EX
LIBRIS
JAMES KELSEY McCONICA
s.
J^antibooJiS of (^rrfi:>eologg
attti
antiquities
THE DESTRUCTION OF
ANCIENT ROME
'cTw^ ^^
Digitized by the Internet Archive in
2011 with funding from University of Toronto
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KEY TO BALTHASAR JENICHEN'S PANORAMIC VIEW OF ROME The frontispiece Museum, No.
is
W^*
reproduced from the original eograving in the British This engraving, purchased by the Museum on June 12, Jenichen lived at Nuremberg; most of bis works
1S71, is exceedingly rare.
bear dales between 1560 and 1577.
A.
Enngelburg
B.
Babstpallast
C.
S.
_
.
.
.
I
Anthonini Seul
I
Maria Rotunda
'
Adriani Seul
E. F. _,
.
Petterskirch
( '
I
.
Diocleciani Bjeder
I.
S. Six.
K.
Capotolium S. Bartholomei Insel S. lohauis Lateran
M. N.
Bruckben
Wassergenng
St. Peter's
Church.
.
Column
.
Pantheon
Marcus Aurelius. Maria ad Martyves).
.
.
.
Flavian Amphitheatre. Baths of Diocletian. The Ponte Sisto.
.
Capitoliae Hill.
.
Island of S. Bartolomeo.
.
.
Q. R.
u Vespasiani Bogen S. Sussanna S. Maria de Populo Sanct. Laurentius
S.
Sanct. Sebastian
T.
S. Vitalis
V. X. Y.
Ochseukopff Omnia Terra Janiculus
.
Z.
Palatinus
.
O. P.
Titi
.
(S.
.
.
.
.
of
Column of Trajan. Arch of Septimius Severus. Temple of Peace {Basilica of Coustantine)
.
Septimi Bogen Tempel des Frids Der Gross CoUossus
H.
L,
The Castle of S. Angelo. The Pope's Vatican Palace.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
St. John Lateran. Aqueduct (Arcus Caelimontani). Arch of TituB on the Sacra Via. Church of S. Susanna. Church of S. Maria del Popolo. Church of iS. Lorenzo outside the Walls. Church of S. Sebastian on the Via Appia, Church of 8. Vitalis in Vico Longo. Tomb of Caecilia Metella (Capo di Bove).
Mausoleum
of Augustus. Sign misplaced. Sign misplaced.
Panoramic View of Rome, by Baltha
?p<-G-K
Tn'' (jh^^^c^^cJ
THE DESTRUCTION OF
ANCIENT ROME A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE MONUMENTS
BY
RODOLFO LANCIANI D.C.L. Oxford, LL.D.
Harvard
PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT TOPOGRAPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ROME
ILontion
MACMILLAN AND
CO.,
Limited
NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY :
1901
Copyright,
By
Set
1899,
the macmillan company.
up and electrotyped December,
1899.
Reprinted June,
1901.
Korfajooti J. S.
^rfgg
CushiMK & Co. - Berwick & Smith
Norwood Mase. U.S.A.
PREFATORY NOTE Pkofessoe, Rodolfo Lanciani needs no introduction to English readers.
This book sums up briefly the results of researches, extending over
many
years, in regard to the fate of the
buildings and masterpieces of art in ancient his
work upon
this
and upon
subject
his
Rome. large
In
map
Professor Lanciani has searched hundreds of volumes of
municipal and ecclesiastical records, besides examining
documents
several thousand separate
;
and he has ran-
sacked the principal libraries of Europe for prints and
drawings showing the remains of ancient ent periods.
Much
will appear in fuller
of the
form
new
in
Rome
at differ-
material thus collected
an extensive work, compris-
ing several volumes, which will be published in Italian
under the
volume
is
title
Storia degli Scavi di
Roma.
The present
a forerunner of the larger work.
Thanks are due lin College, for
to Professor
Walter Dennison of Ober-
kind assistance in reading the proofs, and
for the compilation of the Indexes. F.
November
1,
1899.
W. K.
CONTENTS CHAPTER I.
II.
The Destroyers of Ancient Rome
..........
V. VI. VII. VIII.
IX.
X. XI.
28
The Aspect of the City at the Beginning of the Fifth Century
47
The Sack of the Goths
56
........ in 410,
and
The Sack of Rome by the Vandals The City
in
Consequences
its
in 455
...
74 77
Burial Places within and without the Walls
.
89
The Devastation and Desertion of the Campagna
.
101
The Monuments
.
106
in
the Seventh Century
The Incursion of the Saracens
in 846,
The Flood of
.
.
,
and the Exten.
.
.
866
126
139
XIII.
The Rome op the Einsiedlen Itinerary
XIV.
The Usurpers of the Holy See and the Sack of
XV.
.
the Sixth Century
sion OF the Fortifications of the City XII.
10
The Use of Earlier Materials, particularly Marbles, IN the Building Operations of the Later Empire .
IV.
3
The Transformation of Republican Rome by the Emperors
III.
.....
PAGE
.
Rome at the End of the Twelfth Century Itinerary op Benedict vii
.
.
142
1084
154
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The 174
CONTENTS
viii
CHAPTER
XVI.
PAGE
Marble-cutters and Lime-burners of Mediaeval and Renaissance Rome
XVIL XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
....
198
The Sacking of Rome by the Army of Charles of Bourbon in 1527
214
The Monuments in the Latter Part of the teenth Century
227
The Beginnings of the Modern City
The Modernisation of Mediaeval Buildings Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
XXI.
II.
:
Index of Subjects
Six-
in .
the .
253
....
258
........
2G7
Modern Use of Ancient Materials
INDEXES I.
180
Index of Passages and Inscriptions
....
278
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Panoramic view
of
Rome by
Balthasar Jenichen
.
.
Frontispiece
FIGURE
PAGE
..........
1.
Substructions of the palace of Septimius Severus.
2.
Torre dei
3.
Section of steps of
4.
Fragment
photograph
Scliiavi.
showing
earlier
From
a photograph
tlie
round temple
and
later construction
Forum Boarium, .
.
.11
.
from the temple
From Tav. xiii. of the
Jupiter Optimus Maximus.
of
Bullettino
12
6.
from an early temple on the Esquiline. From Tav. xiii. of the Bullettino Comunale, 1896 Section of excavations in the Via di S. Gregorio, showing
7.
Fragment
8.
Excavation of the Via Nazionale on the Quirinal, showing remains of buildings of different periods. From a photograph Part of the upper story of the Coliseum, repaired with mateFrom a photograph rials from earlier buildings.
5.
tile
.
changes of level
9.
of the
tomb
11.
12. 13.
14.
Another view
From a photograph
.
.
.
upper story of the Coliseum, showing repairs made with architectural fragments from various sources. From a photograph A statue, broken into fragments, in process of reconstruction. From a photograph The monument of Stilicho in the Forum. From a photograph The raising of level at the Porta Ostiensis, a.d. 402 Bronze heads found in 1880 under the English Church, Via del Babuino. After Tav. i. of the Bullettino Comunale, 1881 Section of the channel of the Aqua Marcia, at Monte Arcese, showing deposits on the bottom and sides The remains of the Claudian aqueduct at the Porta Furba. From a photograph
...
.
16.
21
25
29
of the
.
15.
13
19 of Celer.
.
10.
2 6
of the
of painted terra cotta antefix
Comunale, 1890 Fragment of painted
From a
ix
.
.
30 44 51
54
67
.81 86
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
17.
Tomb
of P. Vibius Marianus, so-called
"Tomb
18.
Columbarium on the Via Severiana, near
19.
The Sepolcro
20.
View
1868.
From a
21.
22. 23.
93
opened
Ostia,
in
94
showing the hole made by plun-
Campagna, remains
the distance.
a print
degli Stucchi,
derers in the vaulted ceiling. of the
Nero," on
of
From
the Via Clodia, 4^ miles north of Rome,
From
From
a print
97
of the Claudian
aqueduct
in
a photograph
100
From
a photograph The column of Phocas in the Forum. The Pronaos of the Pantheon. From a photograph The tomb of St. Paul and the canopy of Arnolfo di Lapo in
107
113
.
Paolo fuori 24.
Tower
le
Mura, after the
of the wall of
fire
From
of 1823.
a print
S. .
25.
From a photograph The Forum flooded by the
26.
The Ponte
27.
View of the Caelian hill, looking southeast. From a photograph View of the Forum in 1821, partly excavated, showing the difference between the ancient and the modern level. From
134
' .
Tiber, 1808.
From
a photograph
.
Salario,
;
...........
an engraving 29.
The
30.
The lower end
31.
A
32.
The
.
.
.
.
â&#x20AC;˘
From a
sketch by Fontana
of the obelisk of the
'
it
Campus
lay after
Martins.
it
had
From
35.
36.
37.
171
a
sketch by Bandini
34.
149 163
167
.
.....
obelisk of the gardens of Sallust as
fallen.
33.
140
two miles north of Rome blown up to prevent the advance of Garibaldi in 1867. From a photo-
graph 28.
132
Leo IV., now used as an observatory.
172
Roman house of the twelfth fragments. From a photograph
typical
century, built with odd
179
....
pulpit in the cathedral of S. Matt^o at Salerno, built with
marbles from Rome. From a photograph Fragments of cornice from the temple of Vulcan at Ostia. From a photograph House and tower of the Margani. From a photograph A lane of Mediaeval Rome Via della Lungarina, demolished From a photograph in 1877. The Porta del Popolo of the time of Sixtus IV. From a sketch by M. Heemskerk (1536) Reliefs from the tomb of Calpurnianus, the charioteer. From a photograph .
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
185
195
200 202
209 210
'
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
xi PAGE
FIGURE 38.
The
hill of S.
From
his headquarters. 39.
One
40.
Bas-reliefs
4L
The
of the Sale
43.
The Loggia
44.
The Ponte Rotto,
of
From an
45.
Marcus Aurelius, now a photograph
in the
hill,
Squarcialupi,
229
restored
233
a sketch by Ciampini
Pietro
223
Con-
a photograph
From of
215
Madonna"
della
....
the Lateran buildings before their destruction
Sixtus V.
From
"Vita
and Pollux on the Capitoline
statues of Castor
View
of
From
servatori Palace.
From
of the
From a photograph
from the arch
42.
a photograph
Borgia â&#x20AC;&#x201D; that
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in the Vatican.
in 1584.
.... .... ....
Onofrio, where Charles of Bourbon established
Palazzo
del
by 243
Senatore.
old print
248
half carried
away by
the inundation of 1557.
a photograph
249
The Cesi chapel
in the church of S. Maria della Pace, built with Pentelic marble from the temple of Jupiter Optimus
Maximus.
From
a photograph
260
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL WORKS Adinolfi, Pasquale
Roma
:
Armellini, Mariano
:
Le
nelF eta di mezzo.
Roma
chiese di
Rome, 1891. Corpus Ins crip tionum Latiuarum 2d
2 vols.
Rome,
dal Secolo IV. al
1881.
XIX.
edit.,
:
Vols. VI., 1876
and XIV.,
sq.,
1887.
De Rossi, Giovanni
Battista
:
saeculo septimo antiquiores.
pars
Rome, Vol.
1,
Sotterranea Cristiana. Sotterranea
Translated by
;
New ed.,
I.,
Some Account
or,
;
Vol.
II.,
:
of the
W.
Pontificalis
commentaire par I'abbe L. Duchesne.
Thomas H.
1864.
Roman
Catacombs.
R. Brownlow.
London,
1879.
Le Liber
:
Vol.
Northcote and
J. S.
Duchesne, Louis Dyer,
1861
I.,
1888.
Roma Roma 1869.
Romae
Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis
A
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Texte, 2 vols.
introduction et Paris, 1886-1892.
History of the City of Rome,
and Monuments. London, 1865. Gibbon, Edward History of the Decline and Fall :
its
Structures
of the
Roman
Empire. Gilbert, O.
thum.
:
Geschichte und Topographie der Stadt
Rom im
Alter-
Leipzig, 3 parts, 1883, 1885, 1890.
Gregorovius, Ferdinand 8 vols., 4th ed.
:
Geschichte der Stadt
Rom im
Mittelalter.
Stuttgart, 1886-1896.
Rome
Middle Ages.
Translated
from the Fourth German edition by Annie Hamilton.
Vols I.-VI.
History of the City of
in the
London, 1894-1899. Grisar,
Hartman,
telalter.
S. L.
:
Geschichte
Freiburg, Vol.
I.,
1898. xiii
Roms und
der Papste
im Mit-
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
XIV
Wolfgang
Helbig,
Guide to the Public Collections of Classical
:
Antiquities in Rome.
Translation by
J. F.
and F. Muirhead.
Leipzig, 1895-1896.
2 vols. Jaff^, Phil.
Regesta Pontificum romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad
:
2d
ann. 1198.
ed.,
revised by Kaltenbrunner, etc.
2 vols.
Leip-
1885-1888.
zig,
Jordan, H. Vol.
Topographie der Stadt
:
part
I.,
1878, part
i.,
Kraus, Franz Xavier
ii.,
Rom im
Alterthum.
Berlin,
1885; Vol. IL, 1871.
Geschichte der christlichen Kunst.
:
Vol.
1.
Freiburg, 1896.
Lanciani, Rodolfo
Ancient
Rome
Pagan and Christian Rome.
:
The Ruins and Excavations
of Ancient
L' Itinerario di Einsiedlen e
Rome, I
1'
Rome.
Boston, 1888.
Boston, 1897.
ordine di Benedetto Canonico.
1891.
Commentarii
Rome,
Boston, 1893.
in the Light of Recent Discoveries.
di Frontino intorno le acque e gli acquedotti.
1880.
Forma Urbis Romae. Marangoni, Giovanni
sheets.)
Delle cose gentilesche e profane, trasportate
:
ad uso ed ornamento delle chiese.
Mommsen, Theodore
(XLVI
Milan, 1893 sq.
Rome,
1744.
Monumenta Germaniae historica Gesta pontificum Romanorum. Vol. I. Berlin, 1898. Miintz, Eugene Les Arts a la cour des Papes. 3 vols. (To Sixtus :
:
:
VX.)
Paris, 1878-1882.
Les Arts a
la
(Innocent Vlll.-Pius
cour des Papes.
III.)
Paris,
1898.
Muratori, Ludovico Nichols, F. City.
M.
An
:
:
Rerum
The Marvels
Italicarum Scriptores. of
Rome
;
or,
A
Picture of the Golden
English version of the Mediaeval Guidebook.
London,
1889.
Richter, Otto
:
Topographie der Stadt Rom.
Tommasini, Oreste pill
:
di Storia Patria, Vol. :
Roma e dei Society Romana
Delia storia medievale della Cittk di
recenti raccontatori di essa
Urlichs, C. L.
Noerdlingen, 1889.
I.,
:
in Archivio della
1877.
Codex urbis Romae topographicus.
Wiirzburg, 1871.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
XV
PERIODICALS
BuUettino della
Romana
Rome, from 1877. Commissione archeologica comunale di Roma, from
Archivio della Societa
di Storia Patria.
1873.
BuUettino di Archeologia cristiana, edited by Giovamii Battista de Rossi, Vols.
L-XIU.
Nuovo BuUettino
Rome, 1863-1895.
di Archeologia cristiana, edited
Rome, from
E. Stevenson, O. Marucchi.
by G. B. de Rossi,
1895.
Mittheilungen des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts,
Roemische Abtheilung; from 1886, following the Annali and BuUettino, 1829-1885.
La
Civilta Cattolica.
Interesting contributions
also Grisar's Analecta
Melanges de
by H.
Grisar.
Romana, Vol. I. Naples, 1899. de Rome. Rome, from 1881.
I'ficole fran9aise
See
Interest-
ing contributions by L. Duchesne. Notizie degli Scavi di Antichitk.
Roemische Quartalschrift
fiir
Rome, from
1876.
Christliche Altertumskunde.
from 1887. Studii e
Documenti di Storia e
Diritto.
Rome, from
1880.
Rome,
v
Fig.
1.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Substructions of the palace of Septimius Severus.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME CHAPTER
I
THE DESTROYERS OF ANCIENT ROME I
WAS
sitting not long
the Palatine
hill,
ago at the southern extremity of
where the remains of the palace of Sep-
timius Severus tower a hundred and sixty feet above the level of the
modern
streets,
the abyss which lay open at
and
I
was trying
my feet,
and
to
fathom
to reconstruct in
By meas-
imagination the former aspect of the place.
urements on the spot, compared with descriptions and
drawings
left
by those who saw the Palatine
state of preservation, I
in a better
have been able to ascertain that a
palace 490 feet long, 390 wide, and 160 high has so completely disappeared that only a few pieces of crumbling
wall are left here and there against the
Who
tale.
mountain
Was
it
of
broke up and removed,
masonry
?
Who
age, the elements, the
cliff
bit
overthrew
hand
to tell the
by
bit,
the
that
giant
of barbarians, or
?
some
other irresistible force the action of which has escaped
observation ? 3
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
To answer these meaning
when
questions
we must
first
try to grasp the
words "destruction" and "disappearance"
of the
applied to the
monuments
of ancient
We
Rome.
are told, for instance, that 485,000 spectators could find
room up
in the Circus
Maximus, and
to the people his
own
that,
when Trajan gave
imperial balcony, the available
space was increased by 5000 seats.
exaggeration in these figures
Perhaps there
is
an
in fact, the capacity of the
;
Circus has been limited by Huelsen to 150,000 specta-
But even with
tors.^
here
this reduction,
150,000 persons sat on
we may suppose
that
stone or marble benches
which were made accessible by an elaborate system stairways
if
;
we
allow
to
space of twenty inches,
Circus
each
there
Maximus more than
stone and marble benches.
down to the way
and we are
us,
in
spectator
of
an average
must have been
in the
running feet of
250,000
Not a fragment has come
left in
complete ignorance as to
which so great a mass of
solid material has
disappeared.
Near the Pantheon
of Agrippa,
on the border of the
pond or stagnum where Nero and Tigellinus used feast in a floating hall, there
the
name
of
was a colonnade known by
Eventus Bonus.
topographers until May, 1891, size
was discovered
church of
S.
Andrea
Its site
when
was unknown
to
a capital of great
in the Vicolo del Melone, near the
della Valle
that mass of marble that 1
to
:
so great, indeed,
we were obliged
Bulltttino Cojnunale, 1894, p. 322.
to
was
abandon
it
THE DESTROYERS OF ANCIENT ROME where
it
on account of the danger of undermining
lay,
the neighbouring houses
Whence came
it.
5
if
we should attempt
the great block
?
I
to
remove
found a clew to
the answer in Flaminio Vacca's account of the excava-
"In laying
tions in the time of Pius IV. (1559-1566).
the foundations of the Palazzo della Valle," says Vacca, " columns, fragments of entablatures,
and other marbles
were found, among them a capital of enormous
which the coat
of
was
chiselled."
1
size,
out
of
arms of the Pope on the Porta Pia
A
second capital was discovered under
the Ugolini house, in the Vicolo del Melone, in 1862
and a
third,
under the Palazzo Capranica della Valle in
These three capitals and the one found in 1891
1876.
were lying on a
two outermost
;
line
they
measuring 300
columns of which were 47
The
between the
belonged to a colonnade, the
all
selves being 6 feet high
feet
feet high, the capitals
and 14
them-
feet in circumference.
significance of these dimensions will best be appreci-
ated by architects.
Ancient documents further mention a stadium (where
now
is
tators,
the Piazza Navona) with seats for 30,088 spec-
an odeum (now the Monte Giordano) with 11,600
seats, the theatre of
with 11,510
seats,
Balbus (now the Monte de' Cenci)
and the theatre of Pompey (near the
Memorie
di varie antichita trovate in [diversi luoghi scritte da Flaminio Vacca nel 1594, in Eea's Miscellanea, Vol. I. p. 25. Latest and best edition by Richter in Berichte der Sachs. Gesellschaft der 1
Wissenchaften, 1881, p. 43.
.
.
.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
6
Campo
di Fieri) with 17,580 seats.
Of
and stone buildings, no traces are
left
Examples the
area
of this
all
these marble
above ground.
kind are by no means confined to
within the
city
walls.
In
the
Emperor Gordianus the younger, chap.
Life
of
the
32, a description
^H I^^^^H^^^^^H
Fig.
is
2.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Torredei
Schiavi.
given of his villa on the Via Praenestina, two and a
half miles outside the gate of that name.
among
other
columns, marble,
fifty
fifty
buildings, of of
a
colonnade
of
It contained,
two hundred
which were
of cipollino or Carystian
portasanta,
fifty
of
pavonazzetto
or
!
THE DESTROYERS OF ANCIENT ROME Phrygian marble, and
hundred
an imperial palace, and baths which, in cence, rivalled the thermae of state of this Villa
One
have disappeared.
is
feet long,
and magnifi-
size
The present
itself.
shown
;
in our illustra-
basilicas, palace, baths,
—
all
bit of ruin stands alone in the
landmark
wilderness, a
Rome
Gordianorum
Colonnade,
tion (Fig. 2).
Numidian
fifty of giallo antico or
there were also three basilicas, each a
7
miles around,
for
meet
dei Schiavi, a favourite
of
— the
Torre
the foxhounds in the
Campagna.
We may
grant that natural agencies have contributed
their share to the demolition of ancient buildings, floods, earthquakes,
of disintegration
perature
and the slow but
due to
rain, frost,
of
outset
;
contain
all
we may
— as
fall of
explanations,
the
of tem-
Roman Empire which are
of
all
elements of truth.
But
at
the
discard the current view that the dis-
Roman monuments was due
appearance of barians
and variations
man.
proposed several
plausible
resistless processes
been accomplished only by the
Writers on the decline and
have
fires,
but such prodigious changes, such wholesale
;
destruction, could have
hand
—
if
these,
in
their meteoric
to the bar-
inroads, could
have amused themselves by pulverizing the 250,000 feet of stone
and marble
seats
in
the Circus, for example,
or the massive structure of the villa of the
The purpose
of
the barbarians was to
articles of value as
Gordiani
carry off such
could easily be removed, and
Rome
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
8
long remained rich enough to satisfy their greed.
when
mine had become exhausted, and the houses
this
were stripped of
of the living
may have
the
of
mausoleums of the
As we
all
their valuables, they
attacked the abodes of the dead, the humble
catacombs
and
Later,
well
as
faithful
as
the
imperial
but the stanch buildings of the Republic
;
Empire were not
essentially
damaged.
shall see in the course of our narrative, in June,
455 A.D., the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline
hill
and the palace
of the Caesars could
be successfull}^ plundered of movable objects.
still
In
536 the garrison of the mole of Hadrian, which had long ago been converted into a fortress (now the Castle of
S.
Angelo), was able to check an assault
of
the
Goths by throwing down upon their heads the masterpieces of
A
Greek
art
which
still
adorned the mausoleum.
quarter of a century later the historian Procopius
states that
many
statues
by Phidias and Lysippus could
yet be seen in Rome.
In 630 Pope Honorius
I.,
with the consent of the
Emperor Heraclius, removed the the
roof of the
adornment fore,
was
temple
Venus and Rome,
of
of the roof of St. Peter's
still
intact.
In 663, when
time, and to her misfortune,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a
Christian emperor too,
to plunder.
gilt-bronze tiles from
was
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a
;
for the
the temple, there-
Rome
visited
for the last
by an emperor,
great deal was
still left
In the brief period of twelve days which
Constans spent in the city he removed many bronze
THE DESTROYERS OF ANCIENT ROME and
statues,
of
laid his
hands also upon the bronze
Pantheon, although
the
this
9 tiles
had long since been
converted into a Christian church.
The
barbarians, therefore, can be left in peace, their
part in the destruction of
Rome
being hardly worth con-
when compared with the guilt " others " I mean the Romans themselves,
sidering
of others.
By
of the Imperial,
Byzantine, Mediaeval, and Renaissance periods.
CHAPTER
II
THE TRANSFORMATION OF REPUBLICAN ROME BY THE EMPERORS
The growth
public and private, to the needs of a popu-
its edifices,
living under
lation
we may
sense of
Rome
readjustment of
the
of a city involves
new
conditions
and
;
in
a
certain
say that the history of the destruction
with
begins
the
reign
Augustus,
of
who
undertook to transform the capital of the Empire from In widening
a city of bricks into a city of marble.
and draining in
fares,
opening new thorough-
.the old streets, in
building the
new
quarters,
and
in
carrying
out a general scheme for the sanitation and embellish-
ment were the
of
metropolis,
To
sacrificed.
theatre
Pietas of
the
was destroyed,
monuments
historical
clear the space for the erection of
Marcellus,
of
many for
example, the
so dear to the
the legend of the faithful
shrine
of
Romans on account
daughter who, with the
milk of her breast, kept alive the father sentenced to death by starvation in the old Decemviral
jail.^
many houses and temples were demake room for this structure that many
Cassius adds that
molished to
Dion
;
1
Pliny, Hist. Nat. VII. 36, 121.
10
TRANSFORMATION OF REPUBLICAN ROME
11
statues of the gods, of ancient workmanship, carved in
wood and
stone, shared the fate
builders
the
that
having
away
the
of
appropriated
The example
set
gold
the
the vaults
in
theatre
(^favissae)
temples
the
of
were
and
and
;
suspected
valuables
of
stored
of the sacred edifices.^
by Augustus was followed by
his
wealthy friends, Marcius Philippus, Lucius Cornificius, Cornelius
J<^oJle
FiG.
3.
\
â&#x20AC;˘
Balbus, and Statilius
but Agrippa.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Section of steps of the round temple of the Forum Boarium, showing
surpassed
them
buildings. 2
men with
that
all
and
in
later construction.
of
number and splendour
the
We may
seventeenth century, ian
;
SO
earlier
his
Taurus
the
compare the work popes
Dion
these
of
cardinals
of
the
who modernised our Constantin-
and mediaeval churches 1
and
of
Cassius, XLIII. 49.
;
but there 2
is
this
differ-
Suetonius, Octav. 29.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
12
while
that
ence,
century was
the
without
type,
for
of
seventeenth
the
had
redeeming
no
his friends did, at
substi-
least,
Greco-Roman construction,
tute masterpieces of
purest
and
excuse
Augustus and
feature,
renovation
the
structures
earlier
of
of
the
brick
or
rough stone.
may
This change
best
be
studied,
perhaps,
temple of the Mater Matuta in
so-called
Boarium,
afterwards
the
church of
S.
Carozze,
in
Forum
the
Stefano
now
the
delle
Maria
S.
del Sole, in the Piazza
Bocca della Verita. Here we see the stone steps
leading
to
the
stone cella of the time of
Camillus,
covered, but
not entirely concealed,
by
the
marble
and the marble the
steps cella of
time of Augustus
(Fig. 3).
In excavat-
ing strata of rubbish of the time of Augustus, T.
Fig.
.
4.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Fragment of painted terra cotta r?
^
t
â&#x20AC;˘
.
14.
*^
antefix from the temple of Jupiter Optiraus
of such as the platform ^ the Gardens of Maecenas, or that of the Capi-
tolium,
w^e
have actually picked up fragments from
temples of the time of the Kings,
dumped
there with
TRANSFORMATION OF REPUBLICAN ROME
13
other materials to raise the level of the ground.
Such
are the antefixes of painted terra cotta from the temple
and
Conservatori,!
de'
roof-tiles
on
Museo Municipale In
the
Rome built
Palazzo
the
sacred of
al Celio.^
edifices
and
wood,
were
panels, cornices,
polychrome
with
A
decoration.
of
discovered
of
orna-
tiles of terra cotta
structure
the
in
centuries
early
mented with and
the
in
from another shrine Esquiline,
the
now
Maximus,
Optimus
Jupiter
of
this
on
kind was
the
site
of
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Fig. 5. Fragment of painted tile from an early temple on the Esquiline.
Falerii, Civita Castellana, in
1886
the remains
;
of
it
are
exhibited
in one of the
outside
the Porta del
halls of the Villa di Giulio III.,
Popolo.^
In tracing the history of the destruction of the
Kings and
of the
of the Republic at the
Emperors, three facts become prominent plete
1
covering over, for hygienic
Bull Com., 1896,
2 Ibid., ^
:
Rome
hands of the (1) the com-
reasons,
and conse-
p. 187, PI. xii.-xiii. (see Fig. 4).
1896, p. 28 (see Fig. 5).
Monumenti
Vol. IV., 1895.
antichi publicati per cura della reale Accad. dei Lincei,
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
14
quent elevation, of large tracts of land
(2) the re-
;
more quar-
building, on a totally different plan, of one or ters of the City, after a destructive
large
clearing
of
thermae,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; those
Nero,
The
and elevation of a large area
was occupied
A
at that time
where the bodies nals
wlio
thrown into common carcasses
of
the
covering over
part of the Esquiline
by a
''
crimi-
of
punishment
capital
animals
death,"
of
field
and beasts
were
with the
pits (^puticuli)^ together
domestic
of
Caracalla,
and beggars and
of slaves
undergone
liad
great
for hygienic reasons dates
from the time of Augustus. hill
the
for
Trajan,
Titus,
we have
record that
first
and (3) the
;
and Constantine.
Decii, Diocletian,
tlie
make room
areas to of
fire
burden.
of
In the excavations made in laying out the Via Napoleone
III.,
in
1887,
about
seventy-five
these
of
pits
were discovered.
In some of them the animal remains
had been reduced
to a
matter tliat
uniform mass of black, unctuous
in others tlie bones so far retained their shape
;
could
they
served also as a
be
The
identified.
dumping
field
death
of
place for the daily refuse of
the city.^
This hotbed of infection was suppressed by
Augustus
at
the
The
Maecenas.
suggestion
district
depth of 24
to
the
a
mile
ground. 1
in
extent,
The
feet,
was
results
of
his
prime
minister
was buried under fresh earth and a public park, a laid
out
on
the
fifth
of
newly made
proved of so great benefit to the
Ancient Borne in the Light of Becent Discoveries^
p. 64.
!
TRANSFORMATION OF REPUBLICAN ROME health
the
of
City
that
worthy to be sung in
by no means 8 et seq.)
:
literal,
Horace
verse.
thought
In
the
15
work
the
quaint,
translation of Francis (^Sat.
though I.
vin.
—
In coffins vile the herd of slaves
Were
hither brought to crowd their graves;
And once in this A common tomb
detested ground
the vulgar found;
Buffoons and spendthrifts, vile and base,
Together rotted here in peace.
A
thousand feet the front extends,
Three hundred deep in rear
it
bends,
And yonder column plainly shows No more unto its heirs it goes. But now we breathe a purer air. And walk the sunny terrace fair, Where once the ground with bones was With human bones, a ghastly sight
white,
—
In process of time recourse was had to the same expedient in the case of other cemeteries within or near the
The twenty-four
walls of
Aurelian.
of earth
and rock, removed by Trajan from the west
slope of the Quirinal to
make room
million cubic feet
for his
Forum, were
spread over the cemetery between the Via Salaria Vetus (Pinciana) and the Via Salaria Nova.^
Gardens
—a
Esquiline,
The
Licinian
portion of the great imperial park on the
formerly owned
by the
were laid out, likewise, on the 1
Licinian
site
Pagan and Christian Bome^
of
p. 284.
the
family
—
cemetery
DESTRUCTION OP ANCIENT ROME
16
between the Via CoUatina
same
fate
befell
the
and Via
beautiful
The
Labicana.
burial-grounds
the
of
Via Aurelia, now occupied by the Villa Corsini-Pamfili,
No
near the Casino dei Quattro Venti.^
injury was
done to the tombs when the earth was heaped upon
them
and the cinerary urns, the
lege,
more or left
in
them from
their sacred character protected
;
less
inscriptions,
The excavation
modern times has proved
and the
sepulchres were
valuable furniture of the
undisturbed.
sacri-
these cemeteries
of
to be exceptionally rich in
finds.
The
vast conflagrations which from time to time swept
over the city were in reality a means of improvement,
both from the aesthetic and from the hygienic point of
Such was the
view.
by
described
fire
Livy
the
in
twenty-seventh chapter of Book XXVI., by which
all
the shops and houses around the Forum, the residence of the high priest, the fish-market,
the
region
district
was
of
Lautumiae
the
rebuilt on a better
were
of
the
in
213 B.C.
;
last
mentioned 1
in
Pagan and
I
the
Piazza Montanara,
and again
April,
The
47), by
Forum Boarium, from
same quarter was burned over. fires
(XXIV.
fire
foot of the Aventine to the present
was devastated
destroyed.
in
and more sanitary plan.
This historian describes another
which the region
and the buildings
in
saw
1886,
192 B.C. the traces of the
when
Christian Borne, p. 269.
the
main
;
TRANSFORMATION OF REPUBLICAN ROME sewer on the
bank
left
of
17
the Tiber was built at
a
There
great depth across the piazza Bocca della Verita.
were remains of early Republican structures nine feet
below the level of the piazza, and upon them was a
The buildings
bed of ashes and charred materials.
of
a later period, above the bed of ashes, had a different orientation.
When
the
Emperor Nero conceived the idea
newing and rebuilding the streets
crowded with
were
temples which his plans of
religious
and small
altars,
superstition
re-
Empire, the
capital of the shrines,
of
made
inviolable
improvement were opposed by the
priests
and by private owners of property, and any attempt to carry less
them out was
lawsuits, appraisals,
and disputes among
So he seems to have solved the
perts.
having the city
was
clearly destined to lead to end-
at
set
on
Antium when B.C.
The
fire
burning of
started
Circus Maximus, at the place it
difficulty
64 a.d.
ex-
by
Nero
the conflagration began, on June
18, the anniversary of the
in 390
in the year
fire,
the
at
Rome by
the
now
east
called
the Gauls
end of the
La Moletta
;
spread in a northeasterly direction and swept over
three out of the fourteen regions of the city, partially
destroying seven others. tory
We
information in regard to
do not possess all
satisfac-
the historic
monu-
ments that perished in the flames, but we know that
among them were tion of
the temple of the Moon, the founda-
which was ascribed to Servius Tullius, the Ara
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
18
Maxima, dedicated Arcadian
der, the
of Vesta,
and
by Evan-
to Hercules, tradition said
and the temples of Jupiter Stator,
;
of the Penates, together with the Regia.
As these monuments encircled the Palatine hill, we may assume that the imperial residence on its summit was
also gutted, but evidence
ing.
Countless masterpieces
on this point
Greek
of
want-
is
and man}^
art
ancient relics disappeared, the loss of which the older citizens
never ceased to lament, even amidst the splen-
dour of the new city which rose from the ashes.
The charge
that Nero had wilfully caused the
it
had once been arrested,
is
whom we
neither accepted nor rejected by Tacitus, from learn that, after
fire
burst out
it
again in the Praedia Aemiliana, the gardens of Nero's
minion,
Dyer suggests
Tigellinus.
the
tliat
merely improved the occasion to have the started spread
the
city,
more widely and
which he wished
to
efface
fire
certain
rebuild.
emperor already parts
of
But whether
the emperor was wholly or partially responsible for the conflagration, the opportunity thus afforded for rebuild-
ing was at once improved
drawn
in
;
new
plans were immediately
accordance with the
architectural practice of the time.
narrow and tortuous
streets
of the time of Septimius Severus,
Museum, one may
By
and lanes
glancing at the
in the
now
marble plan
in the Capitoline
see that Nero's projects can hardly
been fully carried out
;
and
engineering
best
they must have
left
have
untouched
the lower and more congested quarters of the city.
TRANSFORMATION OF REPUBLICAN ROME May, 1877,
111
showed
land which
myself saw a strip of
the
being
and the
Constantine
arch of
was
Coliseum
site
(10,16)
A\ocle7Yi.
|li|iU |l||l il|[IH|l|i
|
fcveX
Circus
the
of
V"l ^LOL oil
of houses,
paved
(2I,S2)
G-rcwiori,^
S
the
between
sides of a street, neatly
and shrines on both
(21,87)
l|
and
built
Maximus, the workmen came across remains shops,
While
conHagration.
fearful
this
sewer which drains the Esquiline
region about the
of
traces
the main
I
19
|IHITI I lil|f
v°;77)
irkrifWiTTTfufilfn^iTTiiTTrtiTTiTniMgjtiTTiinliwluitiiM'rn^'nlT^lTitrrHm
All", hv«<ic.i
Fig.
ctbove
G.
i'ewe.Y o\ Uvc,
Secv")
— Section
t>,rriAv
of excavations in the
o\ ^i- JCuv^os.
Via
di S. Gregorio,
showing changes
of level.
with flagstones and lined by sidewalks, thirty-five feet
below the present level of the ground.
The
street
had apparently descended from the south-
east corner of the Palatine berini,
where now
is
the
toward the foot of the Clivus Scauri, now the
Piazza di S. Gregorio.
From
this place, at
debris of Nero's fire were not, as
any
Ann. XV.
iitique naves,
rerent.
4.S:
JRmleri
aceipienclo
rate, the
might have been
ferred from the statement of Tacitus,^ carted ^
Vigna Bar-
Ostienses
away
palndefi
in-
to the
dpstinahat,
quae frumentum Tiberi suhvectassent, onustae rudere decur-
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
20
marshes of Ostia, but were spread on the spot
way
;
in this
the level of the valley was raised at once by ten or
The
fifteen feet.
which
made
I
sectional plan presented above (Fig. 6),
at the time of these excavations,
shows the
superposition of streets and buildings before and after the hre
the altitudes are given in metres.
;
For the names of Nero's chief advisers and archi-
we
the rebuilding of the city, Severus and Celer,
in
tects
who
indebted to Tacitus,
are
says
them
of
that
they were clever and daring enough to undertake, by
works
means,
artificial
which
accomplishment of
the
nature would have denied.
A
fragment of the marble mausoleum the garden
in
exists
Nomentana
the Via
dignity 1
full of
CELERI
•
:
of
Agnese
S.
(Fig. 7)
.
of Celer
The epitaph was
NERONIS
The importance stood the
if
•
AVGVSTI
•
L[iberto]
•
A[rcliitect]0
of S.
Forum from
it
into a
Agnese.
may
easily be
under-
changes caused by this means in
the time of Nero to that of Diocletian. this period the centre of
Fabretti, Inscriptiones domesticae, p.
VI. 14,047.
tomb
the
of fires for the architectural history
recall the
Four times during 1
columns
in the imperial period
we
brief but
—
capital for one of the
Rome
Mura, on
fuori le
The block containing it was removed from by Pope Symmachus (498-514), who turned
of
still
721,
no. 431
;
Rome and cf.
C.
T.
L.
TRANSFORMATION OF REPUBLICAN ROME of the as
it
Roman
is
world, the
celebekkimvs
called in an inscription,
four times
came the
it
fire
^
was rebuilt on a
•
^^*:§^;i-
Fig.
7.
.-
H
•.:
different
*-
-^
•
locvs,
;
plan.
then the
;
First fire
of
m
— Fragment of the tomb of Celer.
the reign of Titus, in 80 A.D., the
were repaired by Domitian. before the death of 1
vkbis
was swept by flames
of Nero, just alluded to
'^
•
21
The
Commodus,
Ephemeris Epigraphica, Vol.
damages
of
which
third occurred shortly
in 191 A.D.
;
the build-
III., 1876, p. 287.
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
22
ings were restored by
Domna, and
Julia
his
Septimius Severus, his empress son
who
Caracalla,
by
shifted
thirty-three degrees the orientation of the edifices bor-
dering
on
the
Clivus
Sacer.
We
have
no
detailed
account of the conflagration in the reign of Carinus,
283 A.D., but to judge from the repairs made by Diocletian
and Maxentius, affecting the Basilica
Senate-house, the
Forum Julium, and
Venus and Rome,
it
the
Julia, the
temple
of
must have swept from one end
of
the Sacra Via to the other.
The
third and last of the
more important
factors in
and destruction of Home under the
the transformation
The
E^mpire was the building of the great public baths.
thermae of Caracalla cover an area of 118,255 square metres, those of Diocletian 130,000 square metres
;
and
the areas of both these great structures were occupied, before 212 and 305/6 a.d. respectively, by rich and populous quarters, with houses
colonnades, and gardens.
and
insulae, temples, slirines,
The
buildings which stood on
a higher level than that adopted for one of these bath-
ing establishments were destroyed to the foundations the materials
of
construction
taken
from them were
saved and were made use of again in the new structure.
But the buildings placed on
a lower level
were
left
standing to a height corresponding with that of
the
foundation
of
the
thermae,
This practice explains the reason
and
simply
why we
buried.
find in
some
TRANSFORMATION OF REPUBLICAN ROME
23
places structures of two, three, and even four different
periods lying in archaeological
strata
above
one
the
other.
The palace
on the remains of
rests
Republic
the
of
Flavian emperors on the Palatine
of the
;
these,
made
Trajan
of
House
are
on
built
end
in
1721,
are
The thermae remains of
the
of Titus
Golden
Nero, and this last was extended over the
of
remains of houses built before the three
the
of
accessible
wrongly termed Baths of Livia.
and
houses
private
fire
of 64 a.d.
strata can be easily recognised at
;
the
the north en-
trance to the cryptoporticus of the Golden House.
The Baths
of Caracalla
were composed of a central
building surrounded by a garden, with an outer enclosure lined with halls and rooms for bathing. is
Nothing
found under the built portion, because the foundathe massive
tions
of
down
to the level of
walls
were of
the virgin soil
;
necessity
carried
but in the open
depth of only a few inches below the sur-
spaces, at a
found remains of extensive houses and other
face, are
buildings which Caracalla purchased and covered up.^
When
the Via Nazionale, the
modern Rome, was cut Quirinal, pigliosi
remains 1
A part
shown
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; then
gardens, the
of of
main thoroughfare
in 1877 across the ridge of
of
the
occupied by the Aldobrandini and Ros-
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
workmen
thermae
of
first
brought to light
Constantine
;
underneath
one of these houses, excavated in 1860-1867 by Guidi,
in Iiid7is
and Excavations,
Fig. 39.
is
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
24
these were remains
the house
of
of
Claudius Claudi-
anus and of another once belonging to Avidius Quietus;
and
on a lower
lastly,
work (Fig.
were walls of early reticulate
level,
8).
Subsequent excavations on the
site of
the same baths
have given us the means of reconstructing the map of this part of the Quirinal prior to the time of Constan-
and
tine,
obtaining a
of
possibly complete, of the
list,
public and private buildings purchased and demolished
by
this
prises
Emperor
in or about
the palaces of
T.
315 a.d.
The
Flavins Claudius Claudianus
and of T. Avidius Quietus already mentioned and
ace
gardens
of
of a Claudia Vera, of
a
C.
was made
Constantine's architect
out, one
a
by one,
number, so
be taken
off
the pal-
Germanianus,
and
;
of
a
marble
made use
sacred edifice, tiles.
These
the tiles
of in laying the foun-
Caldarium, from which we
the
dations of
Art(orius ?)
;
a Lucius Naevius Clemens, of a
Marcus Postumius Festus roof of which
com-
list
dug them
They were all marked with making repairs, the roof could
in 1879.
that,
in
and put together again without
by observing the sequence
of
the figures.
difficulty
In another
we found many fragments and sculptured marbles built, as common
part of the same foundations of
statues
materials, into the rubble work.
A
similar statement
this
for
the
Baths
The excavations made within the limits immense structure since 1870 in connexion
of Diocletian.
of
would hold good
o a,
^ ^ bH
X3
o
c3
o
>
'J5
TRANSFORMATION OF REPUBLICAN ROME with
work
on
the
railway
the
station,
27
Piazza
dei
Cinquecento, the Grand Hotel, and the Massimi palace, as
well
of
new
several of a
as
the
cutting of streets and the laying out
gardens, have brought to light the remains of preexisting edifices,
Collegium Fortunae
foundations of concrete
;
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; among
Felicls,
them the
and a temple
offices
built
on
a colonnade or shrine rebuilt
by Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus
;
pavements of
walls of private houses, and a reservoir. of all these buildings, brick
The
streets,
materials
and marble, were used over
again in the foundations of the baths.
CHAPTER
III
THE USE OF EARLIER MATERIALS, PARTICULARLY MARBLES, IN THE BUILDING OPERATIONS OF THE LATER EMPIRE
The
practice
of
building
with
walls
architectural
marbles, blocks containing inscriptions, statues, and other fine
from previous structures, goes
materials
as far
back
as
tlie
reign
The propylaea
211 A.D.).
were restored by Idm, fragments fire
of
from
edifices
damaged
least
Severus (193Octaviae
Porticus
the
of
in the year 203,
The upper
Titus.
Septimius
of
at
with sculptured ruined
or
story of the
by the
Coliseum was
likewise restored by Severus Alexander in 223, and by
Traianus Decius in 250, with a patchwork of stones of every description,
entablatures,
lintels
amphitheatre
itself,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; trunks and
of columns, fragments of
from
the
which had been damaged by
fire,
doorposts
or brought from other buildings
ments
can
be
trations (Figs.
recognised 9,
in
;
the
taken
the
frag-
accompanying
illus-
several of
10).
Another instance
of certain date
is
that of a private
bathing establishment discovered January 30, 1873, at the junction of the Via Ariosto with the Piazza Dante 28
USE OF EARLIER MATERIALS on the Esquiline. elating
It
was a graceful
29
little
building,
from the time of Diocletian and Constantine, as
proved by hundreds of
brick
stamps of
found in the walls above ground.
Fig,
9.
The
that
period
walls below the
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Part of the upper story of the Coliseum, repaired with materials from earlier buildings.
surface
were built
ments of marble. figures
of
of
statues
There were
Minerva,
of
the
Aesculapius, besides several
and miscellaneous fraglife-size
Indian torsos
or semi-colossal
Bacchus
and
of
and other fragments
^
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
30
of considerable value fasces, Avith capital
tain in pure
A
Greek
more familiar
;
a
column shaped
and base
;
like the lictor's
and the basin
of a foun-
style.
illustration
is
the triumphal arch of
Constantine, erected by the Meta Sudans in 315 a.d.
This monument, so compact and perfect to the eye,
Fig.
10.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Another
is
view of the upper story of the Coliseum, showing repairs architectural fragments from various sources.
made with really
a
structures
striking
were
example pillaged
of
to
erect
climb to the chamber above the ^
Bull Com., 1875,
Public no. 601.
Cfjllections
p.
79,
way new
the
Tav. XI. Fi?.
arcli
1,
2;
in
which old
ones.
ftliere
IIelbi<if,
If
a
is
we nar-
Gnidf^ to the
of Classical Antiquities in Bome^ Vol.
I.
p.
444,
USE OF EARLIER MATERIALS
row see
31
we
staircase in the side facing the Palatine),
why
Milizia gave
the nickname of Cornacchia di
it
We
Esopo, ''Aesop's crow." the
of
reliefs
the
attic,
shall
shall find that the bas-
statues
Dacian kings,
the
of
the eight medallions above the side passages, the eight
columns of giallo antico, and the greater part of the
removed from a triumphal arch
were
entablature
Traiani which spanned
Trajan, probably the aj-cus divi the
Via Appia (or the Via Nova)
Capena.
The
near
inside of the structure also
Fabii and of
scriptions of
Under the
A rr until,
the
built with
is
tombs of
which are rule
still
earlier buildings for the sake
a
common
practice
;
the
of their materials
this statement, startling as
has read Ciampini's
stantino cose
magno
chiese,"^ or
Old
St.
After
the
e
profane
Grimaldi's
Peter's."
"De
constructis,"
gentilesche
in-
dismantling of
appear, will not be considered extravagant
who
and
perfect.
Constantine,
of
carvings
the
Porta
the
a great variety of materials taken from the
the
of
sacris
or
^
it
a
of
the
Con-
" Delle
Marangoni's ad
may
by any one
aedificiis
trasportate
"Diary
became
uso
delle
Destruction of
3
defeat
of
Maxentius,
in
the
year
312,
Constantine "erected a basilica over the tomb of the blessed Peter."*
This was built hurriedly, and in
2
Romae, per I. Jacobum Komarck, 1693, in fol. 3 Cod. Barberin, XXXIV. Romae, 1744, in 4°.
