolition waste recycling in the India? 5. How can C&D waste flows be recycled within the construction sector? 6. Which barriers impede high quality recycling of construction and demolition waste? 7. What are the reasons to participate in a high quality recycling project?
The construction activity involved in different segments differs from segment to segment. Construction of houses and roads involves about 75% and 60% of civil construction respectively. Building of airports and ports has construction activity in the range of 40-50%. For industrial projects, construction component ranges between 15-20%. Within a particular sector also construction component varies from project to project. Type Of Constructions 80 70 60 50 40 Percentage
30 20 10 0 Houses
Up to 15% of purchased materials at jobsite ending up as waste.
C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT & QUALITY RECYCLING WITHIN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS
Roads
Airpots
Ports
Industrial Projects
HARDIK MUNGEKAR M. A R C H. P R O J E C T M A N A G E M E N T HIRAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Construction & Demolition Waste
Estimate Prepared By Central Government
Asian institute of technology, Thailand had conducted a survey in various Asian countries and prepared a report regarding the construction and demolition waste management in May 2008. The study includes Asian countries like Bhutan, Japan, Hong-Kong SAR, China, Thailand and others including India. The following chart shows the status of construction and demolition waste in Asian countries. Figure shows the status of construction waste in Asian countries.
Year
Authority
Estimate in Million Tones
2000
Ministry Of Urban Development
10-12
2001
TIFAC (2000)
12-15
2010
Ministry Of Environment & Forest Ministry Of Urban Development
2014
Causes of Waste Generation Faulty designing and policies procedures Lack of inventory control Wrong raw materials Wrong specifications, standard, codes Lack of accountability Tardiness(slow to act) Environmental pressures Faulty organization structure Unawareness of technological advances Non-responsiveness to automation Lack of proper storage, layout of facilities Communication gaps Faulty work method Poor handling of material Lack of direction and control Wrong recruitment /selection policies Lack of motivation / incentives Poor operating conditions Unsafe practices Poor IR: Industrial Relations Maintenance failure Power failure Distribution problems Neglegence to waste segregation & collection Technological obsolescence Miscellaneous causes Information asymmetry
10-12 No estimate exist
Waste Generated By Developed Countries
INDIA At the beginning the it is said that there is no adequate or satisfactory data for accessing to this issue. This is because there is no separate regulatory frame work for handling the construction and demolition waste management in India, as it is considered in the municipal solid waste management. Due to which it is getting difficult to access the information or to handle the construction and demolition waste management. As report prepared by the MoEF (Ministry of Environment and Forest) in 2008 estimated that 0.53 million tonnes/day of waste is generated in the country. On that basis the 210 million tonnes of MSW is produced annually, table 1 shows the estimate prepared by central government of India. But as per the world bank report says Asian countries produces around about 1000kg per capita per year, it means the figure which stated by the MoEF is very less than the world bank report figure. This show in India is underestimating the construction and demolition waste handling. The figure with graphical representation shows construction and demolition waste production per day in Indian cities. Waste Metric Tones / day Pune Mumbai Hyderabad Delhi Bhopal Bengalore Ahmedabad
Waste
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Country
Amount Of Waste per year in Mill. Tones
Year
Germany
223
2005
Australia
19
2008-09
China
200
2005
Japan
77
2012
South Korea
61.70
2013
Il
Composition Of Construction Waste in India The composition construction waste depend on the type of structure. For example if the structure is flyover or bridge structures the composition will be usually concrete and steel. On the other hand the if the residential structures are built or demolished the composition will be in verity, it consists of concrete, steel, wood, tiles, paints, plastics etc Table Showing Composition of C&D waste:
C&D Waste
TIFAC %
Soil, Sand, Gravel
36
MCD SURVEY % 43
IL & FS Survey % 31.50
Bitumen
2
-
-
Metal
5
-
1
Concrete
23
35
-
Wood
2
2
1.5
Others
1
1
7.6
Sources Of Waste Generation
In past decade construction industry in India has shown its growth drastically upward due to the development and redevelopment projects in the India. The pace of construction and demolition waste is increasing. Generally there are two sources of waste generation of waste materials namely, bulk generators and retail generators or small generators.