4
Liher Fontijicalis, Sylvester, XVI.
1
p. 176.
50.
its
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
32 construction
part of the adjoining circus
of all a
first
and Nero was
of Caligula
The
utilised.
the sacred edifice was carried
wing
left
over the three northern
walls of the circus, which had supported the
the
columns for the
basilica
one
In
quarters.
quality, size, colour,
hundred and
note-books
and other
not
represented
find
two
Nearly the
in
or
capitals
blocks
bore
to
inscriptions
with
the
basilica,
except
apse
the
says
differed
some
the
names and
and
the
to
that
he
He
from one
that
others.
not
alike.
and
Titus, Trajan, Gallienus, and
of
collection,
two bases
frieze
another,
the ancient
all
Grimaldi
adds that the architrave and intercolumniation
da
details in regard to one
thirty-six shafts.
were
Antonio
of
all
found a memorandum of the
I
speak of styles and periods. could
The
were brought together from
the
of
Sangallo the younger,^
quarries
seats of
on the side of the Via Cornelia.
spectators
of
The
of
the
praises
walls of
arches,
were
On
each
side of the first entrance, at the foot of the steps,
were
patched with fragments of
tiles
and
two granite columns, with composite
of stone.
capitals
showing the
bust of the Emperor Hadrian framed in acanthus leaves.
In the construction of the fourth century
we may
a similar indebtedness to edifices,
as
the
the Christian buildings of
all
well believe that there was
pagan sources.
church of
S.
Some
of
tl:itese
Agnese and the adjoin-
ing mausoleum of Constantia on the Via Nomentana, 1
These note-books are now
in the Uffizi, Florence.
USE OF EARLIER MATERIALS the church of
Lawrence on the Via Tiburtina, and
St.
the church of S. Clemente, are
accounts
the
Salvatoris
road
in
standing within or
may
proof
found
be
by those who saw the Basilica
left
Laterano,
Ostia, before
to
still
Additional
without the walls. in
33
and that of
Paul on the
St.
some
In
modernisation.
their
instances the location and use of blocks of marble have
been
A
changed three or four times.
statue erected in the year 193 in the
pedestal
town
hall of
of
a
some
municipality in the vicinity of Rome, was utilised in the restoration of
the Baths of
Volusianus, prefect of
Caracalla in
honour of Valentinian
Rufius
City in 365, removed the
the
block from the Baths and turned in
285.
It
I.
it
into a
seems
monument
finally
to
have
disappeared about 1548 in a lime-kiln of Pope Paul III.^
The great department "Department
of
of imperial administration called
Marbles"
(^statio
marmorum), apparently
suspended operations before the middle of the fourth century
;
at
any rate we have been unable to find any
structure built after the time of terials
fresh
from the quarry.
Constantine with ma-
This
is
the
more
re-
markable in view of the fact that on the banks of the Tiber at the marble wharves (La Marmorata) and on those of Trajan's channel (Canale di Fiumicino), where the marbles belonging to the porters were landed, there of
unused blocks.
Emperor
still
or to private im-
remained a vast number
These two sources 1
C.
/.
L.
VL
1173.
of
supply have
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
34
been drawn upon by means of excavations almost uninterruptedly since the time of
breccias
Romans
of
hardly
seems
to
have
monuments
rob the splendid of their
and
yet
The
diminished.
fourth century, however, emperors as
the
well as private citizens, thought
Empire
Cosmatis,
and columns of the rarest kinds
their wealth in blocks of
the
troublesome to
less
it
the Republic and early
of
ornaments already carved, and to trans-
own clumsy structures, than to work materials stored at La Marmorata. Abundant on this point may be gained, not merely from
fer these to their
anew the evidence
ecclesiastical,
but also from secular structures, as the
Forum Boarium,
four-faced arch of the
the temple of
Saturn on the Clivus Capitolinus, the bridges of Cestius
Bartolomeo) and of Valentinian (Ponte Sisto), the
(S.
Grain Exchange at medin, the Portions
arena
Maximae
church of
the
and
podium
Maria in Cos-
S.
Coliseum, the
the
of
monumental columns
of Gratian, the
on the Sacra Via, the market-hall of the Caelian (S. Stefano Rotondo), the market-place of the Esquiline near S. Vito, the
shops at the east of the
and a hundred other buildings
of
Forum Romanum,
the
There are on record several edicts
Decadence.
of Constantius II.
(350-361) having to do with the compulsory closing of
heathen temples.
According
made
a present of a temple,
away
a
tion
of
dog or a horse
;
to
Libanius he often
just as
one might give
and Ammianus makes men-
some courtiers who had received
gifts
of this
USE OF EARLIER MATERIALS But the
kind.i
works
was sealed
of art
away with
did
pagan
fate of
all
the
and
their precious
in the year 383,
when Gratian
edifices
privileges
Eight years later
Valentinian and Theodosius prohibited if
strictly
temples and
the
of
and confiscated their revenues.
priests,
35
even
sacrifices,
domestic and private.
These decisive measures led to open rebellion on the
who
those
part
of
but
after
defeat
the
clung to the ancient
still
the
of
rebel
leader
beliefs,
Eugenius,
which took place early in September, 394, the temples Strange to say, this prohibition
were closed forever.
pagan worship contributed
the
of
the forums,
where
the
august
seats,
of
the
time being
embellishment of certain parts of the City, such
to the
as
for
statues
were
This
art. 2
and the courts
the baths,
set
is
the
of
gods,
expelled
of
from their
up and exhibited simply
referred
to
in
tlie
justice,
as
words
works wdiich
Prudentius puts into the mouth of Theodosius, Avhen addressing (^Contra
Sym.
I.
Marmora
O
Senate
the
the
after
501-505):
defeat
of
Eugenius
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
tabenti respergine tincta lavate,
proceres, liceat statuas consistere puras
magnorum opera
Artificum
haec pulcherrima iiostrae
:
Orn amenta fuant patriae nee decolor usus In vitium versae
monumenta
coinquinet
artis.
1
See Dyer, History of the City of Borne, ed. of 1805,
2
Interesting information
Vol. VI. Part
I.
;
see also
cristiana, 1865, p. 5,
on
this
p. 308.
subject will be found in C.
I.
L.
de Rossi's papers in Bull, di archeologia
and Bull. Com., 1874,
p. 174.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
36
The
practice
worship to
removing statuary from
of
edifices
civil
places
of
however, older by half a
is,
century than the decree of 394.
As
early as the year
331 Anicius Paulinus, prefect of the City, transferred statues to the ((7. /.
thermae of the Decii on the Aventine Fabius Titianus lined the Sacra
L. VI. 1651);
Via with other examples 341
in the
;
the sculptor's art in 339-
of
same way Fabius Felix
Passifilus Paulinus
embellished the Baths of Titus in 355, Clodius Hermo-
The
genianus the Baths of Trajan in 368-370. Julia
was likewise ornamented with borrowed statues
by Gabinius Vettius Probianus pedestals on which five
formula,
terpieces were of Praxiteles,
the
parts
;
hasilicae Juliae
adiecit.
esset,
Greek origin
others
377
the
of
to
and contain inscriptions with
statuam quae
reparatae o7'namento
in
them stood have come
of
light ((7. I. L. VI. 1658),
the
Basilica
to
;
Some
a
of
se noviter
these
mas-
one was attributed to
Polyclitus,
Timarchus, and
Bryaxis.
From
inscriptions
we
learn also that in later times
statues were overthrown by
and by the
cursions, tal
tlie
barbarians in their in-
citizens in civil strifes.
A
pedes-
discovered in the fifteenth century near S. Maria
Nuova, at the top of the Clivus Sacer, bore the scription
:
Castalius Innocentms
praef{ectus) urbis tuit
(C
/.
....
Audax
in-
v(ir) cQarissimus)
harharica incursione sublata resti-
L. VI. 1663).
Another, discovered during
the pontificate of Julius III.
(1550-1555), speaks of a
USE OF EARLIER MATERIALS statue
37
Minerva that had been thrown down
of
time of
a
caused
fire
by a
riot,
and
up again
set
by Anicius Acilius Aginatius, apparently
at the
in
483 a.d.
(C. /. L. VI. 1664).
To what
use the temples were put immediately after
the expulsion of their gods,
we do not know; but
turned into places of Christian worship.
was only to take place two centuries
God
the
year
609,
Emperor Phocas
later,
when
ever blessed."
it
Two
in the converting of
the true
had been overcome.
Pope
the
which was called Pan-
Mary
into a church of periods, then,
pagan
"asked
IV.
Boniface
for the temple
theon, and turned
tian
This change
about the propriety of worshipping the
in heathen temples
In
is
were not occupied by Christians, nor
certain that they
scruples
it
may
the Virgin
be distinguished
edifices into places of Chris-
worship, one anterior to the year 609, the other
following alone
that
date.
During the
first,
were transformed, partially or
churches
;
civil
edifices
completely,
into
such were the Record Office, which became
the church of SS.
Cosmas and Damian, and the round
market on the Caelian
Hill,
now
S.
Stefano Rotondo.
After 609 almost every available building, whether secular or sacred,
was made into a church
the places of worship seemed to
or chapel, until
outnumber the houses.
We
must not imagine, however, that the good-will
of the
emperors and the guardianship of the prefects of
the City saved
all
statues from destruction.
Far from
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
38 it
Public protection was extended only to the works
!
which adorned the
of art
streets, squares, baths, parks,
and public buildings, few
private
upon thousands that belonged
thousands
with the
A
owners.
ues "
;
but
the
office
appointed
long
not
Avas
Keeper of Stat-
''
King
kept up.
Theoderic and his adviser Cassiodorius revived the year
500,
hands of three
lime-burners,
bodies
dorius
order to save
in
of
the
abandoned
the
other
himself
deric
the
to
Domus
from
buildings tlie
caused
the
Pinciana
and masons, the
The Curator Statuarum
13).
control
to
in
mentioned by Cassio-
then had the help of two assessors, the
it
from the
statues
stone-cutters,
marble-hunters
VII.
(^Variar.
to
branch of public administration,
Curator Statuarum^
of
title
magistrate was
special
to take charge of this
under the
number when compared
in
— one
columns
protect
plundering,
illegal
lime-kilns
be
to
and yet Theo-
;
and
marbles
of
removed from Rome
to
Ravenna.^
The
destruction
illustrated
of
by the
simulacra, " most
marble
fate
of
statuary
the
hundred to
The number in the time of
two hundred 1
be
deorum
precious images of the gods," placed
the main thoroughfares
10-7 B.C.
well
pretiosisshna
by Augustus in the compital shrines of
may
and
of
of
the
these
Augustus sixty-five
Cassiod. Variar. III. 10, ed.
City,
in
shrines
— had in
73
crossings
the
at
the
years
— about
two
been increased A.D.,
and
to
Mommsen.
I
^
USE OF EARLIER MATERIALS hundred and twenty-four
three
They
the fourth century.
offered an almost
Greek
chronological series of works of appreciation
the
become
of
all
consider that
only one
incomparable
that
" most
these
to
has
we
If
?
and four pedestals^
have come
series
art
What
precious images "
plinth
of
complete
plastic
Rome.
the citizens of
of
beginning
the
at
39
down
to
of
we
us,
cannot doubt that the three hundred and twenty-four ''most precious images" of Greek workmanship belong-
ing to the compital shrines shared the
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; they
those from the temples,
and the pieces thrown into the the walls of
new
buildings, as
same
were broken
as
fate
to
pieces,
lime-kilns, or built into
if
they were the cheapest
rubble.
Foundation walls built up in part of statues and busts
liave
been
by the
found
a few examples from the "
score.
Memoirs
I
add
" of Flaminio
here
Vacca
(1594) and of Pietro Sante Bartoli (about 1675).
"A St.
foundation wall which runs under the hospital of
John Lateran," Vacca
reports, "is built entirely of
fragments of excellent statuary.
1
The
plinth
Mater Matuta
was discovered (S.
in
Maria del Sole)
I
saw there knees and
1896, near the so-called temple in the piazza
Bocca
della Verita.
of It
belonged to a celebrated work of Scopas the younger, being inscribed
opvs scopAE MiNORis,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a
statuc of Hercules,
surnamed Olivarius from
the location of the shrine near the Olive Market.
Boario," in Dissert. Accad. archeol. Serie described the four pedestals in 2
Edited by Fea in Vol.
I.
of
II.
See Huelsen, "
Vol. VI.
p. 261.
Pagan and Christian Borne, the Miscellanea^ Rome, 1790.
II
Foro
I
have
pp. 34, 35.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
40
elbows modelled in the style of the Laocoon of the Belve-
dere" (^Mem.
"In the walls and foun-
Further,
p. 13).
dations of an old house, which stood near S.
Mura, and was pulled down to make room for
fuori le
a square
front of that church, eighteen or twenty
in
removed
them were
And
14).
Farnese
the
to
Gallery "
again, '^A great block of
the
to
levelled
Most
emperors were discovered.
of
portrait-busts
p.
Lorenzo
ground
(^6^c?.
masonry was
vineyard of Hannibal
the
in
of
Caro, outside the Porta San Giovanni, for the improve-
ment
the
of
twelve
the
Caesars,
sarcophagus
marble
A
plantation.
complete set of busts of
well
as
of
as
bearing
other emperors,
bas-reliefs
of
the
a
twelve
labours of Hercules, and other fine marbles were found
embedded
masonry.
in the
have forgotten what be-
I
the front of the sarcophagus, how-
came
of the busts
ever,
was cut away and sent
Monsignor Cibid.
"
Visconti,"
on
to
the
Nuvolara, a
left
bank
of
villa
the
of
Fo
48).
p.
When
the Via Graziosa was opened in 1684," says
"along the north slope
Bartoli, S.
;
of the Cespian, opposite
Lorenzo in Panisperna, remains of ancient houses
were found,
Venus
^
and fragments
built into
restored
by
Ercole
Sweden" QMem. cellar
of
a house 1
a wall.
See
p.
of
The
Ferrata 17).
an exquisite statue of statue
was afterwards
Queen
for
Finally,
Christine
of
"In exploring the
on the Corso, the famous architect,
Bums and Excavations,
p. 393, Fig. 149.
USE OF EARLIER MATERIALS Lorenzo pieces
seven
discovered
Bernini,
and built into a
The
wall.
41
statues
broken
in
statues were restored
almost perfectly, so few were the fragments missing (ibid,
42).
p.
Francesco de' Ficoroni saw, in the year 1693,
number
great ues,
of fragments of the
which had served
as
''
a very
most beautiful
stat-
building materials " for the
foundations of the Torre di Nona, near the bridge of S.
Angelo
(if/em, p. 2).
of
blocks
of
last
alabaster
The same discovered,
archaeologist speaks in
tower of the City walls on the
Monte
Tiber, by the alabastro
fiorito
One
Testaccio.
was cut
into
slabs
1705, under the left
Laocoon
known
is
of the
of the blocks of
and used
decoration of the front of the altar of the Sasso in the Pantheon (ibid. p. 105).
bank
A
the
in
Madonna
del
replica of the
to be buried in the substructures of
the church of S. Pudentiana, and a fine statue of colossal size
under
Were
I
Marcello.
S.
to relate
my
personal experience in the
of similar finds, the entire for
the narrative.
In
all
volume would hardly
and without the walls of the City, fragments strata
as
of
well as in
three instances
Toward
statuary
the
used
those
must answer end
of the
as of
have come across
rubble,
in
periods.
the
older
Two
or
all.
second or the beginning of
the third century, a colony of
Rome from
I
later
for
suffice
places, both within
of
sorts
way
Greek sculptors came
to
Aphrodisias, in Caria, and set up a studio
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
42
on the Esquiline gardens
the
indeed, and
of
came
They were
Maecenas.
active
artists
worked harmoniously under the mastership
whom
of a leader,
One day
between the Baths of Titus and
hill,
their
to grief
;
they called
workshop and whether by
by violence
building, or
spring of 1886,
apxi^^pev^
when
of
their
fire,
or
men,
I
(high priest).
rooms
exhibition
by the cannot
of the
fall
In the
tell.
the Via Buonarroti was being cut
through in the direction of the Baths of Titus, a wall
was discovered entirely There
studio.
built with the contents of the
statues
Avere
Jupiter,
of
Juno, Pluto,
Aesculapius, Cybele, Minerva Parthenos, Hercules chic
mouths
fountains,
vases,
bers
all
of
the works were signed
this
The
all.
;
of the
and
mem-
from Aphrodisias
brotherhood
artistic
seventeen signatures in portions of
by one
bac-
candelabras,
wells,
and other carvings
figures of animals, bas-reliefs,
nearly
of
;
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
no essential
fact that
each work were missing shows that they
were brought entire
to
the
scene
of
destruction,
and
then broken up and thrown into a foundation wall.
Two
years
and a half
in
later,
made on
discovery of the same kind was the
temple of
angelo, the
Via
Isis,
now
Galileo,
November, 1888, a
crossed
the
site
by the Via
of
Michel-
Via Leopardi, and other
streets.
Another wall was found containing three or four hundred fragments statues,
or
of
sculpture,
important
reconstructed.
They
out
portions
represent
of
of
which
statues,
Jupiter,
fourteen
have been
Serapis,
Isis
USE OF EARLIER MATERIALS crowned with poppies and ears
43
and the same
of grain,
goddess veiled, with a crescent on her forehead are also three replicas of the
same type, and a female
Egyptian head-dress, probably a
figure wearing the
These marbles
trait-statue.
there
;
from the great temple
beyond doubt,
are,
close by,
})or-
spoils
hammered and broken
and
utilised as building materials, after the
the
temple
closing of
Apparently the sanctuary supplied
itself.
marbles and stone to the whole neighbourhood for cen-
At
turies.
the foot of the platform on which
it
stood
another wall was found in December, 1888, built with blocks of amethyst breccia (hreecia ametistina)^ amount-
ing in
twenty or twenty-five cubic
all to
feet.
In 1884, while collecting specimens of rare marbles, to
be
exhibited
Botanico,
the
in
Museo Urbano
was shown a beautiful piece
I
of
granite, with oval spots resembling in shape
those of a leopard's
skin,'
which had
just
the
in
Orto
purplish
and colour
been discov-
ered under the Hickson Field palace, on the Via Merulana.
As
the
was not entirely shapeless, but
block
bore marks of the chisel on one side,
me with
the
pieces of the
stipulation
that
if,
in
it
was given to
tlie
future, other
same object should be found, the donation
Two
should be cancelled.
years later,
when
the
con-
vent of the Cluny Sisters was being built, at a distance of six
hundred
be brought
to
feet
from the Field palace, what should
light
very work of art
!
but the missing portions of that It
was a beautiful and nearly per-
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
44
feet repliea of the sacred cow, Hatlior, Isis,
— seemingly
— the
symbol
of
copied from the original, discovered in
1884 among the ruins of the temple of
Isis in
the
Campus
Martins.
After such instances of the destruction and
dispersion
of
Fig.
11.
statuary,
— A statue,
can
we wonder
broken into fragments,
at
the
fate
of
in process of reconstruction.
the Farnese Hercules, the torso of which was found in the
Baths of Caracalla, the head at the bottom cf a
well in
the
miles from
Trastevere, and the legs at
Rome
?
Bovillae,
ten
USE OF EARLIER MATERIALS In the accompanying illustration process
in
11)
we
see
reconstruction a statue of Victory that
of
It
was discovered
Aurelius Avianius
Symmachus on
had been broken into 151 the house of
in
(Fig.
45
L.
pieces.
the Caelian.i
My
Rome
experience in the excavations at
has sug-
gested the following observation in regard to the condition of marble statues in loose earth,
among
when
discovered
:
Those found
the ruins of the edifices to which
they belonged, generally lack head and arms
;
but those
that have been used as building material in foundation
walls can often be reconstructed in their entirety, head
and arms being not These
away.
show that before the
facts
Rome, many
far
of the statues
burial of
Ancient
had been injured by knock-
ing off their most prominent and easily broken parts.
The
head and arms
of
loss
may
in
some cases have
resulted from the overthrowing of the statue, the
remaining where
Most
it fell,
body
the head rolling off to one side.
the loose heads are rounded and smooth as
of
street-idlers of hocceP'
had used them
Some
of
to play
the popular
if
game
them have a hook or ring on the
crown, and must have been used as weights for large 1
and Excavations,
liuins
p. 347.
game played with six larger balls and one Each of the two players rolls three balls, and those that stop nearest the mark gain a point. The temptation to use loose heads of statues when wooden balls were not available must 2
This
is
a purely Italian
smaller one, which
have been
strons;.
is
used as a mark.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
46
The
scales.
my
time were
The
five all,
or six liundred heads
discovered in
except a dozen or two, without noses.
fact that heads
and arms
of statues
used as build-
ing materials are rarely missing, shows that the break-
ing up of statuary became early of
period of the
art
Roman
common
decadence,
ornamenting palaces and
suffered but little injury.
at
a comparatively
when
gardens
the works
had
as
yet
CHAPTER IV THE ASPECT OF THE CITY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FIFTH CENTURY
Although Rome had recover,
from
not recovered, and could not
removal
the
the
of
imperial
court
to
Byzantium, accomplished in 330, yet at the beginning great buildings
of the fifth century the
substantially to the list of
existing
impressiveness of effect that
who
the
Palatine
a
visited
in
it
357,
had ceased
A
government.
XVI., from which "
Forum
may
The
architectural
be measured by the
I
years
be
of
the
seat
after
imperial is
in the tenth chapter of
given
Book
quote but one passage referring to
Trajan
of
to
twenty-seven
graphic account of the visit
by Ammianus Marcellinus
the
few additions were made
monuments. City
the
remained
produced upon the mind of Constantius
it
II.,
and
intact,
still
:
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Having now entered the Forum Trajanum, the most
marvellous
creation
of
human
genius,
he was struck
with wonder, and looked around in amazement at the great structures, which no pen can describe, and which
mankind can
create
of
.
centuries.
.
.
and behold but once
Then he turned 47
in the course
his attention to
"
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROxME
48
the equestrian statue in the centre of the Forum, and said
attendants he would have one like
his
to
Constantinople
prince attached to the court, replied,
provide your horse with a stable like
'
You must
The other
Rome.
him
especially astonished
edifices
Capitoline,
the
Baths,
the
the
Pantheon, the
temple
of
visit
also a
is
the
:
Thothmes
Jupiter on
Flavian Amphitheatre,
Venus and
Rome, the
Pompey, the Odeum, and the Stadium.
theatre of
There
great-
mentioned as having
are the temple of
the
first
this.'
Constantius was indeed overwhelmed by the ness of
in
which Hormisdas, a young Persian
to
:
it
monumental record
highest obelisk III.
the
of
of
this imperial
world,
before the great temple
at
erected
by
Thebes, re-
moved by Constantius to Rome, and set up in the Circus Maximus. It now stands in the piazza of the Lateran. Constantius is said to have taken away the superb statue of Victory, presented by Augustus, from the Senate-house injury, for
place It
;
but
it
must have been saved from
Julian the Apostate (361-363) was able to
it
again on
its
is
difficult
for
pedestal.
us to
form a conception of
magnificence of Rome, even in
its
decline.
According
to the regionary catalogue compiled in the time of stantine,^ the City then 1
There are two editions of
name
of Notitia
Con-
"contained 2 circuses, 2 amphithis catalogue.
The
first,
known by
the
dates from a.d. .334 the secXIV., must have been regionum Bomae
Regionum Urbis Romae,
ond, called Curiosum urbis
the
;
BEGINNING OF THE FIFTH CENTURY
3 theatres, 10 basilicas, 11 thermae, 36 arches
theatres,
2 commemorative
marble,
of
49
columns,
(im-
6 obelisks
ported from Egypt), 423 temples, 1790 domus
— that
is,
extensive private residences, or palaces, of the wealthy
— besides
which there were reckoned 46,602 tenements
(insulae).
The open
places were adorned with 2 colossi
(probably
those
Nero and
horses
'
of
— presumably
counting
Augustus), not
22
merely
the
equestrian statues, as that of Marcus Aurelius, the
square
of
the
Capitol,
'great large
now
in
but also groups of which
horses formed a part, as those of the Dioscuri on the
Capitoline and of the Horse- tamers on the Quirinal
to
;
which are added 80 gilded and 77 ivory statues of the mention being made of the countless lesser
gods, no
In the number of obelisks, at
statues on every side."
any
rate, the
catalogue
falls far
short of the truth
such as these, impressive though they
statistics
are after all of no real assistance in trying to
idea
of
the aspect of the City unless
we
reconstruct, in imagination, the buildings art so concisely
The year 403
may
be,
form an to
and works
of
summarised.
is
memorable
tury had elapsed since the issued in or after 357, because
for the
celebration of a
Maximus.
it
A
cen-
Romans had beheld such
a
mentions the obelisk raised in that year
For a bibliography on these two invaluable
documents see Btiins and Excavations^ E
and
able
are
triumph, the last ever seen in Ancient Rome.
in the Circus
;
p. vii.
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
50 sight
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Diocletian's
triumph
in
303
;
nay, in that space
time they had only thrice seen the face of an em-
of
peror.
The pretext
tion of
the
for this pageant
Numidian
was the subjuga-
Count Gildo.
rebel,
This event
is
commemorated by
is
a pedestal of an equestrian group, discovered in the
Forum
several existing
near the arch
1549 and 1565 learn that
it
;
Septimius
of
One
monuments.
between
Sever us
we Roman
bears an inscription, from which
it
was erected by the Senate and the
people as a testimonial of their rejoicing at the crush-
ing of the rebellion and the recovery of Africa. the same
place
was found the pedestal
of
In
a statue
erected in honour of Stilicho, the inscription of which distinctly attributes
directly
A
tliird
the
the
in
the
of
face
historical
of
Africa,
evidence.^
commemorating the repairing
inscription,
of
Claudian and Marcian aqueducts, in the plain of
Arsoli,
with
preserved
is
him the reconquest
to
money
the in
the
confiscated
palace
from the
Prince
of
rebels,
Massimi
at
Arsoli.
Another
historic
monument
relating
to
the
Gothic
wars stands on the edge of the Forum opposite the Senate-house. the
army
The
inscription praises the gallantry of
of Arcadius, Honorius,
and Theodosius
in de-
feating Rhadagaisus at the battle of Florence in 405
the 1
victory
being
attributed
to
Stilicho,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; post
con-
See Huelsen, " 7Z monumPMto della guerra Gildonica sul Foro Ro-
mano,'" in MUtheiL, 1895,
p. 52
;
C.
I.
L. VI. 1187, 1730.
BEGINNING OF THE FIFTH CENTURY fectum Gothieum helium
.
.
consiliis
et
51
fortitudine
Flavii StilicJionis.^
Fig. 12.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The monument of Stilicho in the Forum.
This memorial, shown in our illustration (Fig. 12), set
up ''by decree 1
of the Senate
and the Roman people,
Notizie degli Scavi, 1880, p. 53.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
52
under the care of Pisidius City,"
the
of
the meanest and poorest in the whole Forum.
is
presents
It
Romulus, prefect
and resources
pride, taste,
century.
evidence
indisputable
made
It is
which forms the
and one
decline
beginning of the
at the
two blocks, one
of
base,
the
of
of
fifth
of travertine,
The
of marble above.
marble block had previously been used as a pedestal
an equestrian
for
knocked
end, the cracks in
it
statue
was
up awkwardly on
one
bronze
of
pedestal
the
off,
statue
set
the
;
being brought together with iron
clamps; then the old inscription was carefully obliterated,
and the new one cut over
405,
a
perors
triumphal
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; with
arch
spoils
of
had swept from the face
Four years
Goths."
In the same year,
it.
was raised
to
other edifices
the
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
''
three
Em-
because they
of the earth the nation of the
the
later,
very barbarians
whom
they boasted to have annihilated, stormed and sacked the city.
The arch S.
just
mentioned
stood
by the
near S. Giovanni de' Fiorentini.
Orso,
church
of
Just as in
classical
times, such
honorary monuments were raised
on
Sacra
leading
the
Jupiter
Optimus Maximus,
era, thej^
St.
Via,
the
to so
temple
great
now, in the
of
Christian
were built over the roads converging towards
Peter's,
and especially
which the pilgrims had Apostle's tomb.
at
to
The arch
and Theodosius, erected
the cross
foot
of
the
bridges
on their way to the
of Gratianus, Valentinianus,
in the year 382, stood in the
BEGINNING OF THE FIFTH CENTURY
53
Piazza di Ponte S. Aiigelo, that of Arcadius, Honorius,
and Tlieodosius (405 a.d.)
approach to the Pons
at the
Vaticanus, that of Valentinian and Valens
by the Ponte
(366-367)
Sisto.
The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius,
an
fearing
advance of the Goths under Alaric, undertook the general restoration
of
the City walls under the
of
The work was
Stilicho.
and celebrated by several cut
Porta
on the
finished
January, 402,
inscriptions, three of which,
Porta
Tiburtina,
down
Porta Portuensis, have come not
in
direction
and
Praenestina,
They speak
to us.^
the walls, gates, and
only of " the restoration of
towers of the Eternal City," but also of "the removal of large masses of rubbish."
This allusion to the dispo-
sition of rubbish is of great
importance for our subject,
because
it
gives us the date and the cause of the
first
great rise in the level of the City, at least of the outly-
ing districts.
After the removal of the imperial court to
Byzantium, the municipal regulations requiring the
moval fell
of the City refuse to a safe distance apparently
into abeyance
;
and
sorts
all
of
material seem to
have been heaped up against the walls. neither time nor
means
ful defence
402,
and
;
spreading
therefore,
it
the 1
over
level C.
I.
chances
his
so he contented
of
Stilicho
away the bank
to cart
which certainly diminished
off
re-
of
had
of debris,
a
success-
himself with levelling the
adjoining
imperial
L. VI. 1188-1190.
land.
Rome on
it
In the
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
54
of the walls
line
was raised
at once
by ten or twelve
feet.
The
best evidence of this fact
found
to be
is
at the
Porta Ostiensis, now Porta di
S. Paolo, close to the
mid
The threshold
of
of Cestius (Fig.
402
is
13).
arch
;|
t(L>..r
•
_
i-evel
13.
of the gate of 272.
Augustus on the Via
of
.ty
Fig.
of the gate
about twelve feet higher than the base of the
pyramid and the threshold the
pyra-
of
v(\
a-D. Aai
Tiburtina,
Gat«-
a.
04^e/n.4^i
1
of
:
•(
il
X>
Gate
aii
is
formed the Tiburtine gate lower than the gate of
shown
at the
of 272,
402.^
which
Honaruu
I
of
AwTtlijvn
— The raising of level at the Porta Ostiensis, a.d. 402. of Cestius
Again,
The Pyramid
left.
is
ten or twelve feet
The same observation
applies to the Porta Flaminia, Porta Praenestina, Porta
Portuensis,
and Porta Septimiana.
The Porta Appia
seems to have been rebuilt with materials taken from the beautiful temple of
any change have
I
of
level.
Mars outside the In
only one part
found traces of a lowering of the 1
walls, without
of soil
See the illustration in JRuins and Excavations^
the
walls
below the
p. 76.
BEGINNING OF THE FIFTH CENTURY level
of
55
This single exception
the classical period.
is
at the northeast corner of the Praetorian camp.
The gates of Honorius have been ruthlessly treated Sixtus IV. dismantled the Porta in modern times. Flaminia in 1478
Alexander VI. destroyed the Porta
;
Septimiana in 1498
;
Pius IV., the Nomentana in 1564
Urban VIII., the Portuensis and the Aurelia
in
Gregory XVI., the
In
Praenestina
Pius IX. dismantled the Porta
make use
of
the stones of
foundations of the of S. in the
*'
in its present
1838.
Tiburtina, in
which
it
was
Colonna del Concilio
Pietro in Montorio.
bombardment
in
of
The Porta
September
form in 1872.
" at the
20, 1870,
;
1869
order to
built
Salaria,
1642
;
in
the
church
damaged
was rebuilt
;
CHAPTER V THE SACK OF THE GOTHS IN CONSEQUENCES
The
repairing of
the
walls
city
410,
by
AND
Arcadius
and
The
suc-
Honorius was accomplished none too soon. cess of Stilicho in checking the at the battle of Florence, in 405,
ITS
advance of the Goths
was only temporary
the barbarian host, two hundred thousand strong, had
overrun the plains of northern
Italy,
and would un-
doubtedly take advantage of a favourable opportunity to attack
Rome
and death
the disgrace in
itself.
Such an opportunity came with of
407 and murdered at
who was banished Ravenna in 408 his name Stilicho,
;
was even erased from the monument erected honour
in the
The Roman before
Forum, described
in
in the previous chapter.
leader had hardly been put out of the
Rome
saw,
for
the
first
his
way
time since the Gallic
invasion of 390 B.C., a host of barbarians surrounding the walls.
This time Alaric was induced to lead his
army away by the payment
of an exorbitant
one of the items of which was of
gold.
five
ransom,
thousand pounds
In order to meet this demand, the Romans 56
THE SACK OF THE GOTHS were
compelled
to
IN 410
57
the
bronze
statues
410,
Alaric
and
strip
of
their
heavy gilding.
Two
years
later,
in
hordes
his
entered the City, on the twenty-fourth day of August,
dead of night by the Porta
in tire
the
to
houses
near
the
imperial mansion in the the
of
doned
citizens
and
set fire
among which was the gardens of Sallust. The lives gate,
were spared, but the City was aban-
two sacred
except as regards the
plunder,
to
Salaria,
At
enclosures of St. Peter and St. Paul.
the end
of
the third day the barbarians withdrew, carrying off an
amount
incredible if
we
of articles of value,
are to believe Procopius
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; were
temple at Jerusalem which Titus temple of Peace
may
this point
among which
the spoils of the
had placed
fered
well be doubted.
most
more than
aristocratic all
other regions.
the
I
made
the remains of the
Thermae Decianae and
Trajan
;
in the
the palace of
in the
in the
Annia
1
garden of
130
have wit-
Vigna Torlonia, among of the house
Vigna Maciocchi, among the ruins Cornificia Faustina,
Marcus Aurelius and wife
of
its
quarter of the city, suf-
nessed excavations
of
the
in
but the testimony of Procopius on
;
In these days of terror the Aventine with palaces, the
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
S.
of
younger
of
sister
Ummidius Quadratus
Anselmo, where the palace of the
Zosimus, V. 45, speaks of the actual melting of gold and silver
statues,
and
ble statues.
also of the gold
and
silver
ornaments
of bronze or
mar-
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
58
Pactumeii was discovered in 1892
;
and in the garden
Sabina, once occupied by the houses of Cosmus,
of S.
Minister
of
under Marcus Aurelius, and of
Finance
Marcella and Principia, the friends of
watching these excavations,
Jerome.
St.
was struck by the
I
In fact
that these beautiful palaces must have perished towards
the beginning of the fifth century of our era, and
The
signs
of
traces
of
flames
from the same cause. everywhere
same
the
:
ened the red ground of the roofs
to
fall
ground
the
on the floor
mosaic
are
which black-
aaid
or marble
scattered
coins
;
frescoes,
destruction
all
caused the
pavements
among
the
of
ruins,
belonging, with rare exceptions, to the fourth century statues
that
had been restored over and over again
marbles stolen from pagan buildings, mostly from sepul-
monuments, and
chral
utilised for hurried restorations
and Christian symbols on lamps and domestic These indications historical event,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
partiality
wealthy.
The
utensils.
the period and point to the same
fix
capture and pillage of
shown
treasures
Rome by
The Aventine paid
the Goths in August, 410. for the
;
for
it
dearly
by the noble and the
accumulated
in
its
palaces
roused the cupidity of the invaders, and led them to excesses of plunder and destruction such as were spared to
more humble
districts of the City.
Although the imperial casino lust
is
in the
gardens of Sal-
the only structure distinctly mentioned by histo-
rians as having been
consumed by
fire,
we
are constantly
THE SACK OF THE GOTHS
59
IN 410
discovering evidences of a far more widespread loss from this cause
and even among the written records
;
new
eventful days some
come
particulars
from
to light,
time to time, as in the following instance
On
of those
:
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
the Caelian Hill, between S. Stefano Rotondo and
Lateran, there was a palace belonging to the
the
de-
scendants of the Valerii Poplicolae, namely, to Valerius
Rome
Severus, prefect of
year 386, and to his
in the
The
son Pinianus, husband of Melania the younger.
much
palace was so beautiful and contained so that
when Pinianus and Melania, crushed with
on account of the
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; ad
fuit.
loss
magnum
tarn
et
mirabile opus accedere
palace was sold for little or nothing
The reason
est.
grief it
up
none willing to purchase
However, seven or eight years
venumdata
put
cf all their children,
404, they found
in
for sale it
wealth,
nemo ausus
later
the same
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; domus pro
for such a
nihilo
change has lately
been discovered in a manuscript of the library of Chartres. its
The barbarians had plundered
valuables,
and wrecked
it
by
the palace
of
all
fire.^
Additional evidence regarding the fate of the palaces
on the Aventine 54 and 127.
furnished by St. Jerome, in Epistles
is
One
of these palaces,
as
we have
belonged to Marcella, the founder of monastic
Rome.
This
noble
matron was
left
a
widow
seen, life
in
after
seven months of marriage, and being pressed by the
Consul Cerealis 1
to
marry again, determined
Compare, however, Buins and Excavations,
p. 345.
to
sever
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
60
connection with the world for the rest of her
all
Following the rule of
St.
life.
Athanasius, Bishop of Alex-
andria, she dressed herself in simple garb, gave
use of wine and meat, and divided
up the
her time between
study of the Scriptures, prayers, and pilgrimages
the
tombs
to the
came Marcella's and beauty she
and martyrs.
of apostles
spiritual adviser
be-
such was the serenity
;
of her character, that in one of
his letters
Roman
matrons."
addressed as ^'the pride
is
Jerome
St.
of
However, when Rome became the prey
of
the
Goths,
the barbarians broke into her peaceful retreat and tor-
tured her in an attempt to discover the secret hidingplace
her
of
treasures,
before given up to the needy. safety of Principia,
whom
St.
as a refuge for of
own St.
she threw herself
life,
women and
Paul outside the walls,
been set apart by Alaric
Peter's, liad
her Aventine
Fearing more for the
Gothic chieftain and begged to be
conducted to the church of which, like
long
she had adopted as a spirit-
ual daughter, than for her at the feet of the
had
she
that
treasures
The
children.
home and
the
and pillage brought Marcella's
destruction
shock of the torture
life to
a close
;
she died
before the end of that eventful August.
The barbarians attacked with equal fury buildings
One
of
of
the
Aventine,
especially
these establishments, called
the public
the
thermae.
Thermae Decianae
from the family of the Caecinae Decii, who had built it
in
the
neighbourhood
of
their
palace,
was under-
THE SACK OF THE GOTHS mined by the Goths
so that the
main wall
dai'ium leaned forward, dragging into
made
repairs
haste
in
its
The damages,
the neighbouring halls.
61
IN 410
of the tepi-
own
ruin
all
as well as the
by Caecina Decius Albinus
in
the year 414, are described in an inscription discovered
on the spot in 1725, and now preserved in the Capi-
The temple
Museum.^
toline
Juno
of
Regina,
first
erected by Camillus after the capture of Veii, and rebuilt in imperial times
to have
been seriously injured,
occasion.
if
not destroyed, on this
marbles were made use of by Peter, an
Its
Illyrian priest,
who
Such being the
built the church of S. Sabina in 425.
fate of the Aventine,
ous homes and countless treasures, us
the Genius of
if
has
say)
searchers
Such
the
now and
it
with
luxuri-
its
need not surprise
would
place (as the ancients
then
vouchsafed
antiquities
after
was that made
a find
seems
with great magnificence,
truly
a
to
us
modern
remarkable
in the pontificate
find.
of
Pius
IV. by Matteo da Castello, the Pope's architect, who, while
planting
Prisca,
a
vineyard
bol
of
Pope as
a
the
church
came across two or three receptacles
containing eighteen hundred
image
near
pieces
of the
Empress Helena on one
the
on the other.
cross
of his discovery,
present.
of
C.
of
gold, with
side,
He duly
S.
lead,
the
and the symnotified
the
and received the whole treasure
The gold was valued 1
of
I.
L. VI. 1703.
at
about three
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
62
thousand
Matteo
Flaminio Galgano, a contemporary of
dollars.
da
was
Castello,
equally
quarrying stone at the foot of the
While
fortunate.
near
hill
S. Prisca,
he discovered in the heart of the rock a square room,
with
pavement
the
with
inlaid
pieces
and the walls covered with panels
cornelian,
and
agate
of
of
gilt
copper, in the cornice of which rare medals were set as a motive of
decoration.
The room
paterae and instruments of sacrifice,
many
contained
all
damaged by
fire.
Pietro Sante Bartoli, in his Memoirs (n. 128), gives
following
the
account of another
ciated with the
find,
same barbarian invasion
probably asso'*â&#x20AC;˘
:
When Urban
VIII. built the Bastione del Priorato di Malta, in front of
the church
of
S.
Maria
things were discovered.
cealed a silver table service, place
of
many
Among them was
formed by two walls, inside
place,
worked
of
curious
a hiding-
which was con-
The
in repousse.
concealment was covered and screened from
view by a piece the
Aventina,
Villa
of a
Pamfili.
marble cornice, since removed to
Another
treasure
of
gold
coins,
and other precious objects was found inside an
rings,
earthen jar; the police, acting under the orders of Car-
Antonio Barberini, sought
dinal finder,
days
far
and wide
but they could never lay hands on him.
after,
another
workman from Aquila
for the
A
few
discovered a
leaden box, and, although his pay for several weeks of labour was
still
to his credit, he thought
abscond with the box than to wait for
liis
it
better to
money."
THE SACK OF THE GOTHS Perhaps the most remarkable buried in
Rome
IN 410 of
set
63
silverware ever
for fear of barbarian plundering
is
the
one discovered between June, 1793, and March of the following year, under the convent of the Paolotte, on the Via di S. Lucia in
The
buranus. service
collection,
a lady
of
of
ancient
Selce, the
which belonged
rank,
Clivus Su-
to the toilet-
weighed 1029 ounces, and
comprised a pyxis inscribed with the names of Turcius Asterius Secundus and of his wife Projecta, two candlesticks in the shape of brackets, five plates soup-plates, with niello,
goblets
five
name "Projecta Turci,"
the
in
shape
the
basin in the shape of a shell, spoons,
by Ennio
ewers,
and lamps,
with remains of a
together
sundry other
of
sedan
Pius VI.
Quirino Visconti.^
by
treasure to be disposed of
A
sale.
in gold-
a
wash-
forks,
and
chair
and
catalogue of which
articles, the
and four
is
given
allowed
the
few pieces were
bought by Carlo Gherardi, and resold to Baron von Kevenhuller
;
the
all
The
von Schellersheim. ited in the
British
of
Sir
the
late
rest
were purchased by Baron
finest
objects are
Museum, thanks
Augustus Franks.
evidently hidden in great haste.
to the
The
now
exhib-
generosity
silver set
was
Visconti affirms that
he saw a piece of a linen towel inside the shell-shaped basin,
"a
proof,"
he
sa3^s,
the treasure was buried." 1
"of the hurry with which
The concealment must have
Lettera di Ennio Quirino Visconti intorno ad
d^argento, etc,
2d
ed.
Rome,
1827, xxv. plates.
una antica
supellettile
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
64 taken
place
362
after
Secundus was prefect of his death, because
a
Peregrina,
We of
are not
some
the
far, therefore,
dug out
The
the palace
possibly
ground, and
of
the same the
The barbarian
the
easily
two
or
the
in
lives
bar-
raised
than
persons
who
sack of
410 the
to
off.
invasions had one result which, from is
of even greater sig-
nificance than the burying of treasure
:
I
refer to
tlie
hiding of bronze statues in times of panic in
careful
them from injury
save
to
making a
the
was burnt
Asterii
the archaeological point of view,
order
Why
:
were not
cause,
retreat of
more one
their
of
been his daughter.
access to the hiding-place cut
all
name
and many others concealed
is
the
the secret lost
fact after
from the date of the sack
after
inquiry
Perhaps
answered.
knew
for
and, recovered
barians?
in
naturally suggests itself
same time and
the
have
to
this collection of valuables,
at
and
City,
of the pieces bear the
who seems
The question
410.
when Turcius Asterius
A.D.,
possible
perfect
instances,
state
we
their of
destruction,
thus
rediscovery in modern times in
Of
preservation.
not
are
or
able
to
course,
in
many
determine whether the
concealment took place in 410 rather than in 455 537, or
some other
year.
What we do know
is,
o;
that
bronzes were hidden through fear of an imminent calamity; and the presumption date because the
number
is
in favour of the earlier
of bronze statues in existence
must have been vastly diminished ing of the City.
after the
first
sack-
THE SACK OF THE GOTHS
IN 410
6b
been suggested that fear of the Christians, on
It has
account of the acts of violence occasionally committed
by the populace against the temples and their contents,
may have been
the cause
of images, particularly of
that led
the gods
lence against pagan sanctuaries
concealment
the
to
but deeds of vio-
;
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; not
uncommon
in the
East, as in the case of the destruction of the magnifi-
cent Serapeum at Alexandria in 391
combs
The rough painting
Rome.
rare in
of
the Via
Salaria
overthrowing of a statue ^
though
St.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; were
extremely
in one of the cata-
Vetus which represents the is
unique in
its
way
;
and
Augustine 2 speaks of "the overthrowing of
the images in the City of Rome," his words, obviously
all
metaphorical, are contradicted by Claudianus,^ who, writ-
ing in the year 403, mentions vast multitudes of bronze
and marble
statues, lining the streets
and the forums.*
Statues were sometimes concealed by the magistrates
Two
themselves.
inscriptions,
one of which was dis-
covered at Benevento, the other at Capua, describe the reerection of
works
of statuary, reperta
or translata ex ahditis locis.
I
m
ahditis loeis,
have described elsewhere
1
De
2
Augustine, Sermo cv de verbis evang. Luc. X. 13.
2
De
4
Fuller information on this subject will be found in
Rossi, Bull, di arch, crist., 1865, pp. 3, 4.
vi.
consulatu Honorii, 42.
Blant's paper, "
De
quelques statues cach^es par
Compte-rendus de VAcad.. des Inscriptions,
in
Grisar's ^
^
Ipapi
del
Medio Evo,
Buins and Excavations,
ital. edit,
p. 456.
les
1890, p.
of 1897, Vol.
Edmund Le
anciens," published
I,
541
p. 38.
;
and
in
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
66
Hercules Invictus which
the bronze
the discovery of
had been hidden by the charioteers
of the Circus
Maxi-
mus, and of the Hercules Magnus Gustos concealed by those of the Circus Flaminius in
This
last
made
coffin
to light
had been carefully buried in a kind slabs
of
foundations
Nazionale, had not been buried
in
on
the
which was
in
upon a
care.
had been
sitting posture,
a
Via
haste in that heap
had been treated with the utmost
of rubbish, but figure,
March, 1885, in the
in
Drammatico
Teatro
the
of
The bronze
portasanta.
of
gladiator, likewise, discovered
The
came
first
time of Sixtus IV. (1471-148J:), the second in
the
1864. of
the
;
and the
poised
on a stone
trench,
which had been dug under the platform of the
temple filled
of
capital,
Sun
the
as
conceal
to
with finely sifted
earth,
the in
stool,
had been
statue,
order
to
save
the
bronze from any possible injury.
As
a
bronzes
the
rule,
the Renaissance
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
I
discovered
mentary to be of value
thrown into the Tiber,
the death
of
those
been carefully hidden, in times of panic.
was
it
Many in
lost, either
who knew
the great masses of debris had
reach
since
too imperfect and frag-
is
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; had
secret of the place of hiding
of
Rome
speak of this later period because
our knowledge of earlier finds
or even
in
the
made
on account
spot, or it
The
because
impossible to
again. of these places of concealment
our days
;
three
of
them deserve
have been found special
mention.
Fig.
14.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Bronze 1.
3,
heads found in 1880 under the English church, Via del Babuino. 2. Nero. Augustus. name unknown. 4. Portrait head of the first century
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
THE SACK OF THE GOTHS The
69
the treasure-trove unearthed in 1849, a few
first is
weeks
IN 410
the
before
Rome by
storming of
army under General Oudinot, beneath 17, Vicolo delle Pahiie,
now Vicolo
the
French
house at No.
tlie
dell' Atleta.
It con-
sisted of a
marble copy of the bronze Apoxyomenos of
Lysippus
of the bronze horse,
;
Conservatori, described
b}'
now
in the Palazzo dei
Emil Braun
"an unique
as
work, a masterpiece, and a genuine Grecian antique " of a bronze
;
foot with a particularly ornamental caliga,
which may possibly have belonged to the rider of the horse
of a bronze bull,
;
and many other fragments
importance.
less
The second discovery was made September the
at
Gesu was
e
corner
of
the Via
and Via del
Babuino
del
15, 1880,
Maria where the English Church of All Saints
in process of
feet
below the
was a head to
of
represent
of
The bronzes
erection. ^
threshold
more than
of life
the
main door.
size,
which was thought
Augustus, and to have
with the mausoleum of that Emperor
with the
eyes
perforated,
and
known personages of the first The third discovery took
lay nineteen
There
some connexion a
;
several
head of Nero busts of
un-
century. place
about
the
same
time at the corner of the Via Nazionale and Via di S.
Eufemia, while the Marchesa Capranica del Grillo
(Madame city
llistori)
house.
The 1
was laying the foundations of her treasure
consisted
Bull. Com., 1881, p. 30,
pi.
of i.
marbles
and
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
70
The latter rank among the Greco-Roman art, if indeed they
of
There was a
Greek.
a
of
in
the left hand
not
purely
;
mouth
the
fountain in the shape of a lion's head, and the
head of a youth, the most superb piece
These bronzes
have ever seen. I
are
sitting statue of Cybele, holding
diminutive millstone
a
specimens
best
bronzes.
all
work
of bronze
I
soon disappeared, and
have never been able to find out what became of them.
Another consequence
abandonment gists
of
Catacombs.
the
Christian
was the
archaeolo-
have stated that burials in the Catacombs, very
rare between 400 of the
The
of the Gothic invasion
suburbs,
and 410 on account
of the insecurity
were given up altogether after 410.
reason- for this
abandonment
is
The
easily seen.
storming of Alaric marks, thus, the end of a great and glorious era in the history of " underground
Rome
"
;
it
put an end altogether to the work of the fossores. After suffering more damage in the invasion of 457, the
Catacombs
were
irreparably
devastated
in
during the siege of the Goths under Vitiges. distinctly
stated
by the biographer
of
Pope
537, It
is
Silverius
(536-537) that "churches and tombs of martyrs were destroyed by the Goths"; but
understand
were and
and
St.
why
full
it
is
not easy for us to
the Goths, bigoted Christians as they
of respect for the basilicas of
Paul, as
St.
Peter
Procopius declares, should have ran-
sacked the Catacombs and have violated the tombs of martyrs, breaking up their commemorative inscriptions.
THE SACK OF THE GOTHS
IN 410
71
Perhaps they could not read Latin or Greek epitaphs,
and so were
unable
pagan and Christian hunting for hidden
make
to
a
distinction
;
perhaps
cemeteries treasures, or
the
of the
saints.
least
two
Goths in 537 were just over the
Catacombs and around their entrances Catacombs
Salaria, over the
of
of their behav-
iour, it is certainly a significant fact that at
encampments
were
they
relics
Whatever may have been the reason
between
;
one on the Via
of Thrason,
and the other
on the Via Labicana, over those of Peter and Marcellinus.
The
barbarians,
naturally,
could
hardly resist
the temptation to explore those subterranean wonders indeed, they were
mentary rules
combs
obliged to do so by the most ele-
mentioned, a memorial repairs
tablet
made
in
has
been
haste
by
found
Pope
between March, 537, the date of the retreat
and the following November, the date
Vitiges,
of
In each of the two cata-
of precaution.
commemorating the Vigilius
;
the journey of Vigilius to Constantinople.^ this Pope's restorations
catacombs,
especially
of
Traces of
have been found also in other those
in
of
Callixtus
and Hip-
polytus.
His example was followed by private indi-
viduals.
The tomb
Via
of
Crysanthus and Daria, in the
was repaired
Salaria,
barians pauperis
ex
censu^
after the retreat of the bar-
with the modest means of
one of the humbler followers of the Master.
Notwithstanding the feeling of insecurity caused by 1
Cf.
Fagan and
Christian Borne, p. 324.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
72 the
sack of 410, the body of the Emperor Honorius,
who
died at Ravenna, August 15, 423, was not interred
in
Rome and
that city, but was transported to
burial
in
the
imperial
raised
on
the
south
mausoleum
side
of
which
had
been
Church, in
Peter's
St.
given
wretched imitation of the great structures of Augustus This tomb of the decadence was com-
and Hadrian.
posed of two round
halls, joined
Each rotunda contained
by a covered passage.
the imperial sarcophagi were placed.
with
structure
(mausoleum) occurs A.D.), of
who
the
other
of
Stephen
its
daughter
of
mediaeval name of
rotunda was known as the
Andrew, and first
life
supposed
the
derived
it
the
also of
"Our Lady
the
mosileos
(752
II.
sixteenth century, to
make room
new basilica, where Judas now stands the the
;
first
new
Petronilla
chapel
of
Fever."
;
St.
The
quarter of the
for the south transept of
the chapel of Saints
Simon and
other met with a similar fate
during the pontificate of Pius VI., and occupied by the
Peter,
St.
S.
of the
building was destroyed in the
mosileos^
of
of
placed in the western chambers the remains
Petronilla,
whence
in
Mention
denomination
genuine
its
which
six or seven recesses, in
sacristy.
The
so similar to that of the
its
place
was
architecture of the
tomb
of St.
Helena
(the Torre Pignattara) on the Via Labicana, gives us the measure of the decline of tion,
when we compare
it
Roman
art
and
civilisa-
with the imposing mauso-
leums of Augustus and Hadrian.
THE SACK OF THE GOTHS The
robbery
two rotundas by
the
St.
73
which
It
excels,
refinement of barbarous and useless destruction, other
deeds
of
The
occurred.
unscrupulous
the first
second took place
desecration in
1519
;
crown jewels
unique set of
age
in
last,
the
fifth
sent to the mint, or sold or given away.
ception of a bulla inscribed with the rius
and
his
in
which ;
at
in
the
all
from 1458
dates
the of
filled
was accomplished
Peter's
and by various persons.
times
various
graves
imperial
the
of
IN 410
it
the
The
1544.
century was
With
names
the ex-
of
Hono-
empress Maria, daughter of Stilicho and
Serena, and sister of Thermantia and Eucherius, which is
now
every
in
other
identity.
the
hands of
specimen
has
Prince Trivulzio of disappeared
or
Milan,
lost
its
CHAPTER VI THE SACK OF ROME BY THE VANDALS
The
IN 455
exact date of the second capture of Rome, by
Genseric and the Vandals,
not known, but
is
it
was
probably the beginning of June, 455, three days after the
murder
of
who had
Petronius Maximus,
caused the death of Valentinian
III.,
himself
and usurped the
The Vandals, with whom were mixed Bedouins
throne.
and Moors, entered the City by the Porta Portuensis,
and plundered Tlie
days.
ships
at
it
leisure for the space of
booty was carted
which Valentinian stantly occupied
The
III.,
called
palace of
La Mar-
the Caesars,
unlike his predecessors, had con-
and had kept
in repair,
was stripped
The temple of JupiOptimus Maximus, who from the lofty summit of
even of
its
commonest
furniture.
the Capitoline hill had
the
methodically to the
moored alongside the quays, now
morata and Ripa grande.
ter
off
fourteen
presided over the destinies of
Roman Commonwealth
quins,
was
offerings
also
since the time of
put to ransom
were carried
off
to
;
its
statues
the Tar-
and votive
adorn the African
resi-
dence of Genseric, and half the roof was stripped of its
tiles
of gilt
bronze.
It 74
is
also
reported that the
THE SACK OF THE VANDALS trophies
of
of
reliefs
the
Jewish war, represented
These
fell
Roman
plundered from the
the
bas-
by him
into the hands of
spoils, as well
75
in
the arch of Titus and deposited
the temple of Peace, rians.
IN 455
in
the barba-
as the massive gold plate
churches, were discovered at
Carthage, eighty years later, by Belisarius, and carried
back in triumph, not to Rome, but to Constantinople.
We
have a memorial of these eventful days in the
now
Basilica Eudoxiana,
which was built by Eudoxia the younger, widow
coli,
of Valentinian
built with
the
of
and a victim,
III.,
Maximus, and then is
the church of S. Pietro in Vin-
first,
of the
This beautiful church
of Genseric.
columns of Greek marble taken from one
neighbouring
edifices,
perhaps
the
Baths
Titus or of Trajan, or the Porticus Tellurensis
which shows how bers
little
respect was
the imperial families
of
usurper
ancient
the preservation of
to
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a
paid by the
of fact
mem-
the laws concerning
buildings.
The
edict
of
Maiorianus, issued at Ravenna in 458, forbidding once
more the dismantling tion of
new
of ancient structures for the erec-
ones, confirms our
had come to be looked upon I
belief
that the former
as stone quarries.
cannot undertake here to speak with more detail
of the consequences of the sack of the Vandals, as re-
gards the fate of buildings and works of reason cases tain
that
we
are
results
exact
information
is
wanting.
not in a position to followed
this
art, for
invasion,
the
In most
know whether
cer-
those
later
or
of
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
76 date.
the
Nor does
it
my
fall witliin
province to recount
history of the City for the half-century after the
storming of Genseric,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; truly
a
harrowing narrative of
siege, famine, pillage, massacre, fires,
general Ave
may assume
and
pestilence.
In
that the last half of the fifth
century was almost as disastrous a period for the history of
the
Roman monuments
inhabitants.
as
it
was
for
the wretched
CHAPTER
VII
THE CITY IN THE SIXTH CENTURY
At
the opening of the sixth century the prevailing
gloom
contrast,
by
dawn with ened
and thrown into
penetrated,
is
ray of
a
A
light.
the accession of
era
stronger
seemed
gave
itself
no
of
his arrival
Rome Theoderic
in
(in
loco
qui
Palma aurea
made by
this Prince for the
of
the
dicitu?'^,
and
The
pro-
then proceeded to the palace of the Caesars. visions
the
addressed kind
words to the people from the rostra in front Senate-house
little
On
concern for the remains of Rome's greatness.
day
to
Theoderic, whose enlight-
(500-526)
administration
new
even
improvement
of the
City are recorded in the Variae of his secretary, Cassiodorius. tects
He
appointed a body of engineers and archi-
to superintend
the restoration of public
under the direction of as
we have
an
arcJiitectus
The theatre
of
paired with the help of one of the age, Avianius of
Decius
puhlicorum^
already seen he revived the
"keeper of statues."
Symmachus
;
edifices,
of
the
Pompey was great men of
re-
office
the
the Coliseum, with the help
Marius Venantius Basilius, prefect of
City in the year 508.
and
The duty 77
the
of putting the aque-
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
78
ducts in order, and keeping the baths and the foun-
was entrusted
tains well supplied with water
formarum bour of
the care of public sewers to a sani-
urhis;
named Johannes
tary engineer
to a comes
Rome was
the charge of the har-
;
given to a harbour-master Qcomes
partus urhis Romae)^ assisted by a deputy (vicarius)\ the theatres and
were
shows
"supervisor
designed
other buildings
under
placed
Thus thoroughgoing expense of other
superintendence
the
amusements"
of
(trihunus
were
repairs
public
for
of
a
voluptatuTn).
made, not
at
the
in the case of the prede-
edifices, as
cessors of Theoderic, but with brick expressly prepared
the
in
great
They were
all
brickyard
old
stamped
we must acknowledge
— in
— with
called this
case
Portus
Licini.
appropriately,
the inscription
—
EEGNANTE D N THEODERICO FELIX ROMA •
I
•
have never made or witnessed an excavation
the site of any of the great buildings of
Rome
without
discovering one or more of Theoderic's bricks. style of
masonry which prevailed
on
The
in his time can best
be examined in the repairs made to the " arcus Caeli-
montani," the branch aqueduct supplying the imperial palace in the Via di S.
Stefano
Rotondo.
The sums
destined for such works were derived from local taxation.
Maximian
of
two hundred pounds
Ravenna
states in his annals that the
of gold set aside for the restoration
of the walls of the City
and of the imperial residence
THE CITY
IN
THE SIXTH CENTURY
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; which
were collected from the city tax on wine this
day remains one
The churches
on the Via Aurelia and of
from the time of
S.
of
Martino
at
revenue for
of the chief sources of
the municipal treasury.
79
Pancras
St.
Monti date
ai
this benevolent ruler.
In describing the siege of Vitiges, which lasted from February,
537,
to
March,
538,
and
intrenched
the
camps raised by the Goths around the beleaguered Procopius
refers
to
the cutting
aqueducts
the
(Dg Bello Goth.
following words
the
of
has fourteen aqueducts
high
and
broad
through them." respects
the
:
but eleven,
that
.
.
a
;
horseman
This statement
is
could
easily
ride
erroneous in two
aqueducts were in reality not fourteen
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Appia,
and
water.
and their channels are so
.
Anio Vetus, Marcia, Tepula,
Virgo, Alsietina, Claudia, Anio Novus,
andrina
in
"The down Rome
19):
I.
Goths having thus surrounded the City, broke the aqueducts to cut off the supply of
City,
their channels
''
Julia,
Trajana, Alex-
could not be entered even
by a pygmy riding on a goat or a ram."^ Belisarius
walled up the mouths of
order to prevent the
in
means
the
aqueducts,
enemy from making them
of entering the City.
The consequences
a
of the
cutting were not so serious as to cause a water famine,
because there were enough springs within the walls to
meet the emergency 1
Fabretti,
De
the
of
aquis, p. 145
:
moment, not
ne Pygmaei quidem,
to
speak of
arietis,
dorso insidentis^ quales eos describit Plinius, capaces fuerunt.
capraeve
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
80
the Tiber, the water of which has always been consid-
ered potable and wholesome.
It
observe that, after the removal of
the
to Constantinople, the water supply of
much
Any
of
world-famous
its
of
lost
Roman
waters, at the Ponte degli Arci at
Claudia, which in purity the
made
at
of
the
case
or that
between Tivoli
of
the
and Castel
section of the channel, which
Monte Arcese, May
state
Tivoli,
ranked next to the Marcia,^
Monitola
Colle
The following
Madama.
of the Marcia, the purest
Monte Arcese, near
the foot of
real
Rome had
one can convince himself of the truth of this state-
and best
I
imperial Court
purity and wholesomeness.
ment by examining the channel
near
necessary to
also
is
5,
1881, will indicate the
than
better
any
description
(Fig. 15).
The channel
(spemis)
measured
originally
one -half feet (2.05 metres) in height, that base
the
of
feet (1.01
vaulted ceiling,
and
six
is,
to
the
and three and one-third
metres) in breadth.
As long
as the
aque-
duct was well taken care of by the curatores aquarum
and their of
of
staff
and
channel
the
diminish.
subordinate
There
are,
its
capacity
tion;
The
did
the
dimensions
not
perceptibly
on the sides and the bottom, thin
layers of alabastrine purity
have been formed
officers,
in the
and transparency, which may
golden age of
Roman
but they hardly exceed half an inch deposits, however, 1
Frontinus,
I.
13
:
formed
administra-
in thickness.
at the time of the bar-
quae honitatis proximae
est
Marciae.
1
THE CITY
THE SIXTH CENTURY
IN
81
barian invasions and in consequence of the abandonment of
aqueducts,
the
fourteen inches thick, the free
are
channel being thus reduced from six and a half to a
more
little
than
four
feet
(1.65 metres) in height, and to
width of
a
less
than
a
These deposits are of
foot.
every colour and quality, containing carbonate of lime
spongy
mud,
texture,
and a conglomerate Another curious
of
clay,
of gravel.
instance
of
the neglect of the aqueducts
middle of the fourth
after the
century
is
to be seen in the
Vigna
di S.
lerame,
as
first
Croce in Gerusa-
you enter by the
gate on the left of that
church.
The water dripping
thrOUgh
the
.
Stones, of is built,
.
joints
i*
of
which the channel
was
^^^' ^^-
1
the
^el of the
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Section
of the chan-
Aqua Marcia,
at
Monte
^"^^^^' ÂŤ^^^'^"^s ^^p^'^^' ^" ^^^
bottom and
sides.
so saturated with
deposits of lime that the whole height of the
was covered with
incrustations,
and came
to
arcades
have the
appearance of a great rock honeycombed with cavities.
Although the inhabitants diately
affected
of
Rome were
by a water famine,
the cutting off of the water supply
in
not imme-
otlier
respects
by the barbarians
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
82
proved disastrous to the City as well as to the country
around
In the City
it.
it
the great imperial thermae, which just
tried
shared by the
basins
artificial
ot
King Theoderic had
The same
put into repair.
to
abandonment
led to the
fate
was
stagna or euripi^
called
and by the 1212 public fountains and 247 reservoirs which had adorned and supplied the City
The higher
days.
the
lower
diverted
more
quarters,
for
earlier
quarters suffered the most, because
their water supply, borne
arcades, could be
in
many
miles on stone or brick
easily stopped.
on
the
any great
other
length
The supply
time,
of
was
hand,
of
never
because
the
channels of the Virgo, of the Appia, and of the Anio
which
Vetus,
fed
Campus
the
Martins,
ran
underground and could be repaired without This
the reason
is
why
be inhabited again until
made
life
difficulty.
the more salubrious hills were
abandoned toward the end
in 1587
mostly
of the fifth century, not to
the
time of Sixtus V.,
upon them
possible
who
again with the
building of his Acquedotto Felice.
One
incident of the Gothic siege
with the fate of the aqueducts, pius as follows
Ways
there
:
still
"
is
of
537, connected
described by Proco-
Between the Latin and the Appian exist
two aqueducts (the Claudian
and the Marcian), supported by massive arches. the fiftieth furlong from
Rome
(at the place
now
At
called
the Torre Fiscale), they join and cross each other in
such a way that the one which was on the right
now
THE CITY diverges
the
to
THE SIXTH CENTURY
IN
After
left.
short
a
The space between the two
which were
mud,
so as to
its
crossings
original
there-
is
by aqueducts, the lower arches
fore entirely surrounded of
they
distance
meet and cross again, and each follows course.
83
up by the barbarians with stones and
filled
form a regular
fortification,
within which
they remained encamped, to the number of at least seven thousand, in order to prevent any kind of provisions from entering the City. tions, the
.
.
With
.
Goths occupied themselves with despoiling and
ravaging the Campagna. time, and
De
this as a base of opera-
.
.
.
They remained
were only driven out by the plague."
Rossi has collected important proofs of
racy of
this
Describing
portion of
the
the
sepulchral
narrative
(Roma
Prince Torlonia's farm
sixth
Procopius.
the Via Latina, on
I
"In
located the campus
I
where the Goths intrenched themselves
century, and
accu-
tlie
Vecchia), he says:
very quarter of the suburbs
barharicus,
of
^
found by Fortunati
crypt,
in 1876, at the fifth mile-stone of
this
there a long
in the
suspected that the bodies, which
bore traces of having perished by a violent death, and
which were lying very near the surface quite close to the Torlonia tomb, were those of this warlike horde.
the Torlonia
tomb
of the skeletons, flicted
itself
we
In
found, on the skull of one
evident traces of an oblique cut, in-
by a sword or some similar weapon."
"In 1853," De Rossi 1
De
continues,
Bello Goth.
"by
II. 3.
the side of the
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
84
modern road
Albano, between the fourth and the
to
mile-stone,
fifth
present
at
made with simple marble
tombs,
cophagus.
.
.
cloth, of
ing,
we saw
threads.
.
.
The
.
rich
traces
Then not
.
a
tiles collected at
the loins
looked as
random,
a sar-
of
moment
first
of
in
uncover-
made
coffins
filled
and
of stones
with skeletons of men,
and breasts bound with broad bands, which they had been saturated with blood, and
if
these
we thought
tion.
.
.
and
slabs,
of
far off, just beneath the sur-
of
series
discovery
form of gold and purple
the
in
the
had been enveloped
corpses
which, at the
we saw
face,
was
I
have been soldiers killed in ac-
to
my mind
This discovery recalled to
.
an
episode in the Gothic war (as described by Procopius)
made
which
In the records of Gregory
villas.
of a
*
It is
II.
mention
is
to
this
once to
and
fertile
the
it
is
smiling
aqueducts
that
so far as
stop the flow of the water
we have no
pose that they threw for
damage was part
the
of
traversed
it,
but just to observe that the barbarians
damaged the aqueducts only
simply
corpore
most conspicuous of them
especially to the Claudia, the
Yet
made
"
easy to picture to ourselves what
Campagna, and
all.
neighbouring
the
Massa Camustis iuxta campum harharicum ex
patrirnofiii Appiae.'
done
among
havoc
fearful
the
have been mere
down
pleasure lost
;
was necessary
to
reason to sup-
great arches and pilasters
of
labour.
destruction Tliese
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; that
wonderful
would crea-
THE CITY
Roman
tions of
IN
hydraulic
Campagna
crossing the
THE SIXTH CENTURY
85
these triumphal arcades
skill,
and
in every direction
distrib-
uting everywhere fertility and health, were destroyed, as
many
were so
other
themselves, in times
monuments, by the Romans
much
nearer to our
own than
is
ordinarily supposed.
We
have reason to believe that in 1585, when the
construction of the Acquedotto Felice was decreed by
Sixtus v., the series of arcades of the Marcia and of the Claudia (Fig. 20), both seven miles long, were practically intact.
Matteo da Castello,
Domenico Fontana,
resignation,
and hammering those
new aqueduct.
use in the
and, after his
hands on the noble
laid
burning their travertine
structures, splitting
first,
of tufa
blocks
lime,
into
and peperino for
Whatever remains were
left
standing became the prey of local land-owners, especially of the trustees of the hospital of S. Giovanni, in
whose
archives I have found documents concerning the sale at
public auction of the stone arch, over which the Claudia
spanned the Via Latina near the farmhouse of Vecchia
;
and again, the
Bartolomeo so on.i
Vitali, of
sale of four piers of peperino to
two
to the brothers Guidotti,
Three or four hundred
of the
Capannelle in 1887
way Company, which, about
;
by the owner
of the
the Mediterranean Rail-
the same time, built the
line to Segni, is responsible for other 1
and
feet of the channel of
the same aqueduct were destroyed
farm
Roma
damages.
Lanciani, / Comentarii di Frontino, p. 149.
new
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
86
A to
walk from the Porta Furba (on the road
the
to Frascati)
Porta Maggiore, by the Vicolo del Mandrione,
will give the student a melancholy appreciation of the
importance and of the fate of the
Fig. K).
wliicli,
among
Roman
aqueducts,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The remains of the Claudian aqueduct at the Porta Furba.
after tlie
so
many
centuries
of
spoliation,
are
most impressive remains of ancient
still
Rome
(Fig. 10).
Notwithstanding the ravages of the Vandals and the desperate straits of the people of
Rome
on
many
occa-
i
THE CITY
IN
THE SIXTH CENTURY
87
sions since the first sack of the Goths, Procopius, I
have already quoted so often, speaks of a number of
monuments of
whom
the
standing uninjured toward
as
We
century.
sixth
from him that the
learn
Forum
City in general, and the
middle
the
an
especially, retained
imposing array of bronze and marble statues, the works
and Lysippus
of Phidias
Myron was
Forum
cubits high,
was
faced temple
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the name
;
;
works
of
of
that the bronze statue of Janus, five
preserved in the cella of his four-
still
and that the group
one, probably,
earliest
Cow
that the celebrated
yet to be seen above the fountain in the
Peace
of
;
of
which Pliny
the kind
in
Three Fates
of the classifies
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Rome
among the
still
gave the
Tria Fata to the north corner of the
Forum
by the Senate-house.
The same
historian describes
camps had been established hippodrome
Greek garrison assailants
mented
the
of
many
how one
in the
Gaianum, a circus or
gardens of Domitia, and
of the
statues which even to that time
this fortified
times, they
the
mausoleum.
"
Of
all
its
had orna-
the people in
Romans
love
monuments the
best.
fallen a prey to barbarian invaders so
many
City
Although
how
mole of Hadrian hurled upon
the world," he concludes (IV. 22), " the their
of the Gothic
and
its
historical
have succeeded in keeping up many of their
great buildings, and preserving relics connected with the origin I
and foundation
of their City.
Among
these last
can mention a large canoe hollowed out of the trunk
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
88
which they preserve
of a tree,
bank
left
of
on the
the arsenal
in
the Tiber, as the one used by Aeneas in
reaching the Latin shore."
In the year 590, which was that of the election of
Pope Gregory the Great (September have
to
reached
extremity
the
of
Rome
3),
misfortune.
inundation of the Tiber, at the end of the year,
had caused the ruin
ments and
of
legend
beautiful
mausoleum
An
previous
some temples and monu-
innumerable private dwellings, and the
of
by famine and pestilence.
flood was, as usual, followed
The
seems
Hadrian in
of
angel
the
of
the
act
above
the
sheathing
his
seen of
sword, Avhile (iregory at the head of the panic-stricken population was proceeding in pilgrimage to St. Peter's (a memorial of the vision figure
on
really the of
Rome.
the first
rounding
Lombards
top of
the
cliange
for the
By Rome
by the walls
I
Avas
Agilulf
remains in the bronze
Castel
mean
of Aurelian
district
of
still
S.
better in
the fortunes
the City itself protected
and Honorius
incessantly
;
for the
devastated
and Ariulf, and
murdered or driven away.
Angelo), marks
its
sur-
by the
inhabitants
CHAPTER
VIII
BURIAL PLACES WITHIN AND WITHOUT THE WALLS
From
a remote period, burial within the city limits
was prohibited by Roman law.
Yet many graves have
been found within the walls, and Nibby has suggested that the
infringement of the early enactment, the
first
interments
first
must
muros^
intra
be regarded
as
a
consequence of the siege of Vitiges. Earlier instances
of
the
lacking.
Tombs dating from
(493-526
A.D.)
have
however, are not
practice,
time
the
found
been
in
of
the
Theoderic Praetorian
camp, in the gardens of Sallust, and in the graveyard of S.
Giacomo
camp were seen by Lupi, last century,
the
of
within the
quadrangle
were seen by
Those
del Colosseo.
De
;
cells
those
the
in
the
gardens
of
Sallust
that part of the
is
now
crossed
by
Via Flavia and the Via Aureliana.
The
exploration of the graveyard by the Coliseum be-
gan in the spring of 1895, and at
quarter of the
line the north side
Rossi, in 1869, in
Vigna Barberini-Spithoever which the
first
which
of
of the Praetorian
length in the Bullettino
its
results are described
Comunale of the same year.
There were two or three layers of tombs, 89
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
oldest,
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
90
same
at the
with the amphitheatre, dating from
level
the time of Theoderic, the latest dating from the begin-
One
ning of the seventh century. discovered
the
opposite
of the later tombs,
thirty-third
arcade,
exhibited in the
Museo Municipale on
The
gives the
inscription
Lucia and of their
little
with the warning,
"
names
Whoever the
grave
stood
right
thoroughfare, which,
even
wonder
the
:
and
a Fortunatus
of
shall
share
tomb,
the Caelian Hill.
daughter Gemmula, and ends
may he
this
now
is
violate
of
a
must have
days,
those
in
No
middle
the
in
injure
!
Judas "
of
fate
or
been crowded.
The two
removed toward the end
reddish
basalt,
century
from the
di Belvedere of
used for
one of green and one of
precious basins,
Baths of
Caracalla
the Vatican
coffins.
A
the
;
^
Vigna
time each
another,
the
hundred
several
graveyard.
in
We
the
in
them
cannot
In
churches
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; came
several
instances
have
1
S.
myself S.
course
the
were
a
local
possess
I
of
there
anywhere
excavate
belonging to the church of
Pantheon); of
many
Baths of Con-
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and to
without coming across one of them. in
Cortile
remains of other baths in
the
Roman of
the
sepulchral vault containing
Grimani (Barberini).^ of
to
last
Museum, had both been
hundred bodies was discovered stantine
the
of
in
Rome
have seen, and
explored,
cemeteries
Maria ad Martyres (the
Marcello, of S. Nicola in Calcarario,
Vacca, Mem. 112.
^
Bartoli,
Mem.
31.
I
BURIAL PLACES Maria
of S. of
The
others.
Maria
largest of
all,
layer
Maria Nuova, and
attached to the hospital of
one half of the Basilica
delle Grazie, occupied
the
Julia,
Campitelli, of S. Sebastiano in Pallara,
de Camilliano, of S.
Ciriaco
S.
S.
in
91
human remains being from
of
six to
eight feet in thickness.
The Catacombs, 410
;
as
we have
seen,
were abandoned in
but what was the fate of the pagan tombs and
mausoleums which lined the highroads beyond the
the City
limits of
?
I
in every direction
wish that
summarise here the information given on
I
could
this subject
by that indefatigable explorer of Roman tombs, Francesco Ficoroni, in his work,
romani^ Part
II.
;
as
^
it
is
La
Bolla d'oro dei fanciulli
I
can only mention a few
points.
The family composed
of a
vaults,
Ficoroni remarks, were generally
room
or enclosed place on a level with
the road, where the funeral banquets and the anniver-
sary gatherings took place, and of a crypt where the ashes were kept in urns, or the bodies laid to rest in richly carved marble sarcophagi.
The
former, standing
above ground, and within easy reach of the passer-by,
must have been stripped
of their valuable contents at
a very early period, perhaps even before the first inroad of Alaric.
the
When
there was nothing else of value
Romans attacked
tombs were 1
built,
the
very walls
of
which
left,
the
the porticoes, colonnades, and roofs,
Diversita dei mausolei romani, loro diroccamento, etc.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
92
for the sake of the marble,
This process
lime-kihis.
sepulchral
monuments
emperors
the
had
which they wanted burning the
of
for lime
to
enact
became
capital
marbles
common
punishment
of
that as
a
In 349, sixty-one years
penalty against the offenders. before
so
for their
Emperor Constans
Alaric's invasion, the
substi-
tuted a heavy fine for capital punishment.^
These imperial provisions may have saved from destruction for a few years longer the mausoleums more
exposed to view
standing back from the
but those
;
highroads, screened by trees
or
by the undulations
the ground, probably disappeared faster than ever.
speak,
of
of
course,
the
general rule, because
the three or four hundred
and
size
A
few
I
among
thousand tombs which en-
some remark-
circled the City, there were, to be sure,
able exceptions.
of
of them, conspicuous for their
for their wealth in
marble and travertine, have
survived to the present day, as the mausoleums of Caecilia
Metella and of Lucilius Paetus, and the tombs of
Vibius Marianus (Fig. 17) and of Vergilius Eurysaces.
The underground rooms,
or
hypogaea, suffered
less
damage.
Search was made, either by the degenerate
Romans
or by the barbarians, for the valuable objects
buried with
the
the
urns, such
cinerary
brooches {fibulae) 1
n,
corpse,
;
or as
placed as
a
memento
ear-rings, finger-rings,
and
but the urns themselves, the beauti-
See his constitution to Limenius in the Codex Theodosianus^ X. de sepulchris violatis.
in
Tit.
BURIAL PLACES ful sarcophagi, the glass
to columbaria,
why
and terra cotta vessels peculiar
and even the bronze lamps and candela-
were often
bras,
93
left
This
undisturbed.
the reason
is
the excavation of our ancient cemeteries
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Tomb
of P. Vibius Mariaiius, so-called
Via
My
first
rich in
can testify from personal observation.
finds, as I
Fig. 17.
is
Cloclia, li miles
"Tomb
of Nero," on the
north of Rome.
experience in the exploration of tombs dates
from 1868, when those lining the Via Severiana, between Ostia and Castel Fusano, were
Visconti (Fig. 18).
first
opened by the elder
They yielded
a great quantity of
glassware and exquisite Arezzo cups, besides a few objects
in
gold and enamel.
tance came
the
exploration
Next of
in
the
date
and impor-
columbaria of the
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
9-4
Statilian family, in that portion of the Esquiline ceme-
tery which extends from the so-called Minerva Medica to the Porta
Maggiore (1875).
In the space of a few
weeks, and within an area of a few thousand square feet,
we recovered 566
Fig. 1H.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Columbarium on
tlie
objects in terra cotta, silver,
inscriptions,
and many hundred
Via beveriana, near Ostia, opened
glass,
in 1868.
hone, ivory, bronze,
gold,
and precious marbles.
Ficoroni
has
offered
an ingenious suggestion in
re-
gard to the engraved gems or cameos which are found loose of
in
the
earth
in
great numbers witliin
three or four miles from the walls.
that out of ninety-two sepulchral
a
circuit
After stating
chambers, which he
BURIAL PLACES had excavated in
95
Vigna Moroni
tlie
.by
the Porta S.
Sebastiano, between 1705 and 1709, only one before, he
been searched
opened urns, among laces, ear-rings,
and
earth which filled
finger-rings,
up
found in the una
few neck-
and a piece
of jewelry
bones,
workmen, however,
in sifting the
or covered these columbaria,
and
open passages between them, found a great
the
also
" I
:
charred
the
My
with sapphires.
says
had not
many cameos and
in
precious stones, broken
indented around the edge.
These stones are con-
stantly found in the vineyards
and orchards which ex-
tend over the old cemeteries
and
or
intaglios
by means
traces of the hard glue,
fastened
to
their
;
sockets,
it
they
as of
which they were
seems to
me
as a use-
encumbrance by those who were seeking
What
alone.
they
that
must have been taken out and thrown away less
show
still
for gold
possible value could engraved stones rep-
resent in the eyes of the
Romans
of the fifth century,
or of their invaders?"
This general prising cases
if
to
we
rifling of burial crypts is the
recall
conceal
the
the
entrances
occupant had been laid to
last
taken
precautions
rest,
or urns sealed with brass clamps
them.
to
more in
sur-
many
After the
and the sarcophagi
and molten
lead, the
door was walled up with stones or blocks of marble, resembling in colour and shape those with which the rest
of
of
the mausoleum
was covered
;
and every trace
an entrance was then made to disappear.
This
is
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
96 reason
the
why some
crypts, rich
have escaped molestation
tion,
The
recent period.
of Caecilia Metella
in
until
funereal
decora-
comparatively
a
tomb
secret passage leading to the
was discovered by
accident, in the
time of Paul III. (1534-1550), by a stone-cutter en-
gaged
wrenching
in
away
blocks
the
The
from the square foundation.
gus found in the inner chamber the palace
Pope.
that
of
A
is
of
travertine
sarcopha-
beautiful still
similar
to be seen in
discovery, under
Alexander VII. (1655-1667), took place
con-
in
also
nexion with the pyramid of C. Cestius, the entrance to
which was so artfully disguised that
located only by the
which
The
ever, have avoided the difficulty, ten,
Most
its
the
of
how-
grave-robbers, in nine
by boring a hole through the core
ment toward
be
hollow sound of the stones with
had been blocked.
it
could
it
cases out of
of
monu-
the
centre.
sepulchral
chambers discovered in
time had been plundered in this way.
The
my
best in-
stance can be seen in the beautiful crypt at the second
mile-stone
of
the
Yia Latina,
called
" Sepolcro
degli
stucchi," from the well-preserved bas-reliefs in plaster,
representing
nymphs and
which ornament into this
hole
its
nereids driving sea-monsters,
vaulted ceiling.
chamber was found
The door leading
to be undisturbed
;
but a
could be seen in the ceiling, hardly two feet in
diameter, by means of which the plunderers had effected their descent,
and carried away the
spoils (Fig. 19).
The
BURIAL PLACES
97
marble sarcophagi had been carefully searched, some by the removal of the
some by means
Fig.
19.
lids,
found lying in pieces on the
of a hole
made
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The Sepolcro degli Stucchi,
floor,
in the side of the coffin.
showing the hole made by pluuderers
the vaulted ceiling.
in
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
98 I
may
close
this
that from the time
chapter of
by reminding the reader
Boniface VIII.,
who
instituted
the
Giubileo in 1300, to the end of the last century,
the
highroads
to
Rome were
followed
by the pilgrims on the way
repaired every twenty-fifth year, at
expense of the tombs lining the road on either
The information which will
I
have collected on
be published in Vols. III. and IV. of
degli Scavi di
Roma.
the side.
this point
my
Storia
.9
a
biO
73 O)
s cr*
*Jl
r/j
a cS a ^
^
'â&#x20AC;&#x201D;'
0)
a
(Tf
U
f5 fcfi
(V
a
-t-i
^
<M r^
c a t/)
a a 0) ^ 0)
^
'tH :/;
a; j3 +-'
c a fl 03 rn
73
a s
73
o a
CHAPTER IX THE DEVASTATION AND DESERTION OF THE CAMPAGNA
The
final
desolation of the
Campagna, with
its
con-
comitant, the plague of malaria, dates from the time of
Gregory the Great (590-604). set fire to, olive orchards
were the
supply of water cut
were
thrift
Apennines
drained, to the sea
off
and
;
the
Villas
and farmhouses
and vineyards uprooted, all
sources of
whole
plain
life
and
from the
was turned into an unhealthful
and dangerous wilderness.
Whenever last years, I
fication
a
Roman
villa
has been excavated in these
have paid special attention to the
of its ruins, as the only
what the cause
of
its
ruins
There
The uppermost
are, as
consists
produced by the disintegration of the
themselves,
bushes, and grass,
pheric agencies.
of finding out
destruction was.
a general rule, three strata. of vegetable soil,
means
strati-
by the decomposition
of
the trees,
and by earth deposited by atmos-
The middle stratum
is
made up
of
building materials, such as brick, blocks of tufa, tufa
prisms for reticulate work, plaster, cement, and frag-
ments
of
marble veneering. 101
The
lowest, lying directly
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
102
over the marble
mosaic
or
floor,
composed almost
is
exclusively of roof tiles and roofing materials.
From
we
villas
parts
relation of
this
perished by the
or
fire,
part to
first
by natural decay and abandonment,
must have
because there
was the
in
fall
which, for that reason, walls
whether the
infer that,
lie
roof, the
remains of
upon the pavements.
fallen decades,
if
The
not centuries, later,
always a thin layer of vegetable
is
soil
between the remains of the roof and those of the walls.
The
walls have generally fallen toward the same point
down by an earthquake and a similar observation has been made in regard to One thing is certain the columns of the peristyles. that when the roofs fell, whether by natural decay or of
the compass, as
throAvn
if
;
:
by
the
violence
adorned the
villa,
colonnades were still
man, the
of
terraces,
its
still
marble
in
sitii,
its
and
fountains,
tlie
the
some cases were
in
lierms
at
portrait-busts
day had
it
the
of
atria,
they would have remained
not been for the lime-burners
the early- Renaissance, and
contractors
the maintenance of the highroads,
who
in
have caused incalculable damage
more works
have been destroyed all
the
remained
the
of
its
garden avenues, the exquisite carved
likewise uninjured, and so to the present
which
nymphaea, and
The
standing on their pedestals.
crossings of
statues
in the
for
last
;
five
for
this respect
of
art
centuries than in
the centuries of barbarian plundering.
For the same reason, the few
villas
which, on account
DESERTION OF THE CAMPAGNA of their secluded
location
and
103
from the
distance
safe
highroads, escaped the mediaeval and Renaissance plun-
mine
derers, prove to be a perfect
some
collected
which
on
me
Let
have
I
point
this
quote two in-
from the Villa Quintiliorum on the Appian
stances, one
Way,
documents
remarkable
published later.
be
will
of statuary.
the other from the Villa
Voconiorum near Marino,
the ancient Castrimoenium.
The
Quintiliorum, the picturesque remains of
Villa
which are now called
S.
and monastery
name, which owned them in past
has been
ages,
of that
Maria Nova, from the church
excavated
at
least
eight
such good results that a section of the farm ally called
Statuario^
"mine
more
precisely,
from April
16,
of
actu-
is
The
of statuary."
search dates from the pontificate
with
times,
oldest
Innocent VIII.,
1485.
It
led
discovery of the body of the so-called Tulliola,
to
the
still re-
taining the rosy colour of the flesh and lifelike appearance.^
Several inscriptions, sarcophagi, and sepulchral
monuments came tomb
of the
to light on the
same occasion.
The
Apusii was found in the following century.
Winckelmann, who was present
at
the
excavations of
1762 made by Cardinal Alessandro Albani, describes the finding of a beautiful marble basin, thirty-five palms in
circumference, with the Labours of Hercules in alto-relievo
;
of a portico, of the areostyle type,
of the Ionic order, 1
and
of a wall covered
See Pagan and Christian Rome,
with columns with frescoes.
p. 295.
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
104
Here
Giovanni Volpato discovered several
also, in 1780,
columns of
and
bigio
breccia
corallina,
thirteen
feet
high; the colossal head of Julia Domna, the Ganymede,
and the "Antiochia," now sides the statue of
by
in the Vatican
Museum;
be-
young Caesar, which was bought
a
Pacetti.
About the same year an Englishman and
Thomas Jenkins and Gavin Hamilton, the section of the same villa called
a Scotchman,
tried their luck in
Roma
They
Vecchia.
found a bust of Lucius Verus, another of Diocletian, a third
and a fourth
with
viri,
birds,
several
tion
of
two Romans, perhaps Decem-
the names engraved
size statue of
with
of
on the plinth
and
scenic
masks
less
.
1792,
tion of
Museum, who
;
a
sarcophagi,
The
and
best porfor
same time ordered
the
at
made
on
his
May
11,
and led to the discovery
of
be
to
own
account.
1789, to
the
May
following
Eleven statuettes belonging to the ornamentaone or more fountains
nine heads and busts agi
two
importance.
These excavations lasted from
:
;
these marbles was purchased by Pius VI.
fresh excavations
items
a life-
Euterpe, two statuettes of youths playing
fragments of
the Vatican
15,
;
mosaic
inscriptions,
;
eight life-size statues
two double herms
pavement
;
several
and other objects
Ionia purchased
;
the grounds
;
columns, pedestals,
of interest. at
two sarcophCarlo Tor-
the beginning
of
the
present century, and undertook other excavations about
1828-1829, the magnificent
results
of
which
are
de-
^
DESERTION OF THE CAMPAGNA Nibby^ and by Visconti
scribed by
Museo
the
The
105
in the catalogue of
Torlonia.
last
search,
made by Giovanni
Guidi,
Battista
about 1855, was also attended with considerable suc-
He found among
cess.
tellum
other interesting things a cas-
aquae^ with its organ-like range of water-pipes,
inscribed with the
names
neighbourhood, and
property in the
who owned
of the patricians
who drew
their
supply of water from this reservoir of the Villa Quintil-
Having myself surveyed the
iorum.
on more than one occasion, that the mine
The tion
Villa
is
by no means exhausted. Luigi
Boccanera
have
remains
beautiful
cultivation.
The
gathered from these excavations ues
fell,
or were
of the villa
debris.
of
thrown from
that
Its
much
area put particular
when
the stat-
their pedestals, the floor
was already covered with over three
The
statues therefore
after the first barbarian invasions.
we may
its
interesting is
sugges-
destroyed,
owner, and
most
my
at
1883-1884.
in
been
since
against our laws, by a local
under
the villa
have persuaded myself
I
Voconiorum was excavated
by Signor
of
site
absolve
the barbarians
were
Once
still
for
feet
standing all,
then,
from the blame of a
useless destruction or mutilation of classic statuary.
.
1
Analisi, Vol. III. p. 726.
2
Gavin Hamilton excavated, in or about 1780, a round temple at the
eighth mile-stone of the Appian
Way, with
as
many
statues as there were
intercolumniations, each lying a few inches only from tion.
See Riccy, Pago Lemonio,
p. 122, n.
1.
its
original loca-
CHAPTER X THE MONUMENTS IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY
The
early years of the seventh century were
by three events of the
umn
of special significance
monuments.
of
These
transferring
the
history
are, the erection of the col-
Phocas, the transformation
into a church,
for
marked
the
of
Pantheon
and the inauguration of the practice of martyrs from the Catacombs to
of
relics
sanctuaries within the walls.
Phocas, the murderer of the Emperor Mauritius, had
portraits
of
this
base
cowardly assassin " and
and
Leontia were received in
his wife
of
^'
The
November, 602.
seized the throne of the East in
Rome
with the
customary honours by the clergy and the Senate assembled in
the
Basilica
ward exhibited Cesario in
Julii
the
to
public
Lateran,
show
of servility
:
after-
church
the
in
and
The Romans went even
Palatio.^
farther in their
the
at
of
a
S.
step
they raised an hon-
orary column, inscribed, Phocae clementissimo principle in the middle of the
from ceal 1
the it.
ruins
This
The remains
is
Forum, which
that the
were last
later
still
to
monument
of this church are described in
p. 169.
106
remained free
and
con-
erected in
that
bury
Bums and
Excavations,
Fig. 21.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The column of Phocas in the Forum.
At the
right, further back,
the remains of the temple of Saturn.
THE MONUMENTS historical
It
place.
THE SEVENTH CENTURY
IN
marks
period and the beginning of the three
the style of their
erected
to
merits are aptly
their
Of
extant at Rome," the
best
the
to
by
typified
monuments."^
Phocas (discovered February
23,
1813)
was surmounted
by
a
the
pillar
Now
bronze. elled
"
the inscription on the pedestal of the column
From that
ancient
Marcus Aurelius), one
emperors (Trajan and ;
the
of
Middle Ages.
still
"two were
Dyer well remarks,
of
tlie
monumental columns
worst and basest
end
the
109
and
we
statue
learn
m
gilt
such a statue could not have been mod-
cast in
Rome
in
608 A.D. (the column was
dedicated on August 1 of that year).
It
must have
been an old statue, cast centuries before, of which,
am
inclined to believe, not even the head
for
the occasion.
The column
is
was changed
forty-five feet high,
and leans considerably toward the southeast. of the shaft
and
capital
vailing in 608 A.D.
removed bodily from
;
is
I
The
style
certainly better than that pre-
therefore,
either the
column was
a classic edifice, "or else the
Romans
and their exarch Zmaragdus dedicated to Phocas a monu-
ment which, up
to his time,
had borne another name.
It is interesting to note that the
was
at this
Forum
of Trajan also
time free from any accumulation of rubbish.
Venantius Fortunatus, a contemporary of Gregory, speaks of
the
custom of poets reciting in that place as
flourishing in his 1
day (^Carm.
III.
23).
History of the City of Borne, p. 353.
still
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
110
Rome
Boniface IV., elected bishop of
year
which the column of
in
from
obtained
all
of
Agrippa
as
have
I
no
far
shrine,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; only
dedicated
hall of tlie
ple of
Augusteum
to
to S.
St.
The Heroon
;
a
only of the edi-
we now
find
Maria Antiqua, the temSt.
Lawrence, that of
Dionysius, that of Saturn to the Saviour.
Romulus, son of Maxentius, becomes
of
Cosmas and Damia-
the vestibule of the cliurch of SS.
nus
all
Hadrian, the inner
St.
Antoninus and Faustina to
Janus to
thus
but about this time
;
the Sacra Via and the Forum,
Senate-house
the
classic
had
buildings
To speak
such scruples disappeared.
divine
No
deities.
civic
been used for churches
fices lining
the
to
where
places
in
honours had been paid to pagan temple,
Rome, beup
remarked,
the
of
century the Christians had
worshipping
from
abstained
ancient
of
previously
beginning of the seventh
history
the
in
destruction and transformation cause,
Mary and
to the Virgin
moment
important
dedi-
to
concession marks an ex-
This
Christian martyrs.
ceedingly
Phocas was dedicated,
Emperor the permission
that
Pantheon
cate the
the same
in
chapel to
of the temple of
St.