C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT & QUALITY RECYCLING WITHIN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS
HARDIK MUNGEKAR M. A R C H. P R O J E C T M A N A G E M E N T HIRAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Strategies Of Waste Reduction THE ‘3R’ CONCEPT
Case Studies
Until last twenty years, landfill was preferred because it was the least expensive and convenient methodology of C&D waste disposal. However land filling is taken into account to be undesirable because of environmental and ecosystem hazards. Currently most of the landfills are at the verge of arriving at its full capacity. Hence, a lot of valuable lands could have to use in the future, that increase value for C&D waste disposal. Reduce Potential wastes will be identified early within the design method itself and measures should be taken throughout design stage to reduce the waste which will generate. Waste reduction will be achieved deliberately with customary sizes for all building materials, design areas to be versatile and adaptable to everchanging uses and design for deconstruction. Reuse This involves identification of waste that may be salvaged for reuse on the present project or another project or that may be donated. A comparison of price(the worth) of the materials “as it is” for salvage and to their value as materials for usage is also considered before reuse in several cases. a number of these materials is also valuable to apply on-site; others is also sold to be used building material in another site or given to a charitable organization. Recycle When adopting all the choices to stop waste, salvage and apply materials, following step is to recycle the maximum amount of the remaining dust as potential. usage saves cash by minimizing disposal prices.
Waste Hierarchy
Also use of mortar Moulds and Plaster Gun helped in avoiding the concrete wastage during construction
Case study 1: Building 12, Bristol Harbourside, England Project Information: A commercial building was built at Bristol Harbourside by Kier Build and has been designated as a ‘Project Green’ by the company as it involved waste management plans. This project was a fivestoried building having floor space of 15,800 m2 .
The company used various approaches for reducing the waste. Principles behind achieving waste reduction had been prescription to BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) requirements.
The company also introduced a ‘Strategy for Sustainability’ within the company. Some of the activities or practices used by the company in order to reduce the operational waste during this project work were: Just in time approach: This way of purchasing or ordering the materials needed for construction would reduce a lot of the waste generated during storage and double handling of the materials on the site. Site inspection: Inspecting and monitoring the materials used, activities being done on the site while their storage, handling and actual construction work would further reduce the waste generated during these activities. Adequate and secured storage of materials: Improper material storage on site would generally cause a lot of waste. Therefore adequate and secured storage is necessary in order to reduce waste during project activities. Materials like glass, plasterboards etc. needed to be stored properly. Also, practices like proper project management, avoiding double handling of the materials have further reduced waste on site. Segregation of waste seen in fig. 15 helped the company to achieve waste hierarchy.
Case study 2: Burari Treatment Plant Delhi, India
India’s first plant that recycles construction waste •India’s first and only recycling plant for construction and demolition (C&D) waste has saved the already-polluted Yamuna and the overflowing landfills of Delhi from 15.4 lakh tonnes of debris. •Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) had started the plant in 2009, with Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services (IL&FS) operating the 10-acre site at Burari at Jahangirpuri in North Delhi. •Sanctioned Rs. 23 crore for the expenditure on transporting the materials to the plant. •Construction activity across Delhi produces 5,000 tonnes of C&D every day. •Plant is processing 1,200 TPD of waste currently, future expansion to 2000 TPD. •The plant uses manual segregation for bigger plastic pieces as well as a magnetic separator for metallic objects. •10 to 12 tankers of treated effluent every day for the washing process and even that water we recycled and reused again. •BIS regulations is likely to include C&D aggregate in its policy. •Re cycled Concrete is prepared on site by manually crushing the small pieces on concrete by laborers. Re cycled Concrete Bricks have higher compressive strength and low moisture absorption as compared to normal bricks •Moulds are used which are also prepared from the waste available on site
•Products made from Recycled Aggregate Concrete are kerb stones, cement bricks, pavement blocks, hollow bricks and manufactured sand.