Peter
is
raised
Venus and Rome
;
in the vestibule
another to
S.
Mar-
tina in the Secretarium Senatus; a third to SS. Sergius
and Bacchus, near the steps and a fourth
to
of the temple of
an unknown saint
in
the
Constantine.^ 1
Cf.
Pagan and
Christian Borne,
p. 102.
Concord
Basilica
of
,
THE MONUMENTS It
THE SEVENTH CENTURY
IN
would be interesting
to
know whether
111
Pan-
the
theon was submitted to any alteration in the process transformation
of
into
a
Were
church.
Augustus and Agrippa
portrait statues of
their shrines of
gilt
itself,
ancestral gods
Were
under the dome?
bronze
still
fixed
and the bronze
the
in
pediment of the pronaos
It
?
dome
the
of
ornamenting the
still
difficult
is
portico,
the great rosettes
coffers
bas-reliefs
stand-
still
Julian gens in
the
of
colossal
under the
ing, in the year 608, in their niches
or those of the
the
satisfactory answer to these queries.
to
give
a
incline to the
I
view that when the Pantheon was placed under the protection
of
Queen
the
reduced to the present
which
it
in 663, of
1747.^
in
of temples
Urban VIII.
and
and the abandonment
Constans
of
of Benedict
of
Constans
II.
stole
the
tiles
of the
;
Urban VIII. melted
XIV. destroyed the marble veneering For the
fate
of the
three Caryatides
from
formed a part of the decoration of the
Emil Braun, Bull.
into ;
cannon
and Bene-
of the attic story.
by Diogenes the Athenian,
formerly in the Paganica and Giustiniani palaces,
1881, pp. 265-207;
off
dome probably
410,778 pounds of metal from the trusses of the pronaos
2
XIV.
gilded bronze wliicli covered the
of
and the dome
II.
the gods and
must have been removed or thrown and the rosettes
in
the public baths,
of
of Phocas, the statues
roof of the pronaos
dict
state
between the closing
time
of
was already
it
or rather to the
in 1625,
In the lapse
their pedestals,^
1
state,
was before the spoliations
and the reign heroes
Martyrs,
of
attic,
supposed to have
see Notizie degli scavi,
Inst., 1853, p. 36.
^
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
112
one by one, through the disintegration of
had
fallen,
the
masonry
of
pediment had
when
that
the
the
The
coffers.
perhaps
escaped
Piazza
della
spoliation.
seems
It
Rotonda was
the
of
bas-reliefs
exca-
first
vated and paved by Pope Eugenius IV. (1431-1439), a head, possibly of Agrippa,
the wheel of a chariot,
These fragments may have
at the foot of the steps.
No mention
from the pediment.
fallen
were found
cast in bronze,
all
and
the leg of a horse,
made
is
of
marble statues, except of a head attributed to Cybele, Camillo Fanucci claims to have seen lying on
wliicli
the floor near the high altar in the year 1600.
Another clew
when
as to the state of the Pantheon,
taken possession of by the Church,
given
is
by the
clumsy restorations made by Boniface IV. (610 A.D.),
by Vitalianus
(663),
Gregory
and
III.
with
(735),
materials taken from other edifices, such as the marble
containing
slab
removed
Albinus, I.
((7.
L.
temple of
I.
Isis
honorary
the
from
285),
inscription
Forum
the
beautiful
the
of
frieze
by Visconti
(illustrated
in
of
Lucius
Augustus from
the
Com.
Bull.
Vol. IV., 1876, p. 92), and other such spoils.
Even
more important
spoils
is
the
â&#x20AC;˘belonged to the Pantheon friezes,
that
fact
itself,
of
the
as
these
two beautiful
with festoons and candelabras and sacred im-
plements,
removed from the
sides
and the doorpost taken from one 1
some
Camillo Fanucci, Trattato di
tutte
of
the
great
door,
of the side entrances.
V opere
pie, etc., c. xxxvi.
05
H
2
THE MONUMENTS
THE SEVENTH CENTURY
IN
These three pieces had been
used
the steps leading from the
of
Pantheon
the
to
pronaos
the
in
115
restoration
square in front of the
(Fig.
22),
and were found
between December, 1874, and September, 1875.
The designation
of
Maria ad Martyres, given to
S.
Pantheon by Boniface IV.,
the
According to the Liher
fact.
was given
to the
been removed
this
Pontificalis^
name
newly consecrated church on account
twenty-eight cartloads
of
an interesting
recalls
from
the
bones which had
sacred
of
Catacombs and placed in a
basin of porphyry under the high altar.
This was the
beginning of an important change.
have stated above that burial
I
was given up in 410, the year
Rome by
Alaric,
them
537,
in
country around
in
of
Catacombs
the
storming
the
of
and that great damage was done to
during the
siege
As
Vitiges.
of
Rome became more and more
the
insecure
and unhealthy, and was almost completely abandoned
by
its
inroads,
inhabitants it
at
time
the
was deemed necessary
Langobardic
of
the
to
place
within the
protection of the city walls the bones of the martyrs,
whose tombs, from the time and more
become
translation
of
remains
time of Boniface
the
648
centres
;
the third in 682,
Felicianus of Viatrix,
is
IV.
of Constantine,
the ;
when
one
the
just
The
first
mentioned, of
second took place in
the bodies of Primus and
were removed from Faustinus,
pilgrimage.
of
had more
Nomentum, and those
and Simplicius from the ceme-
"
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
116 tery of
Generosa, at the sixth mile-stone of the Via
Campana,
The
in the
Vigna
Catacombs
last exploiting of the
martyrs was due to Paschal
documents
porary ences of the
speak
One
relics.
of
'^
them,
Contem-
innumerable "
transfer-
— the
20,
for the bones of
(817-824).
I.
of
removed July
relics,
La Magliana.
Ceccarelli, near
official
to
817,
register of
Prassede,
S.
—
mentions twenty-three hundred bodies deposited under the chapel of S. Zeno, which
memory
his
of
Paschal
Theodora
mother,
mosaic legend of the apse of
St.
had built in
I.
The
Episcopa.
Caecilia speaks
wise of the removal of bodies quae
primum
in
like-
cryptis
pausabant.
These removals of point of view,
— they
logical research
thermae.
rial
from another
relics are interesting
mark
the beginning of archaeo-
among the remains of The relics of martyrs
basins and
bath-tubs
the great impe-
were, as a rule,
marble,
deposited
in
which
tliermae of Caracalla and Diocletian particu-
larly
tlie
under the
rare
in
of Viatrix, Faustinus,
and
mentioned above, were placed by Leo
II.
abounded.
Simplicius,
The bones
of
higli
altar of the
church of
S.
Vibiana " in
a basin of oriental alabaster of oval shape, twenty-five
palms in circumference, with heads of leopards relief."
Stephen V.,
SS. Apostoli of
in
in
high
while rebuilding the church of
816 a.d., likewise
Eugenia and Claudia
(in concha porphyretica).
" in
Two
a
placed
basin
of
the
bodies
porphyry
archaeologists, Giovanni
THE MONUMENTS
THE SEVENTH CENTURY
IN
117
Marangoni and Francesco de Ficoroni, have made a though incomplete,
interesting
list,
Roman
of
spoils
add
should
baths
another
used of
class
in
churches
works
precious
these
of
of
to
;
we
it
similarly
art
employed, the sarcophagi, which occasionally take the place of the bath basins, in spite of
their
reliefs of
a
pagan character.
distinctly
Singular
as
practice
this
Roman
judge of the taste of the
and semi-barbaric days
seems
to
words inscribed on the marble
slabs
our
of
They could hardly
ings and education.
we cannot
clergy in those dark
the light
in
us,
own
feel-
Latin
spell the
which they used in
the pavements, in the walls, and in the altars of their
churches
A
ing.
of
could they understand their mean-
Mater, in
was used
church
less
pedestal covered with symbols of the worship
Magna
the
form,
much
;
of
as
an
its
altar
most crude and of
the
Flavins Agricola from Tibur, with
was discovered August grave of
column
St. Peter, in the
the
of
church of
round
S.
altar,
cense was Paul's
1626,
its
a
the of
epicurean legend,
few
feet
from the
foundations of the left front
Baldacchino.
The high
altar
in
the
Teodoro was supported, until 1703, by a on the rim of which the following words
were inscribed
St.
14,
in
The tombstone
Michele in Borgo.
S.
Crucifix
hateful
:
"
offered
without
On to
this
the
the
marble of the gentiles
in-
The pavement
of
gods."
walls
miscellaneous inscriptions.
was
patched
with
931
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
118
A
worshipper raising his eyes toward the apse of the
church of SS. Cosmas and Damianus, could behold at the same time the
and a group the
wolf,
in
great mosaic figure of the Saviour,
the twin founders of the City sucking
of
opus
In the
sectile.
basilica
Junius
of
Bassus on the Esquiline, Christianised under the name
Andrew
of St.
Manger, he could
at the
the Saviour with the
of
see the
group
Apostle in the Tribune, and,
turning to the side walls, the portraits of Nero, Galba,
and
other emperors, Diana hunting the stag, Hylas
six
stolen
by the Nymphs, Cybele on the chariot drawn by
lions, the
chariot
of
terious Egyptian
pagan
cults.
church of
S.
I
rites,
Emperor
and other representations from
may mention
in
the last instance the
Martina, formerly the Secretarium Senatus,
were adorned with the bas-reliefs
the walls of which
from the
Apollo, initiates performing mys-
arch
Marcus Aurelius, representing
of
sacrificing before the altar of Jupiter
the
Optimus
Maximus.
The
Epitome
of
the
Chronicon
dates from the time of Stephen after the
the
he
was proclaimed in the throne
(in augustali solio et
(752-757), says that
Emperor betook himself
629,
tuB
which
"recovery of the Cross" made by Heraclius
in
diadem
II.
Cassinense,
Emperor, and
room
to
Rome, where
given the imperial
of the palace of the Caesars
Oaesareani Palatii a senatoribus posi-
diademate redimitus, monocrator constitutus
esf).
This passage of the Chronicon shows that the palace,
THE MONUMENTS
Romans
the
could
themselves,
ceremonies in the
By
THE SEVENTH CENTURY
be used for state
still
half of the seventh century.
first
mean the special wing known in classical by the name of " Domitian's house " (olKia
palace
times
I
or
Ao/jLtTLavov^
Romani.
Aedes puhlicae populi
emperors, but simply as a state residence where
the
they held their levees, councils
over
sided
and gave
official
of
delivered their decisions, state,
banquets.
construction.
its
The building had never the enormous solidity
The remains
the coronation of Heraclius took It
seen.
these
1865.
in
two
the
of
in 1724,
Judging from the
occasions, there
is
hall,
finds
but also in
its
two columns
so
the
to ;
decorative details.
of giallo antico
the main
3000 scudi
made on its
this
essen-
such as walls, ceiling, roof, and windows,
parts,
Parma
and again
no doubt that in 629
throne room was well preserved, not only in
of
where
place, are still to be
was excavated by Bianchini
by Rosa
pre-
received foreign envoys,
required repairs, on account of
tial
This
used as a dwelling by
great structure had never been
of
119
the pillages of Totila, of Genseric, and of
spite of
in
IN
door,
Bianchini discovered
which stood on either side
which were sold by the Duke of
stone-cutters
a threshold
made
Perini and Macinocchi for of a block of
Greek marble
large that the high altar of the church of the Ro-
tonda has since been cut out of
it
;
fragments of the
sixteen columns of pavonazzetto supporting the entablature, with capitals
and bases exquisitely cut
in ivory-
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
120
and
marble,
coloured
two out
the
of
statues which stood in the niches.
If so
eight
much remained
of the decoration of the hall in 1724, after
mercy
at the
space
of
had been
it
lime-burners and stone-cutters for the
of
ten
colossal
centuries, the
hall
itself
may
well have
been in almost perfect condition at the time of the coronation of Heraclius.
Another Aving the
the palace, the northeast section of
of
Domus Gaiana^ which overlooks
the
Forum and
the
Sacra Via, seems to have been kept in repair and sometimes occupied by the popes, as a practical evidence of their
power
political
under the
care
About 680 one
in
an
of
officer
these
of
Rome.
This wing was put styled
officers,
a
named
cura
Palatii.
Plato, rebuilt
or repaired the long staircase which ascends from the
His son, having
Clivus Victoriae to the rooms above.
been elected pope in 705 under the name of John VII.,
Domus Gaiana
conceived the plan of making the official
residence
of
the
bishops
the
Rome, above the
of
present church of S. Maria Liberatrice (^super ecclesiam sanctae
Dei
genetricis
quae
antiqua vacatur episcopium
construere voluif).
John VII. did not as
took no interest in
his successors
to the monasteries
and strongholds
in case of necessity. astical
live to see his project carried out it,
they repaired
of the Palatine only
There were four of these
ecclesi-
establishments on the Palatine, the Ecclesia and
Monasterium
S.
Caesarii in Palatio,
first
mentioned in
THE MONUMENTS
THE SEVENTH CENTURY
IN
121
the time of Phocas, 603 a.d., but probably older, where
the images
to the public as a
monastery
the
;
power that they
of the
the
Sebastiano alia
Vigna Barberini, near the
a strongly fortified
hill,
still
Palladium,
called
represented by the church of S.
Polveriera in the of
symbol
Rome
claimed over
now
Byzantine emperors were exhibited
the
of
east corner
place where the
popes
sought refuge and protection in times of popular outbreaks
;
the Turris Cartularia built on the platform of
temple of
the
which
in
many
Jupiter
Stator,
the archives of
centuries
;
and
the
by the arch
of
church
kept for
were
Titus,
lastly the Septizonium, the great-
est
mediaeval stronghold of the Palatine, garrisoned by
the
Frangipanis under the ownership of the abbots of
the
monastery
SS.
Andreae
ad
Gregorii
et
Clivum
Scauri.
The
latest bit of evidence
occupancy of the
nal
regarding the real or nomi-
Palatine
the popes came to light
November
8,
by
1883, during the
excavation of the House of the Vestals. east
residence
episcopal
At
the north-
corner of the peristyle the remains of a modest
mediaeval dwelling were discovered, belonging to a high official
of the court of
who occupied
wise obscure,
This
942 to 946. of
the
pope's
ruins of the that
when
Marinus
official
II.,
this small
Gaiana.
pontiff, other-
the chair of St. Peter from
must have been
rooms which were
Domus
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a
It is
house was
placed
in
charge
among
the
important to notice
built, at the
beginning
^
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
122
tenth
the
of
Vestae was
Atrium
the
of
covered with a layer of rubbish
already
The columns
thick.
feet
five
pavement
the
century,
the
of
peristyle
had
been removed or knocked down from their bases, the walls
stripped
of
small tesserae
the
from their
setting.
marble
their
Around
Graeca,
George,
St.
and
still
Saba,
S.
of
the
construc-
Theodore, and of
St.
existing, as well as those of S.
Rome
Heraclius to
visit of
629
in
with another event in the history of of the City.
He made
Euplos
roof of the temple of
that
of
St.
tiles
the
This
destruction I.
which covered the
Venus and Rome,
Peter's.
connected
is
Pope Honorius
a present to
(625-640) of the gilt-bronze
to
clustered
Phocas, which have long since disappeared.
S.
The
of
we owe
hill
the Anastasis, of S. Maria in
tion of the churches of
Schola
the Palatine
colony, to which
the Byzantine
even
pavement wrenched
mosaic
the
of
and
veneering,
fact
temple was at that time in a good
removed
to be
proves state
that of
the
repair
while, on the other hand, the stripping off of the tiles
was a sure way ing.
to
promote the downfall
Specimens of these
tiles
of the build-
were seen and described
by Justus Rycq and Giacomo Grimaldi at the time of Paul v., who destroyed, nave of old
St.
For further
1606,
the
roof
and
the
Peter's.
Another famous 1
in
edifice fell at the
same time into the
particulars, see the interesting chapter
on the history
of the Palatine in Grisar's History of the Popes in the Middle Ages.
THE MONUMENTS
THE SEVENTH CENTURY
IN
123
hands of the Pope, the Curia or Senate-house, which he dedicated to St. Hadrian, a saint otherwise unknown.
The
ancient decorations of the hall, the gilt coffers of
the vaulted roof, the marble panelling of the walls, the
and the bronze door did
the pediment,
of
bas-reliefs
not suffer damage or alteration with the " Christianisation " of the building.
partly
1654,
in
Cusano and
hands
the
removed
the church of
to
St.
who
level,
doorway
of the
typical
stars
ancient
metal
of
the
feet,
A
work.
the same
temple
an aperture
filled
ornamented with the
Pope (Chigi), was added third edifice, the
Romulus, son of Maxentius, roof about
and altered the
were smaller than the
a band,
Lateran,
raised the floor
John Lateran by Alex-
ander VII., but as the folds, which about eighteen by eleven
Agostino
The bronze doors were
shape of the building.
classic
partly in 1589,
Cardinal
of
of Alfonso Sotomayor,
church to the modern
the
of
at
They disappeared
bronze
Pope Sergius
time.
from destruction
lost the
I.
to
Hereon
the of
tiles of its
saved the
dome with
by covering the
sheets of lead.^
On
July
5,
663,
Rome had
fortune of an imperial
for the last time the mis-
Constans
visit.
by a guilty conscience on account 1
See
De
Rossi, Bull, di arch,
were afterward
stolen,
up on the bare dome. found roots of
ilexes,
in the cracks of the
crist.,
and vegetation,
When and
the
1867, p. 62.
a
compelled
fratricide
The
to
sheets of lead
of considerable growth,
monument was
fig-trees,
masonry.
of
II.,
restored,
sprung
in 1879, I
four inches in diameter, wedged
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
124
wander from sanctuary
Rome
pilgrimage to
had undertaken a
to sanctuary,
in
spring of
the
that
and
year,
was met by Pope Vitalianus and the few inhabitants the
near the sixth mile-stone of
and
short
friendly
of
visit
The
Appian Way.
emperor
Christian
this
proved most disastrous to the Roman monuments seized
everything of value
sieges of Vandals, Goths,
is
of
Dyer
as
many bronze
in
left
regard to this
" In the twelve days
not exaggerated.
Constans spent at Rome," says this off
repeated
the
after
and Lombards, had been
The statement
to plunder.
robbery
which,
he
;
Avriter,
''
which
he carried
statues as he could lay hands on
and though the Pantheon seemed
;
to possess a double
claim to protection, as having been presented by Phocas to
the
and
Pope,
Christian church, legious
enough
which covered
having been
as
carry
off
the
tiles
of
a
sacri-
bronze
gilt
After perpetrating these
it.
into
mean and
Constans was
yet
to
converted
acts,
which
were, at least, as bad as robberies, and attending mass the
at
tomb
of
St.
booty to Syracuse.
Constans
Peter,
carried
His plunder ultimately
fell
off
his
into the
hands of the Saracens."
A
remarkable discovery has been made in later years
bearing on this visit of Constans to Rome. peror,
between
and
basilicas,
and
ruins.
attendants
The Em-
his acts of doubtful devotion in churches
found time to
These
visits
by scratching
visit the
pagan monuments
were recorded by one of his his
sovereign's
name on
a
;
THE MONUMENTS
THE SEVENTH CENTURY
IN
125
prominent part of every building which the party
honoured to be
with
One
presence.
its
dis-
these graffiti
of
is
found on the four-faced arch, Janus Quadrifrons,
on the right side of the archway facing the church of S.
Giorgio
in
Vehibro,
ancient
the
Forum Boarium
another on the very top of Trajan's column. Possibly more
visit of
"best of
the
every probability that the statue of
was
Princes," on the top of the column of Trajan, ried off
by
column
of
it
The
this visitor.
Marcus Aurelius
fate of the statue
also
is
was hurled down from the top
broken into pieces by the
not
known
of the
When
fall.
curi-
There
scratchings are records of plunder.
osity, these is
than mere records of a
car-
on the perhaps
;
column, and the
Marchese
Ferrajuoli rebuilt the foundations of his palace on the
south side of the Piazza Colonna, in 1868, the finger of
the
left
hand
was discovered
of
a
bronze
in the layer of
statue
monuments, such column
of
colossal
It is quite pos-
examination of the principal
as
the
size
rubbish which covers the
ancient stone pavement of the square. sible that a careful
of
Coliseum, Pantheon,
Marcus Aurelius, would lead
of other graffiti of a similar character,
Roman
and the
to the discovery
and thus, enable
us to follow, step by step, the wanderings of the last
Emperor who saw Rome Normans.
before
the
ravages
of
the
CHAPTER XI THE INCURSION OF THE SARACENS, IN 846, AND THE EXTENSION OF THE FORTIFICATIONS OF THE CITY
The
Palermo by the Saracens
conquest of
in
831
caused the reigning Pope, Gregory IV., to adopt certain measures of defence.
tion
Tiber
a
of
fort
an
as
Tlie first
was the construc-
outpost at the
mouth
of
the
another was the abandonment of the churches
;
outside the walls, in the wilderness of the Campagna, their contents
being transferred within the shelter of
the City's defences.
The founding mouth
of
ficalis.^
the
We
Gregoriopolis,
of
river,
the
at
fortress
the
described in the Liher Ponti-
is
are informed that the ancient colony and
harbour of Ostia, "stricken with age, seemed to have
been altogether destroyed " stricken
inhabitants
Gregory
is
a
new
line
still
yet there were a few fever-
;
wandering among the
ruins.
praised by the biographer as having built of
walls
with
portcullis
gates,
crowned
with powerful batteries (^petrariae)^ and protected by a deep
moat.
The account
judge from the
remains 1
is
of
greatly exaggerated, this
Gregorius, IV. 38.
126
to
Gregoriopolis which
the late the
INCURSION OF THE SARACENS, IN
846
Carlo Ludovico Visconti and
laid
erecting
on the
left
the
of
main
of
of old houses
and
street
way
nothing.
or
little
or his
up
filled
mud
walls.
also barricaded the openings of the streets
which
the doors,
They
to
the
in
two or three blocks
selected side
Ostia
at
amounts
fortifications
They simply
did
actually
bare in
What Gregory IV.
winter of 1867-1868.
representatives
I
127
windows, and shop-fronts with
ran between the blocks.
It
possible,
is
we
although
found no evidence, that the houses surrounding
this
rudimentary fort on the opposite sides of the boundary
were levelled to the ground.
streets
The Saracenic invasion main
in its
lines,
of 846
but very uncertain in
biographer of Sergius
II.
most
critical
the 10th of August, 846,
Tuscany and protector fleet of
facts, leaves off
point.
It
his de-
seems that on
Count Adalbert, Governor
of
warning that a
of Corsica, sent
seventy-three Saracenic vessels, carrying eleven
thousand nalled
The
its details.
(844-847), a contemporary, and
perhaps an eye-witness, of the scription at the
a well-known event
is
men and
making
five
the
for
hundred
mouth
had been
horses,
Tiber.
the
of
sig-
Count
Adalbert urged the Romans to place within the protection
of
the
walls the bodies
apostles, Peter
in gold
and
and Paul,
silver
of
the
princes
of
the
as well as the great treasure
which many generations of pilgrims
had deposited over defenceless basilicas
outlying
and
the Via Cornelia and of
the
their of
tombs
in
the
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
128
Via
The Romans, however, paid
Ostiensis.
warning of Adalbert, but
the
tion to
communicating the contents
selves with
the villagers and farmers of
little
atten-
satisfied
them-
of his letter to
the Campagna, that these
might assemble for the defence
Villagers
of the coast.
and farmers, likewise, treated the message with tempt
so that
;
mouth
Tiber, on the twenty-third of the month, they
the
of
the Saracens landed at the
when
con-
found Gregoriopolis abandoned, and were able to make that outpost their base of operations. straits the
In these ness, not
to
shown want had
call
the
members
Frisians,
called
much weak-
The only
inhabitants
who
courage to rush to the defence of Porto
side
nected with
as
they had previously
cowardice, as
of forethought.
sufficient
(on the
it
Romans showed
it
the
of
river
by means the
of
opposite
of a "
and the Franks, who
Burgus, between the
and
con-
wretched bridge ") were colony,
foreign
Ostia,
lived
castle
of
the
Saxons,
the
quarter
in
the
S.
Angelo and
the Vatican.
After two encounters, in which nineteen skirmishers lost
their
lives,
Porto was taken by the
the garrison put to the sword
;
August;
and
the few survivors were
pursued as far as Ponte Galera. 26th of
infidels
This happened on the
on the following day the Saracens
marched upon Rome, while stream, and took possession
their
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
free
fleet
was towed up-
and undisturbed
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; of
the basilicas of St. Peter and St. Paul outside the walls.
INCURSION OF THE SARACENS, IN I
have taken the pains to estimate Liher
the
of
Pontificalis
on
lavished
silver
the
— the
— on
weight
can reckon
I
of
silver
cens,
them
almost
for the cost
authority
gold
and
the
two
of ;
as nearly
about three tons of gold and thirty
it,
must have
— an
of
down
churches from the time of Constantine as
the
decorations
rich
129
846
hands of the Sara-
fallen into the
fabulous
which well
booty,
repaid
and trouble of their expedition.
While these depredations were going
on, the
Romans
attempted a sally in the "plains of Nero" (the Prati di
of the
The farmers
but were easily driven back.
Castello),
Campagna, supported by the
Alban and Tiburtine
hills,
successful in attacking
seem
villagers
to
have
been
and dispersing a band
near the Basilica of St. Paul.
For
from the
more
of pirates
this reason, or per-
haps because they had secured more booty than their
would
vessels
hold,
after slaughtering a
by
the
"a very great booty
number
great
many towns and
fire
invaders began their retreat,
of
of
men, destroying
strongholds, and carrying
people
and
of
all
off
things."
Their infantry and cavalry went south along the Appian
Way, while
the fleet skirted the coast as far as Gaeta.
Fleet and crews were ultimately lost in a gale off the coast of Sicily.
The most important circumstance events
is
in
this
chain of
the fate of the tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul.
There can be no doubt that the Romans despised the warning
of
K
Count Adalbert
in regard to the safety of
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
130
these tombs
gold
in
treasures
the
belonging
silver
to
both
the accounts agree in testifying that
all
;
and
Saracens seized in either place innumerahilia bona.
the
Did the people
of
Rome heed
second part of the
the
Did
admonition as regards the bodies of the apostles?
they open the sarcophagi and carry the precious contents within the City walls?
The answer the
more than doubtful.
is
first place,
was
Pope Sergius,
broken down by gout and humor
so
podagrieus that he could attend to no duties "
good
his
own
from
less
same (hrutus
stoUdus
" extremely
and
valde)^
In the second place,
account.
on both sanctuaries a
was
source, et
plan of campaign
statement
the
to
he was
;
of
His brother, Benedict, we learn
biographer.
the
passive "
according
nothing,"
for
in
the
so
dull
and
of
even
Saracens
fell
according
thunderbolt,
like
a
tliat
had been carefully matured
to
beforehand.
What easy to
this
plan of
understand.
the
four winds the
the
Would Kasbali
not their
They
first
and scatter
bones of the propliet
seems to have been followed by the our sanctuaries.
it
is
Suppose that the crusaders had
taken possession of Mecca.
have been to invade
Moslem invaders was,
A
?
the
like policy
infidels in
certainly entered
to
aim
regard to
and plundered
the treasures of the crypt " where reposed the most holy
body
of the Prince of the Apostles" (uhi sacratissimum
corpus principis apostolorum requlescit^
;
here
is
the proof
INCURSION OF THE SARACENS, IN of
it.
Leo
of
gilt
silver,
III.
846
131
had placed over the tomb a
bas-relief
representing the
Redeemer, the Virgin
The
Mary, Peter, Paul, Andrew, and Petronilla.
bas-
was stolen by the Saracens, and a copy was sub-
relief
by Leo IV.
stituted in its place
after the retreat of the
invaders.
would be impossible to discuss
It
present
all
Peter and Paul in 846.
same
;
opinion
two holy places was not
the
of
sarcophagus of
that the
St.
subterranean crypt and protected
embedded
metal that
of
St.
masonry,
in
like the
the sanctuaries of both
of
My
book
forward to prove
arguments brought
the
deny the profanation
or to
in a
is
in
that the fate
Peter, placed in a
by a case of
escaped
solid
while
rifling,
Paul, a plain marble coffin level with the
floor of the basilica,
was certainly injured or destroyed.
We
find the evidence of the fact last
life
of Benedict III.:^ Sepulclirum (^Pauli apostoli)
mentioned
in the
quod
The word
Sarraeenis destructum fuerat^ perornavit.
a
the
respects
all
destructum^ however, cannot be taken in a literal sense
the lid of
sarcophagus, with the
the
APOSTOLO mart(yiii) engraved of Constantine,
1
Chapter
II. p.
145.
is still
xxii. in
in the
in existence.
I
epitaph
;
paulo
style of the age
saw
it
on Decem-
Duchesne's edition of the Liber PontiJicaUs, Vol.
The passage
reLating to St. Peter's, in the life of
Leo
IV.,
mentions not the grave, but the altar of the Apostle as having been injured by the Saracens perdiictum.
:
beatiss. Petri altare
violatum
et
ad vilitatem
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
132 ber
1,
1891, having lowered myself from the fenestella
under the high
altar. ^
23.)
(^^ig-
The most notewortliy consequence from a topographical point
Fia. 23.
the
construction St. le
canopy of Arnolfo Mura, after the fire of 1823.
Vatican district of
two
in
the
powerful
('ity
di
Lapo
proper,
outlying
Paul's, the other at the church
these
events,
was the inclusion
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The tomb of St. Paul and the fuori le
of
of view,
of
of S.
forts,
in S.
Paolo
and the one
at
Lorenzo fuori
Mura.
The
walls
of 1
the
Civitas
Leonina,
See Pagan and Christian Rome,
or p. 157.
Burgas, are
INCURSION OF THE SARACENS, IN
and are properly considered a mas-
in existence,
still
Leo IV.
mediaeval military engineering.
terpiece of
133
846
undertook to imitate, to a certain extent, the construction of
feet thick,
and has two
The lower
gallery
within.
The
level with the battlements.
is
lower gallery were walled up in
Pope Borgia, and the gallery
the fifteenth century by
transformed into a secret passage
itself
Corridojo di
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; connecting
Castello
Vatican with the fortress of
many popes and
S.
May, 1527,
that
is
of Charles of
S.
palace
of
To
Angelo.
;
we at
a
Pope Clement VII., who this
of
passage from the hordes
for-
Angelo, becomes more simple on the
hill
natural
and
effective
no
line
which
consti-
our illustration. protected in existence
(Fig. 24.)
of
defence.
Here
galleries, save
the height of the battlements,
still
in
Leonine wall, so elaborate
the
find a plain wall with
were
this cor-
one of the most strik-
behind the church, the steep slopes of tute
the
between the Vatican and the
in the level stretch of
famous
Bourbon.
The construction tress
of
through
fled
the
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
cardinals have been indebted for
escape from death or servitude
ing instances
twelve
supported by open arcades facing
is
the
of
is
one above the other.
galleries,
The upper one
arcades
ridor
His structure
the wall of Aurelian.
as
may
the Vatican landscape.
be seen in
The most exposed angles
by round towers, two and form
a passage
of
a conspicuous
which
are
landmark in
The one represented
in
the
134
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
illustration,
which stands
the sea,
commands an unlimited view over
pagna and the
Fig. 24.
turris
at a height of 187 feet
coast,
and
the
above
Cam-
therefore described as the
is
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Tower of the wall of Leo IV., uow used as an observatory.
unde mare prospicitur
tions of the Vatican group.
in
the
It is
early
now used
representaas
an ob-
servatory for photographing the section of the heavens
which was
allotted
to
the
Holy See by the Interna-
INCURSION OF THE SARACENS, IN Astronomical
tional
used
The other tower new summer casino
Congress. ^
chapel
a
as
135
846
the
for
is
of
Leo XIII.
The
Rome were unequal
zens of
the walls
and
the
colonists
Campagna were
Two
work.
to the task of
A
the required time.
in
(^praestatio operis)
service to,
and the resources of the
pontifical treasury
was
of
upon
called
inscriptions,
now
completing
system of forced
in consequence
the
resorted
farms of
fortified
take a share
to
citi-
in
affixed to the arch
the
the
which
spans the Via Angelica, give important details of the
scheme adopted to obtain thus speedy assistance and
One
cheap labour.
says,
" In the
Pope Leo IV., the Militia
the
time of our Lord
Saltisina (a colony
the road to Ardea, fifteen miles from
Rome)
two towers, and the wall between them
"In
the
time of
our Lord
near the ruins of Veil on the S.
built these
the
other,
Pope Leo IV., the
Capracorum (a colony founded by Hadrian
Militia
of
the
;
"
on
Cornelia)
built
this
site of
the present farm
tower and the wall which
Both companies declare
with the next."
connects
it
that they
worked under the direction
who was probably
I.
of a certain
Agatho,
the chief engineer of the Leonine wall.
In 880 John VIII. did
for
St.
Paul's without
the
Walls what Leo IV. had done thirty years before for St.
Peter's,
1
This work
am
but is
with this
difference,
that while
entrusted mostly to Cavaliere Mannucci, to
indebted for the illustration.
the
whom
I
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
136
Burgus was included proper, the astery
Ostiensis with
Basilica
and
and became a part
in
remained
hospices
its
of the
adjoining mon-
detached
a
City
fort,
con-
nected with the City only by means of a colonnade a
The stronghold
mile long.
to be seen above
A
founder.
its
the
same
time
Lorenzo
S.
ground
is
now
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; was named Johannipolis after
the
for
fact,
le
protection
No
Mura.
The
of
the basilica of
document
historical
but we possess a drawing of Martin
Heemskerk which shows the about 1534.^
which no trace
second detached fort was built about
fuori
mentions the
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; of
fact
of
state
the stronghold
that two inhabited centres
of
the Campagna, Saltisinum and Capracorum, could fur-
soldier-workmen
nish a strong contingent of
for
the
defence of the Capital, seems to prove that a few fortified
farms
Saracens. selves,
did I
escape
may add
from
the
depredation of
the
that some of the Saracens them-
namely, the prisoners taken at
St.
Paul's and
on the road to Gaeta, were compelled to take a share in the work, the fact being recorded in an inscription.^
The extent
of the zone
plundered in the fearful
visita-
tion of 846 can be determined with the help of the of churches
which Leo IV. had
implements and vestments. ings, however, at least I
list
to refurnish with sacred
None
of
the church build-
seem to have been materially damaged
have not been able to find in the Liber Pon-
1
Reproduced
2
De
in
Ruins and Excavations^
Fig. 35.
Rossi, Inscriptiones Christianae urhis
Romae, Vol.
11. p.
347.
INCURSION OF THE SARACENS, IN
any mention
tifiealis
repaired
roofs,
Leo IV. or
of
having
his successors
The
windows, or doors.
walls,
137
846
of
list
plundered churches comprises those of Silva Candida, Ostia and Porto.
of the delta of the Tiber, of
I
must
record especially that of S. Cyriacus on the Via Osti-
because
ensis,
remains
that
it
was
just in the
Signor
Rocchi
Pietro
twenty-five years ago
neighbourhood of
traces
some
discovered
one of
of
the
its
Saracenic
camps, consisting mainly of daggers and poniards with
curved blades of Oriental make.
Other churches are
mentioned on the Tusculan and Alban
hills
(Frascati,
Morena, Massa Maruli), and along the Via Appia as Terracina and Fondi.
Important, above
far
as
the
mention of the church of SS. Cosmas and Dami-
anus (S. Cosimato) near Subiaco, because Saracens carried
the
their
devastation
it
as
is
all,
shows that far
as
the
upper valley of the Anio, and into the very heart of the Simbruine Mountains.
We
find a survival
day in the village
this incursion at the present
of Saracinesco^
on a conical
nest
from
and
almost
perched like an eagle's inaccessible
peak
at
a
height of 2500 feet above the sea, and of 1350 feet
above
Cosimato.
S.
party, having been
finding
There cut off
is
no doubt that a foraging
from the main body, and
a retreat impossible, took
shelter
among
these
rocky precipices, and that afterwards they were allowed to
the
form a settlement and cross
for
the
live
crescent.
in peace
Some
of
by substituting the
inhabitants.
138
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
who come
to
resque their
Rome
every winter clad in their pictu-
costumes as
Arabic
Elmansour
is
painters'
names,
like
also the
name
hood
of the village.
fore,
our valley of
From the
models, have
El-Mansour
(Almansorre).
of a cave in the neighbourthis point of view, there-
Anio forms a counterpart
the Saas-Thal in the Valaisan Alps, the
peaks of
which
still
preserved
preserve
their
villages
Saracenic
of
and
names
(Monte Moro, AUalin, Mischabel, Alphubel, Almagell, Balferin, etc.),
from the invasion of 927.
CHAPTER
XII
THE FLOOD OF
On
January
6,
856
when Benedict
856,
III.
was pope, the
Tiber rose violently, broke through the embankments,
and flooded the lower quarters depth of several ficalis
According
feet.
the
City
to
the
to the Liher Ponti-
the waters reached the highest step of the stairs
of St. Dionysius, near the present in Capite,
and the architrave
Via Lata.
in
of
Houses
S. Silvestro
of the door of
or were
fell
church of
S.
Maria
washed away by the
men and way down
hundred, trees were uprooted,
cattle
and crops destroyed,
the river from
Rome to the sea. What damage was
all
the
in this instance
monuments we do not know
;
drowned,
done to the
classic
but the records show that
during the Middle Ages there were several destructive inundations of the Tiber, and they are described with
an almost stereotyped formula in the Liher Pontijicalis.
The formula runs thus
On
:
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
such an hour, on such a day of such a year,^ the
waters broke through the posterula of St. Agatha, and 1
Hora
diet
X. for the inundation of October
Pontificalis^ Vol. II. p. 145, chap, xxiii.
139
30, 860.
See Liher
140
DESTRUCTIOI:^ OF ANCIENT
rushing over the waste
fiekls
of
the
ROME Campus
Martius,
followed the line of the Via Flaminia (the modern Corso) to the foot of the Capitoline hill this obstacle,
;
then, pushed back
they followed the line of the Pallacinae,
Such a description would not be applied rising of the waters,
FiG.
2.J.
;
etc.
to a gentle
which quietly spread over the low-
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The FoiLuu lUxnied by the Tiber â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 1898.
lying districts, giving time to the citizens to save
and property
by
we have
life
here rather a sudden outburst,
produced by the breaking away
of
an obstacle, whether
a levee, or an embankment, or a wall.
In the inundation
must have been
in the line of the
of 856 the obstacle
THE FLOOD OF walls of 'Aurelian
bank
and Honorius, which followed the
dm
mansitavit,
the
Ponte
by the
present
Ponte Margherita, to
There were two or three
Sisto.
left
Turris uhi umbra Neronis
the river from the
of
141
856
gaps in
the wall, called posterulae^ which served to give access the
to
bank. the
ferries
The
and
to
posterula
the of
inundations broke,
gaps, and
mooring stations along the St.
Agatha,
was the
through which
northernmost of
consequently the most exposed of
all;
the
any
temporary obstruction of the water here would be apt to give
Even quent. at
the
way in
first
modern times
Our
illustration
time
inundation
under the pressure
in
of
a
1557
Aemilius (Fig. 44).
floods
of the flood.
have been not infre-
shows the Forum under water
freshet
carried
(Fig.
25).
away part
A of
destructive the
Pons
CHAPTER
XIII
THE ROME OF THE EINSIEDLEN ITINERARY
The name summary
a
Rome
description of
century, which tions,
been
Einsiedlen Itinerary has
mostly of
dating from the ninth
appended to a collection
is
Roman
given to
of inscrip-
volume
origin, in a manuscript
now
formerly in the library of the Abbey of Pfeffers, in that of Einsiedeln, in Switzerland.
The volume has
been examined and illustrated in
minutest details
by Haenel, Jordan, De
its
Our
and myself.^
Rossi,
researches have proved that the Itinerary was
the
of
legends
of
map
a
Rome
of
the
of
joint
made up time
The
Charlemagne, prepared for the use of pilgrims. legends, therefore, are itineraries,
or
routes,
religious attraction.
of
arranged so as to form eleven
between
The
list
is
the
main
as follows
centres
of
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
:
Route I.
From
the Aeliaii Bridge to the Esquiline, by S. Lucia in
Selce. II.
1
From
the Aelian Bridge to the Porta Salaria.
Haenel, in Archiv fiir Philologie und Pixdagogik^ Vol. V.
pp. 115-138; Jordan, Topographic von Inscr. Christ., Vol. II. pp. 9 et seq. e
;
Bom,
Vol.
II.
p.
329;
De
(1837) Rossi,
Lanciani, V Itinerario di Einsiedlen
V Ordo di Benedetto Canonico, Rome, 142
1891.
THE ROME OF THE EINSIEDLEN ITINERARY III.
From
143
Bridge to the Porta Asinaria (now
the Aelian
S.
Giovanni).
IV.
From
the Aelian Bridge to
V.
From
the Porta
VI.
From
the Porta Flaminia (now Porta del Popolo) to the
St.
Nomentana
Paul's without the Walls.
to the
Forum Romanum.
Capitol (Via di Marforio).
VII.
From
the Porta Tiburtina (S. Lorenzo) to the Subura by
the Esquiline gate of Servius
VIII.
From
;
and again
the Porta Tiburtina to the Subura by the Viminal
gate of Servius.
IX.
From
the Porta Aurelia (S. Pancrazio) to the Porta Prae-
nestina
X.
From
(now Porta Maggiore).
the Circus
Maximus
to the Porta Metroni, across the
Caelian Hill.
XI.
From
the Porta Appia
(now Porta
di S. Sebastiano) to the
Schola Graeca (Bocca della Verita).
The Ninth Route, from west to east, marks what camp surveyors would call the decumanus maior ; Third, from north
to
south,
the the
approximately, gives
the line of a cardo^ at right angles with
it
;
us
the others
are designed to illustrate the four quarters formed
the intersection of the cardo and the decumanus.
author of first,
to
the
document had two purposes
show the pilgrims
to
their
another, from the grave of one martyr
another
;
and secondly,
conspicuous
edifices,
to point out to
The view
in
way from one
by
basilica
to that
of
them the most
profane as well as sacred, which
they would see on the right or on the
left
of
their
:
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
144
The map used bj the compiler of the Itinerary oldest of which we have knowledge, after those
path. is
the
which served
of the time of Constantine,
I
believe
to be a revised
it
some
map, because
stantinian
distinctly classical
drianum)
Vicus
(as,
edition
of
the
names
the
of
in
Con-
are
so
Minervium, Ha-
Patricii,
much
betray a
as to
com-
and of the Curiosum Urhis ;
pilation of the Notitia fact,
for the
origin than the
earlier
time of Charlemagne.
The
City
the
which the pilgrim
streets along
exactly
are
those
change had yet taken
pavement
their
of blocks
of
imperial
of
place
is
their
in
led through
Roma;
direction,
worn by
basalt,
age,
no
and
was
not yet covered with a layer of rubbish or with sand
from the inundations of the Tiber. course, in general
deviation
of
;
for there
obstacles placed
speaking, of
order to avoid
in
line,
way by
the
in
am
more than one instance
is
from a straight
I
downfall of some
the
great building of the Republic or of the Empire.
A
conception of the importance of this document, as
throwing light on the state of the Roman monuments
may
in the ninth century,
Routes,
the to
the
City.
which takes us from
Esquiline,
The
be gained from the
directly
edifices
are
through
grouped
those on the right of the path, the
N
S(inistra)
;
The
text says
:
left,
itself.
I
IN
Aelian
the
the in
heart
three
D{extra)\
first
of
Bridge of
the
columns those on
and those crossed by the path
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
THE ROME OF THE EINSIEDLEN ITINERARY
FROM THE GATE OF
PETER TO THE CHURCH OF
LUCIA IN ORTHEA
S.
On
ST.
On
Right
the
145
The church
The Circus Flaminius.
the Left
of S. Laurentius in
Damaso.
The
The Rotunda.
theatre
of
The
Pompey.
Cypress.
The thermae
of
The church
Commodus.
of St. Lawrence.
The
Capitol.
The Forum
of Trajan
and
its
The church
column.
is
The Arch
of S. Sergius,
of Septimius Severus.
The equestrian
The Tiber. The church
where
the Umbilicus Romae.
of St. Hadrian.
statue
of
Con-
stantine.
The Forum Roraanum. The church
of St. Agatha.
Subura.
The thermae
The church
of Constantine.
of S.
Pudens in Vico
Patricii.
The church Longo,
of S. Vitalis in Vico
where
the
The church
of S. Laurentius in
Formoso.
Back again by the
beautiful
Subura.
horses are.
The church Vico
of S.
Euphemia
in
The thermae
of
ad Vin-
cula.
Patricii.
The gate
of Trajan
St.
Peter, from which
we
start,
is
the
gate of the Aurelian wall, which opened at the left or Cistiberine entrance to the Aelian Bridge, on of the present Piazza di
name
of
Procopius
Ponte
S.
Angelo.
the
site
Its classical
Porta Aurelia (nova) had since the time of (^Goth.
I.
19)
been superseded by that of
Peter, ''the chief of the apostles."
We
now
enter the
"
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
146
Via del Banco
di
and Via del Pellegrino,
Roman
mains of
Via
Spirito,
S.
Banchi Vecchi,
dei
ancient as shown by the re-
all
pavement which are constantly
basaltic
discovered under the modern pavement at a depth vary-
ing from ten
fifteen
to
out on the left are
:
wrongly applied
the
;
buildings
Stadium, where
the
Piazza Navona, to which the is
The
feet.
name
pointed
now
of Circus
is
the
Flaminius
Rotunda, or Pantheon
;
the
Thermae Commodianae, probably
the Baths of Agrippa
by Commodus.
on the right are the
restored
First
Library and archives of the Church of Rome, founded
by Pope Damasus of
(Stabula Factionis Prasinae,
charioteers
tius in
in the barracks of the green squadron
and the theatre
Prasino);
S.
Lauren-
Pompey, the
of
re-
mains of which occupy the space between the Piazza di
Campo
We
di Fiori
not sure what
are
which
(^Cupressus)^ of
and the Via Argentina.
meant by " the Cypress
in our itinerary follows the
Pompey's theatre.
quarters, derived
is
from a
Names
of
streets,
solitarj^ tree
or
mention even of
growing conspicu-
ously in a wilderness of ruins, are not infrequent in
Our Ninth Ward (Rione)
Rome. della
Piazza zetta
Pigna, dell'
del
''
Pine-tree
Olmo,
Fico,
Ward "
" Elm-tree
" Fig-tree "
;
a
;
is
actually
we
have
called also
a
Square,"
and a
Via
Arancio, etc.
may
dell'
Piaz-
be adopted by the
Yet, while
such designations
populace,
seems hardly credible that they should have
it
been registered in such a document as the Itinerary^
THE ROME OF THE EINSIEDLEN ITINERARY and put down
147
most important
as indicating one of tlie
landmarks of the City.
Resuming our journey toward the Forum, we enter the Via delle Botteghe Oscure, skirting the east side of
Flaminius (the
Circus
the
by that
church of
the
of
among and above
built
Marco
or
site
Pallacinae,
S.
which
Laurentius
is
Via
lastly the
named Clivus Argentarius
antiquity,
in
Prothi in the Middle Ages.
The
indicated Pensilis,
in
ruins), then the
its
and
of
di
Via
di S.
Marforio,
and
Ascesa
Itinerary mentions
the Capitoline hill and the church of
SS. Sergius and
Forum and the column of Trajan on the right. Entering the Forum Romanum by the arch of Septimius Severus, we turn at once to the Bacchus on the
left,
the
and following the succession
left,
della Croce Bianca, de'
Lucia
of short streets.
Via
Monti, Leonina, and Via di
S.
corresponding to the Argiletum, Subura,
in Selce,
and to the Clivus Suburanus, we reach the end of the journey at the Esquiline gate, in the neighbourhood of
known under
the church of S. Lucia in Orthea, better the
name
Lucia in Selce.
of S.
Nine points of
interest
are
namely, the Senate-house dedicated to
Pope
Honorius
called dei
SS.
Agatha, the
group hill
of
the
borrowed
I.,
church
the
Quirico
e
on
recorded
Giolitta
of ;
S.
the
St.
the
left,
Hadrian by
Cyriacus,
church of
now St.
Baths of Constantine, and the beautiful Horse-tamers, from which the its
Quirinal
popular name of Monte Cavallo; and
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
148
Longus (Via (Via
churches are
which
was
only
Basilica
new
the
of
S.
All
in
V. in
these
On
Baths
Though
streets
edifices
and
Trajan
of
Vincoli.
modern
Panisperna
two
right
the
while
1587,
between the
street
the
Pietro
true that the
is
Gesu).
Sixtus
Maggiore.
mentioned,
are
by
destroyed
Maria
S.
Bambino
del
Patricii
extant except that of S. Euphemia,
still
cutting open
and
Lorenzo in Panisperna,
Euphemia on the Vicus
S.
Via
Urbana,
on the Vicus
Vitalis
S.
di S. Vitale), of S.
Pudens, and of
of
it
churches of
four
the
lastly,
the
general
in
mentioned above, dei
Banchi, del Pellegrino, delle Botteghe Oscure,
etc.,
follow
the lines of ancient thoroughfares, the statement must
not
be
accepted
too
literally.
There
the right or to the
slight deviation to
is
usually
a
in conse-
left,
quence of which the old pavements of basalt have come to
light,
modern
as
a
streets,
rule,
under the houses wliich flank the
ratlier
under
than
the
them-
streets
selves.
The importance
this precious
of the other section of
document, in wliich are transcribed some of the monumental inscriptions of the City, of
that
containing the Itinerary.
such
Nazzareno, of
as
the
the
of
do not refer to
I
Claudius
arch of
obelisk
almost as great as
which are
inscriptions from the edifices ence,
is
the
those
from
buildings
which
in
the
Vatican,
Trajan, and the arch of Septimius
have
in
still
the
exist-
Via del column
Severus, but to
partly
or
wholly
c3
O &(
o
a o P5
O
ITS
.2
^
CD
a o Ph ID
Si
H
THE ROME OF THE EINSIEDLEN ITINERARY Following the order of
disappeared.
we
monument
find the first
by Totila and
1798,
in
the
of
the
river Anio, broken
the
mausoleum
Hadrian,
of
the
of
of
St.
Peter's.
the triumphal arch
and Theodosius, which stood by
of Arcadius, Honorius, S.
the
of
marbles for the
Cappella Gregoriana in
The document mentions furthermore church of
epitaphs
destroyed in July, 1579, by Pope
epitaphs were
decoration of the
the
second century buried within.
the
of
Gregory XIII., who made use
the
by which
order are inscriptions from the square base
in
great emperors
The
to be the bridge
1867 (Fig. 26).
soldiers in
Next
in 544,
for
the manuscript
down again by the Neapolitan army third time by the Pope's own
the Via Salaria crossed first
151
Orso at the entrance of the bridge
Nero (Pons Neronianus or Vaticanus); that of Gra-
tian, Valentinian,
church of
and Theodosius, which stood by the
Celso
S.
in
Banchi, destroyed toward the
end of the fifteenth century
by Titus
was
find
rebuilt
the
in
Navicella
of
fifth
the
Capitis
SS. Quattro (Tabernola);
C.
we
an arch built
Circus Maximus,
the
Nymphaeum, which by
Flavins
Phi-
corner of the Via
Africae)
and Via
possess a drawing of
Peruzzi.^ I.
a
century
City, at
(Vicus
made about 1500 by
to
also
the
1
lastly
not known.
is
reference
a
lippus, prefect
della
and
the curved end of
at
the fate of which
We
;
The monumental
L. VI. 1728 a.
dei it,
in-
2
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
152
market
scriptions of the in
place
(macelluTri) of Livia
they were afterwards made
;
of
Maria
Trastevere,
in
pavement
The Baths
two
miles
which they came
of
the
of
including
churches,
various
restoration
still
in
the
of
that
distant,^
of
from
S.
the
to light again in 1868.
Akarii,
Julii
use
were
which,
according
to
another document of the Einsiedlen manuscript, stood Bartolomeo, are
near the
island
known.
The Septizonium
of
S.
at the
un-
otherwise
south corner of the
Palatine hill seems already to have fallen into a ruin-
The inscription on the frieze of lower colonnade numbered originally 280 letters, ous condition.
which 118 could be copied by the Einsiedlen on the extreme
Maximus, and 45 nianus (^Cod.
of the building
left
117
which
were
respectively
fifths
not
far
two ends
called
As
and Septem Solia Minor. building was
toward the Circus
There was consequently a gap
between the
letters
scribe,
25) on the extreme right toward
the arch of Constantine. of
of
by the anonymous Barberi-
letters
XXX.
the
Septem
the total
the
of
Solia
Maior
length of the
hundred
from three
ruins,
feet,
two-
had seemingly collapsed before or about the time
of Charlemagne.
Another
inscription
way
rather confused
and Honorius
to
the
of
the
collection
to the repairs
theatre
of
1
a
2
Buins and Excavations^
I.
L.
VL
refers
in
a
made by Arcadius
Pompey, which had
1178. p. 183.
THE ROME OF THE EINSIEDLEN ITINERARY The Forum
been half -ruined by an earthquake. ^
Trajan and the Baths of Diocletian
monumental
of their
ment
of
The pave-
Sacra Via, of
the
the Vicus Tuscus, and of the Argiletum was
from any accumulation
of
rubbish,
compiler
of
the
fact
the
that
of
retained some
still
inscriptions in place.
Forum Romanum,
the
of
153
still
clear
shown by the
as
could
collection
copy
the inscription of the Caballus Constantini, and others
almost level with the pavement
monuments on the Capitoline
several
remains
siderable
Tiber. 2 the
lonesome
there,
before,
roads
the eye
by some
the
fell
Janiculum,
and
of
the the
and posterns
C.
I.
and
walls
conthe
of
many tombs along Campagna still retained
that
of
frauds
the
that,
here
of
customs of
such
as
the
millers
of
the
City,
the
officers
stationed
at
the walls of Arcadius and
Honorius.^ 1
also
on an edict issued, centuries
prefect
against
gates
embankment
finally,
of
Hill,
and marble decorations, and
regulations
the
the
of
appears,
It
their epitaphs
and
He saw
itself.
L. VI. 1191.
2
Ihid., 472, 562, 773, 916, 1014, 1472, 1708.
3
Ibid., 1711, 1016, c.
CHAPTER XIV THE USURPERS OF THE HOLY OF
The two
SEE,
AND THE SACK
1084
between the pontificate of John
centuries
VIII. (872-882) and that of Gregory VII. (1073-1085) witnessed
the
deepest
mediaeval Rome.
degradation
As we
in
history
the
of
follow the chain of events,
roughly described in contemporary chronicles, we are often reminded of the time of the " thirty tyrants " in the third century of the Empire, the comparison being
always in favour of these
We
last.
read of pontificates lasting only weeks or even
days, as that of Boniface VI., which extended over
teen days; of Theodore days, and of
Peter
for
who was Pope for twenty who filled the chair of St.
II.,
Benedict V.,
days.
sixty-three
fif-
popes in two hundred years,
There
were
forty-nine
and the succession was
determined, not by established usage, but by the prevalence for the
moment
were elected in
of one or another faction.
direct
canon law, as Marinus 896), and
opposition I.
of
the
statutes
of
(882-884), Formosus (891-
John X. (914-928)
by an open purchase
to
Popes
;
votes, 154
elections
as
that
were secured of
Benedict
THE USURPERS OF THE HOLY SEE VIII.
there was a double and even a triple election,
;^
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; that
of Sergius
and John IX.
III.
Benedict IX., Sylvester
of
155
III.,
and that
in 898,
and Gregory VI. in
1045.
The supreme pontiff might be thrown into prison by his own attendants, as was Leo V., in 903, after reigning only 40 days
usurpers might in turn be ex-
;
pelled and shut up in a monastery, as Christopher
904;
in
pope might
a
with pillows, or
suffocated
Stephen
be
Leo
VI.,
strangled with a rope,
stabbed
Christopher
V.,
was
the
to
or
heart,
as
John X., John
I.,
XII., Benedict VI. ;2 or chased from the chair of St.
Romanus
Peter, as
The grave
was.
pope might
a
of
be violated for the sake of the richly embroidered vest-
ments
tomb
which the body had been buried,
in
Hadrian
of
body
case the
III.,
itself
as
was the
885;^
at Nonantola, in
in
was exhumed from before the high
altar, slashed in the face
and hands, mutilated, dragged and thrown into the
on the
floor of St. Peter's,
such a
lot befell the corpse of
Formosus
river,
1021-1024.
at 1000 to 2000
The sum spent on
ch.
pod. 3
II.
Rossi, Inscr. Christ. Vol.
10
Lib. Pont. Vol.
;
43
;
II. p.
II. p.
variously stated
is
at Pavia.
235, n.
215; Auxilius, Defens. Formos.
1,
p. 248, n. 18
Martinus Polonus in Lib. Pont. Vol.
Lib. Pont. Vol.
still
pp. 270, 275.
De
III.
occasion
pounds of Papienses, or gold denarii coined
See Lib. Pont. Vol. 2
this
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
in 896.*
Sepulchral inscriptions of popes in this period are 1
one
II. p.
*"Ann. Alamann." Auxilius und Vulgarius,
;
Lintprand, Auta-
II. p.
240.
225, n. 3.
in 3Ion. p. 95,
Germ. Scr. Vol.
I.
p.
53;
Dummler,
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT HOME
156
extant in which their predecessors are called " wolves "
The sacred
and "unclean." 2
office
was
^
mercy
at the
an unspeakable Theodora vestararia and a Marotia
of
Patricians,
senatrix.^
George
like
and
Aventinensis
Gregory the Nomenclator,* were blinded, mutilated, and dragged from church to church.
by being stripped
There were
Superista.^
the castle of
to
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; often
robberies,
fires,
which the moral sense of men
XI. (931-936)
only fair to remember that
is
Europe this
fact
that the
registered in
character,
we now and then
But
whose
virtue,
The whole
alone.
find
the it
shocking state of
dark days was corrupt
in those
period,
this
Rome
did not prevail in
affairs
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
successful
Liher Pontificalls in words that are unquotable. is
on
fights in the streets, attacks
was blunted may be inferred from the paternity of John
of the
blood ran, like Maria
Angelo, appeals
St.
The extent
murders.
the
till
invaders, famine, pestilence,
foreign
to
garments in the face
of their
populace and scourged
Matrons were punished
a
even in
yet,
;
of
pope of
noble
wisdom, and sanctity are
in
striking contrast with the tendencies of the age.
To what
vicissitudes the remains of ancient
subject in the tenth century
it
is
easier to imagine than
1
De
2
Ihid. p. 215,
^
Chronicon of Benedict of Soracte^ ad a. 928. Mon. Germ. Scr. Lang. p. 483 Ann. Fuld. ad
*
RosF-.i,
Inscr. Christ. Vol. II. p. 212.
and Lib. Pont. Vol.
II. p.
;
Defens. Formos. ch. s
Rome were
Mon. Germ.
4.
Scr.
Lang.
p. 483,
258, n. 4.
a.
882
;
Auxilius,
THE USURPERS OF THE HOLY SEE
Amidst general disorder and the
to set forth in detail. strifes of
contending factions, they became the prey of
any one who had the power to
own
for his
Some
purposes.
formed into strongholds
ground
prevent
to
A
faction.
157
;
their
them and use them
seize
great buildings were trans-
others
were levelled to the
occupation
by the opposite
few were occupied by the lowest orders
tradespeople
;
thus the
of
Forum Transitorium was taken
possession of by the butchers, the Basilica Julia by the
rope-makers, the Crypta Balbi by the candle-makers, and the Circus Flaminius by the lime-burners.
There was a decline in the number of pilgrims
to
the
1045,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; had
double election as
of
of
knowledge
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
extended
so
Sylvester
both these popes were
regard
in
far
and
that,
Gregory,
illiterate,
third
a
was named who could help them celebrate the
pontiff
holy
Lack
City.
and writing
reading
after in
Holy
the
iting
vis-
offices.^
The
falling off in the
in the shrinkage of the
number ''
of pilgrims
was manifest
Pilgrim's Pence," the principal
item in the revenue of the Holy See.
This was due to
the insecurity of travel not only in the Campagna, but also in the rest of Italy
and
were regular bands
highwaymen, organized
of
the pilgrims and rob
them
There
in the Alpine passes. to
waylay
of the pence that they
expecting to offer to the " great beggar," as
were
Rome was
Especially for pilgrims from the northern side
called. 1
See Mon. Germ. Scr. Lang. Vol. VI.
p.
358 ad
a.
1044.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
158
journey to the " seat of
Alps the
the
of
tles" involved risks and sufferings which
An
credible.
the
Apos-
now seem
in-
inscription formerly in the parish church
Bourg-St. -Pierre, in the Val d'Entremont, recorded
of
the
murders committed by a band
St.
Bernard Pass.
neto,
973,
These were the Moors
who for more than half a commanded the passes of
acting
from
heavy ransoms
grims.
of
Frassi-
century, from
90G to
western Alps, ex-
the
travellers,
especially
In 940 they crossed the St. Bernard and
on the rich monastery of Valley.
pilfell
Maurice in the Rhone
St.
In 973, a distinguished pilgrim, Maiolus, abbot
Cluny, was taken at
of
Saracens in the
of
bridge
tlie
sum
compelled to pay a large
of
Orsieres,
gold
in
to
save
and his
life.
The outlaws
of the
Campagna
Moors
cruelty with the
of
the popes of a later age evil,
as
regards
the
vied in rapacity and
Frassineto
;
and, although
succeeded in extirpating the
existence
of
regularly
bands, yet the lonely roads converging to
not until recently been quite secure.
saw
(at least, I
cross site
on the the
it
left
the spot where a
murdered
Toward
Rome have exists still
a few years ago) a modest
bank
of the ancient
Sepoltura
so-called
There
organized
di
wooden
Via Clodia, oppo-
Nerone, which
marks
young female pilgrim was atrociously
in 1827.^
the
beginning of 1
Shown
this
troubled
in Fig. 17, p. 93.
period the
THE SACK OF loss of
159
1084
revenue from the contributions of pilgrims was
temporarily offset by an increase from an unexpected
In the pontificate of Stephen VI. (896-897),
source.
the venerable basilica of St. John Lateran
Negli-
fell in.
gently built, with spoils from earlier edifices, as were the other churches of the time of Constantine,
it
The
long since begun to show signs of decay.
had
walls
nave rested on columns of various kinds of marble,
of the
differing in height
and strength.
These, yielding under
the roof, bulged outward
the pressure of
far that
so
the ends of the beams of the roof-trusses came out of
and the building
their sockets,
In the basilica
collapsed.
were untold treasures accumulated in the course of centuries
;
as Gains
Marius stole from the smouldering ruins
of the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol (83 B.C.) several
thousand pounds of gold, and Julius Caesar gathered large
money from the demolition near the Forum Holitorium, so
sums
of Pietas,
of
the Apostolic
of
treasures, all
its
See
bore from
the
of the
temple
the ''usurpers
basilica
all
its
furniture of gold and silver, and
all
the utensils."
The chastisement
that
followed those evil days was
sweeping, and introduced a the history of the papacy of the fate
is
new
era, at least so far
concerned
;
as
and the fortunes
papacy were always closely connected with the
of the
City.
Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia,
arrived in sight of the walls of Rome,
May
24, 1084,
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
160
and established
his
ducts, probably on
camp among
the ruins of the aque-
the same spot
Fiscale, fourth mile-stone of the
Goths had encamped
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; by
the Torre
Via Latina
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; where the The Romans
years before.
5-17
del
displayed more courage than might have been expected.
Abandoned by welcomed
the
Emperor Henry
a liberator
as
knowing what they had
Normans
and
Saracens,
Hildebrand, had
on
entered
the
whom
only a few days to expect at the
whom Gregory
summoned unequal
IV.,
they had
previously,
hands of the VII.,
Pope
to his rescue, they pluckily '
There
fight.
were
traitors
among them, however, chief of whom was the consul Cencio Frangipane. At daybreak of May 28 the Normans and their infidel allies effected a double entrance by the Porta Flaminia (now Porta del Popolo) and the Porta Tiburtina (now Porta di S. Lorenzo) fighting their way through the eastern quarter of the city, they ;
succeeded in releasing the Pope from the Castle of
Angelo, and conducted him amid the Lateran.
The whole
of the
fire
and carnage
Campus Martius and
St.
to of
the Caelian hill was devastated by the flames, and the
unhappy City became the scene
of horrors, in compari-
son with wliich the sack of the Vandals seems merciful.
On
the third day the citizens tried to rise once more
against their foes, but the attempt was stifled in blood
and
fire.
The
scene
is
well pictured by Gregorovius.
"
When
both flames and the tumult of battle had subsided," says
;
THE SACK OF the learned author of a heap
lay
Rome
161
1084
in the Middle Ages^^ "
Rome
smoking ashes before Gregory's eyes
of
burnt churches, streets in
dead
the
ruins,
bodies
The
Romans, formed a thousand accusers against him.
Pope must have averted
his eyes as the
of
Romans, bound
with cords, were led in troops into their camp by Sara-
Noble women, men calling themselves senators,
cens.
and youths were openly sold
children,
slavery;
like cattle into
and among them the imperial
others,
were carried as prisoners of
state to
Calabria.
prefect,
Goths
and Vandals, nevertheless, had been more fortunate than were the Normans, since Goths and Vandals had found
Rome the
of
filled
with inexhaustible wealth, while the plunder
Moslems
the
in
service
of
the duke could
no
longer have been comparable to that which their predecessors had ravished from St. Peter's 230 years before.
The
was now
city
terribly impoverished,
churches were devoid of ornament. stood in the ruinous
str,eets
Mutilated statues
or lay in the dust amid the
baths and temples.
relics of
and even the
Hideous images of saints
remained here and there in the
basilicas,
which were
already falling into decay, and attracted the spoiler by the gold which
The
votaries.
for
a
some days
was possibly
still
affixed
to
them by
brutal fury of the victors satisfied itself in
robbery and murder, until the Romans,
sword and a cord round their necks, threw them-
selves
at
the feet of the duke. 1
M
The grim conqueror
Mrs. Hamilton's translation, Vol. IV. p. 246.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
162
compassion, but he
felt
could
make good
not
their
losses."
Even
after the lapse of so
Rome
find in
many
as a
still
whole has never recovered from
the state of desolation to which
was reduced
it
The few roads which
27).
we can
traces of this Norman-Saracenic invasion.
The Caelian quarter (Fig.
centuries,
traverse
1084
in
this
silent
region are practically the same as those through which
Gregory VII. had been hurried from the
Angelo
to the Lateran
layer
the
of
only their present level
;
from
debris
castle
the
burnt
is
of
higher,
having
edifices
We
considerabl}^ raised the level of the whole district.
have evidence of
this in the
of S. Clemente,
The lower church shows
one above the other. of
two churches
the level
the city before, and the upper that after, the
The
S.
fire.
reconstruction of S. Clemente was undertaken, after
the withdrawal of Robert Guiscard, by Cardinal Anastasius,
tion
who
of
the
died in 1126 or 1128, leaving the
work
Cardinal
to
Pietro
comple-
This
Pisano.
information has lately been obtained from the epitaph of Cardinal
Pisano, which was
accidentally discovered
new house
in tlie foundations of a
in
Via Arenula.
The
marble slab on which this inscription was cut appears to have been divided
known
date, to
up into small squares,
and the
an un-
pave a room in a house two miles dis-
tant from S. Clemente. of thirteen feet
at
There
is
a difference in level
and seven inches between the
later church.
earlier
13
o 03
a
o o
O
THE SACK OF The
another
of
fate
stroyed by the same
somewhat
church was rebuilt by Paschal
dently rolled
down
the
We
area.
learn from the
extant, that he
II., still
had
fire
evi-
occupies only a small portion of
it
Paschal
1111 on the same
the slopes of the knoll on which the
building stood, but original
II. in
This
different.
reason that the debris of the
level, for the
the
Quattro Coronati, de-
SS.
fire, is
on
building
ecclesiastical
the church of the
Caelian,
165
1084
inscription
of
made excavations under
the marble floor in search of some holy relics: iussit
fuerat
et invenit
ex proconesso
comhustum
quod prius
sub altar e
cavare
duas concas quibus
in
unam
Pope
churches of of S. of S.
S.
is
due
porpTiireticam
erant recondita 'sacra
The work was not completed the same
confr actum
et
till
the
also
January
Maria in Monticelli, of
S.
Romanum
Pantaleo
ai
To
1116.
7,
of
the
(1110),
Monti (1113),
Salvatore in Primicerio (1113), and of a chapel
near the Porta Flaminia, erected to scare away of Nero,
by which
it
was believed that belated
were pursued on entering the
Much fire
tlie
ghost
travellers
city.
has been written in regard to the extent of the
damage done and
corpora.
reconstruction
Adriano in the Forum
aliam
et
to the
of 1081.
It
pagan monuments by the pillage
must have been
great, especially
in the region of the Caelian, of the Oppian,
and
of the
valley which runs between these hills in the direction of
the Lateran.
The
old Porta Asinaria was named, after
the catastrophe, the Porta Perusta, or the
*'
burnt gate."
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
166
decay of the City,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
abandonment
In
fact, the final
of
the okl level of streets and squares (Fig. 28), the
disappearance of the remains of private houses, and even
some public
of
The
gration.
now
edifices,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; dates
from
this fearful confla-
long since stricken by water famine,
hills,
ceased altogether to be inhabited, and the scanty
Campus
population pressed more and more toward the
Martius, where the digging of wells was easier on ac-
count of the alluvial
The
Tiber.
larger
soil
which forms the valley
monuments, such
as temples, theatres,
and baths, were not much damaged by the
umns all,
of Trajan
of
The
fire.
Marcus Aurelius did not
The
being in the middle of open squares.
works
of
and
of the
col-
suffer. at
collection
and that
of art in bronze at the Lateran,
of
marble statues on the Quirinal, also went safely through the ordeal.
Rome
in
Hildebert, Archbishop of Tours,
who
visited
1106 or 1107, speaks of great remains which
struck him with admiration, and also of the beautiful statues in which the City
We
know one
still
abounded.
of the reasons, at least,
why
the two
massive columns of Trajan and of Marcus Aurelius were spared in these centuries of wholesale destruction.
They
brought a respectable income to their respective owners, namely, to the public treasury for the
monks
An
of
first,
and to the
SS. Dionysius and Sylvester for the second.
inscription in the vestibule of
of S. Silvestro in
the present church
Capite, dated 1119, states that both
the column of Marcus Aurelius and the
little
church
a a
S 'o OS
o J3
o
S«
o
-3
dj
r^
e3 Ci4
O
o
o M
THE SACK OF
169
1084
which stood at the foot of
of St. Nicholas
were leased
it
probably from year to year, on
to the highest bidder,
account of the fees which could be collected from the tourist or pilgrim that wished to behold the
Rome from The of
obelisks were less fortunate than the
Campus Martins
Normans. pedestal
This
shaft
the time
in
sponsible
for
was
to
on
the its
but we are not sure
;
Normans
are
to
Were we
destruction.
its
attributed
Charlemagne, when the Ein-
of
the
all,
a sun-dial in
as
undoubtedly erect
was compiled
siedlen Itinerary
whether, after
commonly
is
commemo-
and the overthrowing
to,
up by Augustus
the obelisk set
the
of
a lofty point of observation.
columns just referred
rative
wonders
be in
held
re-
possession
of precise records of the discovery of the different obelisks,
indicating the
of rubbish,
the
way
in
which they lay on
their
bed
depth at which the various fragments
were found, the injuries that they had received before, during, or after the tures,
fall,
and the nature
we should probably be
agency the giants were laid that the
responsibility of
the frac-
to
tell
by what
But
it
able
low.
the
of
is
certain
throwing down of the
monoliths cannot be fixed upon the early barbarian invaders,
because
obelisks were
still
that
some
of
the principal
standing in the sixth and seventh
Nor can earthquakes be considered an
centuries.
quate cause
we know
;
why
ade-
should the Vatican obelisk have been
the only one to withstand the shocks
?
Further,
it
has
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
170
been proved that the columns of the porticoes of public
and private buildings destroyed by the earthquake 422
that
east,
the same
direction,
toward the
point of
in
fell
all
is,
The
which the shock came.
of
toward the norththe
obelisks,
compass from
on the contrary,
appear to have fallen toward every point on the horizon.
The
statement
last
corroborated by the evidence
is
man who investigated the subject, Michele He states that the obelisks discovered by his
of the first
Mercati.^
Sixtus
contemporary,
Maxim us, now
in
V.,
the
Piazza del Popolo, and
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
Piazza the
two from the Circus
dell'
Esquilino
not been overthrown by accidental causes.
made by man
retained evidence of the efforts
them down, by building
fires
three
intact,
base,
holes
to
saw come out
pieces,
He
of the
showed the edges rounded Such
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; had
They
all
to bring
levers,
or
by
says that every
ground was broken
the upper and middle pieces being
while the lower portion,
the flames.
insert
about the pedestal.
obelisk which he into
drilling
and the
from the mausoleum
one
Augustus, now in the Piazza
of
Laterano
del
which rested on the off
by the violence
operations require
of
more time and
patience than would have been devoted to such a pur-
pose I
b}''
the barbarians.
have three documents to present in relation
interesting subject of the fate of the obelisks.
to this
One
is
an unpublished sketch by Carlo Fontana, showing the 1
See
p.
152 of his book Degli obelischi di
Boma, MDLXXXIX.
THE SACK OF
way the moment
obelisk of
its
the gardens of Sallust lay at the
of
Another
discovery.
Angelo Maria Bandini, showing the obelisk
lower portion of the
had suffered before or lastly,
171
1084
at
the
my own
the record of
of
the obelisk of the temple of
is
sketch
a
which the
injuries
Campus
the
time
of
by
jNIartius
fall
its
and
;
experience in unearthing Isis,
near the apse of the
church of La Minerva.
Fig. 29.
The
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The obelisk of the gardens of Sallust, as sketch
(Fig. 29),
is
Carlo
of
it
Fontana,
lay after
here
dated March 21, 1706, and
the private library of
Queen Victoria
had
fallen.
reproduced preserved in
is
at
it
Windsor.^
It
shows the way in which one of the obelisks decorating the Egyptian casino of the gardens of Sallust had fallen,
having been broken into two pieces, one length of the other.
This division of parts
interesting in the light of Mercati's 1
Volume
G
1,
sheet 249.
double is
the
especially
statement that in
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
172
their
the
fall
would
obelisks
break
generally
into three pieces of about
equal length.
The drawing given by Bandini
to illustrate the
^
condition
even more significant.
is
I
Campus Martins
the
in
the obelisk
of
have reproduced
a scale a
on
than
less
little
one third the
it
size of the
original (Fig. 30).
drawing
This
how
the lower portion of
the
monolith
by
off
had
been
away and rounded
eaten
"fjNTlFEX'MAXlMVS"
shows
fire
we can
;
also
the holes
the
upper
insertion
drilled in
part of
iron clamps,
see
for
levers
the
and
by those who
were endeavouring to hasten the
But the 1
De
fall
of the shaft.
chief importance
Ohelisco Ccesaris Augnsti,
c Campi Martii ruderibus nuper Romae, MDCCL. eruto.
Fig. 30.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The obelisk of the Campus Martius.
THE SACK OF in the fact
lies
we
173
1084
from the evidence thus afforded
that
are able to determine the approximate date of the
fall
The reader
itself.
shaft
is
estal
is
observe that though the
will
greatly injured and in part calcined, the ped-
meaning
remarkable
a
in
of
this
clear
is
of
state
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
The
preservation.
was protruding
shaft
above ground and exposed to injury, while the base was
embedded
in
and protected by the
had accumulated around obelisk
Augustus
of
Martins had
risen
the
of the
the City.
level
of
some ten or eleven
about halfway between the level of
and debris which
We
when
In other words,
it.
fell,
soil
Campus
the feet
the
was
it
;
and the modern
classical
may, therefore, assign the
fall
monolith to the tenth or the eleventh century.
In a line with this conclusion was the condition of the obelisk to light of Isis.^ side,
the
of
June
Rameses the Great, which was brought 14, 1883,
When
among
this graceful
pavement
of
the
the ruins of the temple
monument was temple
in
laid
which
it
on
its
was
standing had already been covered with a thick layer of rubbish. 1
Bidl.
Com., 1883,
p.
33 sq.
CHAPTER XV ROME AT THE END OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY â&#x20AC;&#x201D; THE ITINERARY OF BENEDICT
The
state of
vasion could in
Rome before and after the Norman inno way be more clearly indicated than
by comparing the Einsiedlen
Itinerary^ of
ninth cen-
tlie
tury, with the Itinerary of Benedict, of the twelfth. last
This
document, better known under the name of Ordo
Romanus^ forms a part
by Benedict, who was canon Innocent
pontificate of
cated to
Guy
dict himself
II.
of
St.
Peter's under the
(1130-1143).
of Castello, cardinal of St.
became Pope
Caelestinus II.
Liber politicus written
the
of
was dedi-
It
Mark.
1143, under the
in
Bene-
name
of
His Ordo^ edited by Mabillon, Urlichs,
Jordan, and myself,^ describes seven routes by which the popes used to cross the city at the head of public processions on certain days of the year. follows 1
:
are as
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Mabillon,
Museum
Italicum, Vol.
dex topographicus urhis Bomae,
Rom
They
p.
II, p.
79 sq.
in Altertum, Vol. II. p. 664 sq.
siedlen^ p. 87 sq.
174
;
;
143, nn. 50, 51
;
Urlichs, Co-
Jordan, Topographie der Stadt
Lanciani, L'ltinerario di Ein-
THE ITINERARY OF BENEDICT
175
Route
From
I.
the church of the Resurrection (now S. Anastasia) to
St. Peter's. II.
From
the church of St. Hadrian to S. Maria Maggiore.
III.
From
the church of
IV.
From
the Lateran to the Vatican, and
Maria Maggiore
S.
Back from the Vatican
V.
to the Lateran
VI.
From
the Coliseum to St. Peter's.
VII.
From
the church of
mana)
Maria Nuova (now
S.
These seven routes correspond
a greater
;
mentioned than in the
many changes
in part
different route.
S.
Francesca Ro-
with those
Einsiedlen Itinerary^ and
important for our study are
by a
Maria Maggiore.
to S.
lowed by the
to the Lateran.
number
are of
fol-
specially
landmarks
Einsiedlen document,
and
are clearly seen to have taken place in
the thoroughfares of the City since the ninth century.
We may ary
is
fifth
also observe that, while the Einsiedlen Itiner-
based on a
century,
map
made
at
of
the City of the fourth or
when
time
a
the edifices
still
bore their correct and classic names, the Itinerary of
Benedict has a distinctly mediaeval character, and shows traces
of
the influence of that widely used mediaeval
guide-book, "
The Marvels
Romae^.^
fact,
In
when
describing
the
City, than this vade 1
There
is
Rome
"
QMirahilia Urhis
Benedict the Canon apparently had
hand no better source
at
of
of information for topography,
pontifical
mecum
pageants
through the
of ignorant pilgrims,
an English translation by F. M. Nichols, London.
which 1889.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
176
had gradually made of the
Roman
its
way among
the
official
documents
and
curia, as did the Politicus of Benedict
the liher Censuum of Cencius Camerarius. It will be
instructive
to
of the Einsiedlen Itinerary
erary
Benedict
of
;
compare the Tenth Route with the First of the
both conduct the reader over the
Maximus and the
same ground, between the Circus
The
Crypta Balbi. of interest
:
Itin-
mentions the following objects
first
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
now the church of S. Maria in Cosmedin. Graecorum, now Piazza della Bocca della Verita.
Ecclesia Graecorum,
Scola
Templum
Jovis,
Capitoline
Elephantus,
temple
of
Jupiter
Optimus
Maximus,
on
the
hill.
i.e.
Elephantus Herbarius, on the Via della Bocca della
Verita. Porticus, colonnade
on the west side of the Via della Bocca della
Veritk.
Theatrum, theatre of Marcellus. Sanctus Angelus, the colonnade of Octavia. Porticus, the colonnade of Philippus.
Theatrum Pompeii, the theatre of Pompey.
These names, we readily cal or
Byzantine periods.
see, all
belong to the
But the names
classi-
of the
Ordo
are of an altogether different class, and their relation to the
We
names given
start
is
at once obvious.
from the church of the Anastasis, which has
already been follow
in the Mirahilla
transformed into
Benedict
over
the
Sancta
same route.
Anastasia,
and
The Porticus
usque ad Elephantum has become the Porticus Galla-
THE ITINERARY OF BENEDICT
now
torum^
represented by the church and hospital of
Galla Patricia
S.
Portions Minucia the Crypta Balbi
A
the
the theatre of Marcellus
Sibyl ;
is
the temples of Pietas and
;
Forum Holitorium have
the
found
now
is is
similar shifting
to be
the
To
in
and the
a Basilica Jovis
;
the
Crinorum^ and
Craticulae.
from ancient to mediaeval names
in every route of the
our knowledge of monumental tury.
is
Hope
of Cicero
Porticus
Templum
a
name
Ordo
;
always remain a document of the
this will
177
indicate its value
nevertheless
first
rank for
Rome in the twelfth we may take up the
cen-
part
dealing with the Burgus, or Vatican district, which
not covered by the Einsiedlen Itinerary
the topographi-
;
cal outline, accurate as well as clear, is as follows
1.
now
Pons^ templum, castellum Adriani,
is
:
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
the bridge and castle of
S. Angelo.
gate
of
2.
Porta
3.
Obeliscus Neronis, the familiar
the
collina,
Peter,
St.
in
front of
the
castle,
destroyed by Alexander VI.
Terebinth of the Mirahilia, one
of the great inausolea on the border of the
Via Triumphalis.
mausoleum
as resembling in
Peter Mallius describes this
shape and
in height the
mole of Hadrian.
It
was demolished
to take advantage of its beautiful marbles for the building of
the steps and of the court of
St. Peter's.
The name Terebin-
thus seems to be a corruption of tiburtimim, which in the lan-
guage of those days meant an
edifice built of stone or marble.
Antonio Filarete has represented the monument,
in
one of
the panels of the bronze gates, as actually having the shape of a tree 1
^ !
The name N
for turpentine-tree in Italian
is
terehinto.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
178 4-.
Memoria
Tomb
sen sepulcrum Romuli,
This "
Tomb
of
shape, so called to
which we know S. Paolo.
It
as the
was
Romulus.
of
Romulus " was a mausoleum of pyramidal form a pair with the so-called Meta Remi, pyramid
by the Porta di
of Cestius,
also popularly called
Meta
di Borgo,
and
is
represented in Antonio Filarete's bronze panel, as well as in
Raphael's fresco of the Vision of Constantine. left of the
It
Via Triumphalis, between the church
stood on the of S.
Maria
Transpontina and the palazzo Giraud-Torlonia in the Piazza
Alexander VI. levelled
Scossa-Cavalli.
make room 5.
it
to the
ground
to
Via Alexandrina.
for his
Porticus, Porticus Maior, Via Sacra.
This was a covered way, by means of which the pilgrims could cross the Borgo under shelter. S.
It started at
the Ponte
Angelo, and followed the line of the present Borgo Vecchio
to the foot of the steps of St. Peter's. 6.
Maiore.
S. Laurentius in Porticu
The covered way and
shrines, such as S.
demolished July
now
donia, S.
just
13,
mentioned was lined with churches
Maria Transpontina de Capite Porticus,
1564; S. Salvator de Porticu, or de Bor-
represented by S. Giacomo Scossa-Cavalli; and the
Laurentius of the Ordo, rebuilt in
its
present shape by the
Cesi d' Acquasparta in 1G59. 7.
S.
Maria
in Virgari.
This was a church at the end of the covered way, toward St. Peter's, so called
from the corporation of makers and
of pilgrims' staffs, to it
8.
in
which
it
belonged.
sellers
Pius IV. demolished
1508 to widen the area mentioned under the next head.
Cortina Beati Petri.
This was a small square at the foot of the steps of
St. Peter's,
ornamented with three fountains, one of which was of por-
phyry
;
the other two were of white marble.
Interesting as
it
would be
to follow the
worthy canon
through the other parts of the City, the limits of our task
THE ITINERARY OF BENEDICT Mediaeval
forbid.
Rome
has
limit of its greater changes.
City in most places surface.
A
metropolis
lies
ten
now almost reached the The level of the ancient or twelve feet
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;A
below the
large portion of the site of the once proud is
wholly deserted
;
the
great monuments,
moss-grown and crumbling except where the
Fig. 31.
179
typical
Roman
solidity of
house of the twelfth century, built with odd fragments.
construction was such as to defy Nature herself, are in part turned to account as habitations, in j^art exploited for such building materials
population
of
degenerate
as are of use to the scanty
days (Fig. 31), in part
undisturbed in the midst of the wilderness.
left
CHAPTER XVI MARBLE-CUTTERS AND LIME-BURNERS OF MEDIAEVAL AND RENAISSANCE ROME In the exploiting able
materials
two
classes of
workmen
for valu-
times,
wrought the most
in particular
These were the Marmorarii, or marble-
and the
The Roman
Roman monuments
mediaeval and early modern
in
serious damage. cutters,
of the
Calcararii, or lime-burners.
marble-cutters, architects, sculptors, and
mosaic-makers, whose work w^as in a sense a precursor of the Renaissance,
our
admiration,
Cosmatis."
whose
are
command
artistic creations still
generally
called
The Cosmatis, however,
of this great succession of
the
" School
of
are only a branch
workmen which was founded,
about 1150, by the Sons of Paul,
jilii
Pauli.
Lawrence,
son of Cosmas, the head of the Cosmati branch, flourished
toward the end of the twelfth century, and was followed
by
five
generations of artists of the same name.
The
the third branch, which also
includes
three or four generations, from 1153 to 1275;
the last
Vassalecti form
brancli
is
that of Ranuccio
and Nicholas, son John,
his
who
Romano, with
nephew John
Ciuittone,
his sons Peter
and
flourished from 1113 to 1209. 180
his grand-
MARBLE-CUTTERS AND LIME-BURNERS
not necessary to repeat here what Promis, Reu-
It is
mont,
181
De
Rossi,
Frothingham, Richter, Boni, Mazzanti,
and others have written on the origin and progress this great school it
is
For our purposes
of marble-cutters.
that for the
to observe
sufficient
of
space of three
centuries the guild lived and prospered and accomplished
work
its
expense of the ruins of ancient Rome.
at the
The marble-workers made excavations and destroyed monuments with two ends
in view, to find
to secure materials for their
work.
fond of epitaphs tered not
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; whether
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; because
old
models and
They were
especially
pagan or Christian
it
mat-
the thin slabs of marble on which
the epitaphs were inscribed could easily be adapted to their
purpose,
and panels This
ambones, and decorative patterns.
of mosaic,
the
is
being almost ready for use in borders
reason
why
the
of
floors
our
mediaeval
churches are so rich in epigraphic documents
two
hundred
pavement
inscriptions
of SS.
of the church
were
used
in
about
;
making the
Quattro Coronati after the destruction
by the Normans, and nearly a thousand
were similarly turned to use in the
floor
of St. Paul's
without the Walls.
The marble-workers
also inaugurated
and even international flourished for spirit of
of
Italy.
traffic
two and a half
in
an interprovincial
Roman
marbles, which
centuries, sustained
by the
emulation in building which had seized the
Each town
felt
cities
impelled to raise a church,
"grand, beautiful, magnificent, wliose just proportions
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
182
in height, breadth,
and length shoukl so harmonise with
the details of the decoration as to
make
it
decorous and
hymns
solemn, and worthy of the worship of Christ in
and
duomo
canticles," like the
which should reach '^even
of Siena
;
and campaniles
the stars," like
to
that
of
Spoleto.
The
first influential
voice heard in remonstrance against
these practices of the marble-cutters, and the utter aban-
donment
of the
Roman monuments,
is
that of Petrarch.
His pungent remarks were addressed especially to the
whom
nobles,
he describes as following in the path of
destruction, treading in the footsteps of the Goths
However,
the Vandals. the
middle
and
if
lower
the patricians were to blame,
classes
followed
their
palaces
were
ornaments
were
closely
Temples, baths, theatres, and
example.
demolished
piecemeal
;
and
their
marble
broken to pieces and thrown into the lime-kilns, and even their walls overthrown and their foundations broken
up
for the sake of the stones or of the bricks with
After a time the produce of this indus-
they were faced. try
grew
which
in excess of the
demand, and more
spoils
were
accumulated than could be disposed of in the local market.
Some
the history of the destruction of
students
;
tliis
in to
but they have yet to be properly grouped
and compared. tions,
new phase Rome are known
of the facts connected with
I
shall here offer only a
with the hope that they
investigate the subject
may
few observa-
induce others to
more thoroughly.
The
archives
MARBLE-CUTTEKS AND LIME-BURNERS
183
of our great church buildings have yet to be explored
Fumi
the success achieved by Luigi
in
examining the
documents connected with the building of the duomo Orvieto leads us to hope that other records
may be
on both sides of the Alps, by means of which of trade of mediaeval
The
Rome may
earliest instance of the
;
at
found,
branch
this
be illustrated.
removal of marbles from
the Eternal City to distant lands dates from the time
King Theoderic.
of
In a letter addressed to Festus
the Patrician, Cassiodorius, the king's secretary, orders that the columns of the
Domus
Pinciana
possession near the gate of the same
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; an
name
imperial
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; should
be
sent to Ravenna.
The portion
of the cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle erected
by Charlemagne is
in 796-804,
an octagon copied from
and
built
of the
and consecrated by Leo
S. Vitale at
by Roman marmorarii.
III.,
Ravenna, designed
The
lofty openings
upper story are decorated with a double row of
columns of unequal length, of rare marbles and breccias, brought from Rome, Treves, and Ravenna. ^ the
desire
to
follow
Roman
traditions
was
that the fountain in front of the cathedral
In so
fact,
great
was actually
decorated with a brazen wolf, like the one which then stood in front of the Lateran, and with a pine cone, like the
one which stood on the fountain of Symmachus,
in the atrium of St. Peter's. 1
The most valuable were
restored at the peace of 1815.
stolen
by the French invaders
m
1794, but
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
184
The in
cathedral of Pisa, begun in 1063, and consecrated
1118 by Pope Gelasius
Rome and
taken from
mostly built of marbles
II., is
The workshop
Ostia.
the classic remains were transformed into
by Busketus and Ronald, the
which
in
new shapes
architects of the
duomo,
Some
has lately been found on the banks of the Arno. of the marbles actually bear the
mark
of their origin
one near the southwest corner of the transept scribed
GENio
â&#x20AC;˘
COLONIAE
They
of Ostia."
also
â&#x20AC;˘
osTiENSis, "
To
the
is
altar,
in-
Genius
imported sarcophagi, as that
covered in 1742 at the foot of the high
;
dis-
and now
preserved in the Camposanto, inscribed with the name of
Marcus Annius Proculus, a magistrate and leading
citizen of Ostia.
The
Rome were
inexhaustible stores of
resorted to for
the construction of the cathedrals of Lucca (1060-1070)
and
of
Monte Cassino (1066)
Salerno (1084 (eleventh
;
Matteo at
Andrea
at Amalfi
baptistery of S.
Giovanni
Fig. 32), and of S.
century)
(begun
in Florence
of those of S.
;
;
of
tlie
in 1100)
;
of the
monastery of Nostra
Signora di Tergu, on the north coast of Sardinia, between Sorso and Gastel Sardo, of the church of S. Francesco at Civita Vecchia, of the cathedral of Orvieto (1321-1360),
and even
of
some parts
Westminster Abbey.
of
To
prove this statement in the case of some of the buildings
we need no
literary evidence
;
the shape and quality of
the marbles, and the inscriptions engraved upon them,
give unmistakable testimony regarding their origin.
Yet
MARBLE-CUTTEKS AND LIMP:-BURNERS for
and
Monte Cassino we do have the authority of
Leo
Fig. 32.
of Ostia,
who
of
185
Alphanus
expressly state that Desiderius
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The pulpit in the cathedral of
purchased in
S. Matteo at Salerno, built with marbles from Rome.
Rome
" columns, bases,
marbles of various colours."
These
and spoils
capitals,
and
were put on
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
186
board light coasting ships (tartane) like those that
up the Tiber at the
to the
mouth
still sail
wharf of Ripa Grande, and landed
From
of the Garigliano.
the
mouth
of the
Garigliano to Monte Cassino the work of transportation
was accomplished with teams quence of
sack of
the
One
of buffaloes.
conse-
1084 was the carrying
off
of
columns and marbles of various kinds by the retiring
army
adornment
for the
We
of the cathedral at Salerno.
are indebted to Luigi
Fumi
for detailed informa-
Rome
tion concerning the use of materials from
building of the cathedral at Orvieto.^
The
in the
barge-
first
loads were shipped up the Tiber, from the quay of the
For the space
Ripetta to Orte, in June, 1316.
of nearly
forty years the maestri delV Opera deV duomo, or " super-
intendents of
construction," sent their agents through
the country around
Rome
carvings.
The mouth
for
tlieir
Augusti, near the in
in search of blocks of
ruins
Porto
of
of the Tiber)
May, 1321, with the consent
of their
Portus
(the
were attacked owners
of Ostia, then probably not subject to individual ship, shared the
centre
of
same
fate in the
devastation being the
remains of which
I
marble
;
owner-
following year
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
shattered
theatre, the
brought to light
those
in 1881.
In process of time the villa of Domitian at Castel Gandolfo, the
mausoleum
Hadrian, the portico of
of
Octavia, the temple of Isis and Serapis, and the ruins of Veil 1
were
Fumi,
II
in like
duomo
manner put
di Orvieto ed
i
to ransom.
suoi restauri,
The docu-
Rome,
1881.
MARBLE-CUTTERS AND LIME-BURNERS meiits collected
by Fumi give us many
who had placed
details
of
this
Pandolfo and Giovanni
remarkable trade in old marbles. Savelli,
187
at the disposal of the builders of
the cathedral the remains of the villa of Domitian, were
remunerated with a
of
gift
pepper, wax, and
saffron.
In 1354, while Andrea di Ugolino was superintending the work, a block of marble purchased for thirty-five
was taken from the colonnade
florins
cut into the beautiful round
Octavia, and
of
window which
occupies the
Other blocks were brought from
centre of the fagade.
the same source in 1359, under the mastership of d'
When
Orcagna.
search was
made
a compensation was paid to the of the colonnade of Octavia,
Andrea grounds
in private
owner, as in the case
and
of the temple of Isis,
which belonged respectively to Alessio Matrice and Paolo di Converrone. res nullius, a fee
If
blocks were
the
was
j^aid to the
in
a paper read
to
considered
City for the license of
exportation.
Giacomo Boni, British
1893,
the still
American
Society
meeting of the
Rome, March
of
28,
makes an interesting statement regarding the use
Roman
of
is
and
at a
materials in Westminster Abbey.
most important works of a
Roman
"Among
marble-cutter
preserved in Westminster Abbey," he says, "there
a small
tomb bearing no
inscription, but believed to
be of the daughter of Henry
The name
of
III.,
who
petrvs romanvs civis
is
died in 1257.
engraved in the
basement of the shrine of Edward the Confessor.