Further, cost reduction in waste disposal made the company think about their strategies regarding material procurement and storage
C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT & QUALITY RECYCLING WITHIN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS
HARDIK MUNGEKAR M. A R C H. P R O J E C T M A N A G E M E N T HIRAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Case study 3: PUNE - CONSTRUCTION WASTE GENERATED AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION
Cost Effect Due To Construction Waste
Project details • Project type – Residential project • Location – Kondhwa, Pune • Plot area – 22300 Sq. M. • Built -up area – 12542.00 Sq. M. • Number of buildings – 4 Numbers • Number of Floors per building – Parking + 11 floors • Ground coverage 4 buildings – 1688.43 Sq m
Sr. No:
1 2
Waste material Concrete with Portland cement
Unit
Structure, reinforced
Mortar and plaster
Cu m Sq m
3
4526 71446
4305
221
64461
6985
Cu m
Cement
Portland cement
Kg Cu m
3863
5
6
4817400
1168253
3108
2436450 1624
8
9
10
Steel
Galvanized from ore
Masonry
Aerated concrete Fired clay (well fired bricks massive) size 150 x 150 x 75
Tiles
Electrical conduit
kg/sq.m.) Ceramic tiles (9-21 kg/sq.m.) Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (dia 40 to 63 mm, wt 0.33 to 0.56 kg/m)
Kg
No
570370
769340
3863
24
Aggregate
7
Cement
Steel
754
5052930 612320
2265040 171410 114 521200
678400
49170
90940
4817400 3108
159511 4856090 0 955 116825 3 3649147 754
Gravel
5665250 3907
5052930 612320 422
Tiles
kg/sq.m.) Ceramic tiles (9-21 kg/sq.m.)
Sq m
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (dia 40 to 63 mm, wt 0.33 to 0.56 kg/m)
Rm
Electrical conduit
9
11
Kg
Masonry
7
12
Galvanized from ore
Kg Cu m
Aerated concrete Fired clay (well fired bricks massive) size 150 x 150 x 75
11 9
Portland cement
Plumbing conduit
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (dia 40 to 110 mm, wt 0.33 to 1.64 kg/m)
No
2436450 1624 570370
769340
16800
2265040 171410 114 521200
678400
14000
Rm
Sq m Cu m
6985 126
Total
Cu m
347
Crush Sand
Kg Cu m
1595110 955
1,050,671
16800
45000
14000
42000
2800
3000
4,249,293 1,050,671
Kg Cu m
1168253 754
1,469,738
Kg Cu m
612320 422
443,404
45000
42000
5 1950
1050
90940
2800
3000
Rm
23000
21000
River sand
Aggregate
6,060,600 1,469,738
6910
88
4,102,422
6
Cement
Kg Cu m
171410 114
1,097,024
7
Steel
Kg
49170
8
Brick Masonry
No
90940
9
Tiles
Sq m
2800
10
Electrical conduit
Rm
3000
60,000
11
Plumbing conduit
Rm
2000 Total
200,000 8,210,227 Waste Reused
443,404
6.4 15,593,280 1,097,024
4918
10
2,360,160
236,016
409,230 574
21
1,120,000
235,200
48 27,377,760 2,360,160
4.5
400
3,462,030
409,230
6,720,000 1,120,000
20
900,000
60,000
1
2000
2,300,000
200,000
471,216 6%
Estimated Quantity of Recycled Construction Waste Total Material Total Materi amount in Waste waste amount Unit al % waste material Recycle recovered waste material d (Rs.) (Rs.) Steel Kg 49170 41792 85 2,360,160 2,006,136
2
Electrical conduit
Rm
3000
2850
95
60,000
57,000
3
Plumbing conduit
Rm
2000
1900
95
200,000
190,000
100 70,765,385 8,210,227
17
7
49170
4
Sr. No:
Total Sq m
1100
Kg
10 7
Mortar and plaster
6985 126
25
422
6
Cu m
Cu m
6451200
5665250 3907
6451200
River sand
5 10
Kg
Cu m
3649147
Gravel
64461
2
221
347
Crush Sand
Kg Aggregate
71446
4305
Cu m
Kg
8 5
Sq m Cu m
Material Material Material % of purchased Used waste Waste
River sand Cu m
Mortar and plaster
4526
1
Sr. No:
3
4856090 1595110
Kg
Unit
Structure, reinforced Cu m
Total
Crush Sand Cu m
4
1
Concrete with Portland cement
4
Kg 3
Waste material
2
Construction waste Case study – Residential project at Kondhwa, Pune Specification of Material
Sr. No:
Specification of Material
Total Total Materi Rate Amount Of amount Material Material al Rs/u purchased in waste purchased Used waste nit Material material (Rs.) (Rs.)
Estimated Quantity of Reused Construction Waste Total Total Material amount in Material amount Waste material Unit waste % waste waste recovered Reused material (Rs.) (Rs.) Concrete with 93 Portland cement Cu m 221 206
Total Waste
For this the current market rate is studied from Pune city. The calculation shows that, the cost of construction waste is 12% as compare to the total amount of material purchased. This increases the project cost and so as selling cost of residential unit
12%
Total Recycled waste Material Waste Total amount in Waste Materials
2,253,136 27%
Cost Rs. 82,10,227
Amount recovered from reused Materials Rs. 04,71,216 Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (dia 40 to 110 11 Plumbing conduit Rm 23000 21000 2000 9 mm, wt 0.33 to 1.64 kg/m) This study deals with wastage of concrete and mortar material (residue) and not the raw material (cement, sand and aggregate) separately. However handling losses of waste materials are not considered.
WASTE
MANAGEMENT ON
Amount recycled from reused Materials
Rs. 22,53,136
So the Net Amount in Waste material is Rs. 54,85,875, Hence, the total amount waste percentage is reduced to 7.75%
CONSTRUCTION
RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS
SITES
IN
INDIA
HARDIK MUNGEKAR M. A R C H. P R O J E C T M A N A G E M E N T HIRAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Recommended Practices for reuse of waste material S.N. Waste Material 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Recommended practices
10
Block
To use as curbs to stop water runoff from garden area To construct pots for shrubs in terrace garden
Tiles
To use tile adhesives for fixing tiles on leveled concrete slab, which avoids screed material use OR To use crush sand as bedding material for tiles To create Mosaic pattern in front of entrance door. To create pathways and walkway in the landscape area by using large and small pieces To create colorful fences around the flower beds To create reflective faรงade and terraces
Concrete
To reuse concrete waste for temporary work or low-grade concrete work. This need parallel activities to plan on site. To recycle and use crushed concrete as aggregate for concrete To prepare lean concrete for PCC of compound wall, plinth filing, traffic movement To manufacturing paving blocks for lighter traffic movement
11
12
To reuse 20mm diameter and above small length bars after coupler binding To send for recycle as it is recycled 100% To use sheering machine for steel cutting. This helps to reduce steel waste
Steel
To use good quality paint to reduce consumption by quantity at source (minimum coats give perfect shade) To appoint skilled labor to use paint properly and reduce waste Good quality of plastering reduces the excess consumption of paint
Paint
Rock from excavation
To break with the help of crusher To use large size stone for construction of compound wall To reuse small size stones as aggregate PCC from crushed stone to reduce source material consumption
Waste Materials & 3R Concept Today the construction industry is facing the issue of Management of huge construction waste. This research recommends the ways to reduce, reuse and recycle of construction waste in Indian context. Besides a clear understanding of the general concept of waste, it is helpful to use a classification of waste in different categories, in order to understand the wide range of possible corrective actions related to its prevention. The different construction waste generated on site can be reduced, reused and recycled. Following are the possible measures towards waste minimization by implementing 3R concept to different waste materials on construction site.