Peter,
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
188
must have worked on
therefore,
toward 1269, the
it
year in which the relics of the Confessor wei'e laid in
Henry
the place of honour by
The tomb
III.
of this
king, the second founder of Westminster Abbey, erected in 1281, has nothing English
The
Purbeck marble.
about
it,
save
materials of which the
esque pavement in front of the high altar
were of
certainl}^
Ware.
the
imported from
Rome by
the
is
grey
Roman=
composed
Abbot Richard
After his election, which took place in 1258,
the abbot paid a visit to the Eternal City, and brought
back,
as
a
souvenir of his pilgrimage, some slabs of
Upon
porphyry and serpentine. the following words
:
his
may
grave
be read
—
HIC
PORTAT LAPIDES QVOS HVC PORTAVIT AB VRBE,
that
is
to say, he lies buried
under the red and green
porphyries (the essential element of a Romanesque pave-
ment) which he brought himself from the banks
of the
Tiber to those of the Thames." •
The attempt
England
a
of
style
Richard of of
Ware
to
transplant to
work which could only
find
its
proper means of support among the ruins of an ancient city,
was not successful
;
but there
is
no doubt
—
al-
though we yet lack material evidence
— that
found new outlets for their trade
compensate for the
loss of the
to
the
Romans
English market.
In presenting this aspect of the destruction of the
Eternal City,
I
do not wish to cast more blame on
tlie
;
MARBLE-CUTTERS AND LIME-BURNERS
189
mediaeval
marble -cutters
Much may
be said in extenuation of their treatment of
ancient buildings
than
they
actually
and many instances
;
deserve.
more wanton
of
destruction might be cited, from the time of Nero to
own
our
While the army
age.
of
Vespasian was be-
sieging the Capitol, and trying to scale
its
walls from
the roofs of the nearest houses, the partisans of Vitellius
hurled bronze and marble statues on their assailants
and the garrison seen,
Hadrian's mausoleum, as
of
we have
defended themselves in a similar manner during
the siege of the Goths. a legitimate excuse
;
but
Self-defence I
may
be urged as
have discovered in the State
archives a petition addressed
on August
20, 1822,
to
Pope Pius VII. by a building contractor, named Matteo Lovatti, in which he for a liouse he
would
states
was raising
that, to
provide materials
in the Piazza del Popolo,
he
like to destroy certain ancient ruins opposite the
church of
S.
Maria in Dominica.
It
is
astonishing to
think that such a request could have been addressed to a
man
the
like
Pope Pius VII., and more
request was granted, on
the
so to
know
that
favourable report of
Visconti, Fea, Valadier, and Cardinal Pacca.
In 1870, a few months before of Italy,
Rome became
Pope Pius IX. determined
to
the capital
raise
a
monu-
mental column in memory of the Ecumenical Council.
To
save time and money, and the trouble of quarrying
travertine from the territory of Tivoli, one of the most interesting
and best preserved gates
of
the
City, the
^
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
190
Porta Tiburtina of Honorius, was of
which
was
it
built
The
sacrificed.
stones
were sunk in the foundations
of
the column, opposite the church of S. Pietro in Montorio
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
to
all
no purpose, because the events of September
20 of that year made
raising of the
tlie
monument
out
of the question.
We
have already seen that
Roman
legislation at one
time imposed capital punishment on those
who destroyed
old tombs for the sake of the marble of which they were built,
and that Constans substituted
penalty
a fine for the death
and that these and similar provisions
;
for
a
time checked the destruction of the tombs lying close
highways, while those
to the
exposed to view, or
less
standing on private grounds, were ruthlessly sacrificed.
The destruction did not decrease and waxed even greater loras,
to
in the
in the
Middle Ages, Chryso-
Renaissance.
the master of Poggio Bracciolini, says, referring
marbles taken from this source
broken
fragments,
in
made use
of
as
ready for
"
:
the
building material.
I
The
statues
lie
or are
lime-kiln,
have seen many
used as mounting-steps, or as curbstones, or as mangers in stables."
Public
officials
not only tolerated this search for sculp-
tured marbles and for limestone, but sometimes claimed a share in the profits.
From
a
document
1426, preserved in the Vatican archives,^ 1
See
p. 92.
^
of
we
Diversorum, Vol. IX.
July
1,
learn that
p. 245.
MARBLE-CUTTERS AND LIME -BURNERS the papal
company
191
while giving a free hand to a
authorities,
of lime-barners
to
destroy the Basilica Julia
on the Sacra Via for the sake of the blocks of traver-
which the
tine of
the nave and aisles were
of
reserved to themselves half the produce of the
built,
kilns
pillars
present was afterward
a
;
made
from
this source to Cardinal
Giacomo
then
engaged
his
A
Eustachio.
repairing
in
of
income
the
who was
Isolani,
church
titular
of
S.
fate similar to that of the Basilica Julia
fell to
the lot of the
Monte
del
Grano
tomb
of
Alexander Severus at the
thus perished also half of the Coliseum,
;
the arch of Lentulus, the Circus Maximus, the square
basement of the mausoleum of Caecilia Metella, and a
hundred other monuments, the
spoils of
which served to
build St. Peter's, St. Mark's, the Palazzo di Corneto, the " In
Palazzo Farnese, the Cancelleria, the Villa Giulia. the
early
Marchi,
ging
years
"many
cellars, in
opening new
Paul
of
III." (1534-1550),
and statues discovered
torsoes
in dig-
planting gardens and vineyards, and in
streets,
used to be thrown into the kilns,
especially those sculptured in of the
De
says
Greek marble, on account
wonderful lime which they produced.
Paul
III.
issued most cruel regulations to the effect that no one
should
dare
thus
penalty of death. the
The
number and value
logical collections in ^
destroy
to
result of
ancient
statuary
under
was a steady increase
public
in
and private archaeo-
Rome."^
See the article by Miintz in Bevue Archeologique for
May- June,
1884.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
192
As
a matter of fact, however, these
lations " of
We
Paul
may suppose
Greco-Roman
of
being, but
it
'^
most cruel regu-
not produce a lasting
III. did
effect.
that the destruction of the masterpieces art
may have
diminished for the time
was by no means suppressed.
spolia-
went on with increasing
tion of marble
and stone
activity to the
end of the sixteenth century.
edifices
The
We
must
not forget that another edict of the same Pope, dated
July 22, 1540, put at the mercy of the " deputies " of the
Fabbrica di
Forum and to profit
S.
Pietro
Via
of the Sacra
by the
all ;
the
monuments
of
the
and they did not hesitate
pontifical grant to the
fullest possible
extent.
Pirro Ligorio, the architect, discussing the best
way
of obtaining a particularly fine plaster, suggests the use of
powdered Parian marble, " obtained from the statues
which are constantly being destroyed. "^ after describing it,
a certain
Flaminio Vacca,
marble boat with figures on
found in the Baths of Caracalla, remarks that " as
it
now it has been made to steer He makes a similar observation
once floated on water, so its
way through
fire."
with respect to a statue found by Orazio Muti, opposite tlie
church of
S. Vitale,
"which had been sent
kiln to have the moisture taken off
sands of
inscriptions
its
back."^
to the
Thou-
have perished in the same way.
Fra Giocondo da Verona, adducing testimony from Codex Bodleiamis,
1
Lif^orio,
2
Flaminio Vacca, Memorie, edited by Fea,
p. 17. n. 23, 116.
his
MARBLE-CUTTERS AND LIME-BURNERS
own
experience, says that some
Roman
19B
citizens boasted
having had the foundations of their houses and palaces
of
constructed with ancient statues.
The headquarters at the "
was
of these destroyers of ancient
Botteghe Oscure," that
is,
arcades were then
the
and high above ground
tion,
;
good
name â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
that
preserva-
of
state
of
but, as a matter of fact,
was no great ruin of marble or stone that did
there
not have of
a
in
wing
in the
the Circus Flaminius facing the street of
Rome
this
its
own
So important was the exercise
kiln.
industry
lime-burning
of
whole
minius that the
Circus Fla-
the
at
district received
name
the
The extent
Lime-pit (calcarario^ calcararid).
of
area covered by this designation can be determined
of
the
by
the site of the churches of S. Nicolaus in Calcaria retro Cesarinos, Calcarario,
now now
S.
Nicola
Cesarini, SS.
ai
Quaranta de
Francesco delle Stimmate, and S.
S.
now named
Lucia dei Ginnasi
Lucia de Calcarario,
S.
was
II Calcarario^ in
also a
spring
;
there
Piazza
the
deir Olmo.
Other famous kilns were those of
S.
Adriano, for the
burning of the marbles of the Imperial Forums Agosta^ fed with the spoils of the tus
;
mausoleum
of
of the
;
Augus-
and of La Plgna, supplied with materials from the
Baths of Agrippa and the temple of
Isis.
were temporary establishments opened near edifice,
which were abandoned
exhausted.
We
must
class
Then
there
this or that
as soon as the supply
among
these the
kilns
was by
^
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
194
the Baths of Diocletian, mentioned by Flaminio Vacca those of the villa of Livia at Prima Porta, mentioned
by Pirro Ligorio
those of the necropolis between the
;
Via Latina and the Via Appia, seen by Marini
by Panvinio, and those
of the Regia, described
Basilica Julia,
and
those
;
of the
Venus and Rome,
of the temple of
discovered by Nibby and by myself.
Outside the City the burning of lime was practised
many
for
The
among
years
bearing upon
oldest record
known March
30, 1191,
vacatur
calcaria
to
civitate.''^
me,
The
document
a
is
portam
down
the papal authorities,
the
matter,
Celestine
made
non
if
that
is
dated
III.,
of a " locus qui
ah
longe
Hostiensi
year 1816,
Vitelli, **"
is
not open, approval of
to the pontificate of Pius VII.
relates the following incident
greed " of Giuseppe in
is
the
Porto.
exercise of this trade continued without
interruption and with the tacit,
Fea
of
where mention extra
Ostia and
the ruins of
:
"
To
the insatiable
tenant of the farm at Ostia
due the disappearance of some
miles of the paving of the ancient Ostian way, which
was
in a
most excellent
many
as the destruction of
nice from
.
.
.
large pieces of
He
Flaminio Vacca, Memorie, 104
Marini, Inscriptiones alb. X.;
well
carved cor-
broke the latter into frag-
;
Ligorio,
Pauvinio, see
Bull, del Inst., 1871, p. 244. 2
preservation, as
the temple of Vulcan, a masterpiece of the
time of Hadrian.
1
state of
Bullarium Vaticanum, Vol.
III. p. 75.
Codex Neapolitanus, 29 C.
I.
L.
Vol.
I.
p.
;
415;
MARBLE-CUTTERS AND LIME-BURNERS ments to make lime
a
in
kiln
close
by
;
195
but
I
suc-
ceeded in stopping him before the fagots were set on
The fragments thus rescued from
fire."
shown on the spot (Fig.
still
33).
the flames are
Other pieces
of this
exquisite entablature had been destroyed in 1427, before
the eyes of Poggio Bracciolini and Cosimo de' Medici.
Similar kilns were discovered in 1796 by Robert Fagan,
not far from the temple.
Fig. 33.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Fragments of cornice from the temple of Vulcan, at Ostia, rescued from a lime-kiln by Fea.
I
have myself had no small experience in tracing the
results
of
the operations of the lime-burners
;
none of the important excavations with wliich been connected, either in
Rome
in
fact,
I
have
or on neighbouring sites,
has failed to bring to light remains of one or more limekilns.
I
mention two examples as specially worthy of
note.
A
lime-kiln
was found
in the palace of Tiberius
on
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
196
the Palatine hill by Rosa, in 1869.
brim with
Among
fine
of art,
Terme
delle
nero antico
atides, in
an ephebus in black
;
some calcined, some a head of Nero
the exquisite
;
basalt, published by.
Mittheilungen for 1895, p. 97-119, pocrates,
little
pi. 1
intact.
now
three cary-
;
statuette
Hauser
of
in the
a head of
;
the
filled to
the latter were the veiled bust of Claudius,
Museo
in the
works
was
It
Har-
and other minor fragments.
In February, 1883, in the excavations on the south
Atrium
side of the
of Vesta, a pile of
marble was found
about 14 feet long, 9 feet wide, and 7 feet high.
was wholly made up
of statues of the Ve stales
some unbroken, others
The
in fragments.
It
maximae,
statues
and
fragments had been carefully packed together, leaving
few
as
interstices
as
possible
between them, and the
spaces formed by the curves of the bodies were filled in
There were eight nearly perfect
with chips.
we were agreeably
surprised to find
among
statues,
and
the broken
ones the lower part of the lovely seated Vesta with the footstool,
which
number
to the
alas
!
is
of years
now hardly it
has been
dampest corner of the Atrium. this
left
owing
exposed in the
There were present at
remarkable discovery, which took place at 6.30 a.m.
on February
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the myself the
9,
only four people besides the workmen,
Crown Prince
Frederick
in
recognisable,
;
II.,
and full
of Prussia, afterward the
Dr. Henzen, one of
I distinctly
my
Emperor
colleagues,
remember how the
and
prince, then
vigour of health and strength, helped the
MARBLE-CUTTERS AND LIME-BURNERS
workmen
to raise the masses of
up against the wall
statues
the golden age of as
if
it
Roman
were a dream
!
of
197
marble and to set the the
That was
atrium.
excavation, and
we
recall
it
These beautiful statues had
been piled into a regular oblong, like a cord of wood,
by some diggers
of
marbles,
who had
carefully filled
the spaces between the statues as they lay side by side, in order that
no empty spaces might be
By what
left.
fortunate accident these sculptures were preserved difficult to
a
great
House kilns
found
guess
;
but one thing at least
quantity of
of the Vestals
other marbles
is
it
is
certain
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
belonging to
must have perished by
fire.
the
Two
and two deposits of lime and of charcoal were in the course of the 1
same excavations.^
See Notizie degli Scavi, December, 1883,
p. 54.
;
CHAPTER XVII THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN CITY Ix the fourteenth century in the fifteenth
a at
modern
Rome was
mediaeval
began to be slowly transformed into
it
While the
city.
still
seat
of
tlie
Avignon (1305-1377), three-quarters
of
the
their
prehistoric ancestors
roofs,
and quenched their are
in-
with fever and poverty, lived like
habitants, stricken
We
space
The
within the walls was put under cultivation.
Tiber.
was
papacy
told
mud
in
thirst
that
in
huts with thatched
with the waters of the the
year 1377, on the
return of Gregory XI. from Avignon, there were only 17,000 people in the entire area. is
exact or not, the
Whether
men who remained
the figure
faithful to their
Without
native soil deserve the gratitude of mankind.
them the
site of
Rome, completely deserted, might now
have to be pointed out to the inquiring stranger as that of Veii, of Fidenae, of Ostia,
and
of
Tusculum.
In the abandoned parts of the City a remnant of
could be found in the churches
and
Esquiline,
and
teries
as
of
that
character
the of
S.
until
Caelian,
Balbina, its
fortified
" modernisation " 198
monas-
Aventine
which retained in
its
life
hills,
mediaeval
1884.
Vines
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN CITY and
grew
olive trees
on the Palatine, and
199
in the halls of the imperial palace
grazed again on the
cattle
site
of
Here and there
the Forum, as in the days of Evander.
stood the dismantled ruins of baronial houses destroyed
by the victor
of the da}^
other quarters
;
Torrecchiano, for instance brick
towers,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; were and
loopholed
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
bristling with square
battlemented,
Normanni,
the
of
Papi,
Romani,
and Anguillara dominated the region
tevere,
while
entrance
Ponte
the
to
the
of
di
Maria (the
Pons Aemilius, now Ponte Rotto), and those Frangipani the island of
The
ruins
(Monte Giordano), and Fiori),
of
Statilius
were in the hands of the Orsini.
of
Marcellus
ancient the
of
Taurus
Pompey's theatre (Campo
had supplanted the Pierleoni theatre
the
Bartolomeo (Fig. 34).
amphitheatre of
the
of
S,
Tras-
of
commanded
Pierleoni
Santa
strong-
Stefaneschi,
Anicii,
those
obtrusive
The
proof of perpetual warfare and bloodshed. holds
Campo
(Monte
in
The
di
Savelli
the possession of the
The Colonna
Savello).
family occupied a fortified enclosure in the abandoned quarter about Trajan's Forum, with the centre of their
stronghold at the temple of the Sun on the Quirinal (Villa Colonna), while the
the hill of ised
Monte
by them
still
as detached forts.
standing
;
of
Augustus and
Citorio, strongly garrisoned,
at the corner of the is
mausoleum
One
were
util-
of their towers,
Via Tre Cannelli and Via Nazionale,
there are also towers of the Mellini
and Sanguigni near the Stadium,
of the
Sinibaldi and
200
•
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
Crescenzi near the Pantheon.
These ugly square struc-
tures were raised to protect the residences of the barons,
which had not the aspect
Fig. 34.
of a palace, hut of a cluster
— House and tower of the Margani.
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN CITY of
201
narrow dwellings, enclosed by a battlemented
low,
Around them
wall.
the
lived
who every night barred with The great fortress of lanes.
vassals
chains the
and
partisans,
surrounding
the
Frangipani covered
the southern half of the Palatine, the core of the forti-
being the Septizonium
fication
;
and
this family
had out-
posts also at the Coliseum, at the Turris Cartularia, at
the Janus Quadrifrons of the
Forum Boarium, and
at
the arches of Titus and Constantine.
The great Torre
Conti, erected
de'
by Nicholas
I.
about 858, and rebuilt by Innocent III. in 1216, was called
by Petrarch Turris
toto
and
the Carinae
its
pro-
It
the
of
from
commanded the district The upper part Subura.
digious height and strength. of
orbe unica
having collapsed during the earthquake of 1348, Pope
Urban VIII. pulled down the the lowest of the three stories. is
Much
the top of
better preserved
the Torre delle Milizie, the construction of which was
popularly attributed to Nero.
by Pandolfo of
rest, as far as
della
It
was very
Suburra in 1210.
the same century
it
likely built
In the second half
became the property
of
the
Annibaldi, and later passed into the possession of the Caetani.
The
aspect of
with that of
S.
Rome
may be compared In many parts there
in those days
Geminiano to-day.
were towers crowned with battlements and with iron brackets for signal
fires
(Fig. 35).
so great that a district of
Their number was
the City on the slopes and
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
202
Oppian
at the
foot of the
Campo
Torrecchiano.
All
sense
Fig. 35.
of
the
hill
beautiful,
was actually
all
called
appreciation
of
the
art,
— A lane of mediaeval Rome — Via della Lungarina, demolished in 1877.
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN CITY
203
seems to have been lost for a time among the Romans.
While other
cities in Italy
were raising churches, town
exchanges, fountains, palaces, and splendid private
halls,
houses which
command admiration
day
at the present
on account of the graceful simplicity of their proportions
did
and the
little
finish of their
more than
pile
work, the builders at
Rome
up and jumble together
frag-
ments of older structures, without regard to form or Tivoli, Viterbo,
fitness.
Rome
period far superior to architecture.
and even Corneto, were in in their public
They can point
to splendid
this
and domestic examples of
the skill and taste of their master masons of the four-
teenth century, while to
show that
is
influence of the
we Romans have
absolutely nothing
Every
trace of the local
comparable.
Cosmatesque School seems to have
dis-
appeared before the beginning of the fifteenth century.
When,
therefore, interest in artistic construction
to revive, as the handicrafts of art
which form the auxiliaries
no longer existed in the City, artisans from other
parts of Italy, especially from Tuscany, Umbria,
region of the lakes of
Peter from 1431 to 1447.
Paul
11.
(1464-1471)
called Palazzo Venezia.
is
and the
Como and Lugano, had
summoned to Rome. The first impulse toward the rebuilding was given by Eugene IV., who occupied St.
began
A
to be
of the City
the chair of
splendid memorial of
the palace of St. Mark,
Under
now
the pontificates of Paul's
successors, Sixtus IV., Innocent VIII. (1484-1492),
and
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
204
Alexander VI. (1492-1503), Baccio Pontelli carried to
Rome
the artistic traditions of Brunelleschi, and erected
successively the churches of S. Maria del Popolo, S. Pietro in Montorio, S. Agostino, S.
Maria della Pace, the
Sistine chapel, the fagades of
Pietro in Vincoli and
SS.
the
of
Apostoli,
the
S.
hospital
of
Spirito,
S.
the
palace of the Governo Vecchio, and the great court of
Mag-
the pontifical palace, near the church of S. Maria giore,
To Bramante we
which was recently destroyed.
owe the
beautiful court of
Damaso
S.
the Vatican,
in
the Belvedere, the galleries connecting this last with the pontifical residence, the
round temple
of S. Pietro in Montorio,
(now the
in
the cloisters
and the palaces
of the Riario
now
Cancelleria) and of Cardinal di Corneto,
Torlonia-Giraud.
The
aspect of the City
was considerably changed by Early in the fifteenth
the erection of these buildings.
century the modern
spirit,
and so fond of straight
so methodical in
began
lines,
in the cutting of spacious streets
rambling habitations of
March
30, 1425,
the
through the ruins and
City.
By
Campus Martins Via
de'
the
Arco
;
several
of
the
Nicholas V. the Via di
Banchi); and Paul
II.
di Portogallo near S.
the Piazza Venezia.
dated
a bull
Martin V. reestablished the
and paved
things
to manifest itself
office of
the
Eugene IV.
commissioners of streets (rnagistri viarum). straightened
all
lanes S.
in
Celso
the
(now
paved the Corso between Lorenzo in Lucina, and
Sixtus IV. was
named "the
great
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN CITY
205
many
{gran fahhricatore)^ on account of the
builder "
improvements made under
his rule
;
and Alexander VI.
Via Alexandrina through the Borgo.
carried the
cannot be denied that these improvements in the
It
material aspect and welfare of the City involved great losses
on the archaeological and historical
regarding the extent of
out entering into particulars the
which
transformation,
for our purpose
in
his
ride
be
follow Poggio Bracciolini
Beginning with the Capitol,
Nicholas V.
of
Poggio
describes
the
southern
the colossal remains later
of
platform
now
Caffarelli palace
few decades
Avill
it
through the City in 1447, the year of the
election
where the
to
my
be fully given in
will
volumes on the Storia degli Seavi di Roma^ sufficient
With-
side.
the
of
the
hill,
stands, as covered with
temple of Jupiter
;
but a
columns, capitals, and frieze had
dis-
appeared so completely that archaeologists since then
have found serious the
two summits
difficulty in
of the hill
was occupied by the Capito-
lium and which by the Citadel. of
Isis
determining which of
Speaking of the temple
and Serapis, near the church
of
La Minerva,
Poggio mentions two interesting particulars.
He
says
that a local gardener in planting a tree had lately dis-
covered a head of one of the colossal river-gods, which, together with other recumbent figures, once lined the
dromos
of the temple,
ity of the people,
covered
it
but being annoyed by the curios-
who rushed
up again.
He
to
see
his find, at once
also speaks of the remains of
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
206 a
many
with
portico
columns,
ground or half buried under the ruins
Some
December,
in
1451, to the Loggia of the Benediction at St.
under the
management
skilful
of
Peter's,
from
engineer
the
the
of the temple.
removed
columns were
these
of
on
lying
either
Bologna, Maestro Aristotile di Fioravante degli Alberti.
Of the temple first visited
of Concord,
Rome
Poggio says that when he
in 1431 the front portico, facing the
Forum, was almost intact; but that
the
whole
temple with a part of the portico was destroyed.
Simi-
lar instances of
in the case of
later
wanton destruction are recorded by him portions of the Coliseum, as well as of
the remains at Ostia and other suburban places.
The general
by these
practice followed
tury builders, whether simple citizens, was this:
popes,
cardinals,
fifteenth cen-
or
patricians,
Before commencing their work
they would secure the possession of a petraia^ that
is,
an ancient structure or part of a structure, from which they could obtain materials of construction, lime and
ornamental marbles.
from the
There
no
is
edifice in
fifteenth century the erection of
simultaneously mutilation
of
carry
with
the
it
Rome
which did not
destruction
some ancient structure.
dating
I
or
the
a
few
add
instances.
When of
the
Martin V., in July, 1425, undertook the laying beautiful
cosmatesque
pavement
of
St.
John
Lateran, Antonio Picardi and Nicolao Bellini, contractors
for
the work,
received
the
Pope's permission to
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN CITY of
strip
their
marbles
and without the City,"
the churches, "both within
all
in
207
which divine service was no
Apparently the contractors gave to
longer celebrated.
the grant a very broad interpretation, and laid hands not
only on abandoned places of worship, but on the very
tomb
In a brief of March
of the prince of the apostles.
29, 1436,
Eugene IV. complains that some precious
porphyry and serpentine had been wrenched
of
the pontifical chair, which was, as
most blessed
the
!
Peter "
it
off
slabs
from
were, "the altar of
The same Pope
issued a
second brief for the protection of the Coliseum against the "diggers of marbles"; and yet I find that stones
from the Coliseum were used by him in the restoration of the apse of St.
Curia and the
John Lateran, and marbles from the
Forum Julium
in the restoration of the
Apostolic palace.
The monuments which rule of Nicholas
suffered the
most under the
V. are the Coliseum, the Circus Maxi-
mus, the Curia, and the temple of Venus and Rome.
A
document
of 1452
^
certifies that
one contractor alone,
Giovanni Paglia Lombardo, was allowed to remove from the Coliseum 2522 cartloads of travertine in the space of only nine months.
was worked
as a
columns of both
The temple
of
Venus and Rome
quarry from 1450 to 1454, the porphyry celiac
being used as lining for the lime-
kilns on account of their refractory qualities.
Pope destroyed the triumphal arch 1
The same
of Gratian, Valen-
Published by Miintz in Eevue Archeologique, September, 1876.
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
208 tinian,
and Theodosius, by the church
of
S.
Celso in
Banchi, in order to widen the Piazza di Ponte S. Angelo
and he built
two expiatory
also the foundations of the
chapels at the entrance to the same bridge with statues
and ornamental marbles from the mausoleum
of Hadrian.
In 1456 twenty blocks of rare marble were removed from
made Duomo.
Ostia to Orvieto and the faQade of the
The building
use of in the decoration of
Loggia of the Benediction
of the
at St.
Peter's, the masterpiece of the time of Pius II,, caused
more damage vasion.
to ancient
monuments than
Materials were
extracted
from the Coliseum, the temple the
Forum Julium,
the
Baths
(SS.
Cosma
and lime
of Jupiter Capitolinus,
hill of S. Spirito,
the temple of the
the Via Campana, the portico of Octavia, Caracalla,
of e
the
templum
Damiano), the ruins
tlie
built the palace of St.
Mil-
the
Via Flaminia
near the farmhouses of Valca and Valchetta. II.,
Urbis
Sacrae
Ostia,
of
vian bridge, and the massive tombs of
Pope, Paul
obtained
the Senate-house, the bridge of Nero,
the Palatiolum on the
Dea Dia on
a barbaric in-
The next
Mark with
the
spoils of the temple of Claudius on the Caelian, of the
Coliseum, of a temple
near S. Maria in Cosmedin, of
the tombs of the Via Flaminia, of the Septa Julia, and of an
unknown
travertine building (the
the vineyard of the banker raised the
beautiful
Tommaso
Castello
taken from the Amphitheatre.
at
Gaianum
Spinelli
Tivoli
;
?)
in
and he
with materials
Nevertheless, the genial
;
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN CITY Aeneas April
Piccolomini issued his famous brief
Silvio 28,
urhem^'"
in
209
"
commencing,
1462,
which
he
threatened
the pontifical wrath against the
Cum almam
of
nostram
heavy penalties and destroyers of ancient
remains.
Of Sixtus IV. we have two
it
One
our subject.
for
is
briefs that are important
dated
December
17,
1471
authorises " the architects of the Vatican library to
make excavations anywhere
in order to secure the stone
ni'Âť'"P
Fig. 3G.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The
Porta del Popolo of the time of Sixtus IV.
M. Heemskerk
needed
" for the work.^
" the
inflicts
a sketch by
other, dated April
7,
greater excommunication " on those " the patriarchal
remove marbles from and
The
From
(1536).
basilicas."
The
Victor, the tutelary
1474,
who
and other churches
beautiful round temple of Hercules
god
of the charioteers of the circus,
which stood near the Ara Maxima and the Forum Bo-
monuments destroyed under the The two square towers on either
arium, was one of the rule of this pontiff.
side of the Porta del Popolo (Fig. 36) 1
MUntz, Les Arts a
la
were built in the
cour des PapeSy Vol.
III. p. 15.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
210
same pontificate with marbles from the tombs
of Aelius
Gutta Calpurniaiius, the famous charioteer (Fig. 37); of Valerius of Lucius Nonius Asprenas, consul A.D. 6 ;
Nicias
named Postuma, and from
of a patrician lady
;
an unknown tomb of pyramidal shape which stood on the site of the present church of S. Maria de' Miracoli.
Altogether 250 large marble blocks were used in the building of the two bastions.^
nwm is
Fiu.
The
;17.
list
— Kcliefs
I'ruin
the
tomb
in
Via Lata, the materials
cent
VIIL
in
the
arms novus) near
ander VI.
in
the
Via Alexandrina.
1
and veneering
Maria
of
this
church, and the
— the
so-
— which was accomplished by Alex-
widening and straightening
The same Pope
near the gate of the castle of frieze
S.
which were used by Inno-
of
restoration
Meta Romuli^
,
with the destruction
removal of the great pyramid of the Rorgo called
'
o! Calpurniaiius, the charioteer.
for this century closes
of a triumphal arch (called
^
LB
S.
of Hadrian's
Visconti in Bull. Com., 1877,
p.
185
of
the
round tower
built a
Angelo with the marble mausoleum. sq.
2
See
p. 178.
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN CITY
Among this
the palaces built
century
of Cardinal
I
Adriano
by private individuals during
mention only two,
shall
which was built with the
spoils of
and of the four-faced temple della Cancelleria,
now
Corneto,
di
211
of
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
palace
Torlonia-Giraud,
the
Basilica
Julia
Janus; and the Palazzo
by Cardinal Riario with stone
built
from the Coliseum and with marbles from the triumphal arch of Gordianus, near the Praetorian camp.
Before passing to the disastrous sack of
army first
Bourbon,
of Charles of
I
Rome by
the
must remark that the
quarter of the sixteenth century showed a decided
improvement
in the increasing appreciation of the value
monuments on
of certain classes of ancient
such popes as Julius
II.
individuals as Raphael
the part of
and Leo X., and such private
and
his archaeological advisers,
Fabio Calvo da Ravenna and Andrea Fulvio.
Statuary
The
finding of
and inscriptions were especially prized. the Laocoon
among
the ruins of the house of Titus on
the Oppian seems to have struck with
Pope, the court, the
A
artists, in fact
amazement the
the whole population.
general search for works of sculpture was afterward
instituted, in the course
of
which the remains
buildings suffered great damage.
raphy was in
its
infancy,
The
of
old
science of topog-
and the importance
of
pre-
serving ancient buildings was slow to be recognised.
The
last years of
Alexander VI., who died in 1503,
were marked by the destruction of a portion of the Baths of Diocletian, of
an unknown temple on the Sacra Via,
^
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
212
and
Forum
of the
Transitorium.^
cessor (1503-1513),
give
operations to
ancient Rome.
Julius
his
II.,
suc-
was too much absorbed
in military
much
remains of
attention
to
However, he took up
the
in earnest the re-
construction of the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter's. Since the time of Nicholas V. fears had been entertained
and Leon Battista Alberti
for the safety of the building,
and Bernardo Rossellino had been commissioned pare plans for
reconstruction.
its
gressing very slowly impulse,
who
placing
it
when
Julius
to pre-
The work was II.
gave
under the direction
of
it
a
pro-
new
Bramante,
entered upon his duties in 1503.
Bramante's design was to substitute for the old church, of a pure basilica t3'pe, cross,
an
edifice in the
form of a Greek
with a hexastyle portico in front, and an immense
cupola over the centre supported by four great piers. Julius II. laid the foundations of the Greek cross in 1506
under the pier now called della Veronica.
The four
piers
and the arches whicli spring from them were the only parts of the structure completed at the time of the Pope's death.
The
antiquities
loss occasioned to art, history,
by the destruction
simply incalculable.
is
and Christian
of the venerable basilica
The west
half
of the greatest
temple of Christendom was levelled to the ground with all
its
precious decorations in mosaic, fresco, sculpture,
1
JahrhiLch far Kunst und Wins., Vol. IV.
2
Curiously enough, the old St. Peter's appears In Jenichen's Pano-
ramic View
of
[Frontispiece).
Rome,
engraved
p. 70.
more than
half
a
century
later
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN CITY in
marble and in wood, with
and
its
pontifical
its
historical inscriptions
among which were
tombs,
213
those of
Celestine IV. (t 1243), Gregory IX. (f 1241), Boniface
IX.
VII.
Innocent
(11404),
(f 1406),
Eugene
IV.
(11447), and Nicholas V. (11455).
Three other churches of Julius II.
:
on the night of
also disappeared in the pontificate
the old titulus Marcelli, which collapsed
May
1509
23,
;
the church of S. Donatus,
demolished for the opening of the Via Giulia
church of SS. Celso
;
and the
Giuliano in Banchi, which was
e
destroyed to widen the Piazza di Ponte.
No
great losses are recorded under the rule of Leo X.,
who, on September classic
1517, issued a
bull,
written in
language, for the encouragement of those
might be willing to the City of
by reason tion."
2,
raise
Rome might
new
edifices,
"to the end that
increase in size
of additions to its buildings
The Via
di Ripetta
and the Via
who
and and
d'
in dignity its
popula-
Aracoeli were
The only act of vandalism which can be brought home to him is the destruction of a certain part of the Via Tiburtina, called La Quadrata, the embankment of which was supported by great walls The stones were removed to St. Peter's. of travertine. opened by the same
pontiff.
CHAPTER
XVIII
THE SACKIXG OF ROME BY THE ARMY OF CHARLES OF BOURBON IN 1527
The
Rome
sacking of only
parable
One
burning of
by the
the
B.C.,
and the destruction caused by the
City
the
1081.
in
the
of
was a calamity com-
with
Gauls in 390
Normans
in 1527
sung to-day over the
familiar lullabies
cradles of restless children begins with the la
ninna, e passa via Barbone
is
gone," the
name Barbone,
Go to the man "
!
'^
beard," having usurped that of
So persistent
is
the
memory
the
words sleep,
:
" Fatti
Barbone
with the long
hated conqueror.
of those days of terror
!
Charles of Bourbon, the remorseless leader of a cruel
army, appeared before the crumbling walls of the Leo-
May
nine City
1527, and placed his headquarters in
5,
the convent of S. Onofrio, opposite the gate of S. Spirito (Fig.
38).
Although he himself
fell
tlie
victim of a
stray shot early on the following day, his forces, comprising Italians,
twenty thousand
and
six
Germans, fourteen
thousand
Spaniards,
tliousand
succeeded
in
storming the Borgo while the Pope was seeking shelter in the
castle of
S.
Angelo. 214
The
pillage of
the
City,
73
a
o o
o a
O CO
03
CO
6
;
SACK OF
217
1527
with unspeakable horrors, lasted eight days, from the 6th to the 14th of May. ures collected in the
In so short a time the treas-
Roman
vents, during the lapse of centuries,
The
sacred precincts of
hands
the
were dispersed.
Peter's
St.
fared worse at
and
Spaniards
Catholic
the
of
and con-
palaces, churches,
Lombards
than they had at the hands of the Saracens in 846.
They
The Spaniards searched every tomb. the corpse
Julius
of
II.
of
vestments
pontifical
its
they gambled with their booty, and rested
by lying stretched out on the venerable used
the
ship
as
women
chalices
drinking
of
broken into
windows bits,
;
they
company with
profligate
cups,
in
their
manuscripts collected by Pius stained glass
altars
workman-
the sanctuary, preparing their
of
themselves
marvellous mediaeval
and they stabled
;
stripped
of
horses
the
in
aisles
with precious
litters
and Sixtus IV.
II.
The
Guillaume de Marcillat were
and the Flemish tapestries designed
by Raphael were stolen
for
the
sake
of
their
gold
threads.
The
fate
connected
on
the
of
these world-famous tapestries
with
that
vicissitudes
of to
the
City,
which
Rome have been exposed
in
and
is
throws
closely light
antiquity in
relics
of
these
later
centuries.
Pope Leo X., thirteen years before these events, had given Raphael a commission to draw cartoons illustrating scenes
from
the
New
Testament.
were copied in tapestry by Bernhard
The cartoons van Orlay and
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
218
Michael Coxie, and the priceless fabrics thus produced
were exhibited in the Sistine chapel on certain church
The
festivals.
tapestries
and were carried
were stolen by the lansquenets,
with other spoils from the Vati-
off
In 1553, however, they came
can.
Anne de Montmorency, who
sion of
owner
legitimate
their
;
the
into
restored
posses-
them
to
but some of them were lost
forever.
Even
the tapestries that had been preserved to this
time were not to be spared further vicissitudes.
They
experienced perhaps a Avorse treatment in 1798 at the
hands of the French invaders, when they were sold for
sum
a nominal
them
the
for
to
sake
He
Genoese Jew.
a
of
the gold
which Van Orlay had made use
and in
burnt one of
silver threads, of
weaving the bright
but the profits did not meet
liis
expectations.
Pius VII. bought the rest back in 1808.
During the
lights,
siege of
Rome
1819 they were exposed to injury for
in
the third time from General Oudinot's artillery.
cannon-balls entered
the
were hung
on the
;
one
fell
gallery
where
floor,
the
Two
tapestries
and the other burst
directly in front of the one portraying the Miraculous
Draught If
we
of Fishes. recall
the vast collections of objects of value
which the piety
of
Roman
sacristies
of
centuries,
we can
of
May, 1527.
the faithful
churches
appreciate
had heaped up during
the losses
Sacred vessels of small
the of
size
in the
preceding the
month
were packed
SACK OF sacks
in
and carried
off
219
1527
others which
;
could not be
removed were destroyed, and the most precious
relics
were treated with contumely.
The
busts of St. Peter
and
St.
Andrew,^ and that
of
John
of
church
the
of
Lateran,
the
in
hoisted
soldier
were stolen respectively from
Presbyter
the
shrines
their
head of
Paul, the
St.
on the
which was believed
point of
to be the one
had pierced the side
of
had
been presented
to
azed
II.,
the
his
and
Vatican,
A
Capite.
in
Silvestro
S.
the
in
German
the
lance
in
spear
with which Longinus
Redeemer on the
cross
;
it
Pope Innocent VII. by Bay-
and was preserved
in the
famous shrine of the
Santa Lancia, a masterpiece of the school of Mino da Fiesole, destroyed
have belonged
to
by Paul V. to
in 1606.
Veronica,
St.
The
and
to
vail, said
bear
the
impression of the Saviour's features, was dragged from
tavern to tavern
drunken
among
soldiery. ^
the jeerings and taunts of the
The
cross
hung over the Apostle's tomb in the
mud
The head
1
of the of St.
Via
di
Andrew was
of
Constantine,
in St. Peter's,
Pancrazio.
where the
A
was tossed
Borgo and trampled under
stolen again in 1848
and hidden in a
recess of the city walls between the Porta Cavalleggeri S.
which
and the Porta
marble statue erected by Pius IX. marks the spot
was re-discovered in 1850. first one which the pilgrims sought on their visit ad limina, was kept in a shrine built by John VII. The shrine was destroyed in 1606, together with its priceless mosaic pictures. The image of the Virgin alone was saved by Cardinal Pallotta, who made a present 2
of
This
it
relic
relic,
the
to the Ricci of Florence.
It is
family in the church of S. Marco.
now
preserved in the chapel of that
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
220
Even
foot.
palace, the
the chapel of St. Lawrence in the Lateran
most august shrine
was profaned and stripped
the
of
Catholic world,
of all its contents.
Furniture, pictures, and works of art of every description
Avere
destroyed
in
private
and
houses
palaces
and precious stones were apportioned among the
pearls
German mercenaries by
spoonfuls, the share of an ordi-
nary soldier in the booty being from three to four thousand
Exquisite
ducats.
devised to extort
refinements
were
cruelty
of
money from persons suspected of havThe old Cardinal Ponzetta, although
ing concealed
it.
a partisan of
the Emperor, was held for a ransom of
twenty thousand ducats, and afterward dragged through the streets of the City with his hands tied behind him
Another
he died soon after in great destitution. nal,
cardi-
Cristoforo Numalio, was torn from the bed where
he was lying cession
and
;
in
placed on a hearse, and dragged in pro-
ill,
ecclesiastical
his
profligate
robes.
women surrounded
Drunken
soldiers
the bier, brandishing
torches and vociferating infamous songs in imitation of
Thus the unfortunate
priestly canticles.
carried
the
into
old
man was
church of the Aracoeli and lowered
ransom
into a crypt, to be buried alive unless a fresh
should be paid. last
rescue
his
at
the
moment.
Still
more unhappy was the
name ought of
Friends came to
drunken
fate
of
a
priest
to be enrolled in the list of heroes.
soldiers
had dressed a donkey
A
whose group
in sacerdotal
;;
SACK OF robes and
made
Having
kneel before a street shrine.
it
caught hold of a
221
1527
priest,
minister the holy
they tried to force him to ad-
communion
The good
to the brute.
old man, to save the Host from such profanation, swal-
lowed
before they could prevent him, and suffered
it
from those demons
in
human
rible
martyrdoms recorded
The
loss sustained
flesh
one of the most hor-
in the history of persecutions.
by the City
in those eventful
days
has been valued at seven or eight million of ducats by
Scaramuccia Trivulzio, cardinal of Ulloa, the biographer of Charles in estirnating this loss, of florins
V.
that
that
assert chisels,
at fifteen
Giovio,
many
were
by
while Gregorovius,
;
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; nearly a million and a half pounds Cappella,
or
it
is
not surprising
Brantome, and
ancient statues,
mutilated
sterling, or
of dollars.
In the light of these barbarities, find
;
mentions a sum of twenty millions
between seven and eight millions
to
Como
work
the
destroyed
;
that
of
others
Greek
Raphael's
frescoes in the Stanze and those of Pinturicchio in the
Sale Borgia of the Vatican were deliberately injured
the
smoke
of bonfires lighted in the
that the very
the
tomb
Constantinian
middle of the halls
of St. Peter, deep Basilica,
by
under the apse of
was broken
into,
and the
remains of the Apostle scattered to the four winds
but these statements,
if
not altogether incorrect, are at
least exaggerated.
We
have quite definite information regarding the num-
ber and the quality of the statues discovered and ex-
;
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
222 hibited in
Roman
among them were
palaces and villas before 1527.
Chief
the recumbent colossal figures of the
Nile and of the Tiber, found at the time of Leo X.
the ruins of the temple of Isis
;
the
attributes of Hercules (Heracles
May
on
Commodus with Campo
to the Belvedere gardens
by Julius
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; discovered
Ciampolini house at the
the
moved
to the Vatican
Campo
in
di
II.; ;
14, 1506,
on the Oppian art
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Fiori,
and
re-
not
is
known is
;
the
usually
on a farm of Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere,
near Grotta Ferrata
of
another
1513 under
Belvedere Apollo, found, not at Antium, as
January
a torso
by Clement VII.; the Sleeping
Ariadne, whose place of discovery
stated, but
and
di Fiori
of Heracles in the possession of the Colonnas
the torso of the Belvedere
the
and Telephos), found
15, 1507, in the Piazza di
removed
among
and the Laocoon group, found on
;
by Felice de Fredis There were
hill.
in his vineyard
also the bronze
presented to the Senate and
Roman
works
people by
Sixtus IV. and exhibited in the Palazzo dei Conservatori the hill;
statue
the
of
Marcus Aurelius, now on
tlie
Capitoline
marble horse-tamers, the three Constantines,
and the two river-gods
of the Quirinal.
All these marbles and bronzes have come
down
to us
uninjured except one, the Heracles of the Colonna palace,
which has disappeared
;
and the frescoes
well as those of Pinturicchio, are
examining these three years ago
last,
when
by order
of
still
of Raphael, as
to be seen.
In
the Sale Borgia were reopened
Leo XIII.,
I
observed
German
SACK OF
223
1527
names scratched with a pointed instrument, whetlier a sword or knife the wall
;
am
tell,
on the lower surface of
but whether they are names of the mercenaries
V. or of more peaceful
of Charles I
could not
I
visitors of later times
unable to say (Fig. 39).
Fig. 39.
— One
of the Sale Borgia
— that of
the "Vita della
Madonna" — in
the Vatican.
Reissner asserts that the right arm of the central figure of the it
Laocoon group must have been broken
was discovered
;
but
it is
arm was missing
off
a fact quite generally
after
known
that
the
the
time of discovery.
The
assertion of a letter published
some years ago by
at
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
224 I.
Mayerhofer
that the of
tomb has
1527,
The
letter
in the Historisches
been distinctly contradicted by Grisar.^
was written by Theodoric Vafer
soldiers," the writer says,
in
751)
p.
was violated during the sack
of St. Peter
and bears the date
scheid),
Jahrhuch (1891,
of
June
;
Ge-
"
The
1527.
" have profaned every church
Rome, and have slaughtered
altars of the apostles
17,
(alias
on
victims
their
they have broken the
the
coffins, or
urns, containing the relics of St.
Peter and
and dispersed the precious dust
they have stolen the
;
sacred vessels used in the divine service," etc.
Grisar thinks that expressions of a
we ought not
man
the appalling disaster
Professor
to take too literally the
writing under the excitement of ;
certainly not one of the hundreds
by eye-witnesses
descriptions
of
Paul,
St.
the
of
events agrees
with this statement. Interesting discoveries have from time to time been
made
A
in connexion with this sack of the City. diarist of the last century,
that
found in the Corso,
where
cellars it
of
Via put
della it
Palazzo
1,
Verospi
1879, an apprentice
in repairing the drain of Stelletta,
on the Again,
mason
a house at No. 23,
found a shiny piece of metal, and
in his pocket waiting for a
a connoisseur. 1
the
scudi was
had been concealed in 1527.
on the morning of June
engaged
Cecconi, relates
sixty thousand
1705 a treasure of
in
named
chance to show
it
to
In the meanwhile the dirt from the drain
See Le tombe Apostoliche di
Boma, Roma,
1892, p. 27, n. 40.
SACK OF was carted away
The
piece
for his
made
at once
in the act of receiving
twenty francs
from a goldsmith opposite.
Search was
on the spot, and 142 gold coins were found
Policemen were sent after the
and near the drain.
in
They overtook
carts.
Porta Angelica.
in the direction of the
was caught
lad
225
1527
these outside the Porta Angelica,
examined the contents, and found forty-two more to the great
amazement
of the drivers,
pieces,
who had no
idea
that they were removing gold from such an unexpected
One hundred and
mine.
eighty-four gold pieces had
therefore been concealed in the drain of the house during or immediately before the pillage of 1527. certain
who
1503;
in
is
the coins bear the effigy, the coat of arms, and
:
the legend of Pius
VIII.,
The date
II.,
who
died in 1492;
and
died in 1464;
of
of Innocent
Alexander VI., who died
other predecessors of Clement VII.,
of
under whose pontificate the pillage took place.
Clement VII. himself amount
coins of
The
to one-third of
the whole number. ^
The Tiber
hiding-place of chief importance ;
for,
the bed of the
rather than allow their treasures to be seized
by the invaders, the Romans threw the
is
their valuables into
arms of Father Tiber, who gathered them in
muddy
treasury,
his
and has preserved them to our day.
At the time of the discovery it was asserted that a coin with the and name of Paul III. had been seen in the treasure-trove, a fact that, if substantiated, would place the concealment of this gold at a later 1
effigy
period than the sack.
Q
I
have not been able
to see the coin in question.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
226
When,
in 1877, the
tion of the
works connected with the construc-
embankments along the
ing and deepening of
its
and the widen-
river
bed began,
made
I
a point
it
to ascertain the comparative depth of the various finds
with a view to determining the
stratification
The
objects of every description at the bottom.
was not
easy, because
more dredgers were kept
and more compressed-air caissons were sunk
at
at the
time than one could watch personally, and, in such cate inquiries, personal observation
is
to the following result
:
that
we
if
count the miscellaneous objects wliich
task
work same deli-
necessary.
Comparing the notes taken from 1878
come
the
of
to 1889, I
have
leave out of ac-
may
pertain to any
age and hence are not conclusive, the archaeological strata of the Tiber correspond with considerable regularity to
the leading catastrophes in the history of objects with which the dredgers first recall the revolution of 1848-1849,
Rome.
The
came into contact
and bear witness
to
the haste with which compromising objects, as republican
symbols and weapons of every kind, were made to disappear as soon as General Oudinot had become the master of the City.
The next important
spond with the French invasion third from
mementoes
the top yields
as
of its
layer seems to corre-
1798-1799
;
and the
harvest innumerable
of the sack of Charles of
Bourbon.
CHAPTER XIX THE MONUMENTS IN THE LATTER PART OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
The
wretched state of
the sixteenth century
is
Rome
in
the latter part of
hardly concealed beneath the
superficial brilliancy of the Renaissance. facts,
which
I
The following
have gathered at random from contem-
porary records, cast light upon the condition of things. In April, 1566, Pius V. directed the cardinals Crispo,
and Sforza "
di Montepulciano,
of
Rome
of
summer comes
are promptly cleaned, so that
when
the heat
the air shall not be tainted."
Ap-
had
been
parently,
no attempt to
made
years.
for
to see that the streets
As
clean
the
streets
the country roads were only re-
paired four times each century, in the years of Jubilee, so the streets were only cleaned on great occasions, as
when
a newly elected pope rode in state to the Lateran
to take possession of his
To illustrate another may mention the curious
chair.
aspect of the administration, I
means adopted by Pius IV. and the City government to
diminish
vagrancy.
They determined
magistrates at the head of the City,
accompanied
by
thirteen
" the
wards of the
thirteen gentlemen 227
that
chosen
by
228
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
the Council
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; one
for each region
month with
their parishes once a
The
1562).
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; should
go around
-
the almsbox " (July
Rome, the
feast of the Birth-day of
8,
glori-
ous Palilia, on the twenty-first of April, was no longer for lack
celebrated,
money, but
of
was proposed on the ground had said that they private
their
Ave re
purse "
"
that
willing
some
gentlemen from
contribute
to
expenses
defray the
to
1549 a revival
in
of
the
celebration. justice
Ill
City magistrates of this period,
to the
must acknowledge
that, so far as relates to the
we
preser-
vation of the ancient monuments, their behaviour was
very
different
of
While the papal
particularly
by a
dated July 22, 1510, the municipal to
raise
and
their
voice
in
to protest against
missioners
for
the
*'
and reverence
love
so consistent
authorities
had
Fabbrica
for
projects
I
Paul
of
officials
their
the
di
S.
alma
III.
never ceased preservation,
Pietro."
parens
Their
was never
This attitude of mind
and unvarying that
municipal archives, to
the
the shameful deeds of the com-
dred vx)lumes of Records which
sition
of
bull
favour of
crushed by untoward events.
was
and
popes
the
sanctioned and encouraged the destruction of
remains,
classic
that
Chamber.
Apostolic officially
from
I
in the
many hun-
have consulted in the
have found no trace of any oppo-
connected with the safeguarding of
the classic remains, or with the increase of the archaeological collections of the
Capitoline
Museum.
On
the
I
Fig. 40.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Bas-reliefs church of
S.
from the arch of Marcus Aurelius, removed from the Martina in 1525, now in the Conservatori Palace.
THE MONUMENTS regard
contrary,
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
IN
the
for
the
of
glories
past
231
was
times carried to an extreme, and the City Council
and then transformed
that
overzealous
this
we
devotion to antiquity might justly be criticised,
compelled to admire the patriotism of the City for
in
trials,
also,
the cause
gloomy prospects
we must
they forgot
art
of
for the
now
were, into an academy
itself, as it
Even allowing
humanists.
of
at
else
all
future, and
confess, the sense of justice
;
are
officials,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; present
sometimes,
thus in March,
1525,
they took away from the rector of the church
of
Martina the bas-reliefs from the arch of Marcus
S.
now on
AureliLis,^
Conservatori
the landing of
the staircase of the
without allowing him
Palace,
any com-
pensation (Fig. 40).
In 1538, after 320 scudi had been
laboriously
col-
and other defaulters and crimi-
lected from the Cerrini
nals in the district of Cori, the City Council voted that
" of
the
sum
said
320 scudi a portion should be
of
devoted to the setting up of the equestrian statue of
M. Antonius
(szc),
according to the design of Master
Michael Angelo, sculptor, and another portion to the building of
the
Campidoglio."
substruction
The equestrian
walls
of
the
Piazza del
statue referred to
is
the
bronze Marcus Aurelius which was then set up in the square of the Capitol, where
In the Middle Ages (Fig. 42);
and
its
it
it
had
preservation 1
a
I.
has remained ever since. stood is
near
the
Lateran
thought to liave been
L. VI. 1014.
232
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
due to the
belief that it
the
of Constantine,
Christian Emperor.
first
The
was a statue
interest of the municipal authorities in the pres-
ervation of statuary
When
incident.
is
by the following
illustrated also
Pius IV., in 1561, urged the Munici-
pality to complete in timber the unfinished
the bridge of Santa Maria
Council
the
hesitated
(now
Monsignor Rufino guaranteed "
sum
cipality in the
succeed."
It
the
Muni-
to reimburse the
2000 scudi
of
suggestion until
if
the plan should not
happened that the repairs were not suc-
and the
cessful,
called the Ponte Rotto),
accept
to
portion of
commenced proceedings against
City
Monsignor Rufino
reimbursement
for
of
money.
the
After paying 640 scudi, he asked the City to accept in settlement
of
by experts, for the decoration of
statues," to be valued
new
the
Capitoline
them "two beautiful
due
balance
the
The proposal was
buildings.
Tommaso
cepted, and Mario Frangipani and lieri
Cava-
were appointed appraisers with power to choose a
third to
de'
ac-
appraiser
to
assist
The
them.
statues are
still
be seen, on either side of the vestibule of the Con-
servatori
according
found,
They
Palace.
a
to
in the
Forum Julium.
Julius
Caesar;
that
are
colossal
somewhat
The one on on the
left,
in
size,
doubtful
both
tradition,
the right represents a
victorious
Roman
admiral.
In December, statues
of
1584,
Castor and
the
restoration
of
the
colossal
Pollux came to a standstill on
THE MONUMENTS
IN
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
account of the lack of funds.
means
to complete the
office of
Fig. 41.
work
233
In order to provide the
the Council farmed out the
public notary for two of the wards of the City,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The
statues of Castor and Pollux on the Capitoline
hill,
restored in
1584.
the Rione
di
Ripa and the Curia Capitolina, and the
statues were set in the places
which they now occupy
(Fig. 41).
In 1576, in spite of the emptying of the treasury to
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
234
defray the expenses of the Jubilee of 1575, the
City
fathers voted a large sum, for tliose days, to bring the
Lex Regia
dispute regarding the possession of the satisfactory
famous document
This
conclusion.
to a is
a
copy, engraved in bronze, of the decree by which the " Senate
and the Roman people " conferred the imperial
The
power on Vespasian. Boniface St.
VIII.
the
in
John Lateran, and
its
where, showing
had been used by
construction
set
so
an
of
altar
awkwardly that
it
it
in
could
Cola di Rienzi, in 1346, caused
hardly be read.
be taken from
tablet
it
to
hiding-place and set up in the nave, to his fellow-citizens, he
was wont to
speak fiery words on the right of the people to choose
own form
their
government.
of
The
efforts
of
the
municipality to secure the valuable document had always failed,
owing
Lateran.
to
the
Compelled
Canons
opposition of the at last
by a decree
of the
of
Pope
the to
take some action, the Canons voted to commit the pre-
Roman
cious tablet to the guardian care of " the
and
as they
people,"
begged that they might receive something
in return, the Council, out of gratitude,
gave them 200
gold scudi on condition that they purchase a silver ewer
and basin and a pair
The 200
of candelabra for use in the basilica.
scudi were secured by
pawning
certain objects
of value belonging to the City.
In the minutes of the City Council for I find
the following statement
the antiquities of
Rome
:
" It
is
May
17, 1580,
clearly seen that
are disappearing every day, on
THE MONUMENTS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 235 account of the search for marbles, which the most reckless manner,
in
preservation
carried on
with no regard
the
have
a
Maggiore (the
Palazzo
recent instance of this in the
to
We
themselves.
ruins
the
of
is
palace of the Caesars) where the most beautiful halls
have been tions
undermined so
and buttresses
to
A
be kept standing."
deputa-
Pope Gregory XIII., instructed
tion
was sent
him
to revoke all grants given
to
new founda-
require
to
as
to ask
by the Apostolic Cham-
ber "for the procuring of marble and travertine from the
ancient ruins of the
di S. Pietro
Apostles."
and
The
City, even
church
the
of
for the
Prince
the
result of this interview
Fabbrica
may
of
the
be inferred
from the fact that by another apostolic brief the destructive
powers of the Fabbrica di
to the ruins of Ostia
were extended
S. Pietro
and Porto.
In the Autobiography of Cardinal Giovanni Antonio
by Professor Cugnoni,^ a
Santori, edited
instance
is
given of the
way
that Sixtus V. dealt with
" Seeing that the
ancient monuments.
characteristic
Pope was quite
bent on the destruction of the antiquities of Rome," says the Cardinal,
"many Roman noblemen came
to try to persuade his Holiness to
purpose,
particularly
as
abandon
to beg
me
his strange
he cherished the intention of
destroying the Septizonium (as he afterward did), the
Velabrum 1
(that
See Vol. XII.
p.
is,
the
372,
four-faced arch of the
and Vol. XIII.
Societa reale di Storia patria.
p. 151, of
Forum
the Archivio della
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
236
Boarium), and the Capo
tomb
the
of
monument
Bove," which we
di
Caecilia Metelhi, that
" I
Republic.
of the
as
and splendid
rare
made
know
this request
in
company with Cardinal Colonna, and received the reply that he wished to remove the unsightly ruins in order
And
to repair those that required it."
May,
indeed, in
1589, Giovanni Battista Mottino and Girolamo Leni and
brothers
his
had no
from Cardinal
down
the
obtaining permission
difficulty in
di Montalto, the Pope's Camarlingo, to pull
mausoleum
The
of Caecilia Metella.
however, contained a provision
"
:
rescript,
Our Sovereign Lord
and Master grants the concession, provided that the
Roman
people
monument,
as I
give here
to
Pope,
the
Avill
tlie
This
content."
are
show
;
but
I
clause
think
it
saved
worth while
exact words of the request the
the
made
to
of
the
"Gio. Battista Mottino, and Girolamo Leni and
his
age
:
so
characteristic
is
it
of
spirit
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
brothers, are the owners of the farm-lands of
Bove, where there be
is
a tomb, or tower, which
advantageous
very
therefore
to
them
to
Capo it
di
would
dismantle.
They
humbly pray your Holiness that they may
be granted permission in such a way that the gentle-
men
of the City Council (Signori Conservatori) cannot
oppose
it
by saying
ought not to say, as public place, and
the
it it
is is
an
antiquity,
out of
others have
which they
Rome and
not in a
been dismantled, one on
road to Tivoli, another of marble at Ponte
dell'
THE MONUMENTS
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
IN
237
many others.^ If your Holiness will make this concession we think Romano) will do that the Roman people (popolo likewise to please him, and thus all we receive will be by the special favour of our Master, and we will unceasingly pray God for his preservation, and Arco, yet another at Casal
that
happy
and
long
a
Rotonno, and
be
life
granted
your
to
Excellency."
The "popolo Romano," on whom Cardinal alto
had sought
to lay the responsibility, at
work
and the
tated,
demolition
of
Mont-
di first
began,
numerous and serious were the remonstrances
but
so
that,
on
motion of Paolo Lancellotti, seconded by his
the
Ottavio Gabrielli, and
leagues,
Alessandro
hesi-
col-
Gottifredi,
the Municipal Council cancelled the permission, and so
tomb
the
others
Metella was saved.
of
the
of
same nature,
This occurrence, and
possibly
account
for
the
change of feeling among the people toward Sixtus V.
Those same magistrates who had ordered the erection a
of
return
rate
the
the
death
August 1
I
him, November 26, 1585, to
to
statue
of
24,
Pope
the
1590
peace
of
:
to
commemo-
and plenty, thus announce the
Council
" To-day, our most
Holy Lord, Pope
cannot quite make out which tomb on Via Tiburtina
in this petition of Mottino
Cod. Vat. 3439,
f.
35.
and
The
his friends
;
perhaps
Monday,
on
it is
is
alluded to
that described in
antiquita al ponte delV Arco
is
the
tomb
of
M. Antonius Antius Lupus, about which see Bull. Com., 1891, p. 221. The mausoleum of Aurelius Cotta still bears the characteristic name given it in the memorial (Casal Rotondo).
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
238
Sixtus v., has departed this
and mutual congratulations
and
in
his
of
of all classes
But Sixtus V. was great ship
amidst the rejoicings
life,
and
City,
the
classic
to say
in
enmity,
in
modesty and
his
ruins.
It
toward some
that, in
spite of
contempt
the
he
his
in
on the Eter-
toward
professed
would, perhaps, be more correct
many
to
him the
of
Marcus Aurelius, and
we cannot forget destruction, we owe
ruins, for
classic
so
"^
in everything, in his friend-
magnificence, in the benefits he conferred nal
citizens.
acts of
columns of Trajan and
the
restoration of
Horse-tamers of
the
of
the
Quirinal, the discovery and reerection of three obelisks,
the removal of the Vatican obelisk to a more suitable place,
and the renovation
The demolition
of the
Septizonium
the
of
whole City. of
Septimius
Severus took place in the winter of 1588-1589, under the
direction
of
menico Fontana.
Pope's
the
Some 905
the work, but the valuable
and
peperino
of
marbles, teresting
see
what
famous building, the
of
columns
and
expenditure.
became
loss
expended
in
materials recovered, blocks
the
offset
Do-
architect,
scudi were
travertine,
more than to
favourite
the
of
spoils
rare
of It
is
of
in-
this
which archaeologists have
regretted more than of almost any other in Rome.
"Thirty-three blocks of stone,"
I
have stated
else-
where, "were used in the foundation of the pedestal of ^
Hodie sanctissimus dominus noster, Syxtus papa
congratulantibus
et
maxima omnium
laetitia,
quintits,
omnibus
diem suum clausit extremum.
THE MONUMENTS
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
IN
the obelisk in the Piazza del
239
Popolo; 104 of marble in
the restoration of the column of Marcus Aurelius, in-
cluding the base of the bronze statue of St. Paul
tomb
in the
of the
Pope
in the Cappella del
The
Pius V.
the Casa dei
staircase of
workhouse, by the Ponte
Sisto,
Moses
on
of
St.
Quirinal,
the
and
spoils of the Septizonium."
The Baths
of
(February
all
destruction
12, 1588).
the
had
church
their share of
the
not more mercifully
"We
Pope's of
admirers,
a portion
sings
them
of
had," he says, "this large
tract of land," the present Piazza di Termini,
was
of
^
one of the
the
of
praises
Cancelleria;
fountain of the
lastly,
Diocletian were
Gualtieri,
Baths of
the
John Lateran, the court and
Girolamo degli Schiavoni,
treated;
in
the adjoining palace, the
staircases of
Mendicanti, or
door of the Palazzo della
the north fagade
the
Presepio,
and that of the Trinita
Monti, the wash-house Qavatore)
Diocletian, the
S.
15
Maria Maggiore, and an equal number in that of
at S.
de'
;
"
which
no use because uneven and covered with the
of
ruins of
the
baths";
"it has been cleared
but now, thanks to Sixtus
and levelled up."
Not
less
V.,
than
2,660,000 cubic feet of masonry were broken up in the
course
of
the
work.
The
figures
can be verified in
the pontifical Books of Account, from which Ave learn that the destruction lasted from
15 of the following year. 1
The
May
16, 1586, to
materials were
Buins and Excavations^
p. 183.
May
carted
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
240
away and put
to use in raising the level of the Vicus
Bambino Gesu),
Patricius (Via del
Vicus Portae
of the
Viminalis (Via Strozzi), and other adjacent streets.
Next
importance come
in
the
damages
inflicted
in
the time of Sixtus V. upon the Claudian aqueduct, the
arches
which, seven
of
the height of level
reached in places
long,
one hundred and twenty feet above the
Many
Campagna.
the
of
miles
them were demol-
of
ished that the materials might be used in the construction
of
the
name from
new that
Aqueduct, which received
Felice
As we
Pope, Felice Peretti.
the
of
its
have seen, the Claudian, the Marcian, the Alexandrine,
and other aqueducts, had suffered of
the
at
little
who merely attempted
barbarians,
the hands
to
a
create
water famine in the besieged city by removing a few stones from the channels.
The Marcian and Claudian
aqueducts at any rate were practically intact the
end of
Castello
and
the sixteenth century.
Domenico
Fontana,
till
near
Upon Matteo da the
architects
of
Sixtus v., and upon the trustees of the hospital of S.
Giovanni, rests the main part of the responsibility for their
Whenever
disappearance.
the
hospital
was
in
need of money or building materials, a certain number of arches
were sold by public auction, and demolished
by the purchaser.
I
have found several grants
in the
archives of this charitable institution, conveying the right
and even
to destroy one, two, 1
See
p.
four, pilasters at one time.^
85 and Fig. 20.
THE MONUMENTS Some
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
IN
the ruins, which are
of
City, escaped destruction
by a
is
the pride of
the
breadth under the
hair's
One, as
rule of this energetic Pope.
mated,
now
241
I
have already
inti-
Forum
the so-called Janus Quadrifrons of the
In a letter addressed to his architect, Fon-
Boarium. tana, dated
January
1588, Sixtus says:
4,
"I give you
permission to destroy that ancient arch by S. Giorgio Velabro,
in
that
may
you
use
its
marbles
for
the
pedestal of the obelisk which I have resolved to erect in
the
Piazza del Laterano, and
also
the coat of
for
arms and the inscription which belong to the same pedestal.
I
grant you also the three columns of porta-
santa which support the portico of a canon's residence,
near the Loggia of the Benediction, and the pieces of a fourth,
you S.
which are lying there on the ground.
are
to
use
the
for
These
our chapel
ciborium of
in
Maria Maggiore."
Fontana did not
avail himself fully of the permission,
being perhaps afraid to engage in
which was too obvious
;
acts,
the vandalism of
and he took the precaution to
provide himself with a safe-conduct from the Pope, which he could use in case the "
him.
In another
Pope
says:
"You
letter,
are
Roman
People " should arrest
dated February authorised
to
excavate,
and remove from any place
you think
columns, marbles, travertine,
and any
necessary for the chapel,
which our
1589,
5,
it
Donna
other
Camilla,
is
seize,
expedient,
building and ornamentation sister.
the
material of
the
adding to
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
242
We
the church of S. Susanna. a present to her, and interfere with
you
it
give these materials as
our will that no one shall
is
in the execution of our
The aim which Sixtus had
in
commands."
view may be urged in
extenuation of his treatment of the ancient monuments.
We
should not forget that while destroying with one
hand ruins which,
had no
to his mind,
value, he
was
with the other raising structures which to this day com-
mand
the admiration
concede that
of
ducts, for example,
fully
is
struction of the
Acqua
higher parts of
the
hills,
We
world.
may
freely
of portions of the ancient aque-
loss
tlie
the
compensated by the con-
Felice,
by means
Esquiline,
Quirinal,
of
which the
and Pincian
almost entirely abandoned for eleven centuries on
account of the dearth of water, were again made habitable.
There
one
however,
is,
can never forgive,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
act
historic
loggias, It
halls,
vandalism
the
at
colonnades,
mosaic
pictures,
ever existed.
Pompeo Ugonio and
No of
and of
we
Patri-
Lateran, with
chapels, oratories, banqueting
was the most wonderful museum
that
that
destruction of the old
archium, or pontifical residence its
of
rooms,
inscriptions.
mediaeval art
one can read the accounts of
Giacomo Grimaldi, without pro-
found regret that so much of priceless value has been lost.
The
oratories of the Virgin
the time of Nicholas St. Sebastian,
I.
Mary, dating from
(858-867), of
St.
Sylvester and
dating from the time of Theodore
I.
(642-
THE MONUMENTS
IN
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
649), the
church and monastery of
shrines of
S.
Caesarius, of
S. Apollinaris,
St.
243
Pancras, the
Michael the Archangel, of
dating from the time of Hadrian
I.
(772-
795), the Leonine triclinium, the Loggia of the Benediction, built
Fig. 42.
by Boniface VIIL (1300), the Council
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; View of the Lateran
In the foreground
(6)
,
hall,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
buildings before their destruction by Sixtus V.
the bronze statue of Marcus Aurelius.
From
a sketch
by Ciampini. all
loss
were razed to the ground in a few months.
most lamented, not only by cultivated men of the
day but of
The
the
also
by the populace, was that
Holy Cross
(Oratorium
of the
Sanctae
Oratory
Crucis),
the
shape and location of which are shown in the sketch
by Ciampini (Fig. 42). This Oratory was in the form of a Greek a small
cross,
with
atrium in front, surrounded on three sides by
244
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
â&#x20AC;˘
columns and presenting the type of a
nymphaeum.
classic
There were three fountains of rare marble, one occupying the centre of the vestibule, the others at the sides, each
with water trickling down into
The
a column.
from the capital of
it
three doors were
Three
inlaid with silver.
cast in bronze
of the four
arms
and
of the cross
contained altars, while in the fourth stood the baptismal Exquisite mosaics adorned the ceiling, and the
font.
walls were covered with
the sort called opus
the finest marble veneering, of
The
sectile.
destruction of this
by Ugonio
of early Ciiristian architecture is recorded
the following words
torn
down amid
:
" This
gem in
most splendid oratory was
the groans of the City, and
its
destruc-
tion has left a sense of loss in the hearts of all."
The
closing years of the sixteenth century fall in the
Pope Clement VII I., Aldobrandini (1592-
pontificate of
1605).
He
undertook, in 1597, the renovation of the
transept of St.
John Lateran, which was
him, the Nave Clementina.
He
called,
after
also raised the magnifi-
cent Altar of the Sacrament at the south end of the
same transept. architect
of
;
marancie,
The names
of
Cav. di Arpino and Cristoforo dalle Po-
painters
;
of
Antonio
Valsoldo,
Landini, and Silla Longhi, sculptors
goldsmith
;
Paolo Olivieri,
Pietro
;
Francesco
of Curzio Vanni,
of Orazio Censori, founder
;
and
of Giulio
Lanciani, goldbeater, are associated with this important
work.
But what a destruction
of
old
marbles
and
THE MONUMENTS
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 245
IN
bronzes the completion of
involved
it
from
It is clear
!
the account-book of the clerk of the works, Giovanni
Vaccarone, that for three consecutive years Rome, the suburbs, and even parts of Etruria were ransacked to
Damages were caused not
secure materials.
by the
a column, another
of
bit
marble,
blocks of
plain
a
with the Pope's
who
speculators
private
small
official
frieze,
much one
provided,
or a tombstone, or
by the contractors armed
as
permission to carry
off
any antique monument that would
to pieces
so
or pull
suit their
purpose.
Among rials
mentioned as having provided mate-
those
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; those
who destroyed
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
are Muzio own account who sold the marbles of
Piazza di Sciarra
;
monuments on
old
del Bufalo
;
their
Flaminio Vacca,
the arch of Claudius in the
the nuns of S. Silvestro,
who furnished
marbles from the temple of Mithras at S. Giovannino
(Via della Mercede)
;
posed of the remains of the temple of rario
who apparently ;
Arco I
who sold the marbles monks of La Minerva,
the canons of the Pantheon,
;
from the Baths of Agrippa
Isis
who thus disVenus in Calca-
Loreto Facciolo,
know
the
furnished marbles from the temple of
the nuns of S. Marta, di
;
Camigliano
;
who
sold the remains of the
who The monks of
and the Duchess
not what splendid remains.
Savelli,
sold
SS.
Apostoli contributed a column of porphyry and a block of giallo antico
many
;
the nuns of S. Lorenzo in Panisperna,
blocks of travertine from some ruins which occu-
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
246
pied the slope of the Viminal, in the neighbourhood of S.
Pudenziana
;
the priests of S. Agnese, in the Piazza
Navona, furnished stone and marble from the Alexandrine Stadium I
;
and there were a hundred others that
cannot take the space to mention.
Meanwhile the papal board
of
works on
its
own
ac-
count undertook excavations and the demolition of ruins,
who
granting two-thirds of the proceeds to those
Under
the work.
these conditions Alessandro Senzolino
carried on systematic operations in the
Marmorata Borrella,
Forum and
Petruccio Bettania, at Ostia
;
Ponte Salario
at
;
;
of
the
Venus and Rome.
at
La
Gioacchino
Ottaviano da Gubbio, at
the Torre Pignattara and S. Maria Nuova, that
mausoleum
did
is,
Empress Helena and the temple
the of
They took columns wherever they
could find them, not only from sacred
edifices, like the
old Lateran, S. Croce in Gerusalemme, and S. Pudenziana,
but even from the street corners.
On
April 25, 1599,
a Pietro Savia, a mason, sold ''the shaft of a giallo taken
linare."
On
column
from the corner of a house near
S.
of
Apol-
the same day a certain Ippolito conveyed a
similar shaft "
removed from the corner
at the Sette Sale,"
and on
sold a piece of portasanta,
May
2,
of his vineyard
Simon the apothecary
which had served as a curb-
stone at the entrance to the Ponte Sisto.
The worst deeds of destruction at this time, hov/ever, must be brought home to Orazio Censori, the builder of the Altar of the Sacrament.
This masterpiece
is
orna-
THE MONUMENTS
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
IN
247
mented with four large bronze-gilt columns, which sup-
fantastic
relate
stories
The guide-books
same metal.
port a pediment of the
as
origin
the
to
of
these four
One account assigns them to the temple of Optimus Maximus according to another, the
columns. Jupiter
;
Emperor Vespasian brought them from Judaea; and a third version says that they were cast by Augustus from the beaks of the ships captured at the battle of Actium. It is
probably true that the columns, or at least two of
them, were
placed
Lateran by Constantine, to
the
in
serve as light-bearers (^Pharo-cantharoi) on each side of
the high altar.
As
necessary metal was
the
lacking
columns to the design of the new
them with
capitals
to
adapt
and
altar,
to
the
crown
and a pediment, Censori made a tour
and
in Etruria, in the district of Tarquinii
He
Falerii.
brought back to
Rome hundreds upon hundreds
pounds of works
of
tombs
of
art
in
of
bronze, collected from the
Corneto and Civita Castellana, which were
all
melted up in the furnace, together with pieces of the bronze beams of the Pantheon. 1599, records the
" for
mending
facture rosettes,
of
payment
new
and ovules
cornice, consisting
;
of
capitals
for
entry dated July,
of 5089.55 scudi to
a broken bronze
three
An
column with
;
Censori
manu-
for the
foliage,
flowers,
the decorations of the entire
16 doves, 16
stars,
and 2 large
angels; and for the expenses of his journey to Corneto
and Civita Castellana,
to bring metal to
Rome."
The
j
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
248
commune pounds
Corneto
of
of bronze
;
received
59.85
scudi
have not found the account
I
66
for
rela-
tive to Civita Castellana.
In
opposition
this
chamber,
Apostolic
Fig. 43.
to
the
shameful City
behaviour
Council
never
of
the
granted
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The Loggia of Pietro Squarcialupi, Palazzo del Senatore.
permission
to
use
materials
from
structures
ancient
without restrictions designed to protect the structures themselves.
On
September, 1520, Pietro Squarcialupi,
Senator, wishing to complete the Loggia in front of the
Palazzo
del
Senatore
on the Capitol (Fig. 43), asked
permission to obtain stones from the neighbourhood of
The decree
the triumphal arch of Septimius Severus. of the Council granting the authorisation
is
a
model
of
a .2
a 3 a
c3
o P5
o
2
THE MONUMENTS The
prudence.
responsibility
excavation notify
''
no harm
at
his
reached
must
own expense the
sliall is
visit the place,
similar instance
satisfy himself that
may
be quoted from the Records
On
October
15, 1574,
Gregory XIII.
to
the Ponte Rotto (the Pons Aemilius of classic
restore
Fig.
44), three
arches of which had been
away by the inundation
ried
must
he
committee of ten
a
City Council, pressed by Pope
times.
and when the
Forum."
of the latter half of the century.
the
own
his
depth
desired
and
;
251
done to the standing remains of the arch,
or of other monilments in the
A
on
excavate
magistrate, who, with
the
citizens,
Senator
and
has
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
IN
of
September
27,
car-
1557,
accepted the suggestion of Giovanni Battista Cecchini, the chairman of the Council, to
make use
The
travertine from the Coliseum for the work. of the Council,
care
" It
:
blocks of
of
decree
however, was worded with the greatest
agreed that the marbles and stones
is
quired for the work shall be excavated and
re-
removed
from the belt of ruins around the amphitheatre, com-
monly
called
il
Coliseo, provided that the said marbles
and stones are found any standing part
and
loose,
of the
in
no way attached to
monument.
The
search can
be extended to other sites belonging to the S. P. Q. R.,i
provided no harm
is
done to standing ruins
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Matteo
da Castello, our architect, to carry out the instructions 1
an
Senatus Populnsque Bomanus,
official
ancient
"The
Senate and People of
designation of the government of the
city.
modern
Rome,"
as well as of the
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
252
of the Council
may
all statues,
;
or movable antiquities, which
eventually come to light, shall be the property of
the S. P. Q. R."
In this connexion
founders
the
Smetius,
it
the
of
Pighius,
is
worth while to remark that
science
number
expound not at
their
meaning
with such
all
and
matters
as
an inscription was discovered, or did
Tiiey
not
seem
to
think
whether
a
found in
situ, or loose in a
block
Forum
the
containing
matter of
indifference
removed
to
to
museums, or burnt into
which
in
subsequent
fate.
important to notice
an inscription had been
mass of rubbish, whether in
Once
the
in
was
was
themselves
place
Campus Martins. copied and made known,
or
inscription
stone
it
the its
and
investigate
to
concerned
they
;
Ursino,
copy the greatest pos-
to
inscriptions,
of
Metello,
Fulvio
Panvinio,
Ligorio,
and Cittadini, aimed simply sible
epigraphy,
of
them whether the
the
Farnese, or
Cesi,
sawed
was
it
an a
original
or
into
Carpi
slabs
to
recognition
of
the importance of recording the minutest details in
all
pave the
branches
floor
of
of
St.
lime,
Peter's.
study having
to
A
do with
come only with the development in
our
own
days.
full
of
antiquity has
scientific
method
CHAPTER XX THE MODERNISATION OF MEDIAEVAL BUILDINGS IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
The
systematic demolition of the remains of ancient
Rome
ends with the sixteenth century, but the next
which
period,
from
extends
beginning
the
the
of
seventeenth to the end of the eighteenth century, adds
another chapter to the record of loss and disappearance
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
Under the
destruction of mediaeval buildings.
pretext dinals,
of
and embellishment, popes,
restoration
patricians,
and heads
car-
monastic orders, laid
of
their
hands upon the most noted and the most vener-
able
churches,
which had, until then, preserved their
beautiful basilica type in
all
its
simplicity
and majest}^
Paul v., as we have seen, inaugurated the movement
by pulling down the St.
Peter's,
nessed, of St.
also,
east
1606-1615.
half
of
S.
old
basilica
The seventeenth century
other modernisations
Hadrian and
the
;
the
of
wit-
twin churches
Martina were disfigured by Piero
da Cortona, under Urban VIII., and by Alfonzo Soto-
mayor and Borromini, under Alexander VII. Onorio Longhi destroyed the church of with
its
marvellous
frescoes 253
S.
In 1651,
Ambrogio
by Pierino del Vaga, to
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
254 build in
the
place
its
of
S.
Carlo
Corso.
al
In
The
urement
of
Marchis
de
Anastasia,
S.
Cosma Croce
rapidly ex-
is
S.
Apollinare
Damiano
e
to
was
church
the
1750,
The
by Carlo Gimach.
1722,
due
of
disfig-
Ferdinando
to
Francesco Fontana, and
The
Arrigucci.
of
basilica
of
Gerusalemme was profaned and reduced
in
to its present
form
in
1744 by Passalacqua and Greg-
orini, a restoration classed
of " nefarious " architects.
was given by Fea dict
in
in
Fuga, of SS. Apostoli to SS.
list
old church of S. Alessio was modernised
Tonmiaso
by
century the
eighteenth
the
tended.
S.
structure
tasteless
to
by Milizia among the works
The same
Paolo
XIV., profaned the
Posi,
attic of
title of
dishonour
who, under BenePantheon, substi-
the
tuting chiaroscuro daubs for the exquisite marble incrustations
of
the
"nefarious,"
epithet
time
Septimius
of
Severus.
The
might most appropriately be
ap-
plied also to Borromini on account of the disfigurement of
the
Lateran,
to
Antonio
Canevari
for
that
of
SS. Giovanni e Paolo, to Francesco Ferrari for that of S.
Gregorio on the Caelian, and so on to wearisome
length
;
practice,
for the restoration of churches
and was carried out
became a general
in accordance with a uni-
form plan. This plan
may
be easily outlined.
"
The columns
the nave were walled up, and concealed ters of
whitewashed masonry
;
of
in thick pilas-
the inscribed, or sculp-
I
MODERNISATION OF MEDIAEVAL BUILDINGS marble
tared
and
slabs,
were taken up and replaced by brick
dows were enlarged out
of
the win-
;
proportion,' that
all
floods
For the beautiful roofs
ful recess of the sacred edifice.
of
cedar wood, vaults or lacunaria were
The simple but precious
tuted.
floors
might enter and illuminate every remote, peace-
of light
made
pavements,
cosmatesque
the
255
frescoes
substi-
the
of
four-
teenth century were whitewashed, and the fresh surface
was covered with the insignificant productions cesco
Cozza,
fact
Fran-
Gerolamo Troppa, Giacinto Brandi, and
But the most
other painters equally obscure."^ prising
of
that
is
accomplished, not only without general applause
;
could
profanations
these
all
opposition,
sur-
be
amid
but
such was the perverted taste of the
time.
we
In this period, however, cle
are called
upon to chroni-
only a few instances of the destruction of classical
monuments.
Paul V., in 1610, demolished the Baths of
Constantine and four churches to
make room
palace of his kinsman, Scipione Borghese, pigliosi
beautiful
palace.
remains
He
also
of
the
Forum Transitorium (1606) were cut into slabs and
to the
levelled
temple ;
the
utilised
now
of
for the
the Ros-
ground the
Minerva
columns and for the
in
the
frieze
decoration of
the Borghese Chapel in S. Maria Maggiore, and of the
fountain of the
Acqua Paola on
blocks of stone belonging to the ^
Ancient Home,
the Janiculum. cella
p. xix.
of
The
the temple
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
256
and
to the enclosing wall of the
the
monks
Forum were given
of S. Adriano.
Templum
In 1632 Urban VIII. damaged the
church of SS. Cosma
the level
Sacrae
and the Heroon Romuli, which are united
Urbis
presented
from
Urban
Secretarium of the
marble
of
Senatus
mausoleum
and sold or
feet,
out
reset
of
in
opus
also
for
their
for
place
of
;
the
the
destroyed.
destruction -
of
of
the
some portions
Hadrian, of the old churches of
Vibiana,
S.
Anastasia,
S.
Salvatore
in
Campo, and
which covered the portico
removed
was
sectile
Martina),
(S.
S.
of the metal
the
were obliterated, and the beautiful
responsible
is
and
fastenings
historic inscriptions
veneering
in
The bronze doors were wrenched
S. Ignazio.
their
raised
from them to the Jesuits
stones
church of
He
Damiano.
e
both buildings twenty-four
of
to
Maria
S.
Pallara,
in
lastly of
the bronze roof
The weight
of the Pantheon.
to the apostolic
and
foundry from the
Pantheon was 450,251 pounds.
The nexion
last is
incident
we have
to
mention
in
this con-
the demolition of the triumphal arch which
stood at the corner of the Corso (Via Flaminia) and the Via in Lucina (Ara Pacis), accomplished by Pope
Alexander VII.
removed to
in 1662.
to the Capitoline
Maria Peretti
Savelli.
Two
Museum
Two
were
of the bas-reliefs ;
a third was given
columns of verde antico
were bought by the Pamphili and placed on either side of their altar at S.
Agnese
in the Piazza
Navona
;
two
MODERNISATION OF MEDIAEVAL BUILDINGS others the
257
found a resting-place in the Corsini Chapel at
Lateran.
The key
of
the arch
the vestibule of the University of of the three
is
to
be found in
Rome, and the group
dancing Hours, discovered in 1740 at the
foot of the arch, has been
Statue in the Vatican
removed
Museum.
to the Galleria delle
CHAPTER XXI MODERN USE OF ANCIENT MARBLES If we
could
only wrest the secret of their origin
from the marbles,
stones,
and bricks with which our
our houses, and our churches were built and
palaces,
decorated
in
the
period
of
Renaissance,
the
if
the
marble-dust with which the ceilings and the walls were plastered,
and their stucco ornamentation modelled, by
the cinquecento artists, could be again moulded into the statues
and
bas-reliefs
from which
knowledge of the ancient City and art
was obtained, our
it
of
its
We
would be wonderfully enhanced.
treasures of
cannot follow
the record of this practice without a feeling of melan-
choly as
we
reflect
upon the irreparable
loss to culture
and progress which the modern world has experienced the disappearance of so
embodied the highest
many
in
masterpieces in which were
ideals of antiquity.
Nothing would
better illustrate the strange turns of fortune than the
varied uses to which the marbles from ancient structures have been put in
modern times
;
and
I
may, per-
haps, fittingly close this brief sketch by relating a few
out of the almost numberless instances that have come to
my
notice. 258
I
MODERN USE OF ANCIENT MARBLES The
259
beautiful slabs of portasanta, with which the doors
of the church of S.
Maria
dell'
Anima
are veneered, were
from a marble-cutter's shop, discovered in the
taken
The tombstone
foundations of the same church.
Duke
Piccolomini,
Marquis
Amalfi,
of
of
of Inigo
Capistrano,
Chief Justice of the kingdom of Naples, buried August 29, 1566, in S.
Maria del Popolo, was cut out
of a cornice
from the Baths of Agrippa.
We
know from
the Memoirs of Flaminio Vacca that
arms
the coat of
of
Pius IV. on the Porta Pia was
carved out of the capital of a column of the Porticus
Eventus Boni near the Stagnum Agrippae.^
In the same
connexion Vacca says: "I remember also that while the Theatine Fathers were laying the foundations of the
church of
column
Andrea
S.
della Valle they
of grey granite forty
and one
into several pieces,
found a part of a
palms long. of
This was sawn
them was turned
into the
threshold of the main door of the church."
Vacca further throws light on the disappearance the
last
remains "
Maximus.
of
the
Upon
the
temple
Tarpeian
Palazzo dei Conservatori," he says, Pentelic large
the
is
Jupiter
rock ''
Optimus
behind
the
several columns of
marble were found.
Their capitals were so
was able
one
that
which
of
of
I
now
garden.
to
carve out of
in the loggia of
The
others
the lion
the Villa Medici facing
were used by Vincenzo de
Rossi for the statues of the prophets and other figures 1
See
p. 3.
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
260
which adorn the chapel of S.
Fig. 45,
of Cardinal Cesi in the church
Maria della Pace (Fig. 45).
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The
No fragment
of the
Cesi chapel in the church of 8. Maria della Pace, built with
Pentelic marble from the temple of Jupiter
Optimus Maximus.
entablature was found, but as the building was close to the edge of the Tarpeian rock I suspect that
must have
fallen over the precipice "
(Mem.
its
marbles
64).
MODERN USE OF ANCIENT MARBLES The
correctness of this surmise
261
was proved
in
1780,
one hundred and eighty years after the publication " In
Vacca's Memoirs. " great blocks of
that
Montagnani,
says
year,"
of
entablature of beautiful workmanship
were found under the house at No. 13 Via Montanara, belonging to
Duke Lante
della Rovere.
ornamented with festoons fastened
They were destroyed on the
make
a sketch of them.
stands at the
foot
of
As
The
frieze
was
to the heads of bulls.
spot before any one could this
Duke Lante
house of
the Capitoline
I
hillj
have no
doubt that the marbles belong to the temple mentioned
by Vacca."
Toward
num-
the middle of the fifteenth century a
ber of fluted columns of giallo antico thirteen feet long
were discovered among the ruins of the temple of Venus in the
gardens of Sallust.
Cardinal Ricci di Monte-
pulciano bought them and used them for the balustrade
He
in his chapel in S. Pietro in Montorio. also
some alabaster columns found
same
at the
which he had sawed into slabs for tables other valuable
objects
were shipped
to
purchased
;
place,
these
Lisbon
and as
a
present to the King of Portugal, but the vessel which
bore them foundered in a gale.
When
the tepidarium or central hall of the Baths of
Diocletian was adapted for Christian worship
by Pius IV.
the capital of one of the eight granite pillars was missing;
Michel Angelo replaced dentally
among
it
by another discovered
acci-
the ruins of the temple of Claudius on the
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME
262
The stadium
Caelian.
Domitian,
of
now
represented by
the Piazza Navona, has supplied materials for the erection of several
modern
among them the palace Madama, the church of
buildings,
Beneinbene in the Piazza Nicola dei Lorenesi in
the Via
of S.
Anima, and the
dell'
Casino of Pius IV. in the Vatican gardens.
The chapel
of
Gregory XIII.
in St. Peter's
with marbles from the mausoleum
built
of
Giovanni Alberti, who happened to be in time of
its erection,
in
sketch-book,
his
Borgo
S.
bulls'
Sepolcro
has
:
now in " The
sketched
lieads,
the following
left
on
frieze
these
with
sheets,
mostly
Hadrian.
Rome at the memorandum
Collacchioni
the
is
library,
wreaths
and
together with
the architrave and base, was taken from the river-front
mausoleum
of the
The marbles
XIII.
Hadrian by order of Pope Gregory
of
used in building the Gre-
will be
gorian Chapel in St. Peter's.
July 20, 1579."
A
I
made
these drawings
similar fate befell the marbles dis-
covered in the Augusteum of the Fratres Arvales, near
The Augusteum was an oblong
La Magliana.
ported by columns high.
It
of
hall,
sup-
Greek marble twenty-two
feet
contained statues of imperial members of the
brotherhood, standing on pedestals inscribed with their praises.
among
The several
were cut up
Up
statues
were saved and were dispersed
collections
;
the
columns and pedestals
for the decoration of the
same chapel.
to about the middle of the sixteenth century there
were considerable remains of the Baths
of Titus standing
MODERN USE OF ANCIENT MARBLES between
east of the Coliseum,
Pietro in Vincoli and
S.
Here were found
the Baths of Trajan. ^
263
sections of
"the
most beautiful cornices," which, according to the prevailing custom, were
sawed up into
slabs,
and were sold
to the Jesuits to be used in their church of Gesu.
mention of
this
church brings to
From
incident of the same sort. lately published
by Plon
my memory
another
the beautiful volume
in Paris,^
we
learn that in or
Roman house
about 1541, the head of the
The
of the Jesuits,
Father Condatius, unearthed in the piazza then called degli Altieri,
now
which he sold
ment which tells
del Gesu,
for one
some great blocks
hundred ducats.
have discovered
I
in
the
of marble
Another docustate
archives
us that the marbles were bought by a lime-burner
and consumed
in a kiln close to the church.
The columns
of
verde
antico which
ornament the
balcony of the Farnese palace, and those of the villa of Julius III. on the
Via Flaminia, come from the Baths
Acque Albule,
of the
The columns
below Tivoli. altar of
the
or sulphur springs, in the plain
church of
building on the
site of
two alabaster columns
S.
of rare breccia
on the high
Rocco are from an ancient
the present Orto Botanico. of the Odescalchi
Chapel in the
SS. Apostoli were found in 1728 in the palace of
1
They
are represented on sheets 17
chita di
Boma
La
vie de
2
of
du Perac
and 18
The Au-
of the Vestigi delV anti-
(edition of 1575).
Saint Ignace de Loyola d''apres Pierre Ribadeneira, son
premier historien, par
le
P. Charles Clair, S.J., p. 278.
DESTRUCTION
264
OF.
The
gustus on the Palatine.
Teodoro
of S. at
The uppermost
removed
in 1888,
appi'oach
travertine
slabs
of
the
from
the
The columns
theon.
porphyry found
of
steps of the Porto di
were paved with blocks
The
serpentine from the same place. inclined
the church
vestibule of
paved with pieces
is
La Marmorata.
Ripetta,
ANCIENT ROME
area in
piazza and the
were
Capitol
of
front
paved
with
the
Pan-
of
of breccia corallina in the chapel
Sebastiano on the Palatine come from the house
of S.
those of the chapel of the Morti in S.
of the Vestals
;
Lorenzo fuori
le
Mura from
the police barracks on the
Caelian (castra Peregrinorum).
The
Ginetti chapel in S.
Andrea
della Valle
with slabs of AfricanŠ discovered at Porto nieri
Chapel in
S.
of
Juno
at Veii
temples and palaces on the Aventine palace
at
;
Maria Maggiore, with the
S.
Andrea
S.
inlaid
the Falco-
Giovanni dei Fiorentini, with marbles
from the great temple Chapel in
;
is
delle
Fratte,
;
the Borghese spoils
of
the
and the Bernini
modernised by the
present owner in 1868, with the spoils of the Baths of
The terminal tower of the city wall on bank of the Tiber below Monte Testaccio was
Licinius Sura.
the left built
by Honorius or Narses with blocks
of
alabaster
from the neighbouring marble-wharf; at the beginning of the last century the
tower was pulled down and the
blocks were used again for the
chapel of Raphael in
the Pantheon.
When we
think of the wealth of marbles displayed
r
;
MODERN USE OF ANCIENT MARBLES in
the public
265
and private buildings of Rome, and
at
the same time consider that every cubic foot has been
obtained from the monuments of the ancient City,
new
gain a
we
insight into the magnitude of the building
We
must remember,
too, that the greater part of the ancient
marbles used by
operations of the ancient Romans.
modern
architects
and marble-workers were found either
shapeless or in a form unsuited to the use for which they
were needed, so that at
least
from a third to a half of the
gross cubic content has been lost.
In 1845 Faustino Corsi made a
list
the
of
marble
columns dispersed over the fourteen wards of the city the total
number recorded by him
is
7012.
Since the
publication of this catalogue fifty-four years have elapsed,
and we may calculate that the number has been increased by
at
least
one-tenth, so that to-day the
probably not far from 8000.
number, but
it
is
far
This
is
from incredible,
sum
total
is
truly a surprising if
we
recall that
the City once possessed 3000 statues of bronze alone.
INDEXES I.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Abbey, Westminster, 184, 187 Acqua Paola, fountain of, 255.
Anguillara, 199.
fol.
Anicii, 199.
Acqiie Albule, baths of, 2(i3. Adalbert, Count, gives warning of the approach of the Saracens, 127. See Church, under HaS. Adriano. drian. Aesculapius, statue of, 29. St. Agatha, posterula of, 139 fol.;
church
S. of,
Agostino, church of, 204. Agrippa, improvement of Rome, 11
Pantheon of, 110; statue head of (?), 112. Agrippae Stagnum, 259.
of,
;
111;
;
church
of, 254.
See Pope. Altar of the Sacrament, bronze colVI., VII.
of, 247.
Ambrogio, church
of, 253.
(S.
;
156, 160, 177, 214.
temple
Faustina,
of,
Apollinare, church of, 246, 254.
Apollo Belvedere, 222. SS. Apostoli. See Church.
Apoxyomenos, copy of, 69. Appian Way. See Via Appia. Apusii, tomb of the, 103. Aqua Alexandrina, 240 Anio Vetus, 82; Appia, 82; Claudia, 80, 85, 240; Felice, 82, 85, 240, 242 Marcia, 80, ;
85, 240
;
Virgo,
82.
Aqueducts, water supply of, cut off by Goths, 79; channels of, neglected, 80 fol.; used for fortifications, 83. Also, see Aqua. Ara Maxima, 17, 209. Aracoeli, church of the, 220.