To recycle for re-manufacturing
Mortar
To use admixtures or plasticizers in mortar to reduce re-bounce waste To collect mortar at the end of day and pour in water to reuse it by crushing and adding cement for lower grade work of next day To collect mortar at the end of the day and mix in sand in proportion of 1:4. Use it for next construction work
Packaging material
To collect and segregate the material at job-site. Send it for recycling. Do not store in contact with of water and moisture as it spoil the material
Construction Waste Soil
Reduce
Cement
l
Sand
l
l
Soil
To manufacture Stabilized mud blocks to be used in some other projects To use clay blocks for fencing around the trees or shrubs in landscape area of the project or in the terrace gardens Preserve top soil and do not mix with other construction waste. After the construction process is over, it can be used for landscape purpose on same or other site
Aggregate
l
l
Concrete
l
l
l
Steel
l
l
l
To use for paving in landscape To use as plinth filling material To construct curbs in landscape area to protect top soil run-off To construct Brick bat-coba for terraces and toilets To construct raised platform within building or project landscape area as a filling material
Masonry
l
l
l
Wood
l
l
Tiles
l
l
Pipes
l
Save water by using gunny bag / cork bags for curing of concrete work Use curing compounds in concrete work Reduce water use by fixing water meter / water controller at pouring point into concrete mixer. This helps to maintain the quality of concrete. Collect cement mixed waste water through properly sloped trenches in sedimentation tank and reuse for construction work
Aluminum
l
Glass
l
Water
Reuse
Recycle
l
Plastic
l l
l l
l
l
Paint Cans
l
l
l
Cardboard Boxes
l
l
l
Type of material
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Cement Sand Aggregate Concrete structural Concrete binding (lean) Reinforcement steel bars Reinforcement steel mesh PVC sheeting Steel for windows Timbering in trenches Stone masonry Marble lining Wood for door frames Wood for shutters Wood for flooring / walling Sheet roofing Tile roofing
The exploitation of potential resources from construction and demolition (C&D) wastes is one more opportunity and future profession within the construction industry in Asian country. Waste reduction and waste management programs are in its infancy in Asian country. It's possible to reduce the quantity of C&D waste generated by distinguishing the potential waste early within the design. However even with proper resource-efficient design and by adopting correct construction and deconstruction procedure, some waste could essentially be generated in every project. In the construction industry, the materials are transformed into elements; elements are transformed into components, components into systems and building. Thus they define the flow of materials and energy during construction and are responsible for flows of materials and energy from building sites. The construction waste is generated from the stage of site preparation to building services like plumbing, electrification of the construction process. The various waste materials like concrete, mortar, tiles, brick, packaging material, water are generated from these stages. The embodied energy involved in construction waste can be reused and recycled with the recommended practices and procedures in this research paper. An important procedure like placement of different containers to collect and store the segregated wastes should be adopted on site. The maximum reuse of waste material will minimize the resource consumption for the construction material manufacturing. This will also save the cost invested in construction material which in return can lower down residential housing prices .
C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT & QUALITY RECYCLING WITHIN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS
Sr. No
Estimated wastage 2% 10% 5% 2% 10% 3% 10% 15% 7% 5% 5% 20% 6% 10% 7.50% 2% 5%
Summary
Plastic
Brick
Estimated Wastage Of Construction Material
HARDIK MUNGEKAR M. A R C H. P R O J E C T M A N A G E M E N T HIRAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Porposed New Building Project Details: •Plot Area = 836 s.m. •Builtup Area commercial = 215 s.m. •Builtup Area Residential = 2472.71 s.m. • Total Builtup Area = 2687.71 s.m. •Parking = Puzzle parking system of 47 cars •Construction Area = 3975 s.m. Aprox.
Implementation Project Details: Redevelopment of Mangesh Darshan Society, Santacruz (W), Mumbai. Existing, •Plot Area = 836 s.m. • Builtup Area = 834 s.m. •Construction Area = 1000 s.m. Aprox. •9 tenants = 640.40 s.m. BUA, •8 Shops = 193.60 s.m. BUA. As per a Resource Efficiency Study by Maggie Blackwell on C&D waste arising in East of England. In Residential project for every 100 Sq.M around 20.70 tones of waste is generated on an average. Therefore, Waste generated is 207 tones. ie. 2,07,000 kg of waste.
COST EFFECT DUE TO CONSTRUCTION WASTE Sr. No:
Waste material
Specification of Material
Unit
Material purchased
Material Used
1
Concrete with Portland cement
Structure, reinforced
Cu m
2263
2104.59
158.41
7
2
Crush Sand
Kg Cu m
3870720 2317.8
2903040
967680 579.45
25
3
River sand
Kg Cu m
2890440 1864.8
2167830
722610 466.2
25
4
Aggregate
Gravel
Kg Cu m
3399150 2344.2
3025243.5
373906.5 257.86
11
5
Cement
Portland cement
Kg Cu m
1461870 974.4
1344920.4
116949.6 68.208
8
6
Steel
Galvanized from ore
Kg
342222
307999.8
34222.2
10
7
Masonry
Aerated concrete Fired clay (well fired bricks massive) size 150 x 150 x 75
No
461604
392363.4
69240.6
15
8
Tiles
kg/sq.m.) Ceramic tiles (9-21 kg/sq.m.)
Sq m
10080
9072
1008
10
Electrical conduit
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (dia 40 to 63 mm, wt 0.33 to 0.56 kg/m)
Rm
27000
25110
1890
7
10
Plumbing conduit
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (dia 40 to 110 mm, wt 0.33 to 1.64 kg/m)
Rm
13800
12558
1242
9
11
Paver blocks
1' X 1' 50mm thk.
sq m
578
543.32
34.68
6
sq m
250.00
242.50
7.5
3
9
Construction Materials and C&D Waste in India Sandeep Shrivastava and Abdol Chini M.E. Rinker Sr., School of Building Construction University of Florida, USA (Waste percentage allocation)
12 China mosac terrace tile terrace water froofing
S.N.
Material
Waste %
Waste Generated No In KG 51750
Sr. No:
Waste material
Unit
1
Concrete with Portland cement
Cu m
2263
2104.59
158.41
6000
13578000
950460
2
Crush Sand
Kg Cu m
3870720 2317.8
2903040
967680 579.45
1100
2549580
637395
Kg Cu m
2890440 1864.8
2167830
722610 466.2
1
Concrete
25%
1950
3636360
909090
2
Brick Masonry
30%
3
Bitumen
2%
62100 3.5kg/brick 4140
4
Wood
2%
4140
5
Soil, Sand & Gravel
35%
72450
6
Metal
5%
10350
7
Others
1%
2070
Total
100%
17743
Kg Cu m
3399150 2344.2
3025243.5
373906.5 257.86
1050
2461410
270755.1
3
4
River sand
Aggregate
Material waste
Rate Rs/unit
5
Cement
Kg Cu m
1461870 974.4
1344920.4
116949.6 68.208
6.4
9355968
748477.44
6
Steel
Kg
342222
307999.8
34222.2
48
16426656
1642665.6
7
Masonry
No
461604
392363.4
69240.6
5
2308020
346203
8
Tiles
Sq m
10080
9072
1008
400
4032000
403200
9
Electrical conduit
Rm
27000
25110
1890
20
540000
37800
10
Plumbing conduit
Rm
13800
12558
1242
100
1380000
124200
11
Paver blocks
sq m
578
543.32
34.68
325
187850
11271
12
China mosac terrace tile
sq m
250.00
242.50
7.5
20
5000
150
56,460,844.00
6,081,667.14 11%
207000 TOTAL TOTAL WASTE
C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT & QUALITY RECYCLING WITHIN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS
Total Amount Of Total amount in purchased waste material Material (Rs.) (Rs.)
Material purchased
Mangesh Darshan existing Society Building Waste
Material Used
Material waste % of Waste
HARDIK MUNGEKAR M. A R C H. P R O J E C T M A N A G E M E N T HIRAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Estimated Quantity of Reused Construction Waste
6
Steel
7 Sr. No:
1
2
3
4
Waste material
Unit
Concrete with Portland Cu m cement Crush Sand
River sand
Aggregate
Kg Cu m
Material waste
Total amount in Reuse % waste material (Rs.)
158.41
93
967680 579.45
Kg Cu m
722610 466.2
Kg Cu m
373906.5 257.86
950460
Total amount recovered
883927.8
637395
Kg
Masonry
34222.2
No
85
69240.6
346203
Sq m
1008
9
Electrical conduit
Rm
1890
95
37800
35910
10
Plumbing conduit
Rm
1242
95
124200
117990
11
Paver blocks
sq m
34.68
sq m
403200
7.5
50
6,081,667.14 40%
Material Waste
135377.55
6
Cement
Steel
Kg Cu m Kg
116949.6 68.208 34222.2
748477.44
10
1642665.6
12420 no.
Bricks Required for construction work
392363 no.
Bricks quantity Purchased
379943 no.