Arcadius, inscription relating to, 50; restored city walls, 53 with Honorius repaired theatre of Pompey, ;
Anastasia). See Church. S. Andrea at Amalfi, church of, 184; delle Frate, 264 at the Manger, 118 della Valle, 4, 259, 264. SS. Andreae et Gregorii ad Clivum Scaurum, church, 121. S. Angelo, castle of, 8, 88, 128, 133,
Anastasis
younger,
of, 32.
;
Aix-la-Chapelle, cathedral of, 183. Alaric, 53, 91, 115; advance on Rome in 408, 56 enters the city in 410, 57. Albinus, Lucius, 112. Aldobrandini gardens, 24. S. Alessio,
of, 57.
111.
246, 256.
Alexander
Anselmo, garden
Antiochia, statue of, 104. Antonio da Sangallo, the
20
S.
S.
S.
Antonius and of,
church of, 20, 32. Agnese (Piazza Navona), church
umns
AnniaCornificia Faustina, house of, 57. Annibaldi, 201.
memorandum
Mura, garden
Pau-
linus, 36.
of, 145, 147.
Agilulf, 88. S. Agnese fuori le S.
Anicius Acilius Aginatius, 37;
152.
Arcadius, Honorius, and Theodosius. See Arch. Arch, of Arcadius, Honorius, and Theodosius, 52, 53, 151 of M. Aurelius, on the Corso, 118, 231, 256 fol. di Camigliano, 245 of Claudius, 148, ;
;
;
267
;;
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
268
245 of Constantine, 19, 30, 201 of Gratianus, Valentinianus, and Theodosius, 52, 151, 207 of Gordianus, of Janus Quadrifrons (of the 211 ;
;
;
;
Forum Boarium), 241
;
34, 125, 201, 235,
of Lentulus, 191
arciis
;
novus
(near S. Maria in Via Lata), 210; of Septimius Severus, 145, 147, 148, 251 of Titus, 121, 151, 201 of Trajan, 31 of Valentinian and Valens, 53. Architectus publicoruui, 77. Arcus Caelimontani, 78. Argiletum, 147, 153. Ariadne, statue of the sleeping, 222. ;
Ariulf, 88. Arruntii, tomb of the, 31.
Art(orius?) Germanianus, house
of,
24.
Augusteum, 110; of the Fratres Arvales, 262.
Jovis, 177 194, 211
;
;
Julia, 22, 36, 91, 157, 191,
Salvatoris in Laterano, 33.
See Church. Bathing establishment discovered on the Esquiline, 28. Baths, of the Acque Albule, 263 of the Julii Akarii, 152; of Licinius Sura, 204; of Livia on the Palatine, 23. See Thermae. Bath-tubs, pagan, used for holding the relics of martyrs, 117. ;
Belisarius, 75, 79. Belvedere, 204 torso of, 222. ;
Benedict V., VI., VIIL, IX., XIV. See Pope. Bernini, Lorenzo, discovery made by, 41.
Boniface IV., VI., VIIL See Pope. Borgia. See Pope. Bove, Capo di, 236. See Caecilia Me-
Augustus, transformation of the city tella. during the administration of, 10 Bramante, buildings erected by, 204; fol. places images of the gods in the designs for St. Peter's, 212. Compital shrines, 38; statue of, 111 Bridge, Aemilian (Pons Aemilius, mausoleum of, 170, 170, 199; palace Ponte Rotto), 199, 232, 251; of S. of, on the Palatine, 263 fol. Angelo (Aelian), 41, 142 fol., 177, Aurelian, walls of, 15. 178; of Cestius (S. Bartolomeo), Aurelius, Marcus, 58; column of, 109, 34; Milvian, 208; of Valentinian (Ponte Sisto), 34, 246; Vatican 125, 166, 238, 239 bronze equestrian (Pons Vaticanus or Neronianus) 53, statue of, 222, 231 fol. See Arch. Aurelius Avianius Symmachus, L., 151, 208. Burgus, the quarter, 128; walls of, house of, 45, 77. Aventine, finds on the, 61 fol. 132 fol., 136, 177. Burial-places. See Tombs. Avidius Quietus, house of, 24. Byzantine colony about the Palatine, Avignon, seat of papacy at, 198. ;
;
,
122.
Bacchus, statue of the Indian, 29. Baccio Pontelli, buildings erected by, 204.
Balbina, church of, 198. Balbus, L. Cornelius, 11 capacity of theatre of, 5; cryptus of, 157, 176, S.
;
177.
church
of, 116.
,
Barbarians not accountable for the disappearance of Roman monuments,
;
of a young, 104.
7.
Bartoli, extracts
S. Caecilia,
Caecilia Metella, tomb of, 92, 96, 191, 236 fol. Caelestinus II. See Pope. Caelian, market hall on (S. Stefano suffered from Rotondo) 34, 37 Norman-Saracenic invasion, 162. Caesar, Julius, statue of, 232; statue
from the memoirs of Caetani,
Pietro Santo, 40, 62, 90. Basilica of Junius Bassus, 118; of Constantine, 110; Eudoxiana, 75;
the, 201.
Calcararii, 180 fol.
;
193.
Cameos.
See Gems.
headquarters
of,
;
;
INDEX OF SUBJECTS Campagna, 153
;
outlaws of 158 ,
final
;
desolation of, 101.
Campo
di Fiori, 5.
Carinae, 201. S. Carlo al Corso, church
of, 254.
Caryatides of Diogenes, 111. Casal Rotondo, 237. Casino dei Quattro Venti, 16. Cassino, Monte, cathedral of, 184
fol.
;
;
;
;
;
;
his
mauso-
of, 120.
hill, 40.
Cestius, Gaius,
of, 96, 178. ,
of, 34.
Church, of S. Agatha, 145, 147 S. Agnese, 20, 32 (Piazza Navona) 246, ;
,
256; S. Agostino, 204; S. Alessio, 254; S. Ambrogio, 253; S. Anastasia (Anastasis, the Resurrection), 122, 176,
254, 256;
S.
Andrea
at
Amalfi, 184; S. Andrea della Frate, 264 St. Andrew at the Manger, 118 S. Andrea della Valle, 4, 259, 264; SS. Andreas et Gregorii ad Clivum ;
Gerusalemme,
Donatus, 213; S. Euplos, 122; S. in Vico Patricii, 145, 148; S. Francesca S. Eustachio, 191 Romana, 175; Gesii, 263; S. Galla ;
Patricia, osseo, 89
S. Giacomo del ColGiacomo Scossa-Cavalli,
177; ;
S.
178; S. Giorgio in Velabro, 122, 125, Giovanni dei Fiorentini, 264 (see St. John) S. Giovanni e Paolo, S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni, 254 241; S.
;
;
239; S. Gregorio, 254; St. (S.
Hadrian
Adriano), 110, 123, 145, 147, 165, S. Ignazio, 256;
175, 253, 256;
John Lateran,
St.
123, 159, 206, 207,234,
239, 244, 246, 251 (see Lateran); St. S. Laurentius in Porticu Maiore, 178; of the Ordo, 178; S. Laurentius in Damaso, 145; S. S. Laurentius in Pensilis, 147 Laurentius in Formoso, 145, 148; S. Laurentius in Prasino, 145, 146; S. ;
;
Lorenzo f uori le Mura (St. Lawrence on the Via Tiburtina), 33, 40, 132, 136, 264; S. Lorenzo in Panisperna, 246 S. Lucia de Calcarario (S. Lucia dei Ginnasi), 193; S. Lucia in Selce, ;
tomb
Cestius (S. Bartolomeo) bridge Christopher. See Pope.
175,
in
Euphemia
Lawrence, 110
See Pope. S. Celso in Banchi, church of, 151, 208. SS. Celso and Giuliano, church of, 213. Cemeteries, ancient, covered over, 15, 16; cameos and gems found on the sites of Christian, 94 fol. S. Cesario in Palatio, church of, 106, Celestine IV.
monasterium
Croce
246, 254; S. Dionysius, 110, 139; S.
;
Celer, Nero's architect, 19 leum and epitaph, 20.
;
254, 256; S.
Cassiodorius, 38, 77 fol., 183. Castor and Pollux, statues of, 232 fol. Catacombs, abandoned after the Gothic invasion, 70, 91 devasted by the barbarians, 70 fol. who encamped about the entrance to, 71 restorations of, relics of martyrs transferred 71 from, 106, 115 fol. Cathedrals, partially built of Roman marbles Aix-la-Chapelle, 183 Pisa, and others, 184 fol. Westminster Abbey, 187 fol. ;
;
:
Cartularia, Turris, 121, 201.
120;
Scaurum, 121; S. Apollinare, 246, 254; SS. Apostoli, 11(5, 204, 245, 254, 263 of the Aracoeli, 220 S. Balbina, 198; S. Caecilia, 116; S. Carlo al Corso, 254; S. Celso in Banchi, 151, 208; SS. Celso e Giuliano, 213; S. Cesario in Palatio, 106, 120 S. Ciriaco (S. Cyriacus), 91, 137, 147; S. Clemente, 33, 162 SS. Cosma e Damiano, 37, 110, 118 (Subiaco), 137, ;
Canale di Fiumicino, 33. Capitolium, 12, 143, 145, 153, 189, 248, 264. See Museum. Caracalla, 22. See Thermae.
Cespian
269
142, 147; S. Marcello, 90; Marcelli, 213; S. Maria dell' Anima, 259; S. S. Maria in Maria Antiqua, 110 Campitelli, 91 S. Maria in Cosmedin, 34, 176, 208 S. Maria delle Grazie, 91; S. Maria Liberatrice, ;
;
;
Maria Maggiore,
120;
S.
239,
241,
255,
264;
S.
175, 204,
Maria ad
Martyres (Pantheon), 90, 110 fol., 115; S. Maria in Monticelli, 165; S. Maria Nova, 103; S. Maria Nuova, S. Maria della Pace, 91, 175, 246 ;
;
;
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
270
Maria in Pallara, 256; Maria del Popolo, 204, 259; S. Maria in Schola Greca, 122 S. Maria del Sole, 12; S. Maria Transpoutina, 178; S. Maria in Trastevere, 152; S. Maria in Via Lata, 139, 210; S. Maria in Virgari, 178; S. Martina, S. Martino ai 110, 118, 231, 253
204, 260; S. S.
;
;
Monti, 79; S. Michele in Borgo, 117; La Minerva, 171, 205, 245; St. Nicholas, 169; St. Nicolaus in Calcaria (S. Nicolo ai Cesarini), 193; S. Nicolo in Calcarario, 90; S. Nicolo dei Lorenesi, 262; S. Orso, 151; St. Pancras, 79, 243; S. Pantaleo ai Monti, 165 (see Pantheon = Rotonda ;) St, Paul's without the walls (S. Paolo fuori le Mura), 33,60, 117, 128, ;
132, 135 fol., 143, 181
;
St. Peter's. 8,
52, 60, 72, 117, 122, 128, 151, 175, 177,
178, 191, 208, 212, 213, 217, 219, 253, S. Phocas, 122; Montorio, liK), 204, 261
262;
S. ;
S.
Pietro in Pietro in
Vincoli, 75, 148, 204; S. Prisca, 61 S. Praesede, 116; S. Pudens in Vico S. Pudenziana, Patricio, 145, 148 ;
Quaranta de Calcarario (S. Francesco delle Stimmate), 193; SS. Quatro Coronati, 165, 181 SS. Quirico e Giolitta, 147; S. Rocco, 263; S. Saba, 122; S. Sabina, 61 S. Salvatore in Campo, 25(5; S. Salvator de Porticu, 178 S. Salvatore in Pri246: SS.
;
;
;
of the Saviour, 110 S. Sebastiano in Pallara, 91 S. Sebastiano alia Polveriera, 121 SS. Ser-
micerio, 165
;
;
;
;
gius et Bacchus, 110, 145, 146 S. Silvestro in Capite (St. Sylvester), 139, Sistine Chapel, 204 S. 1(36, 219, 245 Stefano delle Carozze, 12 S. Ste;
;
;
;
fanŠ Rotondo, 34, 37; S. Susanna, S. Teodoro, 117, 122, 264; S. Vibiana, 116, 256; S. Vitalis in Vico Longo, 145, 148, 192. Churches outside the walls abandoned, 126. See Cathedrals. Circus Maxiraus, 4, 17, 19, 48, 66, 143, 151, 170, 176, 191,207; Flaminius,66, 145, 146, 147, 157, 193 of Nero, 32. See Church. S. Ciriaco (S. Cyriacus). 242;
;
Civita Castellana, 13, 247. Civitas Leonina. See Burgus.
Claudia Vera, house of, 24. Claudius (Caelian) temple of, 208, 261; bust of, 196. Claudius Claudianus, house of, 24. Clement VII, VIII. See Pope. S. Clemente, church of, 33, 162. Clergy, ignorance of the Roman, 117. Clivus Argentarius, 147 Capitolinus, 34; Sacer, 22, 36; Scauri, 19; Suburauus, 63, 147 Victoriae, 120. Clodius Hermogenianus, 36. Coliseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), ,
;
;
28, 34, 48, 77, 89, 125, 175, 191, 201,
206,207, 208,211,251.
Collegium Fortunae
Felicis, offices of,
27.
Colonna family,
199.
Comes formarum iirbis, 78. Comes partus urbls Romae,7S. Commodus, bust of, 222. Compital shrines, adorned by Augustus, 38.
Concord, temple
of, 110, 206.
Conflagrations, described by Livy, 16 under the Emperor Nero, in 64 a.d., 17 fol. traces of this fire, 19; in the Forum Romanum, 21 fol.; in the reign of Titus, 80 a.d., 22, 28; in the reign of Commodus, 191 a.d., 22; in the reign of Carinus in 283 A.D., 22; in 1084 a.d., 160 fol. Constans II., visit to Rome in 663 a.d., 8, 92, 111, 123 fol. Constantia, mausoleum of, 32. Constantine, 25); dismantled earlier buildings, 31 and erected the basilica of St. Peter's, 31 fol. regionary catalogue compiled in the time of, 48; equestrian statues of, 145, 153; statues of, 222. See Arch, Basilica, ;
;
;
Thermae. Constantius II., 34, 47 fol. Corneto, treasures from, 247. Cornificius, Lucius, 11,
Corridojo di Castello, 133. Cortile di Belvedere, 90. Cortina beati Petri, 178. SS. Cosma e Damiano. See Church.
;; ;;
;
INDEX OF SUBJECTS Cosmatis, school of, 34, 180 fol., 203. Cosmus, house of, 58. Craticulae Templum, 177. Crescenzi, the, 200. S. Groce in Gerusalemme, church of, 246, 254.
Curator Statuarum, 34. Curia. See Senate-house.
Eventus Bonus, colonnade
61; in 1724 (Palatine), 119 in 1762 (Villa Quintiliorum), 103; in 1780 ( Appian Way) 105 in time of Pope Pius VI., 104 by Carlo Torlonia, 104 in 1849, 69 in 1855, 105 in 1862, 5 in 1864, 66; in 1867-68 (at Ostia), ;
Decius Albinus, Caecina, 61 Marius Trajauus, Venantius Basilius, 77 ;
;
28.
" Destruction " and " Disappearance "
of, 101
;
distinction in
4.
of
Roman
causes
villas,
monuments in Roman and
modern times, 189 fol. Destruction of Rome, three in
prominent in the history
facts
of, 13 fol.
Diocletian,
29; repairs buildings in the Forum, 22; triumph of, 49 fol. statue of, 104. See Thermae. St, Dionysius, church of, 110, 139. Domitian, house of, on the Palatine,
St.
;
;
,
;
;
,
;
,
;
Fabbrica di Fabii,
tomb
S. Pietro, 228, 235.
of the, 31.
Fabius Felix Passifilus Paulinus, 36;
119; villa of, 186.
Domus
;
in 1869 (Palatine), 119, 196, (Via Severiana), 93; in 1873 (Esquiline), 28; in 1875 (Esquiline), 94; in 1876, 5; in 1877 (near the Coliseum), 19, (Via Nazionale), 23; in 1879 (Thermae of Constantine), 24 in 1880 (Site of the English Church) 69 in 1883 (House of the Vestals), 121, 196 by Boccanera in 1883-84, 105 in 1885 (Teatro Drammatico) 66 in 1886, 13, (Piazza Bocca della Verita), 17, (Esquiline), 42; in 1887, 14; in 1888 (Temple of Isis), 42 in 1891, 4; in 1892 (garden of S. Sabina), 58; in 1895 (near the Coliseum), 89; in 1896 (Piazza Bocca della Verita) 39 in the Vigna Torlonia and Vigna Maciocchi, 57.
127
Destruction of
;
;
Damaso, court of, 204. Damasus. See Pope. Dea Dia, temple of, 208. Decii. See Thermae.
meaning,
;
;
,
S.
Roman monuments,
of, 4.
Excavations, in the time of Pope Eugenius IV., 112 of Sixtus IV., 66 of Innocent VIII., 103; of Pius IV., 5,
;
Cybele, statue of, 70, 112. Cypress, the, 145 fol.
of
271
Gaiana, 120 Pinciana, Donatus, church of, 213. ;
38, 183.
Titianus, 36. Factionis Prasinae Stabula, 146. Falerii, 13.
Elephantus Herbarius, 176. Ephebus, statuette of, 196. Equestrian group, pedestal in
Forum,
of,
found
50.
hill, covered over and raised by Augustus, 14 the event commemorated by Horace, 15; market-
Esquiline
;
place on, 34
;
gate
of, 147.
Eugenius, defeat of, 35. Eugenius IV. See Pope. S. Euphemia in Vico Patricii, church of, 145, 148.
Euplos, church of, 122. S. Eustachio, church of, 191. Euterpe, statue of, 104.
S.
Fates, group of the Three, 87. Ficoroni, Francesco di, 41, 91 fol. Flavinus Philippus, 151. Fontana, Domenico (architect of Sixtus v.), 85, 238,240,241. Formosus. See Pope. Forum of Augustus, 112. Forum Boarium, 12, 16 arch of the, ;
34, 125, 201, 209, 235, 241.
Forum Holitorium, 159, 177. Forum Julium, 22, 207, 208. Forum Romanum, 21 fol., 34,
110, 120,
143, 145, 147, 153, 165, 199, 246.
Forum of Trajan, 15, Forum Transitorium,
47, 145, 152, 199.
157, 212, 255.
;
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
272
Francesca Romana, church of, 175. Francesco delle Stimmate, church
S. S.
of, 193.
Frangipani, the, 121, 199, 201.
Hadrian
I., III. See Pope. Harpocrates, head of, 196. Hathor, replica of the sacred cow, 43,
44. St.
Gabinius Vettius Probianus,
Gaianum,
87.
Galla Patricia, church
S.
of, 177.
Gallienus, 32. Ganymede, statue of, 10-1. Gardens, Licinian, 15; of Maecenas, 12; of Sallust, 171.
Gelasius
II.
See Pope.
Gems and cameos, engraved,
usually found near the sites of cemeteries, t^ fol.
Genseric and the Vandals, 74
fol., 119,
IV.,
of, 72.
Emperor,
160.
Heracles, torso of, 222. Heraclius, 118, 119, 122. Hercules, Farnese, 44 Invictus, statue of, 6() Magnus Gustos, bronze statue of, 66 Olivarius, statue of, 39; Vic;
;
;
tor, 209.
Honorius, 50, 53, 55, 72. See Arch. Honorius. See Pope. Horse, bronze, of the Palazzo dei Conservatori, 69.
Horse-tamers, group
of, 145, 147, 222,
238.
455.
Gesu, church S.
Helena, tomb
Henry
36.
Giacomo
of, 263.
del Colosseo, church of,
S. Ignazio,
Innocent Pope.
89; Scossa-Cavalli, 178. Gildo, Count, 50.
church III.,
II.,
of, 256.
VII.,
See
VIII.
Giorgio in Velabro. See Church. Giovanni, hospital of, 240.
Inscriptions, of the Einsiedlen Itiner-
S. S.
Giovanni dei Fiorentini, church
Isis.
S.
264 S.
e Paolo, 254.
Giovanni, in Florence, baptistery of,
S.
;
of,
ary, 151
fol.
;
of Benedict, 174 fol.
See Temple.
Itinerary, Einsiedlen, 142 fol., 174 fol. of Benedict, 174 fol.
184.
Girolamo degli Schiavoni, church Janus, bronze statue
Gladiator, bronze statue of,
(j6.
Golden House of Nero, 23. Gordian, the younger, villa of, on the Via Praenestina, 6. Gothic wars, monument relating to, 50. Goths, signs of the pillage of Rome by
temple
Janus Quadrifrons, arch
of, 125, 201,
211.
Jerusalem, spoils from the temple
of,
57.
Johannipolis, 136.
St.JohnLateran. See Church, Lateran. VIII., IX., X., XL, XII. See Pope.
John VII.,
the, 58.
Graecorum Ecclesia
of, 87;
of, 110.
of, 2.39.
et Schola, 176.
Grain Exchange, 34. Gratianus, 34, .'i5. See Arch. Gregorian Chapel, in St. Peter's, 262. S. Gregorio, church of, 254.
Julia Domna, 22, 104. Julian, the Apostate, 48. Julii Akarii, baths of, 152. Julius II., III. See Pope.
Gregoriopolis, 12() fol. Gregory the Great, Gregory III., IV., VI., VII., IX., XL, XIII., XVI. See
Juno, temple
Pope. Guiscard, Robert, 159
fol.
Hadrian, bust of, 32. See Mausoleum. St. Hadrian. See Church.
of, 61, 265.
Jupiter Optimus Maximus, see
Tem-
ple; Stator, temple of, 18, 121.
Kilns.
See Lime-kilns.
Laocoon, replica 211, 222, 223.
of,
41;
finding of,
;
;;
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
278
Cosmedin
Church)
Lateran, the, 106, 160, 166, 175, 219, 231, 242 fol., 254. See Church, under St. John Lateran.
Grazie, 91 Liberatrice, 120 Maggiore (see Church) ad Martyres
Lautumiae,
(Pantheon) (see Church)
S.
Formoso,
in
145, 148;
of,
celli,
;
152; in
Via Lata,
139, 210; in Vir-
gari, 178.
Marinus I., IL See Pope. Market hall of theCaelian (S. Stefano Rotondo) 34, 37 on the Esquiline, ,
;
35.
234.
Liber Politicus of Benedict, 174. Liber Censuum, 176. Licinian gardens, 15. Ligorio, Pirro, 192, 194.
Lime-burners, 180
Monti-
Schola Graeca, 122 del Sole, 12 Transpontina, 178; in Trastevere, in
on the Via Tiburtina (S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura). See Church. Leo IL, IIL, IV., v., X., XIII. See
rise in, 53, 54.
in
;
Nova, 103; Nuova
(see della Pace, 204, 260; in Pallara, 256; del Popolo, 204, 259;
146;
Lex Regia,
165;
Church);
of the
fol.
delle
;
;
;
Ordo, 178; in Fensilis, 147; in Porticu Maiore, 178; in Prasino, 145,
Pope. Leonine wall, 133 Level of the city,
(see
;
16.
Laureutius, in Damaso, church 145;
in
Marmorarii, 180
fol.
Marmorata, La, 33, 246, Martin V. See Pope.
264.
Martina. See Church. Martino ai Monti, church of, 79. Mater Matuta, temple of, 12, 39. Matteo da Castello, architect of Pius S.
S.
fol.
Palace Lime-kilns, of Rome, 193 fol. Atrium of of Tiberius, 195 fol. of Ostia and Porto, 194 Vesta, 196 ;
;
IV., 61
;
S.
fol.
Livia, baths of, on the Palatine, 23; villa of, at Prima Porta, 194 market ;
;
of Sixtus V., 85, 240, 252.
Matteo at Salerno, cathedral
of,
184.
Mauritius, 106.
Mausoleum, of Augustus,
of, 152.
Loggia of Squarcialupi, 248. S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura. See Church. S. Lorenzo, in Panisperna, church of, 246.
Lucca, cathedral of, 184. S. Lucia de Calcarario (S. Lucia dei
170, 17C, 199; of Constantia, 32; of Hadrian, 8, 87, 151, 186, 189, 208, 210, 256, 262; of
the Empress Helena, 246. Maxentius, 22, 31. Mediaeval Rome, desolation
Ginnasi), 193; in Selce, 142, 147. Lucilius Paetus, tomb of, 92.
Meta di Borgo, 178. Meta Sudans, 30.
Lysippus,
S.
Michele in Borgo, church of, 117. Minerva, statue of, 29; temple of, 255. Minerva Medica (so called), temple of,
8, 87.
Maecenas, gardens of, 12. Magna Mater, 117. Maioranus, edict of, 75. Marble-cutters, 180
fol.
;
of, 178 fol.
Mellini, 199.
95.
plan of the
city, 18.
Marbles, traffic in Roman, 181 fol. tolerated by public officials, 190 fol. Marcella, house of, 58 fate of, 59, 60. ;
Marcelli, church of the, 213.
Minerva, La. See Church. Mirabilia Urbis Romae, 175. Mithras, temple of, 245. Mole. See Mausoleum. Moletta, La, 17. Monte Giordano, 5 de' Cenci, Moon, temple of the, 17. ;
5.
S.
Moors of Frassineto,
S.
Moses, fountain of, 239. Mosileos, the imperial mausoleum of the Decadence, 72.
Marcello, church of, 90. Marcellus. See Theatre.
Maria, dell' Anima, church of, 259 Antiqua, 110; in Campitelli, 91;
158.
;;
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
274
Municipal authorities favor the preservation of monuments, 228
Museum,
fol.
Capitoline, 18, 228, 256;
Orvieto, cathedral of, 184 fol. Ostia, 19, 33, 93, 126, 137, 184, 186, 194,
al
206, 208, 235, 246.
Celio, 13, 90; villa di Giulio III., 13;
Torlonia, 105; Vatican, 90, 104, 257; See Palazzo dei Conservatori.
Myron, cow
Pactumeii, palace of the, 58.
Pagan edifices converted
into Christian
churches, 37.
of, 87.
Pagan Naevius, Lucius Clemens, house
of.
24.
Natural agencies in the demolition of ancient buildings, 7. Nero, 4 thermae of, 14 set the city on fire, 17 fol. traces of this fire, 19 Golden House of, 23 Circus of, 32 bust of, 196. Nerone, Sepoltura di, 158. Nerouis Obeliscus, 177. St. Nicholas, church of, 169. Nicolas I., V. See Pope. S. Nicolaus in Calcaria (S. Nicolo ai Cesarini), church of, 193, S. Nicolo, in Calcarario, church of, 90 ;
;
;
;
cults, representation of, in Christian churches, 117 fol. Palace, of Septimius Severus, 3; of the Caesars in the seventh century, 119, 235; of Augustus on the Palatine, 263 fol. Palatine, remains of private houses on the, 23; late occupancy of, 119 fol.; desolation of, 199 possessed by the Frangipani, 201. Palatiolum, 208. Palazzo, della Cancelleria, 191, 204, 211, 239; dei Conservatori, 13, 222, 231, 232; di Corneto, 191; Farnese, 191, 263; Giraud-Torlonia, 178, 204, 211 del Governo Vecchio, 204 Ros;
;
dei Lorenesi, 262. Nile, figure of, 222.
Palilia, 228.
Normanni, 199. Norman-Saracenic invasion, 159 traces of,
151.
Thothmes
Obelisk, of
Rome by
Pallacinae, 147. fol.
1(52 fol.
Nymphaeum,
III.
Constantine
removed
II.,
;
239.
Obeliscus Neronis, 177. Octavia. See Porticus. 5, 48.
165.
Oratories of the Lateran destroyed by Sixtus v., 242 fol. Oratorium Sacrae Crucis, 243 fol. Ordo Romanus, 174 fol. Orsini, the, 199. S.
Orso, church
of, 151.
fol.,
119, 124, 125, 145, 146, 200, 245,
254, 256, 264.
;
;
Oppian,
Palladium, monastery called, 121. St. Pancras, church of, 79, 243. S. Pantaleo ai Monti, church of, 165. Pantheon, 4, 9, 37, 41, 48, 90, 106, 110
to
48 of the Vatican, 148, 169, 2.S8; in the Campus Martins, 1(59, 171 fol. from the Circus Maximus, 170; from the Mausoleum of Augustus, 170; of the gardens of Sallust, 171 of the temple of Isis, 173; manner of the fall of, 169 fol.; of tlie Piazza del Popolo,
Odeum,
;
pigliosi, 255.
Paolo fuori le Mura. Papi, the, 199. S.
See Church.
Paschal I., II. See Pope. Patriarchium, pontifical residence at the Lateran, 242 fol. St. Paul,
tomb
of,
129
fol.
See Church. Paul II., III., V. See Pope. Peace, temple of, 57. Penates, temple of, 110, 223. Peregrinorum Castra, 264. tomb of, St. Peter, gate of, 145, 177 129 fol., 221, 224; chapel to, 110. See Church. St. Peter's, church of. St.
Paul's
without
the walls.
;
Petrarch, 182. Petronilla, tomb of, 72. Phidias, 8, 87.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS Philippus, Marcius, 11. Phocas, 37, 106 foL, 120. S. Phocas, church of, 122. Piazza Navona. See Stadium.
Nicolas V., 204, 206, 207, Paschal I., 116; Paschal II., 165 Paul II., 203, 204, 208 Paul HI., 33, 96, 191, 225, 228; Paul V., 122, 219, 253, 255; Pius II., 217, 225; Pius IV., 5, 55, 178, 232, 259, 261 Pius V., 227, 239; Pius VI., 104; Pius VIL, 189, 194, 218; Pius IX., 55, 189, 219 Romanus, 155; Sergius I., 123; SergiusIL, 127, 130; Sergius III., 155; Silverius, 70; Sixtus IV., 55, 203, 204, I.,
201, 242
;
212, 213; ;
Pierleoni, the, 199. Pietas, shrine of, 10, 159, 177. S. Pietro, in Montorio in Vincoli.
;
;
See
;
Church.
;
Pilgrim's Pence," 157. Pinturicchio, frescoes of, 221, 222. Pisa, cathedral of, 184. Pisidius Romulus, 52. Pius II., IV., v., VI., VII., IX. See â&#x20AC;˘*
Pope. Poggio Bracciolini, 205 Pompey. See Theatre.
fol.
Pope Alexander VI., 55, 177, 178, 204, 205, 210, 211, 225 Alexander VII., 96, ;
Benedict III., 131, 139; Benedict V., 154; Benedict VI., 155; Benedict VIII., 154; Benedict IX., 155; Benedict XIV., 111,254; Boniface IV., 37, 110, 112, 115; Boniface VI., 154 Boniface VIII., 98, 234, 243 Boniface IX., 213; Borgia, 133; Cae123, 253, 256;
;
lestinus II., 174, 194; Celestine IV., 213; Christopher I., 155; Clement VII., 133, 222, 225 Clement VIII., 244 fol.; Damasus, 146; Eugenius IV., Formosus, 112, 203, 204, 207, 213 ;
;
Gregory
154, 155; Gelasius II., 184;
Great, 88, 101; Gregory III., Gregory IV., 126 fol.; Gregory VI., 155 Gregory VII., 154, 160, 162; Gregory IX., 213; Gregory XL, 198; the 112
275
;
;
Gregory XIII., 151, 235, 251, 262; Gregory XVI., 155; Hadrian I., 243; Hadrian HI., 155 Honorius I., 8, 122, ;
174; Innocent HI., 201; Innocent VII., 213, 219; Innocent VIII., 103, 203, 210, 225; John VII., 120, 219 John VIII., 135 fol., 147; Innocent
II.,
;
John IX.,
209, 217, 222; Sixtus V., 82, 148, 170,
237 fol.; Stephen II., Stephen v., 116; Stephen VI.,
235,
72, 118;
155, 159;
Sylvester HI., 155; Symmachus, 20; Theodore I., 242; Theodore II., 154; Urban VIII., 55, 111, 201, 253, 256; Vigilius, 71 Vitalianus, 112, 124. Popes destroy ancient monuments to rebuild Christian churches, 206 fol. Porta Appia, 143 Asinaria, 143, 165 Aurelia, 143, 145 Capena, 31 Collina, 177 Flaminia, 54, 143, 160, 165 Furba, 86; Metroni, 143; Nomentana, 143; Ostiensis, 54; Portuensis, 53, 54; Praenestina, 53, 54, 143; Salaria, 142; Septimiana, 54; Tiburtina, 53, 54, 143, 160, UK); Vimina;
;
;
;
;
lis,
;
143.
Porticus, in the Via Bocca della Verita, 176; Crinorum, 177; Eventus Boni, 259; Gallatorum, 176; Maior (Via Sacra), 178 Maximae, of Gratian, .'34 Minucia, 177; of Octavia, 28, 176, 186, 187, 208; of Philippus, 176. Porto. 128, 137, 186, 195, 235, 2(54. ;
Portus Licini, 78. Postumius, M. Festus, house Praedia Aemiliana, 18. S. Praesede, church of, 116. Praetorian camp, 89. Principia, house of, 58. S. Prisca, church of, 61.
;
of, 24.
John X., 154, 155 John XII., 155; Julius Prothi Ascesa, 147. II., 211, 212, 217, 222; Julius HI., 36; S. Pudens in Vico Patricio, church of, Leo II., 116; Leo III., 131, 183; Leo 145, 148. IV., 131, 133, 136 fol. Leo V., 155 Leo S. Pudenziana, church of, 246. X., 211, 213, 217, 222 Leo XIII., 135, SS. Quaranta de Calcarario (S. Fran222; Marinus I., 154, 160; Marinus cesco delle Stimmate), church of, XL, 121 Martin V., 204, 206 Nicolas 193. 154
;
John
155;
XI.. 156;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
276
SS. Qaatro Coronati, church of, 165, S. Sebastiano, in Pallara, 91 alia Pol181. veriera, 121. SS. Quirico e Giolitta, church of, Secretarium Senatus, 110, 118, 256. 147. Senate-house, 22, 110, 123, 147, 207, 208. Quirinal, called Monte Cavallo,' 147; Sentius Saturninus, G., shrine rebuilt marble statues on, 166; river gods by, 27. of, 222. Sepolcro degli Stucchi, 96. ;
*
Ranucci Romano,
Septa Julia, 208. Septimius Severus,
180.
Raphael, tapestries of, 217 foi. frescoes ;
18, 28 restorations of, 22, 28.
;
palace of, 3 See Arch.
Septizonium, 121, 152, 201, 235, 239. of Alexandria, 65. Regia, 18, 194. Sergius I., II., III. See Pope. Regionary Catalogue of the time of SS. Sergius and Bacchus. See Church. Constantine, 48. Sette Sale, 246. Remi Meta, 178. Severus, architect of Nero, 19. Rhadagaisus, 50. Severus, Alexander, 28, 191. Rienzi, Cola di, 234. Silverius. See Pope. Silverware, finds of, 63. S. Rocco, church of, 2()3. Roma Vecchia, 104. S. Silvestro in Capite (St. Sylvester). Romani, the, 199. See Church. Romanus. See Pope. Sinibaldi, the, 199. Komuli, Sepulcrum, 178, 210. Sistine Chapel, 204, 218. Sixtus IV., V. See Pope. Romulus, Heroon of, 110, 123, 256. Rospigliosi gardens, 24. S. Spirito, hospital of, 204. Stadium, where now is the Piazza NaDe Rossi's account, 83, 84. vona, 5, 48, 146, 199, 246, 262. Rotondo, church of the. See Pantheon. of, 221, 222.
Record
Serapeum
office, 37.
Ruins of
Roman
villas, stratification
S.
S.
Statilian family.
Columbaria
of, 94.
Statilius Taurus, 11, 199.
of, 101.
Saba, church of, 122. Sabina, church of, 61
garden
;
of,
58.
Statio Marmorum, 33. Statuary, removed from pagan places of worship, 36 used as rubble, 41 fol.; condition of, when discovered, ;
45. Sacra Via. See Via. Statues, hiding of bronze, in times of Sacrae Urbis Tcmplum, 208, 256. panic, 64 fol. concealed by magisSallust, gardens of, 58, 89, 2()1. trates, 65. S. Salvator de Portion, church of, 178. S. Salvatore in Campo, church of, 25(). Stefaneschi, the 199. S. Salvatore in Primicerio, church of, S. Stefano, delle Carozze, 12; Ro;
tondo, 34, 37.
1(55.
Sanctus Angelus, 176. Sanguigni, the, 199. Saracens, traces of the
Stephen
II.,
V., VI.
See Pope.
Stilicho, 50, 53, 56.
camp
Bernard Pass,
of, 137
Stratification of ruins, 101.
Streets, condition of, 227. Sarcophagi, used to hold relics of mar- Studio of Greek sculptors on the Esin the St.
158.
quiline, 42.
tyrs, 117.
Saturn, temple
of, 34, 110.
Savelli, the, 199.
Saviour, church of the, 110. Schola Graeca, 143.
Subura, 143, 145, 147, 201. Sun, temple of, 199. S. Susanna, church of, 242. Sylvester III. See Pope.
;
;;
INDEX OF SUBJECTS See Church. See Pope.
St. Sylvester.
Symmachus.
Thermae. Tombs, fate
fol.
Tarpeian rock, 259. Temple, of Antoninus and Faustina, 111; Claudius (Caelian), 208, 2G1 Concord, 110, 206; Craticulae, 177 Dea Dia, 208; Hercules Victor, 209 Hope, 177; Isis, 42, 112, 171, 173 Janus, 110
Juno Regina, 61; Juno (Veil), 265 Jupiter Optimas Maximus, 8, 13, 48 52, 74, 159, 176, 205, 208, 247, 259 fol
Mater MaJupiter Stator, 18, 121 tuta, 12, 39 Minerva, 255 Minerva Medica (so called) 95 Mithras, 245 Moon, 17; Peace, 57; Penates, 18; ;
;
;
,
;
Pietas, 10, 159, 177
Romulus,
;
house
Titus, 57;
110,
Saturn, 34, 110; Sacrae Urbis, 208, 256 Sun, 199; Venus and 123, 256;
;
entrances con91 destruction of, 190. Tombs, of the Apusii, 103; Arruntii, Casal Rotondo, 237 Caecilia 31 Metella, 92, 96, 191, 2.36 fol. Gains Cestius, 96, (Meta Remi) 178 Fabii, Lu31 on the Via Flaminia, 208 cilius Paetus, 92 at the Ponte dell' Arco, 2136, 237; Romulus, 178; Alexander Severus, 191 Vergilius Eurysaces, 92 Vibius Marianus, 92. See Sepolcro. Torre, de' Conti, 201 Fiscale, 82, 162 delle Milizie, 201; di Nona, 41; Pignatarra, 72, 246; dei Schiavi, 7. ;
;
;
;
;
,
;
;
;
;
;
;
Torrecchiano Campo,
199, 202.
Totila, 119, 151.
Trajan, arch of, 31; channel of, 33; house of, 57 column of, 109, 125, 145, 146, 148, 166, 238. See Forum, ;
;
,
;
Vesta, 18
;
;
Rome, 8, 22, 48, 110, 122, 194, 207, Thermae. 246 Venus in Calcarario, 245 Venus Treasures, concealed (gardens of Sallust) 261
See Arch,
of, 211.
of,
cealed, 95 fol.
Tabernola, 15. Tapestries of Raphael, 217
186, 193, 205, 222, 245;
277
at the sack of
1527, 224 fol.
Vulcan (Ostia), 194. Temples closed, 35.
Tribunus Voluptatum,
S. Teodoro, church of, 264. Terebinthus, 177. Theatre, of Balbus, 5; Marcellus, 101, 176, 177, 199 Pompey, 5, 48, 77, 145,
Tulliola, 103.
Triumph
78.
of Diocletian, 49 fol.
Turcius Asterius Secundus, 63. Turris Chartularia, 121, 201.
;
Ugolini house,
146, 152, 176, 199.
Theoderic, 38, 77
fol., 89, 90, 183.
Theodore
I., II. See Pope. Theodosius, 35, 50. See Arch. Thermae (see Baths) areas closed for, 14 their building an important factor in the transformation of Rome, ,
;
22
fol.
;
of
Agrippa (Commodianae),
145, 146, 193, 245, 259; of Caracalla,
of
14, 22, 23, 33, 90, 116, 192, 208;
Constantine, 14, 24, 145, 147, 255 of the Decii, 14, 36, 57, 60 of Diocletian, ;
;
14, 22, 27, 116, 153, 194, 211, 239, 261 of Nero, 14 of Titus, 14, 23, 32, 36, 262 of Trajan, 14, 23, 32, 36, 145, 148. Tiber, 33; inundations of, 139 fol.; figure of, 222 treasures thrown into, 225 fol. Tigellinus, 4, 18. ;
;
;
N
5.
Umbilicus Romae, 145. Urban VIII. See Pope. Vacca, Flarainio, extracts from memoirs of, 5, 39, 90, 192, 194, 259. Valens. See Arch. Valentinian I., 33; bridge of (Ponte prohibited sacrifices, 34, 246 See Arch. Valentinian III., 74 fol. Valerius Severus, 59. Sisto)
,
;
35.
Vassalecti, 180.
Vatican, the, 128, 133, 175. See Museum, St Peter's. Vatican district included in the city proper, 132. Veil, 186.
Venantius Fortunatus,
109.
;
INDEX OF PASSAGES
278
Venus, Venus and Rome. See Temple. Vergilius Eurysaces, tomb of, 92. Verus, Lucius, statue of, lOi. Vespasian, Lex Regia of, 234. Vesta, temple of, 18; statue of, 196. Vestals, house of, 121, 122, 196, 264. Via Appia, 31, 103, 105, 137, 194; Aurelia, 16; Clodia, 158; Collatina, 16; Cornelia, 32; Labicana, 16, 72; Latina, 96, 160, 194 Nomentana, 20, 32 Nova, 31 Praeuestina, 6 Sacra,
Vigna Barberini,
19, 121 BarberiniSpithoever, 89 Ceccarelli, 116 Grimani (Barberini), 90; Maciocchi,57 Moroni, 95 Torlonia, 57. Villa Corsini-Pamiili, 16; Giulia, 191, 263; di GiulioIII. (museo), 13; Gordianorum (Via Praenestina) ,6,7; Livia, 194 Quintiliorum, 103 fol.
;
;
34, 36, 52, 110, 120, 153, 178, 191, 211;
Salaria Salaria Vetus, 15, 65, 151 Nova, 15; Tiburtina, 33; Triumphalis, 177, 178. See Clivus, Vicus. S. Vibiana, church of, 116, 256. Vibius Marianus, tomb of, 92. Victory, statue of, 48. Vicus Capitis Africae, 151 Patricius, 240 Portae Vimiualis, 240 Tuscus,
;
;
;
;
Voconiorum,
105.
See Pope. Vitalis in Vico Lougo, church
Vitalianus. S.
Vitiges, siege of, ^9, 89, 115.
Volusianus, Rufus, 33. Vulcan, temple of (at Ostia), 194. Wall, Leonine, 133
fol.
;
of Aurelian,
15.
;
;
Zmaragdus,
153.
IL
109.
INDEX OF PASSAGES AND INSCRIPTIONS CITED Horace
A. Authors Ammianus Marcellinus
Satires
Page
Pack
XVI.
47
10,
St.
Senno X.
L
8 fol.,
viii.
Augustine
cv de verbis
xcvi.,
Liber Pontificalis 38 38
10,
Claudianus
De
VI. Confiulatu Ilonorii
65
42.
Codex Barberinianus
Gregorius, Vol.
II.,
Vol. Vol. Vol.
II.,
iv. 38,
145, xxii.,
II., 145, xxiii.,
225, 235, 240, 248, 270, 275
II.,
258,
xxiv. 46, xxvi. 27,
Codex Theodosianus 92
X. Tit. 17,
Dion Cassius 11
xliii. 49,
Frontinus 80
126 131 139 155 156
LiVY
152
XXX. 25,
1.13,
59 59
xlviii..
Variae vii. 13,
Jerome
Letters
65
13,
15
St.
Evang. Luc.
Cassiodorius
iii.
of,
145, 148, 192.
;
;
;
;
;
;
See Pope.
Vigilius.
16 16
MoN. Germ. Scr. Lang. Vol. I., p. 53, Vol. I., p. 483, Vol. VI., p. 358,
155 156 157
INDEX OF INSCRIPTIONS
Page
Prudentius Contra Sym.
153
vi. 916,
Page i.
279
501-505,
35
Pliny the Elder Historia Naturalis
1014,
153, 231
1016,
153
1173,
:>3
1178,
2 50 53 152 153 36 36 36 37 61 153 153 151 50 20 1
1187,
1188-90,
10
vii. 36, 121,
1191,
i.
Procopius
1472,
de Bello Gothico
1651,
19,
79, 145
1658,
3,
83 87
1663,
ii.
iv. 22,
1664,
1703,
Suetonius Octav. 29,
1708,
11
1711,
Tacitus
1728 a,
Annates
1730,
19
XV. 43,
14, 647,
Venantius Fortunatus Carmina iii.
Epherneris Epigraphica 109
23,
ZOSIMUS 57
V. 45,
iii.
De Vol.
B.
Inscriptions
Benevento, inscription found Brick stamp of Theoderic,
Capua, inscription found
at,
at,
65 78 65
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinaruin i.
285,
p.
415,
vi. 472,
562, 773,
â&#x20AC;¢
21
p. 287,
Rossi: Inscr .Chr. Urhis
Romae
212,
156
p. 215,
155, 156
p. 347,
136
II., p.
Fabretti: Inscriptiones Domesticae p. 721, no. 431,
112 Marini: Inscriptiones alb. 194 153 X., 153 Notizie degli Scavi: 1880, p. 53, 153
20
194 51
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be original even in the treatment of the most familiar themes the style is fresh and vigorous, and the explanations are, as a rule, clear. The book is, from its nature, mainly intended for beginners, by whom it is likely to be extensively used, but at the same time more advanced students may gather not a few suggestive hints from its pages." SPEAKER. " A really valuable handbook on the constitutional history of Greece." SPECTATOR. "This book will be of great use to teachers in schools where the language and literature of Hellasare properly cultivated, as well as to University tutors, and is quite within the intellectual grasp of ordinary undergraduates, to whom we earnestly re;
—
commend
—
it."
A HANDBOOK OF GREEK AND ROMAN George
Museum.
F. Hill, M.A., British
ATHENMUM. — "Quite worthy
COINS.
By
[Beady.
9s.
of the traditions of the British Museum Coin Room. . We cannot too much praise the iifteen beautiful plates of photographic reproductions which close tliis book. Mr. Hill has collected the flower of all Greek and Roman art in this small
compass."
.
.
—
LITERATURE. " Mr. Hill has succeeded very deftly in providing exactly the type of information of which the student so often stands in need. The volume forms an admirable conspectus of the monetary history of Greece and Rome in less than 300 pages."
THE DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME By Kodolfo Lanciani,
Monuments. 8s. 6d.
SPEAKER. — "Leads
A
History of the University of Eome. [Beady. :
us in a series of agreeable chapters, enlivened by anecdote and Empire to modern days. ... A really charming book."
personality, from the Early
ROMAN PUBLIC
LIFE.
By
Hertford College, Oxford. SPECTATOR. — " Both logical is
most wisely chosen, because
example to
all
in
A.
H.
arrangement and lucid
it is
J.
Greenidge, M.A., [Beady.
10s. 6d.
the public
life
in exposition.
of the
And
its
subject
Romans which has been an
time."
PILOT.—" The style of the book is throughout clear and interesting, and at the same time many miimte and debatable points are carefully discussed, and almost every statement them.
is
supported by references to original autliorities, or better still, by quotations from healthy sign that English scholarship is now able to produce such books as this."
It is a
MONUMENTS OF THE EARLY CHURCH. Lowrie, M.A., Late Fellow Classical Studies at Eome.
MACMILLAN AND
of
By Walter
the American School of
CO., Ltd.,
LONDON.
i