Total savings from brick quantity
Rs. 62,100
CONCRETE QUANTITY: Following to be used for PAVER BLOCKS PAVER BLOCK QUANTITY REQUIRED
578 m2
Quantity requirement for paver block
29 m3
150
TOTAL TOTAL WASTE REUSED
909090
11271
2,434,093.56
Quantity recoved on site (38,812.50 kg) 16 m3 Thus the quantity recovered is almost 50% of the material required. Therefore paver blocks ordered is 50% quantity ie. 289 No.= Rs.93925
Cost
Total amount in Waste Materials 5
ESTIMATED RECOVERY FROM REUSE OF DEMOLITION WASTE BRICK QUANTITY: Following to be used for toilet & terrace BBC Bricks Recovered from Demolition waste
Tiles
China mosac terrace tile
COST EFFECT DUE TO CONSTRUCTION DEMOLITION WASTE
1,396,265.76
8
12
270755.1
1,642,665.60
Rs.
60,81,667.14
Amount recovered from reused Materials
Rs.
15,61,334.31
Amount recycled from reused Materials
Rs.
24,34,093.56
Manufacturing cost of paver blocks on site Manufacturing cost (162.50 x 289no.)
162.5/m2 Rs. 46,963
Total Paver Block Costing Total Savings on Paver Block Costing
Rs. 1,40,888 Rs. 46,963
164266.56 ESTIMATED RECOVERY FROM REYCLED DEMOLITION WASTE
7 8
Masonry Tiles
No Sq m
69240.6 1008
80 25
346203 403200
9
Electrical conduit
Rm
1890
37800
10
Plumbing conduit
Rm
1242
124200
11
Paver blocks
sq m
34.68
11271
12
China mosac terrace tile
sq m
7.5
276962.4 100800
Estimated Quantity of Recovered from Existing Mangesh Darshan Society Construction Waste S.N.
150 TOTAL
6,081,667.14
TOTAL WASTE REUSED
1,561,334.31
26%
Estimated Quantity of Recycled Construction Waste Sr. No:
1
2
3
4
5
Waste material
Unit
Concrete with Portland Cu m cement Crush Sand
River sand
Aggregate
Cement
Kg Cu m
Material waste
158.41
967680 579.45
Kg Cu m
722610 466.2
Kg Cu m
373906.5 257.86
Kg Cu m
116949.6 68.208
Reuse %
93
So the Net Amount in Waste material is Rs. 20,86,240 Hence, the total amount waste percentage is reduced to 4.0 %
Total amount in waste material (Rs.)
Total amount recycled
950460
883927.8
Material
Waste %
1
Concrete
25%
2
Brick Masonary
30%
Waste Generated In KG No 51750 62100 3.5kg/brick
17743
Material recovery 75% 38812.5
Bitumen
2%
4140
3105
4
Wood
2%
4140
3105
5
Soil, Sand & Gravel
35%
72450
54337.5
6
Metal
5%
10350
7
Others
1%
Total
100%
S.n. 1 2
Steel recovery (9832.50kg x 48rs)
Rs. 4,71,960
Material Waste
Cost
Total savings from brick quantity Total Savings on Paver Block Costing Steel recycling
Rs. 62,100 Rs. 46,963 Rs. 4,71,960
As per bulk specific weight and density Material soil gravel dry soil gravel wet
weight (kg/m3) 1600 1800
Since The soil, sand and gravel recovered from the demolition is in dry form we consider 1m3 quantity as 1.6 tones of waste Therefore, Soil waste recovered 45.28 m3
9832.5
Soil recovered on site for car pit (6mX7mX8m)
336.00 m3
2070
1552.5
Total Soil waste recovered on site Total Soil required to raise the ground level by 150mm
381.28 m3 380.00 m3
207000
144900
Waste dumping charges as per BMC / tone Total Waste dumping charges (1.6t x 381.28) x 250
RS 250 RS 152512
Waste transportation charges from site to Deonar dumping (16 kms)/ tone Total Waste dumping charges (1.6t x 381.28) x 500
RS 500 RS 305024
Profit from Soil waste Dumping
RS 4,57,536
95%
637395
909090
270755.1
9832.50 kg
So the Net Amount in Waste material is Rs. 15,05,217 Hence, the total amount waste percentage is reduced to 3.0 %
12420
3
Steel recovered from Demolition waste
748477.44
C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT & QUALITY RECYCLING WITHIN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS
HARDIK MUNGEKAR M. A R C H. P R O J E C T M A N A G E M E N T HIRAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE