School of Architecture Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida Affiliated to – Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Delhi
MINIMALISM AS A LIFESTYLE Submitted by:
HARSHIT DAGA 00518001614
Submitted to:
AR. TANYA GUPTA DELHI TECHNICAL CAMPUS
Submitted in partial fulfilment Of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture
Batch: 2014-2019 Date: 11-12-2017
CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTIBILITY COMPLETION OF RESEARCH WORK
Registered with Ar. Tanya Gupta
Degree followed - Bachelor of Architecture
I hereby certify that Mr. Harshit Daga, Enrollment no. - 00518001614 is a registered student of the Institute & has completed his B. Arch Research Paper in accordance with the requirements as laid down by the department & as per GGSIPU syllabus. The work is acceptable for examination.
MINIMALISM AS A LIFESTYLE
Signature of Research Paper Coordinator (Ar. Sushma Garg)
Signature of Internal Guide (Ar. Tanya Gupta)
Signature of HOD School of Architecture (Ar. Tanya Gupta) Delhi Technical Campus (GGSIPU), Greater NOIDA
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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in the Research Paper (AP403), titled MINIMALISM AS A LIFESTYLE in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of BACHELORS OF ARCHITECTURE submitted in the School of Architecture, Delhi Technical Campus is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period from July-December 2017 under the supervision of AR. TANYA GUPTA. The matter embodied in this thesis report has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree.
Place: Greater Noida
(Students Signature)
HARSHIT DAGA Batch: 2014-2019 Date- 11-12-2017
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Research Paper presented here would not have been possible but for the guidance & support of Ar. Tanya Gupta, HOD, School of Architecture for extending her support & valuable guidance whenever wherever required. I would also like to thank Ar. Tanya Gupta for her/his relentless pursuit of high academic standards, the can-do attitude & imbibing professional ethics that have helped this project meet high academic standards & professional working. I am grateful to my parents who have taught me to strive for perfection in everything I do, my grandfather who taught me the meaning of minimalism in life and how success is an ambiguous term for every single individual and also my friends & colleagues who were always around to help me. Appreciation & gratitude is owed to them.
HARSHIT DAGA (2018-2019) Date 1-12-2017
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MINIMALISM AS A LIFESTYLE TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of Acceptability……………………………………………………………………………..ii Candidate’s Declaration…………………………………………………………………………………iii Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………………iv Table of contents……………………………………………………………………………………………v List of figures………………………………………………………………………………………………….x
1. PREAMBLE 1.1.
Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
1.2.
Need of the study....................................................................................... 3
1.3.
Aim ............................................................................................................ 4
1.4.
Objective.................................................................................................... 4
1.5.
Scope ......................................................................................................... 5
1.6.
Limitations ................................................................................................. 5
1.7.
Hypothesis ................................................................................................. 6
1.8.
Methodology ............................................................................................. 6
1.8.1
Research Methodology...................................................................................................................... 6
1.8.2
Contextual Methodology ................................................................................................................... 7
1.9.
Questionnaire ............................................................................................ 8
2.
LITERATURE STUDY ............................................................................................................ 9
2.1
Background .................................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.1
Meaning and Interpretations ........................................................................................................ 9
2.1.2
Philosophy ....................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.2.1
Reducing consumption, work time, and possessions ...................................................................... 10
2.1.2.2
Increasing Self Sufficiency ............................................................................................................... 10
2.1.2.3
Simple Diet....................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.2.4
Reconsidering Technology ............................................................................................................... 11
2.2
History of Minimalist Lifestyle .................................................................. 12 [v]
2.2.1
Advent ............................................................................................................................................. 12
2.2.2
Development ................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3
Influence .......................................................................................................................................... 13
2.3
Spiritual Ideologies & Minimalist Living.................................................... 14
2.3.1
Zen Philosophy ................................................................................................................................ 14
2.3.2
Gandhian Philosophy ....................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3
Vastu Shastra and Feng Shui Philosophies ...................................................................................... 16
2.3.4
Christian Philosophy ........................................................................................................................ 17
2.4
The Minimalists – 21st century Pioneers of minimalist movement ........... 19
2.4.1
Who are the Minimalists & what is their ideology? ........................................................................ 19
2.4.2
What is the reason for the growth of minimalist living? ................................................................. 20
2.5
Coalition of Art and Architecture with Lifestyle ........................................ 22
2.6
Current Trends in Visual Arts .................................................................... 24
2.6.1
Divine Living ..................................................................................................................................... 24
2.6.2
Silence vs. Noise .............................................................................................................................. 25
2.6.3
Outsider In ....................................................................................................................................... 26
2.7
Minimalist Art .......................................................................................... 27
2.7.1
Fine Arts ........................................................................................................................................... 27
2.7.1.1
Prominent Works............................................................................................................................. 28
2.7.1.1.1 The Marriage of Reason and Squalor, II (1959) ............................................................................... 28 2.7.1.1.2 Untitled (1980)................................................................................................................................. 28 2.7.1.1.3 Untitled (L-Beams) (1965)................................................................................................................ 29 2.7.2
Graphic Design ................................................................................................................................. 30
2.7.2.1
Prominent Figures ........................................................................................................................... 30
2.7.2.1.1 Shigeo Fukuda.................................................................................................................................. 30 2.7.2.1.2 Shweta Malhotra ............................................................................................................................. 31 2.7.3
Photography .................................................................................................................................... 32
2.7.3.1
Prominent Figures ........................................................................................................................... 33
2.7.3.1.1 Hans Hiltermann .............................................................................................................................. 33 2.7.3.1.2 Mark Meyer ..................................................................................................................................... 33 2.7.4
Fashion Design ................................................................................................................................. 34
2.7.4.1
Prominent Works............................................................................................................................. 34
2.7.4.1.1 KOJA ................................................................................................................................................. 34
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2.7.4.1.2 Raw Mango ..................................................................................................................................... 35
2.8
Minimalist Architecture ........................................................................... 36
2.8.1
What is Minimalist architecture? .................................................................................................... 36
2.8.2
History ............................................................................................................................................. 36
2.8.3
Ruling Principles and Features......................................................................................................... 37
2.8.3.1
Reduction to Essentials.................................................................................................................... 38
2.8.3.2
Simplicity-Bareness-Cleanliness ...................................................................................................... 38
2.8.3.3
Space, Place, Emptiness................................................................................................................... 38
2.8.4
Pioneer Architects ........................................................................................................................... 39
2.8.4.1
Tadao Ando...................................................................................................................................... 39
2.8.4.1.1 Life and Work................................................................................................................................... 39 2.8.4.1.2 Style and Principles .......................................................................................................................... 40 2.8.4.1.3 Notable Works ................................................................................................................................. 41 2.8.4.2
Ludwig Mies van de Rohe ................................................................................................................ 42
2.8.4.2.1 Life and Work................................................................................................................................... 42 2.8.4.2.2 Style and Principles .......................................................................................................................... 43 2.8.4.2.3 Notable Works ................................................................................................................................. 44 2.8.4.3
Other Notable Works ...................................................................................................................... 45
2.8.4.3.1 Shenzhen Stock Exchange ................................................................................................................ 45 2.8.4.3.2 House on the Stream Morella .......................................................................................................... 45
2.9
Dawn of Indian Minimalism ..................................................................... 46
2.9.1
Existing Art Styles ............................................................................................................................ 47
2.9.2
Principles of Indian Minimalist Architecture ................................................................................... 48
2.9.2.1
Unnatural Selection ......................................................................................................................... 48
2.9.2.2
Back to the roots ............................................................................................................................. 48
2.9.2.3
A matter of choice ........................................................................................................................... 48
2.9.2.4
Minimal Adjustments ...................................................................................................................... 48
2.9.3
Resonating culture, modernism and morals in Indian Minimalism – Effect on Indian Art ............. 49
2.9.4
Effect on different art forms............................................................................................................ 49
2.9.4.1
Architecture ..................................................................................................................................... 49
2.9.4.2
Home DĂŠcor ..................................................................................................................................... 50
2.9.4.3
Graphics ........................................................................................................................................... 50
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3.
CASE STUDY ............................................................................. 51
3.1
INTERNET STUDY ...................................................................................... 51
3.1.1
Church of light, Osaka, Japan .......................................................................................................... 51
3.1.1.1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 53
3.1.1.2
Concept............................................................................................................................................ 53
3.1.1.3
Architectural Features ..................................................................................................................... 54
3.1.1.3.1 Use of Basic Geometrical Features .................................................................................................. 54 3.1.1.3.2 Material as a Language ................................................................................................................... 58
3.1.1.3.3 Authenticity of Space and Details .................................................................................................... 59 3.1.1.3.4 Peculiar use of Light......................................................................................................................... 61 3.1.1.4
Analysis – Church of Light ................................................................................................................ 63
3.2
LIVE CASE STUDY ...................................................................................... 64
3.2.1
Copper House II, Mumbai, India ...................................................................................................... 64
3.2.1.1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 66
3.2.1.2
Architectural Features ..................................................................................................................... 66
3.2.1.2.1 Architectural Strategies ................................................................................................................... 66
3.2.1.2.2 Language of texture ........................................................................................................................ 72 3.2.1.2.3 Hortus Conclusus ............................................................................................................................. 73 3.2.1.3
Analysis – Copper House II .............................................................................................................. 73
3.2.2
Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya, Ahmedabad, India ............................................................................ 75
3.2.2.1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 77
3.2.2.2
Architectural Features ..................................................................................................................... 77
3.2.2.2.1 Structural Simplification .................................................................................................................. 78 3.2.2.2.2 Simple Planning Scheme .................................................................................................................. 78 3.2.2.2.3 Simple Spaces .................................................................................................................................. 80 3.2.2.2.4 Simple Materials and Construction ................................................................................................. 81 3.2.2.2.5 Simple Climatic Responsive Techniques........................................................................................... 82 3.2.2.3
Analysis – Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya ........................................................................................... 83
3.3
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 84
4.
CONCLUSION ............................................................................ 86
4.1
Minimalist Lifestyle .................................................................................. 86
4.2
Minimalist Architecture ........................................................................... 88
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4.3
Challenges ................................................................................................ 92
4.4
Future Prospects ...................................................................................... 92
4.5
Design Recommendations ........................................................................ 94
4.6
Suggested Typology for Minimalist Architecture ...................................... 96
5.
BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES ................................................... 97
5.1
Websites .................................................................................................. 97
5.2
Books ....................................................................................................... 98
6.
APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………………99
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MINIMALISM AS A LIFESTYLE LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Life and Lifestyle ...................................................................................................... 6 Figure 2 Research Methodology .......................................................................................... 11 Figure 3 Minimalism = Declutteration of life ....................................................................... 14 Figure 4 Questions for Minimalist Living ............................................................................. 15 Figure 5 The Attention-Sucking Power of Digital Technology Displayed Through Photography by Antoine Geiger .......................................................................................... 16 Figure 6 The closest English word to wabi-sabi is probably “rustic” — simple, artless, or unsophisticated”. ................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 7 The Zen Philosophy – The Eightfold Path .............................................................. 19 Figure 8 Mohandas Gandhi.................................................................................................. 20 Figure 9 Gandhian Philosophy; Source: Author................................................................... 21 Figure 10 Vastu Shastra and Feng Shui Philosophy ............................................................. 21 Figure 11 The Christian Philosophy ..................................................................................... 22 Figure 12 Joshua Fields Millburn (Left) & Ryan Nicodemus (Right) – The Minimalists ....... 24 Figure 13 Minimalism in different disciplines and art ......................................................... 27 Figure 14 Divine Living by Getty Images ® ........................................................................... 29 Figure 15 Silence vs. Noise by Getty Images ® .................................................................... 30 Figure 16 Outsider In by Getty Images® .............................................................................. 31 Figure 17 The Marriage of Reason and Squalor, II (1959) ................................................... 33 Figure 18 Untitled by Donald Judd (1980) ........................................................................... 33 Figure 19 Untitled by Donald Judd (1965) ........................................................................... 34 Figure 20 Poster for shoe showroom by Shigeo Fukuda ..................................................... 35 Figure 21 Drapes of India by Shweta Malhotra ................................................................... 36 Figure 22 Photography by Michael Kenna (Top two) and Hiroshi Sugimoto (Bottom Two)37 Figure 23 Minimalist Photography by Hans Hiltermann ..................................................... 38 Figure 24 Minimalist Photography by Mark Meyer............................................................. 38 Figure 25 Apparels by KOJA – Minimalist Fashion............................................................... 39 Figure 26 Raw Mango designs ............................................................................................. 40 [x]
Figure 27 A 1921 painting by Piet Mondrian ....................................................................... 41 Figure 28 Red and Blue Chair designed by Gerrit Rietveld in 1917 ..................................... 41 Figure 29 Decluttering of Complex Object through Minimalism ........................................ 42 Figure 30 Ruling Principles and Features of Minimalist Architecture ................................. 43 Figure 31 Tadao Ando - The Japanese Minimalist ............................................................... 44 Figure 32 Church on the Water by Tadao Ando .................................................................. 45 Figure 33 Tadao Ando's Philosophy ..................................................................................... 45 Figure 34 Meditation Space, UNESCO, Paris ....................................................................... 46 Figure 35 Japanese architect Tadao Ando has concealed a huge stone statue of the Buddha within a hill covered in lavender plants at the Makomanai Takino Cemetery in Sapporo . 46 Figure 36 Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas, UK .................................................. 46 Figure 37 Ludwig Mies Van de Rohe.................................................................................... 47 Figure 38 Principles and Philosophy of Mies Van de Rohe ................................................. 48 Figure 39 S. R. Crown Hall, Chicago ..................................................................................... 49 Figure 40 IBM Building, Chicago .......................................................................................... 49 Figure 41 Farnworth House, Illinois ..................................................................................... 49 Figure 42 Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona, Spain................................................................... 49 Figure 43 Terrace Garden @ Shenzhen Stock Exchange ..................................................... 50 Figure 44 Shenzen Stock Exchange ...................................................................................... 50 Figure 45 House on the Stream Morella.............................................................................. 50 Figure 46 (Left) Papier mâché masks by Dhanalakota Nageshwar and ‘Bhiksha Patra’ wooden bowls by AnanTaya, both featured in Sār, co-authored by Rashmi Varma. Photos: Prarthna Singh...................................................................................................................... 51 Figure 47 Inspired by Mughal Charbagh .............................................................................. 52 Figure 48 Wabi-Sabi Reference Interiors ............................................................................. 52 Figure 49 Principles of Indian Minimalist Architecture ....................................................... 53 Figure 50 Tara House by Studio Mumbai ............................................................................ 54 Figure 51 Minimalist Indian living room decor with traditional furniture and accessories 55 Figure 52 Modern and flat illustration featuring India's skyline with silhouettes of its classic buildings and cultural landmarks. ........................................................................................ 55 Figure 53 The Main Chapel .................................................................................................. 56 Figure 54 Architecture of duality ......................................................................................... 53 [xi]
Figure 55 Cubes punctured by a wall at 15ห ........................................................................ 54 Figure 56 Plan & Sectional Plan of Church of Light ............................................................. 55 Figure 57 Axonometric VIew & Elevation of Church of Light .............................................. 56 Figure 58 Isometric Views of Church of Light ...................................................................... 57 Figure 59 Using Material as a Language in Church of Light ................................................. 58 Figure 60 The cross void on the east wall as the prominent religious symbol ................... 58 Figure 61 Authenticity of Space and Details ........................................................................ 59 Figure 62 Clean structural details ........................................................................................ 60 Figure 63 Seamless control of interior through structure ................................................... 60 Figure 64 Use of Light: Justifying the concept of architecture of duality through light and shadows ............................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 65 Effect of sunlight on structure ............................................................................. 62 Figure 66 Original Hand drawings by Ar. Bijoy Jain for Copper House II ............................. 64 Figure 67 Copper House II, Chondi, Mumbai....................................................................... 66 Figure 68 Creation of blocks ................................................................................................ 66 Figure 69 Living Area at Copper House II............................................................................. 67 Figure 70 Copper Cladding on external faรงade .................................................................. 67 Figure 71 Use Nalukettu courtyard ..................................................................................... 67 Figure 72 Well-lit internal spaces ........................................................................................ 68 Figure 73 Inclusion of nature and use of regional social places .......................................... 69 Figure 74 Ground floor and Top floor plan .......................................................................... 70 Figure 75 North West (Bottom) and South east (Top) Sectional Elevation......................... 71 Figure 76 Synthesis of different materials ........................................................................... 72 Figure 77 Entrance of the house.......................................................................................... 72 Figure 78 Hortus Conclusus - The Garden Enclosed ............................................................ 73 Figure 79 Introduction of massive boulder inside the premises provide more natural feeling. ................................................................................................................................. 73 Figure 80 Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya ................................................................................ 75 Figure 81 Mahatma Gandhi ................................................................................................. 77 Figure 82 Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya Elevation ................................................................ 77 Figure 83 The Modular units of Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya ............................................. 78 Figure 84 Section-elevation, modular units ........................................................................ 78 [xii]
Figure 85 Site plan and Floor Plan ....................................................................................... 79 Figure 86 Creation of Simple Spaces ................................................................................... 80 Figure 87 Simplistic yet effective texture control through materials ................................. 81 Figure 88 Construction technique and introduction of louvers .......................................... 81 Figure 89 Effect of courtyard and water body inside the building ...................................... 82 Figure 90 Comparative Analysis…….. ................................................................................... 84 Figure 91 Relation of Minimalist llfestyle with Minimalist Architecture............................. 87 Figure 92 Principle of Minimalist Architecture: Focus on Subject ...................................... 88 Figure 93 Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya boldy showing the ample use of light ................... 89 Figure 94 Copper as an external cladding ........................................................................... 90 Figure 95 Urban house by Ar. Dipen Gada .......................................................................... 91 Figure 96 Pannerselvam House by Murali Architects.......................................................... 91 Figure 97 Brinda House by Arun Associates ........................................................................ 91 Figure 98 Omission of extra features .................................................................................. 94 Figure 99 Comparison of Abstract Expressionist building and Minimalist building of same typology (museums) ............................................................................................................ 95 Figure 100 Difference of perspective………………………………………………………………………………..96
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CHAPTER – 1
PREAMBLE
1.1. INTRODUCTION “Your genetics load the gun, your lifestyle pulls the trigger.” -Mehmet Oz According to Business Dictionary “Lifestyle is a way of living of individuals, families (households), and societies, which they manifest in coping with their physical, psychological, social, and economic environments on a day-to-day basis. Lifestyle is expressed in both work and leisure behaviour patterns and (on an individual basis) in activities, attitudes, interests, opinions, values, and allocation of income. It also reflects people's self-image or selfconcept; the way they see themselves and believe they are seen by the others. Lifestyle is a composite of motivations, needs, and wants and is influenced by factors such as culture, family, reference groups, and social class.” Hence lifestyle is defined as the way an individual lives, react, interact and socialize. It is a variable figure in the equation of comfortable life and hence the philosophy of comfortable lifestyle is ambiguous and may change drastically from person to person. Art is not what you see, but what you make others see – quoted Edgar Degas, the famous French Painter. Art can directly be linked to creativity and imagination of a self and it’s representation through various means like visual &audial but not limited to any of these. Art has always been the crux of the culture of the civilizations and their legacy. And hence art has majorly affected the lifestyle of an individual, group as well as the society not only in the archaic times but till now also. Minimalism has been explained by different people in different ways. Some use words like simplification and other use words sophistication. Minimalism can be defined as the process of having, using or presenting a certain idea or art in its purest form, without any aestheticization or beautification of any means. This idea HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle
Figure 1 Life and Lifestyle Artwork: Untitled by Donald Judd Graphics: Author
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has been adopted as a lifestyle as well as a medium of expression in various art forms. The minimalist philosophy of living is not new but rather is one of the most ancient philosophies to live by. Some of the legends explained them as –
“To live a pure unselfish life, one must count nothing as one’s own in the midst of abundance.” 563 BCE, Buddha
“The secret of happiness, you see, is not found in seeking more, but in developing the capacity to enjoy less.” 469 BCE, Socrates
“Less is more.” 1886, Mies Van Der Rohe
“Have nothing in your homes that you do not know to be useful or believe to be beautiful.” 1834, William Morris Minimalism inspired a lot of visual arts like paintings, sculptures etc. which also included architecture. However, like the decorative arts, or advertising, it involves the creation of objects where the practical considerations of use are essential -- in a way that they usually are not in a painting, for example. Hence during 1960s, the idea of minimalist architecture was developed which was heavily influenced by Japanese Zen philosophy, Bauhaus movement and De Stijl. Zen Philosophy believes in the power of simplicity, while Bauhaus and De Stijl believes in the clean and bold lines with abstraction of primary colours. Minimalist Architecture can be derived as the parred down form of architecture. The minimalists presented the idea of limiting the structure to its essentials and believed in natural beauty of the structure rather than an implied one. India is well-known for its decadent design and it’s propensity for kaleidoscopic colours but recently the design world has begun to cautiously dip its toe in minimalistic pool. Unlike in the west, or even in Japan, Indian minimalism tends to eschew the typical metal and glass in favour of warmer, more rustic wood plus the addition of stone accents.
“This unification of the minimalist art and design philosophy with the traditional and regional materials is known as Indian Minimalism.”
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1.2. NEED OF THE STUDY Minimalist style not only provides peace and harmony in physical realm, but also to the mental realm too. Maximizing can be done easily, but limiting requires skill. It is because one should know where to stop so that it doesn't hinder the performance of that entity.
To Understand the concept of Minimalism Major Concept, Philosphies and theories.
Marginal amount of information and research topics on this subject. Minimalism needs a bigger platform than it has right now.
Revitalization of the style & revival of the basics. Concentrate on why the revival of the basics is needed.
Understand the spiritual importance of Minimalist philosophy Space reflects person's behaviour, person's behaviour reflects his spiritualism.
Develop the resonance between different lifestyle philosophies with the minimalist philosophy. Parallelism between the minimalist philosphy with Zen, Indian and other spiritual philosophy.
Knowledge and Analysis of Indian Minimalism. The budding movement taking place in India's current art scenario
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1.3. AIM To study the relevant parameters which in unison form the minimalist lifestyle, art and architecture and it’s synchronization with the native mindset.
1.4. OBJECTIVE 1. To study the Minimalist philosophy and it's principles. 2. To study the perspective of "The Minimalists" regarding this style. The Minimalists are American authors, podcasters, filmmakers, and public speakers Joshua Fields Millburn and Ryan Nicodemus. The duo began pursuing the minimalist lifestyle in 2010. After experiencing significant improvements in their quality of life as a result of adopting and practicing the tenets of minimalism, the pair launched a website in December 2010 to share their experiences.
3. To study the impact of minimalism on various art forms. a. Art b. Architecture c. Graphic Design d. Fashion Design
4. Minimalist Architecture
Pioneer figures who contributed in this movement and their own philosphy regarding minimalism.
Discuss their lifestyle and inspirations.
Study the buildings of these architects and present a critical analysis of the same.
5. To understand the concept of Indian Minimalism and and it’s role in current scenario.
What is Indian Minimalism and what is it's scope?
Indian minimalism in different fields like fashion, art and architecture
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1.5. SCOPE 1. Future needs to be uncluttered. The rising stress and panic is a critical problem of the society. Hence, the future if need to be sustained need a cure at the roots i.e the lifestyle. 2. Residential, religious and public sector. 3. Elegance with the cost effective scheme. 4. Rising trends in Interior design and architecture. Minimalism being the current trend for industrial design and interior design, has a great future prospect. 5. More expertise needed in the style. 6. Indian minimalism can bridge the gap between two culture.
1.6. LIMITATIONS 1. Lack of structures for case studies 2. Applicable for Civil buildings and Prisons, but the research has been limited to the residential sector. 3. Considered as a dull & non-creative form of architecture. 4. Less awareness amongst people. 5. Treated as a part of cubism. 6. Local Development controls prevent the hierarchy of urban fabric in most cities of India.
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1.7. HYPOTHESIS The minimalist lifestyle, art and architecture with the amalgamation of Indian culture is the need of the future. Minimalism is one of the most underrated and critisized subject. The study will try to establish actual facts about the minimalism with it’s future prospects. Addtionally, light would be thrown on the Indian Minimalism and to understand the reasons of it’s growth in the country.
1.8. METHODOLOGY 1.8.1 Research Methodology
Selection of Topic
Understanding the area of Research
Formulating Aim and Objectives
Defining the Scope and Underlining the Limitations
Context Study Primary Study : Literature Secondary Study : Case Study
Analysis of Data
Conclusion
Figure 2 Research Methodology Source: Author
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1.8.2 Contextual Methodology
HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle
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1.9. QUESTIONNAIRE Q. 1
What is the role of lifestyle in one's life?
Q. 2
What is Minimalism? What are the influences and philosophies that serve this topic?
Q. 3
What is Minimalistic Lifestyle?
Q. 4
What are the current trends of minimalism in different art forms?
Q. 5
What are some misconceptions about Minimalist Lifestyle?
Q. 6
What is the use of this style in architecture?
Q. 7
How can one relate spiritualism through this style?
Q. 8
Is there any scope of hybridisation of minimalism in India?
Q. 9
What is Indian minimalism and it's philosphies?
Q. 10 How does the Indian culture affect minimalism? Q. 11 Is there any similitude one can derive from Minimalist lifestyle to any other lifestyle?
HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle
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CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE STUDY
2.
LITERATURE STUDY
2.1
Background
2.1.1
Meaning and Interpretations
Figure 3 Minimalism = Declutteration of life, Source: Author
Minimalism is a practical route to take that can help you find liberation and freedom. It is a culture that involves getting down to the basics and removing desires and clutter out of life, while making room for more of what’s important. In fact, the Japanese have been practicing minimalism for a long time due to the constraints of land and the lack of space in Japan. According to Joshua Fields Millburn & Ryan Nicodemus (the people behind the well-known blog and podcast ‘The Minimalists”), minimalism can be defined as “A tool to rid yourself of life’s excess for focusing on what’s important—so you can find happiness, fulfilment, and freedom.” Minimalism involves getting rid of the superficial materialism. It involves spending less by buying only what you need. It’s about focusing on the bare essentials rather than indulging in your desires. By removing the stuff you don’t really need, you make room for more meaningful things. By decluttering your life, you declutter both your physical and psychological sides and auras. And if one does that, he gets a better understanding of life and his goals and dreams in life.
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2.1.2
Philosophy
2.1.2.1
Reducing consumption, work time, and possessions The basic principle of minimalism starts with the relinquishing of one’s possession wither by selling it or donating it. It is followed by the management of consumerism one has been following. “Consumption should not be scarce, but minimal and managed.” Before buying any item, questions should be asked to oneself like “Do you need it?”, “Does your budget allows it?” and “”
Figure 4 Questions for Minimalist Living; Source: Author
One’s worktime defines how much self-time one achieves at the end of the day which I utilized with family, passion and dreams etc. Don’t negate worktime, regulate it & be more productive in the given time.
2.1.2.2
Increasing Self Sufficiency “You have this thing you were obsessed about, but then this new version comes out, which is new and improved in a dozen ways, and now you no longer care about the one you have in fact now the one you have is the source of dissatisfaction.” -Sam Harris, Author, Neuroscientist What minimalism wants to convey is that by reducing materialistic bondage to the things that doesn’t matter, one can actually be more self-sufficient, self-satisfied as well as self-sensitive.
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2.1.2.3
Simple Diet Another practice is the adoption of a simplified diet. Diets that may simplify domestic food production and consumption include vegan diets and the Gandhi diet. In the United Kingdom, the Movement for Compassionate Living was formed by Kathleen and Jack Jannaway in 1984 to spread the vegan message and promote simple living and self-reliance as a remedy against the exploitation of humans, animals, and the Earth.
2.1.2.4
Reconsidering Technology Technology has become an integral part of our lives and makes our life smoother and simpler in many ways. But by spending too much resources on technology we actually clutter our physical, mental as well as social wellbeing and become too much dependent on the stuff. “In fact, people check their phones 150 times a day, according to Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers's annual Internet Trends report.� Figure 5 The Attention-Sucking Power of Digital Technology Displayed Through Photography by Antoine Geiger Source: http://www.thisiscolo ssal.com/2015/11/cell phone-attentionantoine-geiger/
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2.2
History of Minimalist Lifestyle
2.2.1
Advent A number of religious and spiritual traditions encourage simple living. Early examples include the Sramana traditions of Iron Age India and Gautama Buddha. Jesus is said to have lived a simple life. He is said to have encouraged his disciples “To take nothing for their journey except a staff—no bread, no bag, no money in their belts—but to wear sandals and not put on two tunics.” The first known use of word minimalism however dates back to the recent past i.e. 20th century. Minimalism as a term was first used in 1927 which was derived from “Minimum”. Henceforth, the world minimalism was used in art, design, music and lifestyle. The Minimalist lifestyle was brought to the limelight by two person - Joshua Fields Millburn & Ryan Nicodemus together known as The Minimalists.
2.2.2
Development Simple living has traditions that stretch back to the Orient, resonating with leaders such as Zarathustra, Buddha, Laozi, and Confucius and was heavily stressed in both Greco-Roman culture and Judeo-Christian ethics. King Ashoka’s Life also outlines the spiritual unity of religion with minimalist life. Various notable individuals have claimed that spiritual inspiration led them to a minimalist lifestyle, such as Benedict of Nursia, Francis of Assisi, Ammon Hennacy, Leo Tolstoy, Rabindranath Tagore, Albert Schweitzer, and Mohandas Gandhi. At present, according to Forbes, a large chunk of Millennials of age 18-34 are actually getting their hands on decluttering their lives by following the minimalist lifestyle.
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2.2.3
Influence Traditional Japanese living and design can also be considered a predecessor of minimalism. Most of Japanese aesthetics and ideals value simplicity stemming from the Zen philosophy of impermanence and imperfection. Traditional Japanese ideals include the concepts of Wabi (simple, austere beauty), Sabi (beauty that comes from age). Wabi-sabi appreciates the value of simple and plain objects. Objects designed in this ideal contain no unnecessary features. Imperfections and asymmetry are often associated with this concept. Another concept in Japanese aesthetics is the use of negative space of ma. It is the experience derived from the use of space, and the merging of interior with the exterior.
Figure 6 The closest English word to wabi-sabi is probably “rustic” — simple, artless, or unsophisticated”. Source: https://randomwire.com/wabi-sabi/
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2.3
Spiritual Ideologies & Minimalist Living
2.3.1
Zen Philosophy
Figure 7 The Zen Philosophy – The Eightfold Path | Image Courtesy - imoveismlara.wordpress.com Edit - Author
A traditional Buddhist, such as a monk, lives an extremely minimalist lifestyle because their belief in these principles flow into their everyday life. According to Buddhist beliefs, everything is impermanent – everything is always changing. To (over)simplify it, Buddhists believe that attachment – the clinging onto objects – is what causes suffering because nothing will last forever. Hence, Minimalism is a quite a reflection of Zen philosophy in following terms:
Letting go of attachment – to our possessions, because they don’t define who we are. Everything we own will one day be lost, stolen, broken, donated, outdated, sold or thrown away.
Our happiness – because it’s not derived from the things we own and our suffering shouldn’t be defined by the things we do not own.
Mindfulness – being aware of the consequences of consumerism and materialism and always wanting more and more. Also, being mindful of our choices, such as the thing we do buy. Focus – on what is important and essential to our lives.
Kindness and compassion – spending less time taking care of our things, or working in order to gain more, and instead using that time more wisely to develop our relationship with others or using the money to help those in need.
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2.3.2
Gandhian Philosophy “You may have occasion to possess or use material things, but the secret of life lies in never missing them.” ~Gandhi Figure 8 Mohandas Gandhi
Gandhi (Mohandas Gandhi) was actually born into a prosperous family and had a very privileged upbringing, which included a prestigious education in England in the days when travel from India to England took many months by sea. He studied Law at University College in London and he was subsequently invited to join the Bar there. Though born into wealth, he ultimately gave it all away and through the course of his life managed to let go of material trappings. He followed a life of simplicity. His Principles & Philosophies for a simple living were as follows:
Accumulate Little Gandhi believed in possessing little except the clothes he wore and some utensils for cooking and eating. He used to give away or auction any gift that was ever given to him. It may not be possible these days for us to get down to less than ten possessions like Gandhi did, but start cutting down to bare basics.
Eat Simple Food Gandhi followed a strict vegetarian diet and frequently cooked his own simple food, which was locally produced. He ate this simple food from a small bowl, a reminder to eat moderately.
Dress Simply Gandhi wore simple clothes that conveyed his message. There is this anecdotal story of the time when Gandhi met the King of Great Britain in London and he wore his simple wrap around cloth. A journalist asked Gandhi “Mr Gandhi, did you feel under-dressed when you met the King?” Gandhi replied “The King was wearing enough clothes for both of us!”
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Lead a Simple, Stress-free Life Though he was a world leader and idolised by millions, he continued to lead a simple life with few distractions and commitments. He would even interrupt his political meetings to go off and play with children. He advocated self-sufficiency and simple work.
Let your Life be your Message Though he was a prolific writer and powerful speaker, in private Gandhi spoke very quietly and only when necessary. He was also very punchy and concise in his writing. He preferred to let his life do the talking for him.
2.3.3
Figure 9 Gandhian Philosophy; Source: Author
Vastu Shastra and Feng Shui Philosophies
Both Vastu Shastra and Feng Shui are complex spiritual practices, involving rituals and ceremonies that ready ground to be broken for construction, or a house to be newly occupied, and more.
Similarly to Feng Shui, Vastu supposes that the whole world is made up of five elements: earth, water, air, fire, and space. Vastu allows one to “access” the “life force,” called Prana, behind these elements.
Both Feng Shui and Vastu Shastra encourage abundant light and air in one’s home.
Figure 10 Vastu Shastra and Feng Shui Philosophy Source : http://www.designnarts.com/vastu-shastra, http://openspacesfengshui.com/feng-shui-tips/
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But in all of the research, one point is made exceedingly clear: none of these practices will work unless certain steps are taken to clear one’s apartment, house, studio, or office of material chaos. In other words, de-clutter is the first step to a spiritual solution. Vastu Tips suggests, “One should never hoard stale food, withered flowers, torn clothes, waste paper, waste materials, empty tins old jars and useless things,” because they prevent the goddess Lakshmi – beautiful goddess of wealth, love, spiritual and material prosperity – from entering the house. If any philosophy emphasizes the notion of letting go of useless things, it’s Minimalism. Minimalism promises a freedom from materialism that creates a sense of internal peace and tranquillity. It was a great influence to later American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed many of the classic, minimalist buildings of our age.
2.3.4
Christian Philosophy Jesus taught about minimalism in regard to possessions and money. He asked people not to sacrifice, but just to be more focused on the things that matter. “Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust destroys, and where thieves do not break in or steal; for where your treasure is, there your heart will be also” (Matthew 6:19–21 Figure 11 The Christian Philosophy Source: http://www.behance.net/gallery/Revival-Easter2013/8019715
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That’s an important reminder when it comes to stuff—and even money. One is called to put his faith not in the things that fill garages and closets (or bank accounts), but in the Creator. “But godliness with contentment is great gain. For we brought nothing into the world, and we can take nothing out of it. But if we have food and clothing, we will be content with that” (1 Timothy 6:6–8 NIV). Contentment is a big idea behind minimalism. Minimalism encourages decluttering lives by getting rid of the things one doesn’t use or find great joy in. That lets one focus on the most important things—like Christ, relationships and meaningful experiences. Eliminating excess means not stressing on maintaining, paying for, or storing all that stuff. One’s stuff doesn’t define himself or one’s life. That truth fosters contentment and creates space for Jesus. Jesus says in Luke 12:15 (ESV): “And he said to them, ‘Take care, and be on your guard against all covetousness, for one’s life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions.’” In other words, the contentment people seek doesn’t come from a shopping bag or an online retailer. It isn’t hiding in a “more is better” mentality, either. No one would find it in trying to keep up with friends, relatives or neighbours. Contentment comes from Jesus. He’s the only one who can satisfy souls.
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2.4
The Minimalists – 21st century Pioneers of minimalist movement
2.4.1
Who are the Minimalists & what is their ideology?
Figure 12 Joshua Fields Millburn (Left) & Ryan Nicodemus (Right) – The Minimalists Source: http://www.theminimalists.com/about/
The Minimalists are American authors, podcasters, filmmakers, and public speakers Joshua Fields Millburn and Ryan Nicodemus. The duo began pursuing the minimalist lifestyle in 2010. After experiencing significant improvements in their quality of life as a result of adopting and practicing the tenets of minimalism, the pair launched a website in December 2010 to share their experiences. In late 2012 the pair moved from their hometown of Dayton, Ohio, to a cabin in Philipsburg, Montana, to focus on their writing. After four months in Philipsburg, they moved to Missoula, Montana, where they still live and work today. “Minimalism is a tool that can assist you in finding freedom. Freedom from fear. Freedom from worry. Freedom from overwhelm. Freedom from guilt. Freedom from depression. Freedom from the trappings of the consumer culture we’ve built our lives around. Real freedom.
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That doesn’t mean there’s anything inherently wrong with owning material possessions. Today’s problem seems to be the meaning we assign to our stuff: we tend to give too much meaning to our things, often forsaking our health, our relationships, our passions, our personal growth, and our desire to contribute beyond ourselves. Want to own a car or a house? Great, have at it! Want to raise a family and have a career? If these things are important to you, then that’s wonderful. Minimalism simply allows you to make these decisions more consciously, more deliberately.” -THE MINIMALISTS
2.4.2
What is the reason for the growth of minimalist living? Following are the reasons quoted by The Minimalists for the growth of the minimalistic lifestyle 1. Worldwide Financial Turmoil – Rising unemployment, stagnant wages, and falling stock prices have forced families and individuals to revaluate their purchases. 2. Environmental Concern – Many people are choosing to live a minimalist life out of concern for the environment. They understand that less consumption equals less use of the earth’s natural resources. 3. High Levels of Personal Debt – After years and years of living beyond our means, people are beginning to get the picture. Many are wisely choosing to get out from under the crushing weight of debt. The wide-spread popularity of Dave Ramsey and Adam Baker is proof of that growing trend. And as a means to reach that end, people are choosing to buy less and save more. It is a trend that will be continued. 4. Increased Global Social Awareness – Injustice, poverty, and malnutrition have always existed. But as new technology has made the world smaller by making global images/news more accessible, our awareness of the disparity has increased. 5. Minimalist Art / Modern Aesthetics – Good art enters the soul and makes new ideas plausible. The term “minimalist art” (first used in 1929)
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experienced its major growth during the 1960’s and 1970’s when stripping art down to its fundamental features began showing up in painting/sculpting/music. As a result, it has entered our soul and made the idea of minimalist principles plausible as a lifestyle as well. 6. Personal Computing Advances – Personal computing advances have made minimalism far easier than ever before. Today, computers replace the need for CDs, DVDs, paper files, photo albums, calendars, calculator, books, phone books, notebooks, newspapers, etc. The inherent necessity of keeping these physical items in our home is a thing of the past. 7. The Benefits are Desired Today More than Ever – As our world continues to grow in complexity, there is far greater personal demand for many of the benefits that minimalism offers. Minimalism offers a life with less stress, less distraction, more freedom, and more time. 8. More Online Presence – Proponents of the minimalist lifestyle are making it more accessible and attractive to others by writing about their experiences online. 9. New Lifestyles Are Available Like Never Before – The Internet is making new lifestyles possible. No longer do people have to be tied down to a typical 9-5 job. 10. The Realization There’s more to Life than Possessions – Consumerism is alive and well. Advertisers continue to tell us that our next purchase will bring us satisfaction and people continue to believe it. But there is a growing trend of thoughtful people who are beginning to see through the falsehood and challenge this claim.
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www.shoxart.comgraphic www.etsy.comin-enlisting491898757phases-of-the-design-minimalmoon-print-moon-phases isometric-shape-secretroom
Coalition of Art and Architecture with Lifestyle The word ‘Art’ is most commonly associated with pieces of work in a gallery or museum, whether it’s a painting from the Renaissance or a modern sculpture. However, there is so much more to art than what you see displayed in galleries. The truth is, without being aware of it, we are surrounded by art and use it on a continual basis. Most people don’t realize how much of a role art plays in our lives and just how much we rely on art in all of its forms in our everyday lives. Art in the Home Chances are you will have some form of art in your home. Obviously the first things that might come to mind will be a painting, print or photograph on the wall. Art is not purely for looking at and admiring, a lot of it is functional too, especially when it comes to our homes. Everything from a delightfully patterned quilt on the bed, decorative tea towels or that cute pink heart covered teapot to the sleek computer case or angle-poised desk lamp can be considered a form of art. The Joy of Art While art may not be vital to fulfil our basic needs, it does make life joyful. When you look at a painting or poster Figure 13 Minimalism in different disciplines and art
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2.5
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you’ve chosen to hang on your living room wall, you feel happy. The sculpture or figurines on the kitchen windowsill create a sense of joy. These varieties of art forms that we are surrounded by all come together to create the atmosphere that we want to live in, which is personable to us. Art and Music Just like art, music can make life extremely joyful and can have a huge effect on our mood. In the workplace in particular, music is something that can help people set the mood for what they are about to do. Inspirational Art Inspirational art, such as posters are often found in work spaces to encourage employees to continue being productive. There is now an increasing amount of companies using art in their offices, as well as playing background music, as it is proven to actually work in making end results far better quality. Art is everywhere, influencing us on a daily basis, whether we realize it or not. With the art that we are surrounded by, whether it’s a painting, music or even videos can have a huge impact on our mood and emotions. We can choose what kind of art we want to be surrounded by in our own environment at home to make you feel good. All kinds of art can affect our mood in a positive way, making us feel happier, calmer, or even inspired to do something.
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2.6
Current Trends in Visual Arts What does the future look like? How does it relate to the human development? The gurus over at Getty Images have a more contemporary method: measuring what kinds of images from their vast library of commercial stock photography have seen surges of interest in the recent past. Their Creative In Focus 2015 report thus reflects the appetites of the world’s admen and think-piece editors, and would seem to verify the suspicion that a futurologist is someone who tells you what corporations are already doing.
2.6.1
Divine Living “Divine living focuses on meaningful consumption. It’s about purchasing with purpose and carefully selecting treasured objects and experiences overmass accumulation… Soul-searching and contemplation are key elements of this trend… Consumers are increasingly savvy truth finders looking beneath the surface of brand messaging with a demand for clear vision and values.”
Figure 14 Divine Living by Getty Images ® Source: https://news.artnet.com/market/visual-culture-trends-by-getty-408758
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The divine living hence directly connects to the concept of the simple living. As we see, integrity, mindfulness and good deed have maximum number of searches, hence it could be concluded that people are magnetized towards this concept of either art or lifestyle.
2.6.2
Silence vs. Noise
Figure 15 Silence vs. Noise by Getty Images ® Source: https://news.artnet.com/market/visual-culture-trends-by-getty-408758
“The trend is focused on making space for consumers to breathe and reconnect in a cluttered marketplace, engaging our emotions and spirit with visual haiku…. The trend takes its cue from the 1950s and ‘60s minimalist art movement that focus on refined expression and the distillation of complex ideas into elegant simplicity… In an overstimulated society, we instinctively welcome the calmness of this trend.” All the major searches like simplicity, complex to simple, simple background etc. shows how the major population is considering decluttered life and surroundings a better alternative to their current one. The research is also a proof of how the people want to be motivated by simplifying their life.
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2.6.3
Outsider In “All hail the outspoken, the outré and the odd,” the report declares, somewhat breathlessly. “As we become ever more inundated with mass-replicated imagery and aggregated articles, our appetite for unique messengers and standout visuals increases with each and every share…consumers are rejecting anything that has even the slightest whiff of Goliath… We’ve entered a new Age of the Strange.” The research clearly shows that the mass is not in fear of taking bold choices and being rebellious to a certain practise they think is not advantageous to the society. The minimalist art and lifestyle is actually a rebel movement against the maximalist approach in art and forced consumerism in lifestyle.
Figure 16 Outsider In by Getty Images® Source: https://news.artnet.com/market/visual-culture-trends-by-getty-408758
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2.7
Minimalist Art
2.7.1
Fine Arts Minimal Art is a school of abstract painting and sculpture where any kind of personal expression is kept to a minimum, in order to give the work a completely literal presence. The resulting work is characterized by extreme simplicity of form and a deliberate lack of expressive content. The central principle is that not the artist’s expression, but the medium and materials of the work are its reality. In other words: a work of art should not refer to anything other than itself. As minimalist painter Frank Stella once said: “What you see is what you see”. In the early 1960’s, a new movement emerged; Minimal Art. The Minimalists felt that Action Painting (and as such, Abstract Expressionism) was too personal, pretentious and insubstantial. They rejected the idea that art should reflect the personal expression of its creator. Instead, they adopted the point of view that a work of art should not refer to anything other than itself. Their goal was to make their works totally objective, inexpressive, and non-referential. One of the first painters to be specifically linked with Minimalism was (the former Abstract Expressionist) Frank Stella. Stella’s instantly acclaimed minimalist Black Paintings (1958-1960), in which regular bands of black paint were separated by very thin pinstripes of unpainted canvas, contrasted the emotional canvases of Abstract Expressionism. The most prominent theorists were Donald Judd, who wrote the manifestolike essay “Specific Objects” in 1964 and Robert Morris, who wrote the three part essay “Notes on Sculpture 1-3” in 1966.
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2.7.1.1
Prominent Works
2.7.1.1.1
The Marriage of Reason and Squalor, II (1959) rtwork description & Analysis: Belonging to the artist's groundbreaking series Black Paintings, The Marriage of Reason and Squalor is composed of black inverted parallel UFigure 17 The Marriage of Reason and Squalor, II (1959) Image source: http://www.theartstory.org/
shapes containing stripes separated by thin
lines of unpainted canvas. The repeated geometric pattern, in combination with the work's lack of figuration or expressive brushwork, prompts the viewer's recognition of it as a flat surface covered with paint, rather than a depiction of something else, upending the centuries-long concept of painting as window onto illusionistic three-dimensional space. 2.7.1.1.2
Untitled (1980) Artwork description & Analysis: By the 1980s, Judd turned to the creation of vertically-suspended stacks whose emphasis on the upright strongly suggests a repetition of the observer's own body, a fact that serves to create a strong and unique relationship between two material presences.
Figure 18 Untitled by Donald Judd (1980) Image Source: http://www.th eartstory.org/
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2.7.1.1.3
Untitled (L-Beams) (1965) Artwork description & Analysis: One of Morris's bestknown Minimalist pieces, Untitled (L-Beams) lacks any texture, trace of the artist's hand or figural content that would otherwise distract the viewer from pure engagement with Figure 19 Untitled by Donald Judd (1965), Image Source: Image Source: http://www.theartstory.org/
the arranged forms. The work is
composed of three L-shaped forms identical in every way, but positioned differently - one lying on its side, another resting on two edges, and the third standing erect. The forms' configuration causes them to be perceived as varying in size and shape.
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2.7.2
Graphic Design “The minimalist designs of the current period aren’t that much different than in many other eras. The identifier is often how minimalism is used with other trends.” Many designers, regardless of time period, often create projects using a predominantly white and black colour schemes, lots of space – especially for the borders and around the central image, and sans serif typography. That’s not to say these are requirements of minimalist design, but they are quite common identifiers, regardless of time period. What we are really seeing with minimalism right now is a distinct focus on one bit of content, without competition from other elements. This could be a photo, logo or simple block of text. Elements such as navigation or contact information or footers are almost hidden in the design (even though they are often there in the form of hamburger menus or in a sticky position right “below” the scroll). The other major minimalism trend is text size. Designers are opting for dramatic sizing – super small or gigantic– lettering with stack backgrounds and simple images. The high contrast is great for creating focus in a simple framework and emphasis on the “right” content within the design.
2.7.2.1
Prominent Figures
2.7.2.1.1
Shigeo Fukuda Shigeo Fukuda was associated with the Pop Art movement but used Constructivist and Modernist ideals to create minimal designs in a three decade period that began in the 1960’s. His designs are based upon strong concepts and ideas. He is particularly known for his use of visual illusions and high -graphic concepts that are beautiful, imaginative, and sometimes perplexing.
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Figure 20 Poster for shoe showroom by Shigeo Fukuda Image source: https://www.nextdayflyers.com/blog/m inimalist_graphic_design-10-bestminimalist-poster-prints/
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2.7.2.1.2
Shweta Malhotra 'Drapes of India', a graphic art piece created for an India themed exhibition 'Faith', at the Lokal Gallery in Helsinki.
Figure 21 Drapes of India by Shweta Malhotra Image source: http://www.shwetamalhotra.in/GRAPHIC-ART-1
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2.7.3
Photography Minimalist photography draws inspiration from the concept of minimalism in art – a style of art that was used by many 20th century artists. Artistically speaking, minimalism depends on high simplicity and involves using a minimal amount of compositional components such as shape, colour, and line. The goal of minimalist art, or photography, is to convey a concept – or an idea – provoke an emotional response, or provide a unique visual experience. Compositional elements must be kept to a minimum, and the ones that are left should be essential for conveying the overall idea, or symbolism, of the photo. As with any photographic style, minimalist photography has its own set of challenges – mostly due to the fact that minimalism is based on simplicity, and it can be a challenge to eliminate all but the most necessary elements of composition, and focus only on a limited number of objects and elements when creating a composition. Minimalism forces you to view the world differently, and will challenge you to look beyond the obvious for hidden photographic opportunities.
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Figure 22 Photography by Michael Kenna (Top two) and Hiroshi Sugimoto (Bottom Two) Image Source (All images on this page): https://www.nyfa.edu/studentresources/minimalist-photography/
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2.7.3.1
Prominent Figures
2.7.3.1.1
Hans Hiltermann Hans Hiltermann is a Dutch photographer who was born in 1960. In his portrait series, Hiltermann takes hyper-realidstic portraits of people (ranging from young to old and everyone in-between), all looking straight into the camera. None of the subjects are wearing any make-up or have their hair done, none are smiling or frowning, and there are no visible articles of clothing in any of the portraits. Because of this, each person is stripped down to their own unique essence, and the hyper-realistic detail in Figure 23 Minimalist Photography by Hans Hiltermann Source: https://www.nyfa.edu/studentresources/minimalistphotography/
2.7.3.1.2
each photograph means that no flaw is hidden. This is a true example of “less is more�, as viewers really feel as though they are staring directly into the soul of the person in the photograph.
Mark Meyer Meyer, an Alaskan native, began a series of minimalistic images that are all of the view from the same window in his bedroom. He began this series after realizing that he continued to wake up to the same window every single morning, although the changing of weather and seasons gave him an entirely different view day by day. His series, entitled An Alaska Window, is just that. Although the subject matter
may not seem very interesting at first, the entire series as a whole shows us just how much we can experience from the seemingly mundane events in our everyday lives. From frost to rain to Figure 24 Minimalist Photography by Mark Meyer Source: https://www.nyfa.edu/studentresources/minimalist-photography/
fog to snow, the landscape is constantly changing, and Meyer has captured that.
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2.7.4
Fashion Design In the past few years, there has been a surge of minimalist aesthetics amongst the fashion blogging community. It is rather plausible that the global economic recession may have something to do with this burgeoning movement, considering that visible ostentatious display of wealth is of poor taste when many people are having a hard time putting food on their table. Following this growing trend, it has been noticed that the word ‘minimalist’ has been slapped on every Tom, Dick and Nancy’s wardrobe, outfits, decors and their cats simply because they are white and sparse. “While it is true that the idea of ‘less is more’, i.e. reductivism, is an element of Minimalism, it is not the sole definition of the aesthetics movement, especially in the realm of art and design.”
2.7.4.1
Prominent Works
2.7.4.1.1
KOJA KOJA is the paradox of fast fashion. Old world values, new world style. KOJA, which means leather in Russian, is an ethically sourced, handmade leather coat company. The sweatshop-free coats are designed in New York, sourced from tanneries in Spain and Italy that only use material that is a byproduct of the meat industry, and handmade by artisans in Germany. Not to mention, not a day goes by without fair wages and benefits. KOJA offers the lifetime layer rather than seasonable fashion. Sustainability at its finest.
Figure 25 Apparels by KOJA – Minimalist Fashion Image source: https://kojanyc.com/collections/all/products/grey-merino-shearling-reversible-coat
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2.7.4.1.2
Raw Mango Raw Mango is not just about the designs but about a larger program that has managed to uplift an entire community by creating a new value for an existing and ignored product. Handloom Saris, though worn by a large number in India, remains an area perceived to have little scope for new explorations, we have adapted traditional designs to make them simple, sophisticated and distinctly contemporary, and thereby creating a fresh new aesthetic that is both indigenous and modern.
Figure 26 Raw Mango designs Image source: http://www.rawmango.in/collections/
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2.8
Minimalist Architecture
2.8.1
What is Minimalist architecture? “Eating less food is called a diet. When you're on diet, you restrict yourself to small amounts of food for medical reasons or to lose or maintain weight. When architecture is on diet, it is called minimalism.� Minimalist architecture is restricted to fewer elements to achieve the most. Here, 'the most' is as important as health. Architects like Tadao Ando, John Pawson, and Alberto Baeza chose to become minimalists to reach the essence of architecture. Minimalist architects value simplicity, formal cleanliness, and empty space. They eliminate everything that does not work with the program, and use the fewest and barest elements to maximum effect.
2.8.2
History The origins of minimalist architecture go back to Cubism-derived design movements De Stijl and Bauhaus that ran parallel in the 1920s. In a way, these movements offered different diets to architecture with similar food selections. For instance, De Stijl movement endorsed simplicity and abstraction
Figure 27 A 1921 painting by Piet Mondrian. Source: https://99designs.com/blog/creati ve-inspiration/know-your-designhistory-the-utopian-de-stijlmovement/
and reduced an artwork to its essential form/color. De Stijl principles were applied to architecture by Theo Van Doesburg and Gerrit Rietveld. They based their design philosophy on functionalism, rectilinearity of planes, and elimination of surface Figure 28 Red and Blue Chair designed by Gerrit Rietveld in 1917. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_ Stijl
decoration as exemplified in Rietveld's Schroder House.
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Bauhaus, on the other hand, was founded as an art school in Germany with the goals of promoting mass production and uniting arts and crafts with technology. Bauhaus had close ties to De Stijl and shared its principles in functionalism, cleanliness, purity, and reduction of form. In 1947, after the Bauhaus was relocated in the United States and known as the International Style, its famous architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe summarized its minimalist philosophy in a trademark phrase: 'Less is more'. Less-is-more refers to reduction of form to the bare minimum of elements and it is still used to define minimalism, today. In addition to the Bauhaus and De Stijl, minimalist architecture was influenced by traditional Japanese architecture. Appreciating simple and plain objects, the traditional Japanese design has always revolved around the idea of minimal and focused on adding only what is needed and removing the rest.
2.8.3
Ruling Principles and Features
Figure 29 Decluttering of Complex Object through Minimalism Image Source: Author
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2.8.3.1
Reduction to Essentials Minimalist architecture uses the fewest and barest essentials to reach the essence of architecture. This means reducing and condensing a design's content to a minimum of necessary elements, number of parameters, and operating means that define form.
2.8.3.2
Simplicity-Bareness-Cleanliness The notion of lessening and reducing elements to its utmost simplicity makes minimalist architecture. Extreme simplicity of form/volume and bareness, plainness, and cleanliness of design vocabulary are the major characteristics of minimalism.
2.8.3.3
Space, Place, Emptiness Minimalism gives maximum power to architectural space. Basically, it is a function of space. Space in minimalism is regarded as unlimited/infinite space. Thus, open-plan spatial arrangements are used to create minimalist architecture. Figure 30 Ruling Principles and Features of Minimalist Architecture Source (All figures): Author
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2.8.4
Pioneer Architects
2.8.4.1
Tadao Ando The minimalist design is strongly influenced by the Japanese traditional design and architecture, which focuses on the simplicity and elegance of the shapes. The Japanese architect Tadao Ando creates buildings, in which light, water, wind and concrete coexist to perfection. Ando uses mainly concrete and glass. He designs unique spaces, which change constantly, because the sun and wind play in their frames. The minimalist architect himself says that light has a decisive role in all of his projects.
2.8.4.1.1
Life and Work
Figure 31 Tadao Ando - The Japanese Minimalist Source: http://www.thegroundmag.com/tadaoando-an-interview-with/
Ando was born a few minutes before his twin brother in 1941 in Osaka,Japan. At the age of two, his family chose to separate them, and have Tadao live with his grandmother. He worked as a truck driver and boxer before settling on the profession of architect, despite never having formal training in the field. Struck by the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Imperial Hotel on a trip to Tokyo as a second-year high school student, he eventually decided to end his boxing career less than two years after graduating from high school to pursue architecture. Heat tended night classes to learn drawing and took correspondence courses on interior design. He visited buildings designed by renowned architects like Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Louis Kahn before returning to Osaka in 1968to establish his own design studio, Tadao Ando Architects and Associates.
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2.8.4.1.2
Style and Principles Ando was raised in Japan where the religion and style of life strongly influenced his architecture and design. Ando's architectural style is said to create a "haiku" effect, emphasizing nothingness and empty space to represent the beauty of simplicity. He favours designing complex (yet beautifully simple) spatial circulation while maintaining the appearance of simplicity. A self-taught architect, he keeps his Japanese culture and language in mind while he travels around Europe for research.
Figure 32 Church on the Water by Tadao Ando Source: https://in.pinterest.com
"To change the dwelling is to change the city and to reform society". Though Ando was highly influenced with the religion and its architectural influence, all his works revolved around particular set of his characteristic elements.
Constructing a Private Space for an individual in Society
Use of Basic Geometrical Features
Trademark – Round Openings Impaling the Buildings
Connection of nature and building
Coalition of cultural and modern materials
Clear definition of spaces
Figure 33 Tadao Ando's Philosophy Image Source: Author
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2.8.4.1.3
Notable Works
Figure 36 Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas, UK Image source: https://www.designschoolsindex.com/top10-most-famous-works-of-tadao-ando-architects/
Figure 35 Japanese architect Tadao Ando has concealed a huge stone statue of the Buddha within a hill covered in lavender plants at the Makomanai Takino Cemetery in Sapporo. Image Source: https://www.dezeen.com/2017/08/08/tadao-ando-hillof-the-buddha-lavender-mound-makomanao-takinocemetery-sapporo-japan/
HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle
Figure 34 Meditation Space, UNESCO, Paris Image source: https://www.designschoolsindex.com/top-10most-famous-works-of-tadao-ando-architects/
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2.8.4.2
Ludwig Mies van de Rohe “I am not interested in the history of civilization. I am interested in our civilization. We are living it. Because I really believe, after a long time of working and thinking and studying that architecture...can only express this civilization we are in and nothing else.� Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe sought to establish a new architectural style that could represent modern times just as Classical and Gothic did for their own eras. He created an influential twentieth-century
Figure 37 Ludwig Mies Van de Rohe Image Source: http://larameeee.tumblr.com/post/49111774381/kung-fumies-van-der-rohe-1944-via
architectural style, stated with extreme clarity and simplicity. His mature buildings made use of modern materials such as industrial steel and plate glass to define interior spaces. He called his buildings "skin and bones" architecture.
2.8.4.2.1
Life and Work Mies was born March 27, 1886 in Aachen, Germany. He worked in his father's stone carving shop and at several local design firms before he moved to Berlin, where he joined the office of interior designer Bruno Paul. He began his architectural career as an apprentice at the studio of Peter Behrens from 1908 to 1912, where he was exposed to the current design theories and to progressive German culture, working alongside Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius, who was later also involved in the development of the Bauhaus. Mies served as construction manager of the Embassy of the German Empire in Saint Petersburg under Behrens.
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He began his independent professional career designing upper-class homes, joining the movement seeking a return to the purity of early 19th-century Germanic domestic styles. He admired the broad proportions, regularity of rhythmic elements, attention to the relationship of the man-made to nature, and compositions using simple cubic forms of the early nineteenth century Prussian Neo-Classical architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel. He rejected the eclectic and cluttered classical styles so common at the turn of the 20th century as irrelevant to the modern times.
2.8.4.2.2
Style and Principles The mounting criticism of the historical styles gained substantial cultural credibility after World War I, a disaster widely seen as a failure of the old world order of imperial leadership of Europe. Progressive thinkers called for a completely new architectural design process guided by rational problemsolving and an exterior expression of modern materials and structure rather than, what they considered, the superficial application of classical facades. Rohe’s works clearly outlines his deliberate attempt to create a new architectural revolution which would be the foundation for modern architecture. Rohe’s principles and conception of space has been underlined below.
Definition of horizontal and vertical lines and horizons
Skin and Bone structures
Justification of time
Principles & Philosophy of MIES VAN DE ROHE Use of modern materials – glass and steel
Figure 38 Principles and Philosophy of Mies Van de Rohe Image Source: Author
Principles & HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle Philosophy of MIES VAN DE ROHE
Fluid Space – Blurring lines between interior and exterior
[43] Fluid Space – Blurring lines between interior and exterior
2.8.4.2.3
Notable Works
Figure 42 Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona, Spain
Figure 41 Farnworth House, Illinois
Figure 40 IBM Building, Chicago
Figure 39 S. R. Crown Hall, Chicago Widely regarded as Mies van Der Rohe's masterpiece, Crown Hall in Chicago is one of the most architecturally significant buildings of the 20th Century Modernist movement. Crown Hall was completed in 1956 during Mies van der Rohe's tenure as director of the Illinois Institute of Technology's Department of Architecture.
Image Source (All images on this page): https://www.rferl.org/a/six_beautiful_buildings_designed_by_ludwig_mies_van_der_rohe/24529043.ht ml
Source (All images on this page): HARSHIT DAGAImage | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle [44] https://www.rferl.org/a/six_beautiful_buildings_designed_by_ludwig_mies_van_der_rohe/24529043.ht ml
2.8.4.3
Other Notable Works
2.8.4.3.1
Shenzhen Stock Exchange Location: Guangdong Sheng, China Architect: OMA The essence of the stock market is speculation: it is based on capital, not material. The Shenzhen Stock Exchange is conceived as a physical materialization of the virtual stock market: it is a building with a floating base, representing the stock market - more than physically accommodating it.
Figure 44 Shenzen Stock Exchange Image Source: http://oma.eu/projects/shenzhen-stockexchange
Figure 43 Terrace Garden @ Shenzhen Stock Exchange Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/herrera/19894103582
2.8.4.3.2
House on the Stream Morella Location: Castelnovo, Italy Architects: Andrea Oliva
Figure 45 House on the Stream Morella
Image source: http://www.archdaily.com/772844/house-on-the-stream-morella-andrea-oliva
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2.9
Dawn of Indian Minimalism In a country where less is always less, and even more isn’t enough, minimalism is a tough sell. Minimalism due to its immediate effect on life has now been preferred by people all around the globe. This preference and connection with minimalism gives birth to a more regional form of minimalism. The essence of culture is seen clearly in these regional forms of minimalism which is why it is true that
"Culture and lifestyle are interpolated, and if one adheres to any one of them, then he will be following the second one automatically."
Figure 46 (Left) Papier mâché masks by Dhanalakota Nageshwar and ‘Bhiksha Patra’ wooden bowls by AnanTaya, both featured in Sār, co-authored by Rashmi Varma. Photos: Prarthna Singh
This is the basis for the birth of Indian Minimalism. India, being one of the richest in terms of culture and heritage, has always influenced architecture examples being the Indo-Saracenic and Awadh architecture where foreign forms were infused with Indian elements to generate designs which are more genetic and native.
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2.9.1
Existing Art Styles
For maximalists, there’s ‘India modern’, ‘Mughal pop’, ‘Punjabi baroque’, and ‘India handmade’— those luxurious modernist homes flush with craft and collectibles from all over.
Then, there are the ubiquitous—what a writer for The Verge recently referred to as the “sterile aesthetic of AirSpace” and Airbnb-style houses. In India’s urbane designconscious homes, these are most commonly signified by mid-century modernist furniture, knock-off Serge
Figure 47 Inspired by Mughal Charbagh Image source: https://www.goodearth.in/
Mouille lighting, and Eames chairs.
Then, there’s the tortured and misinterpreted, the wabi-sabi, exemplified through shabby distressed furniture, faux reclaimed wood, industrial lighting and useless objects like neutered rotary phones, dead clocks, gramophones and other foraged objects.
And finally, ‘global-desi chic’, which encapsulates many high-end homes that combine elegant mass-produced accessories over a remarkably Indian cultural soul, with Razas and Husains, puja rooms and vegetarian
Figure 48 Wabi-Sabi Reference Interiors Image source: http://dzinetrip.com/wabi-sabinothing-lasts-nothing-is-finished-and-nothing-isperfect/
kitchens.
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2.9.2
Principles of Indian Minimalist Architecture
2.9.2.1
Unnatural Selection The selection in terms of texture or visual aesthetics, Indian Minimalism enforces the idea of choosing without the concern of what is trending at global level, it rather emphasizes on amalgamation of different texture, hue and cultural value.
2.9.2.2
Back to the roots “Learn from the past, develop in the future.� Verandas, Courtyards and other such family spaces has always been the core of Indian culture. Though not prominent in other minimalist movements, Indian minimalism promotes the idea of regional cultural values.
2.9.2.3
A matter of choice It is a matter of choice on how minimal a person or buildings needs to be. There is no threshold or limit. A minimalist building designed using modern materials would be put equal to the bamboo one. Maximum function is the prime motive.
2.9.2.4
Minimal Adjustments A style is a process of evolution. There is no consistency. Change will occur according to the need of the individual. A person living in North Indian would have different social, cultural as well as physical needs than a South Indian. Indian Minimalism is flexible with adjustments.
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Figure 49 Principles of Indian Minimalist Architecture Source: Author
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2.9.3
Resonating culture, modernism and morals in Indian Minimalism – Effect on Indian Art Minimalism already being the major movement at global level, is now hybridizing itself with native features. India being the zenith of cultural societies and equally responsive architecture, is accepting Indian minimalism under a lot of fields ranging from art and architecture to fashion and home dÊcor. India is not a single cultured country and hence same is the case with its minimalist approach. A bungalow in Gujarat would differ from the one built in Maharashtra because of the exemplary different culture and tradition in these two regions.
2.9.4
Effect on different art forms
2.9.4.1
Architecture
Figure 50 Tara House by Studio Mumbai Image source: https://www.archdaily.com/62621/tara-house-studio-mumbai
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2.9.4.2
Home DĂŠcor
Figure 51 Minimalist Indian living room decor with traditional furniture and accessories Image Source: http://www.novehome.com/indian-living-room-decor-16-exotic-ideas/
2.9.4.3
Graphics
Figure 52 Modern and flat illustration featuring India's skyline with silhouettes of its classic buildings and cultural landmarks. Image source: https://www.vexels.com/vectors/preview/126481/india-skyline-silhouette
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CHAPTER – 3
CASE STUDY INTERNET CASE STUDY -
Church of light, Osaka, Japan
LIVE CASE STUDIES -
Copper House II, Chondi, Maharashtra
-
Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya, Ahmedabad
CASE STUDY Internet Study
CHURCH OF LIGHT Osaka, Japan
3.
CASE STUDY
3.1
INTERNET STUDY
3.1.1
Church of light, Osaka, Japan “What is God?” “I don’t know – maybe where light and dark resides unanimously and complement each other.” -Author Architect: Tadao Ando Date Completed: 1999 Building Type: Religious (Christian Church) Location: Osaka, Japan Site Area: 838 sq. m. Ground Coverage: 113 sq. m. Site Description: Completed in 1989 as an annex to an existing wooden church and minister’s house. Located in a small residential suburb of Osaka. The budget was relatively low, about $250,000 US in construction costs.
Figure 53 The Main Chapel Source: http://www.archute.com/2015/11/05/church-of-the-light/
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“If you give people nothingness, they can ponder what can be achieved from that nothingness.� -Tadao Ando
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3.1.1.1
Introduction The Church of the Light embraces Ando’s philosophical framework between nature and architecture through the way in which light can define and create new spatial perceptions equally, if not more so, as that of his concrete structures. For Ando, the Church of Light is an architecture of duality – the dual nature of existence – solid/void, light/dark, stark/serene. The coexisting differences leave the church void of any, and all, ornament creating a pure, unadorned space. The intersection of light and solid raises the occupant’s awareness of the spiritual and secular within themselves.
3.1.1.2
Concept
Figure 54 Architecture of duality Source: http://www.archute.com/2015/11/05/church-of-the-light
Church is seen as a place of retreat where the outside world is forgotten and the natural world is emphasized in an abstract manner. This church beckons the fundamental simplicity of Christianity with its low tech but yet powerful design. The idea of design was to use light in a way that would strengthen the power of spirituality. The penetration of light in the chapel prove as the focus of the chapel where the seating is arranged in a manner facing the focus.
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3.1.1.3
Architectural Features
3.1.1.3.1
Use of Basic Geometrical Features
The chapel consists of a rectangular volume of three cubes.
These cubes are punctured by a wall at 15˚ that never touches the other walls or ceiling of the chapel.
Circulation into the space
Figure 55 Cubes punctured by a wall at 15˚ Source: http://www.archute.com/2015/11/05/church-of-the-light/
is controlled by the angled wall.
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Plan & Sectional Plan Church of Light, Tadao Ando
Plan & Sectional Plan Church of Light, Tadao Ando
Plan & Sectional Plan Ground Floor Plan Church of Light, Tadao Ando Simplification and Decomplication of plan by using simple rectangular plan.
Ground Floor Plan Plan & Sectional Plan Church of Light, Tadao Ando
Main Chapel Simplification and Decomplication of plan by using Mainsimple Chapel Sunday school rectangular plan. Main Chapel SymmetrySunday Brokenschool by using external wall Simplification and as an instrument Decomplication of Main Chapel Sunday school rather a faรงade. plan bythan using simple rectangular plan. Sunday school Symmetry Broken by using external wall Simplification and as an instrument Decomplication of rather a faรงade. plan bythan using simple rectangular plan.
Ground Floor Plan Upper Floor Plan Ground Floor Plan Upper Floor Plan
Upper Floor Plan
Upper Floor Plan
Sectional Floor Plan (Main Chapel)
Symmetry Broken by Figure 56 Plan & Sectional Plan of Church of Light using external wall Source 1: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c2/1f/5b/c21f5baef0d1b608a53c453126883811.jpg Source 2: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/0b/a4/96/0ba4964560b1033244c148ed93232564.jpg as an instrument Sectional Floor Plan rather than a faรงade. HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle [55]
(Main Chapel)
Symmetry Broken by
Axonometric View, Elevation & Section Church of Light, Tadao Ando
Axonometric View, Elevation & Axonometric Section View Elevations
Church of Light, Tadao Ando
Axonometric View Axonometric View, Elevation Axonometric & View Section Declutteration of
Elevations North-East
Elevations North-East
Elevations
Faรงade using Uniform Church of Light, and basic palette of Axonometric Tadao Ando texture.
South west
North-East
View
South west
Axonometric
South east North-East
Declutteration of View, Faรงade using Uniform Use of cruciform and basicinpalette of opening the front Elevation faรงadetexture. to amplify the
South west South east
& Section
North-West South west South east
effect of dual nature.
Figure 57 Axonometric VIew & Elevation of Church of Light
Declutteration of
Source 1: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c2/1f/5b/c21f5baef0d1b608a53c453126883811.jpg Church of Light, Source 2: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/0b/a4/96/0ba4964560b1033244c148ed93232564.jpg Faรงade using Uniform
North-West HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle South east North-West
Use of cruciform Tadao Ando and basic palette of [56] opening in the front faรงadetexture. to amplify the effect of dual nature.
Isometric Views
Isometric Views
Isometric Views
Isometric Views
Figure 58 Isometric Views of Church of Light Source: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/0b/a4/96/0ba4964560b1033244c148ed93232564.jpg
HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle
Ando used a wall going through the rectangular structure at 15 degrees, not only to increase the visual quotient but also play with the diffused light coming to the commemorators during gatherings. [57]
Ando used a
3.1.1.3.2
Material as a Language
The employment of simplistic materials reinforces the duality of the space; the concrete structure removes any distinction of traditional Christian motifs and aesthetic.
Amalgamation of minimal palette of materials reinforced concrete (for walls), glass (for windows) & reclaimed wood (for furniture) Figure 59 Using Material as a Language in Church of Light Source: http://www.archute.com/2015/11/05/church-of-the-light/
Besides an extruded cross from the east facing façade, the church is composed of a concrete shell; the concrete adds to the darkness of the Amalgamation palette meditative of materialsplace reinforced concrete (for church by creatingofa minimal more humble, of worship. walls), glass (for windows) & reclaimed wood (for furniture)
As a testament to minimalist architecture, the crosses void in the east facing wall is the only prominent religious symbol present in the church. Figure 60 The cross void Amalgamation of minimal palette of materials reinforced concrete (foron the east walls), glass (for windows) & reclaimed wood (for furniture) wall
as the prominent religious symbol
Amalgamation of walls), glass
Source: http://www.archu te.com/2015/11/0 minimal palette of materials reinforced concrete (for 5/church-of-thelight/ (for windows) & reclaimed wood (for furniture)
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3.1.1.3.3
Authenticity of Space and Details
Formally, Ando’s Church of the Light is minimalist and reductive of religious paraphernalia to a simple cruciform extrusion, which is often criticized as disturbingly empty, void, and undefined.
No use of external finishes or false facades, purity of texture maintained.
No use of external finishes or false facades, purity of texture maintained.
No use of external finishes or false facades, purity of texture maintained.
“Less is more” Less structural complexity, more spatial context to digest. Figure 61 Authenticity of Space and Details
No use of Source: http://www.archute.com/2015/11/05/church-of-the-light/ external finishes “Less is more” or false facades, Less structural complexity, HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle purity of texture more spatial context to [59] maintained. digest.
As a modern, minimalist structure the Church of the Light emits an architectural purity that is found in the details. The reinforced concrete volume is void of any and all ornament that is not part of the construction process.
Figure 62 Clean structural details Source: http://www.archute.com/2015/11/05/church-of-the-light/
The seams and joints of the concrete are built with precision and care by master Japanese carpenters, along with Ando, that have worked to create an immaculately smooth surface and accurately aligned joints.
So much so, that the seams of the concrete formwork align perfectly with the crosses extrusion on the east side of the church
Figure 63 Seamless control of interior through structure Source: http://www.archute.com/2015/11/05/church-ofthe-light/
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3.1.1.3.4
Peculiar use of Light
“In all my works, light is an important controlling factor. I create enclosed spaces mainly by means of thick concrete walls. The primary reason is to create a place for the individual, a zone for oneself within society. When the external factors of a city’s environment require the wall to be without openings, the interior must be especially full and satisfying.”
The light from the cross and calculated slits on the building dematerialized the interior concrete walls and transforms the dark volume into an illuminated box. This has a surreal effect that perpetually changes material into immaterial, dark into light, light into space.
Ando intersected intangible light and solid concrete in a manner that creates awe, befitting for a place of worship. The light is not just from fenestrations on the wall but also from the cleft between the wall and the ceiling. The shadow created is nothing
Figure 64 Use of Light: Justifying the concept of architecture of duality through light and shadows Source: http://www.archute.com/2015/11/05/church-ofthe-light/
short of spectacular.
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Figure 65 Effect of sunlight on structure Source: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6c/6f/34/6c6f34ae13d5a990ca3116029e971f3f.jpg/
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Analysis – Church of Light
3.1.1.4
Simplification and decomplication of structure.
Indifferent or multiple use of structural element.
Declutteration of façade.
Structure amplifying the concept.
Peculiar play with light and shadows.
Amalgamation of different materials.
Purity of texture of materials.
Less structural complexity, more spatial context to digest.
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CASE STUDY Live case Study
COPPER HOUSE II Chondi, Maharashtra
3.2
LIVE CASE STUDY
3.2.1
Copper House II, Mumbai, India “The hortus conclusus unites within itself a marvelous assemblage of disparate aspects. It seeks to understand the landscape it denies, explain the world it excludes, bring in the nature it fears and summarize all this in an architectural composition.” -
The Enclosed Garden, Rob Aben, Saskia de Wit
Architects: Studio Mumbai Principal Architect: Bijoy Jain Project Team: Jeevaram Suthar, Punamchand Suthar, Pandurang Malekar Structural Engineer: Dwijen Bhatt Location: Chondi, India Site Area: 970 sq. m. Site Description: 470 km from Mumbai. There is a difference of 275 mm of precipitation between the driest and wettest months. The variation in temperatures throughout the year is 13.3 °C.
Figure 66 Original Hand drawings by Ar. Bijoy Jain for Copper House II Source: https://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2012/04/28/monsoon-house.html
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“Nature has a dual soul: for however reassuring and seductive, it may suddenly unleash phenomena of unexpected violence. This country house is an elegant refuge immersed in a mango wood, but also a fortress against the intensity of tropical storms.� - Radhika Desai (Author), Domus 957 / April 2012
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3.2.1.1
Introduction The severe flood of Mumbai and its hinterland in 2005 had marked its highwater mark on a pump-house that was extant to the site. After using it to register the datum for the house, pile foundations were put in and a slab was cast two feet above the high-water line. The central fill came from the excavation for the well, and around a court, the house grew.
Figure 67 Copper House II, Chondi, Mumbai. Source: https://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2012/04/28/monsoon-house.html
3.2.1.2
Architectural Features
3.2.1.2.1
Architectural Strategies The language and logic of the building are located in three primary architectural moves. a. Creation of Blocks 
Creation of two distinct
blocks,
varying in width by
a
foot,
separated by the stone-paved courtyard on the ground, united
and by
the
cupric roof plane at the upper level.
For validity of private spaces, two blocks have been created, each having one bedroom and ground floor consist of family rooms. Figure 68 Creation of blocks Source: http://www.designrulz.com/architecture/2012/08/minimalist-copperhouse-ii-by-studio-mumbai-india/
For validity of private spaces, two blocks have HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle [66] been created, each having one bedroom and ground floor consist of family rooms.
The two blocks function as discrete personal spaces on the upper level, one is a singular space of bedroom and bath, the other has an additional study.
Realization of volume and transition of spaces.
At the ground level, an indoor family room becomes an adjunct to the main living space which does not have the containment that the other more private spaces exhibit.
Realization of volume and transition of spaces.
Figure 69 Living Area at Copper House II
Source: http://www.designrulz.com/architecture/2012/08/ minimalist-copper-house-ii-by-studio-mumbai-india/
Realization of volume and transition of spaces.
The copper-covered private spaces at the upper level are positioned in mutual tension, with the guarantee of simultaneous intimacy and isolation, so essential to the domestic interior. Realization of volume and transition of spaces.
Copper cladding to provide Indian ethnicity to the place guarantee of simultaneous intimacy. Figure 70 Copper Cladding on external façade Source: http://www.designrulz.com/architecture/2012/08/minimalist-copper-house-ii-by-studio-mumbai-india/
Copper cladding to provide The central room formed by Indian ethnicity to the place the courtyard flanked by guarantee of simultaneous pillars was called the intimacy. Naalukettu. But the entire structure, comprising the Copper provide central hallcladding and thetofour wings Indianwas ethnicity the place around also to commonly guarantee of simultaneous referred to as the Naalukettu. intimacy.
Figure 71 Use Nalukettu courtyard Source: http://www.designrulz.com/architecture/2012/08/minimalistcopper-house-ii-by-studio-mumbai-india/
HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle Copper cladding to provide Indian ethnicity to the place guarantee of simultaneous
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This spatial strategy also allows for varying levels of communication, visual and otherwise, between the upper and lower spaces of the house.
b. Light – The core of Minimalism
Layering of light has been done through a series of material gestures, each one tuned to the direction that light takes and the need for changing degrees of privacy.
This is articulated with screening devices made of fine netting framed in traditionally crafted wood, fluted glass which diffuses the light and greenery and hints at the absent city, and sliding and folding wooden windows, all of which allow for degrees of seclusion.
c. Nature’s Inclusion
Clean and well lit spaces. Figure 72 Well-lit internal spaces Source: http://www.designrulz.com/architecture/2012/08/minimali st-copper-house-ii-by-studio-mumbai-india/
Clean and well lit spaces.
The last is the inclusion of the element of water, whether in the form of Clean and well lit spaces. the monsoon rain which is relentless in its action on material and mood, or in the form of the well, the stream and the pool beyond the house. The seasonal ‘anxiety’ of the ground is addressed in the in which the Clean andmanner well lit spaces. paving is worked out within the courtyard in a continuous linear fashion and in a loose ring around the house, with undulations registering the flow of rainwater as it reaches for the nearest point of exit.
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Inclusion of nature inside the building premise, with adequate openings to facilitate the cause.
Elemental Inclusion of inclusion of nature inside not only green the building but different premise, with texture. adequate openings to A big boulder (rocky texture), facilitate the Rain (white noise cause. and transitive nature).
Inclusion of nature inside Elemental the building inclusion of premise, with not only green butadequate different openings to texture. facilitate the A big boulder cause. (rocky texture), Rain (white noise and transitive Inclusion of nature).
nature inside Use of the building social places premise, with Elemental exclusive to adequate inclusion of. the region to notopenings only green Figure 73 Inclusion of nature and use of regional social places facilitate the but different Source (all images on this page): http://www.designrulz.com/architecture/2012/08/minimalist-copper-house-ii-by-studio-mumbai-india/ cause. texture. Use of social places A big boulder HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle [69] (rocky texture), exclusive to Rainthe (white noise. region and transitive nature).
Ground Floor Plan Living Area Kitchen Common Area Dining Area Use of courtyard planning, which is essential to the Indian culture and architecture both.
Ground Floor Plan Living Area Kitchen Common Area Dining Area
Use of courtyard Ground Floor Plan planning, Upper Floor Living Plan Area which is PrivateKitchen Rooms essential to Common Area the Indian culture and Dining Area architecture both. Prominence of Upper Floor Plan Functionality: Private Rooms Segregation of Use of Ground Floor Plan private spaces courtyard Living Area from public, semiplanning, Kitchen public and social which is spaces. Common Area Upper Floor Plan essential to Dining Area the Indian Private Rooms culture and Prominence of architecture Functionality: both. Segregation of private spaces Figure 74 Ground floor and Top floor plan Upper Floor Plan from public, semihttp://www.archdaily.com/225365/copper-house-ii-studio-mumbai Use of Private Rooms public and social courtyard HARSHIT [70] spaces. DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle planning, which is essential to Prominence of
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Source: http://www.archdaily.com/225365/copper-house-ii-studio-mumbai
Figure 75 North West (Bottom) and South east (Top) Sectional Elevation
Declutteration of Faรงade
Sectional Elevation
3.2.1.2.2
Language of texture
The walls are finished in a celadon-coloured traditional plaster, giving the transitory appearance of a fragmented ceramic container, rectilinear and encased with a lid of weathered copper.
The continuous copper roof plane forms a secondary datum for the house, becoming a surface of potential occupation and cover.
Synthesis of different natural texture, Copper façade from first floor with vegetation at background and wooden windows. Figure 76 Synthesis of different materials Source: http://www.designrulz.com/architecture/2012/08/minimalist-copper-house-ii-by-studio-mumbai-india/
The entrance portal of the buildingSynthesis is a non-place. Sitting beneath the first of different natural texture, façade first with upper copper-wrapped container,Copper it becomes a from space of floor pause. vegetation at background and wooden windows.
Synthesis of different natural texture, Copper façade from first floor with vegetation at background and wooden windows.
Synthesis of different natural texture, Copper façade from first floor with vegetation at background and wooden Figure 77 Entrance of the house windows.
Source: http://www.designrulz.com/architecture/2012/08/minimalist-copper-house-ii-by-studio-mumbai-india/
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3.2.1.2.3
Hortus Conclusus Hortus conclusus is a Latin term, meaning literally "enclosed garden" In this house, with its hortus conclusus acting both as container and sieve, the architect's exploration of the rites of retreat, passage and exclusion are tested again. 
The final gesture of housing the massive rock, which came as a gift from the owner's mother, has sealed the studio's action in the project, now leaving it for time to take over, as time always inevitably does.
Figure 78 Hortus Conclusus - The Garden Enclosed Image Source: http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2013/ 05/hortus-conclusus-garden-enclosed.html
3.2.1.3
Figure 79 Introduction of massive boulder inside the premises provide more natural feeling. Image Source: http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2013/05/hortus-conclusus-garden-enclosed.html
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Analysis – Copper House II
Validation of space.
Realization of volume and transition of spaces.
Use of regional/cultural materials.
Well lit spaces.
Inclusion of natural elements
Use of socials spaces exclusive to region (courtyard, well etc.).
Prominence of functionality.
Declultteration of façade.
Synthesis of different materials and textures.
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CASE STUDY Live case Study
GANDHI SMARAK SANGHRALAYA Ahmedabad, Gujarat
3.2.2
Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya, Ahmedabad, India ““Architecture is a story. It could be different for anyone and everyone who experiences it.” -
Author
Architect: Charles Correa Date Completed: 1963 (Inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru) Building Type: Cultural and Entertainment (Museum) Location: Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Site Area: 2230 sq. m. Site Description: Ashram is situated in Sabarmati area in the outskirts of Ahmedabad city and is around 5 miles away from city centre.
Housing his books, letters and photographs, this modest and humanly scaled memorial uses brick piers, stone floors and tiled roofs to find a contemporary expression for the spirit of swadeshi. Source: http://archeyes.com/sabarmati-ashrammuseum-gandhi-residence-charles-correa/
Figure 80 Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya
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Housing his books, letters and photographs, this modest and [75] humanly scaled memorial uses brick piers, stone floors and tiled roofs to find a contemporary expression for the spirit of swadeshi.
“Certainly architecture is concerned with much more than just its physical attributes. It is a many-layered thing. Beneath and beyond the strata of function and structure, materials and texture, lie the deepest and most compulsive layers of all.� -Charles Correa
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3.2.2.1
Introduction
Figure 81 Mahatma Gandhi Source: https://www.biography.com/video/gandhi-mini-biography-469938755902
Mahatma Gandhi lived at the ashram on the bank of River Sabarmati between 1917 and 1930. It is from here that he commenced his historic march to Dandi – a milestone in his campaign of civil disobedience which eventually led to Indian independence. Correa was asked to design a memorial museum and study center in 1958 to house a treasure of some 30,000 letters written to and by Gandhi (some in microfilm), photographs and documents including several hundred volumes edited by his secretary Mahadev Desai.
Figure 82 Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya Elevation Source: http://archeyes.com/sabarmati-ashram-museum-gandhi-residence-charles-correa/
The collection continues to be added to and is the major repository of memorabilia on Gandhi. The commission was architects’ first important work in private practice.
3.2.2.2
Architectural Features To clearly outline and represent Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of simple living, Correa concentrated on the emotional and behavioural language of the building. He was able to achieve this by focusing on the following characteristic features of the space.
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3.2.2.2.1
Structural Simplification In order to reflect the simplicity of Gandhi’s Life and the incremental nature of a living institution, the architect used modular units of 6 meters x 6 meters of reinforced cement concrete connecting spaces, both open and covered, allowing for eventual expansion. Modular units: Minimization of Structural Complexity
Figure 84 Section-elevation, modular units Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/doctorcasino/5468916796
Modular units: Minimization of Structural Complexity
Modular units: Minimization of Structural Complexity
Modular units: Minimization of Structural Complexity Figure 83 The Modular units of Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya Source: http://archeyes.com/sabarmati-ashram-museum-gandhi-residence-charles-correa/
3.2.2.2.2
Simple Planning Scheme The units are grouped in a consciously asymmetrical manner to be analogous to the Indian village with its pathways and seemingly randomly placed buildings and its meeting points: in this instance the water court.
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Site Plan
Site Plan
Site Plan
Minimalism in planning: Repetition of modular units keep space simple and digestible for the viewer.
Minimalism in planning: Repetition of modular units keep space simple and digestible for the viewer.
Site Plan Ground
Books Toilet
Meetings Books
Toilet
Floor Plan
Meetings Books Water Court
Toilet Minimalism in planning: Repetition of modular units Toilet keep space simple Photographs and digestible for and Paintings the viewer.
Meetings
Books Water Court
Meetings
Ground Floor Plan
Water Court Letters
Office
Photographs Ground Minimalism in Water Court and Paintings Floor Figure 85 Site plan and Floor Plan planning: Repetition Source: https://designstrata.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/cr4.jpg Office Letters of modular units Plan keep space simple Photographs and digestible for HARSHIT DAGA |and 00518001614 [79] Paintings | Minimalism as a Lifestyle Office Letters the viewer. Photographs
Ground
3.2.2.2.3
Simple Spaces The site on the Sabarmati River bank is part of the larger ashram complex and is integrated into its gardens. Five interior rooms contain the collection of the museum. The rooms are enclosed by brick walls and wooden louvered screens. All five rooms are part of the 6m square module. Correa’s subtle changes of the enclosure allow for variety in the module’s lighting, temperature, and visual permeability.
Definition of clean spaces, volume, symmetry and flow of space.
Definition of clean spaces, volume, symmetry and flow of space.
Definition of clean spaces, volume, symmetry and flow of space. Figure 86 Creation of Simple Spaces Source: http://www.hiddenarchitecture.net/2016/05/ghandi-memorial-museum.html
Definition of clean spaces, volume, symmetry and flow of space. HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle
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3.2.2.2.4
Simple Materials and Construction
The modular simplicity of the structure is continued in the use of basic materials: stone floors, brick walls, wooden doors and louvered windows devoid of glass and toiled roofs.
Figure 87 Simplistic yet effective texture control through materials Source: http://www.hiddenarchitecture.net/2016/05/ghandi-memorial-museum.html
Simplistic texture collaboration using brick, stone, wood and tiled roof hence symbolizing Gandhi’s life philosophy.
The museum uses a simple but delicately detailed post and beam structure. Load bearing brick columns supportSimplistic concrete texture channels, which support both the wooden roof and direct rainwater. Boards are nailed underneath the joists and tiles are placedcollaboration atop the using brick, joints. The foundation is concrete and is raised about a foot from the stone, wood ground. Air Gap and tiled roof Tiles Battens hence Boarding symbolizing Joists Air Gap Channel Gandhi’s life Tiles Battens philosophy. Boarding Joists Air Gap Channel Tiles Battens
Simple Construction techniques Boarding Simplistic Joists Air Gap texture Channel Tiles Battens collaboration Simple Construction Boarding Operable Louvers using brick, Joists techniques Channel stone, wood Figure 88 Construction technique andtiled introduction and roof Operable Louvers of louvers henceSource: Simple Construction http://archeyes.com/sabarmatisymbolizing ashram-museum-gandhitechniques residence-charles-correa/ Gandhi’s life Operable Louvers philosophy.
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Simple Construction Operable Louvers techniques Simplistic [81] texture collaboration using brick,
3.2.2.2.5
Simple Climatic Responsive Techniques
Charles Correa delicately curated the microclimate of the complex by using courtyards, shaded pavilions and water body in between the complex.
Also to tackle the hot winds from the South West, lush green trees are planted, to act as a sieve for the air entering the complex by removing heat as well as dust coming into the complex.
The water body introduced in the middle of the complex helps in lowering the temperature (by evaporative cooling) as well as the visual mass of the building.
Source: Author
Designation of water body inside the structure emphasizes the courtyard effect allowing hot air to cool while it passes above the water body.
Source: Author
Designation Source: Author
of water body inside the structure emphasizes the courtyard effect allowing hot air to cool while it passes above the water body.
Source: Author
Designation of water body inside the structure emphasizes the courtyard effect allowing hot air to cool while it passes above the water body.
Designation of water body insideFigure the structure emphasizes the courtyard effect 89 Effect of courtyard and water body inside the building Source (Top): Author allowing hot air to cool while it passes above the water body.
Source (Bottom Image): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705813018274
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Analysis – Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya
3.2.2.3
Minimization of structural complexity.
Repetition of spaces – planning simplification.
Definition of clean spaces, volume, symmetry and flow of space.
Collaboration of different materials.
Simple construction techniques.
Simple climate responsive techniques.
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3.3
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Figure 90 Comparative Analysis i. Church of light, Source: https://www.archdaily.com/101260/ad-classics-church-ofthe-light-tadao-ando ii. Copper House II courtyard, Source: http://www.designrulz.com/architecture/2012/08/minimalistcopper-house-ii-by-studio-mumbai-india/ iii. Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya, Source: awww.hiddenarchitecture.net/2016/05/ghandi-memorialmuseum.html iv. Wabi-Sabi Reference, Source: http://www.zenvita.com/blog/wabi-sabi-in-architecture.html v. Nalukettu style of architecture, Source: https://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/India/South/Tamil_ Nadu/Chennai/photo722995.htm vi. Indian Village philosophy, Source: http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/gutschow/india/India%20S tudent%20Analysis.pdf
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CHAPTER – 4
CONCLUSION
4.
CONCLUSION
4.1
Minimalist Lifestyle Minimalist lifestyle is the need of the hour & more and more activists, organizations and individuals have started following this lifestyle and ideology. “It's not just a current trend but rather an everlasting philosophy” More emotional attachment, less materialistic attachment - this is what minimalist philosophy suggests. Minimalist living has been prevailing in our society from ancient times and also had been followed by a lot of great figures because of the value, ethics and truth this philosophy holds. Minimalist living and philosophy can be concluded in 4 simple points.
Less time with the things that does not matter
More time with the things that matter
Distinction between necessity and need.
More output with less input i.e. greater functionality.
In this world, where everyone is living their life in a fast lane and nobody is having time for their loved ones, this philosophy adheres and cherish the values for the same. This lifestyle asks people to slow down and concentrate on a more efficient living rather than a luxurious living. This is clearly visible from the viewpoint of The Minimalists, Joshua Fields Millburn & Ryan Nicodemus. There has been an increase in population wanting to lead minimalist lifestyle and ideology which is visible from the survey taken by Getty images (Section 2.6) where the number of searches for word minimalism and simplicity has been increased by 60% and 2270% respectively. This leads to the question that why such exemplary increase in the people wanting to experience simplicity or minimalistic approach towards life? This can be summarized and justified by following points.
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Declutteration of one’s physical as well mental belongings Emphasis on better utilisation of time and increased functionality by removing the excess from entity.
Truth of life The minimalist approach towards life allows one to see what is beyond money and material. It allows one to be more sensitive towards other surrounding entities such as nature, deep relations, emotional upliftment etc.
Strong Religious and Ideological Background Population wants to follow the path of great people, be it on religious aspect or ideological aspect. The minimalism gives both the factors equal opportunities. While people following Christianity, Jainism and Hinduism can look into its religious aspect, whereas the atheists can follow the proven philosophies of either previous great people like Buddha, Swami Vivekananda or can follow current ones i.e. Mark Zuckerberg, Steve Jobs and The Minimalists. Freedom of choice and number of different ways are available in this
Figure 91 Relation of Minimalist llfestyle with Minimalist Architecture Source: Authot
philosophy.
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4.2
Minimalist Architecture Minimalist architecture is the architectural movement based on the principles of Minimalist living but still having its own context. Minimalist architecture can be defined as the naked architecture in which the true skin, texture and form of the building is visible without any externalities. Minimalist architecture has been prevalent from a long time but an errand rise in number of designers following this style has been increased around the world. The minimalist architectural philosophy can be curated and adapted according to the need, but major features that outline minimalist architecture are as follows. 
Volumetric spaces
Large, Open, breathable Spaces with exclusion of objects of aesthetization allows one to relax better both physically and mentally. Also with correct amount of fenestrations, will lit spatial areas can be provided to the user. 
Focus on subject
Minimalist architecture follows the idea of focus on a subject. This can be related to the minimal living philosophy as to concentrate on the things that matter the most. A very profound example of this particular feature can be found in church of light by Tadao Ando, where the cruciform has been provided the main stage so as to promote the religious quotient of the space.
Figure 92 Principle of Minimalist Architecture: Focus on Subject Source: https://i.pinimg.com/736x/94/74/b2/9474b2f09a94415bf94b943b 0cf07bc5--church-of-light-tadao-ando.jpg
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Truth of texture & Material
Minimalist architecture promotes the idea of truth of materials just like minimalist living’s truth of life. Limited palette of material is provided to give each material more limelight for appreciation.
Well lit spaces through large openings
Minimalism generally use large openings so as to invite maximum amount of light inside the building premises. Natural sunlight is always preferred hence providing larger skylights, bigger size windows and large porches. The courtyard structure of Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya is the best example of this.
Figure 93 Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya boldy showing the ample use of light
Source: https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/0a/b9/b0/5c/images-16-largejpg.jpg
Bold lines and clean composition
They style focused on the empowerment of bold lines in architecture. Minimalism and Bauhaus also featured the same philosophy. This leads to a more balanced, clean and visually satisfying composition which is the prominent design element of minimalist architecture.
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Indian minimalism though follows the principles of minimalism but also spice it up by using cultural materials and spaces. Hence Indian minimalism can also be termed as the marriage of simplicity of minimalism and cultural elegance of India. This can be connected to the Copper House II, by Studio Mumbai. In this project, essence of Indian culture is quite visible in terms of texture and planning. Copper (Tamba) which is considered as one of the most pure and significant metal in Indian Mythology and lifestyle, has been used beautifully and elegantly around the house's facade. But as we know minimalist architecture promote functionality of an object in more than one aspect, copper also acts as heat barrier and also does not rust.
Figure 94 Copper as an external cladding Source: http://blogs.cotemaison.fr/moltodeco/2013/09/11/une-maison-darchitecte-en-inde/
Hence Indian minimalism while being the daughter movement of minimalist architecture has its own essence because of the amalgamation of local materials and culture with the building’s philosophy. This also leads to de-alienation of a style in a region in which it was not originally started. Main principles can be summed up in three points:
Use of Local Materials
Regional Cultural Influences
Regional Exclusive spaces
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While there are other prevalent styles in current Indian scenario because of its diverse cultural value and population, but minimalism has been finding its way in almost every part of the country. Minimalist philosophy has been adapting itself to different designer in different part of the countries. Here are some of the examples which have been constructed by experienced as well as budding architects that clearly outlines Indian Minimalism.
Urban House in Vadodara by Architect Dipen Gada
Nestled in the residential locality of Vadodara, India, Madhav is constructed on a tight plot size of 9100 sq. ft. Architect Dipen Gada narrates his experience, of how conserving 20 grown trees was the primary design influence of this beautiful urban house.
Figure 95 Urban house by Ar. Dipen Gada Source: http://dipengada.com/madhav/
Pannerselvam House in Erode by Murali Architects
A residence for a family of doctors, Pannerselvam Residence is set in a 6000 sq.ft. property in Erode, Tamil Nadu. The clients being more inclined towards natural living, wanted a home that reflected their thoughts and way of life.
Brinda House in Coimbatore by Arun
Figure 96 Pannerselvam House by Murali Architects Source: http://www.muraliarchitects.com/gallery.p hp?name=paneerselvam&link=completed
Associates Designed on an “Outside-In” concept, the home is planned as a sequence of spaces that would slowly reveal themselves in transition. Each space is designed as an amalgam of manmade and natural elements, characterised by an emphasis on essential elements such as materiality and light. HARSHIT DAGA | 00518001614 | Minimalism as a Lifestyle
Figure 97 Brinda House by Arun Associates Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/LnqchlbznSI/hqdefa ult.jpged
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4.3
CHALLENGES
More Research and study needed. Very less amount of information is available on current scenario of minimalist architecture as well as lifestyle. Even other books and internet website talk about the starting of minimalist era that was 1960s to 1970s. From then to now minimalism has grown with the invention of new materials as well as intermixing of different cultures with minimalist lifestyle and philosophy. Hence more research has been needed for the current phase and scenario of architecture.
Considered as boring and pale form of architecture There are a lot of irreconcilable theories about minimalist architecture, greatest one being that it is very boring and an interesting form of architecture. This was one of the most prominent reasons why deconstructivism and other expressionist movements came into being.
4.4
FUTURE PROSPECTS
Design for individual of every financial strata -
Design for lower to middle class
Less Ornamentation -
Less Expenditure
Architecture for lower to middle class
Design for upper class Less Ornamentation
Premium Materials
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Richness and Elegance in Design
Design for the Upper class
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Modular Units Modular buildings and portable buildings offer significant advantages compared to conventional buildings, including:
Shorter Construction Time
Reduced Site Disruption
More Consistent Quality
Financial Savings
Flexibility of Use The benefits of temporary buildings, portable buildings and permanent modular buildings have resulted in widespread acceptance of modular construction as a better alternative than conventional construction. Everlasting Philosophy – Can never go out of fashion or trend. Minimalism, as we infer from our literature study, has been there from the time of Christ and is keeping up with the world till now. This shows that this form of art, design and living can never go out of fashion or trend. It is the most vanilla form of everything one can presume and as Leonardo da Vinci quoted.
"Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication."
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4.5
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
Omission of extra features Extra features which has no other role except beautification of the subject should be removed or minimized to the maximum extent possible. This leads to:
Less cost
Uniformity in Design
Focus on details
Figure 98 Omission of extra features The staircase on the right is much more redundant than the minimal staircase on the left. Source (left image): http://www.ebizbydesign.com; Source (right image): http://luxurydecor.org/;
Clean Spaces = Better Mental Health A study by UCLA’s Centre on Everyday Lives and Families (CELF) took out the research on 32 families with respect to the belongings in their homes and as a result found that these belongings have a strong effect on one’s mood and mental peace. The study shows that these two variables are directly proportional i.e. as the physical clutter increases, family stress also increases.
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Another research by Neuroscientists at Princeton University states that increased physical clutter decreases one’s performance hence increasing the stress. Hence, decluttered spaces should be designed as it has a direct impression on individual’s daily life.
No Abstract Interrogation; Only absolute answers Minimalist buildings doesn’t provide any complex interrogations or abstraction of art. In fact this style was emerged in reaction to the abstract expressionism and pop art movement prevalent in 1960s. Minimalism put forward the concept of “Truth” in each and every aspect of the building.
Figure 99 Comparison of Abstract Expressionist building and Minimalist building of same typology (museums) Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Bilbao (right), Speed Art Museum (left) shows the characteristic features of the two art eras and how one delivers the idea of expression – bold and complex while other the idea of truth –humble and simplistic Source (right): http://www.ideelart.com, Source (left): www.speedmuseum.org/
Digestion of Perspective Providing humble and easy to digest perspective allows viewer to concentrate on more important factors like the material, texture and experience of the building. “The bold building, designed by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas in 2004, won awards for its design. But visitors complain that it’s difficult to navigate. People expect floors to have similar layouts, but the first five levels of the library are all different; even the outside walls don’t necessarily line up. Normally, lines of sight help people get around, but the library has long escalators that skip over levels, making it hard to see where they go.” says Assoc. for Psychological Sciences.
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Simpler perspective and spaces allow the user to grasp information faster than a complex piece of Figure 100 Difference of perspective in Minimalist or Cubist inspired structure (Right) & Abstract Expressionist Structure (Right); Source: Author
architecture.
Use of Local Materials Though not a part of minimalist movement, but rather a philosophy of Indian or native minimalism - usage of local materials has one of the greatest advantages of reducing the embodied energy and carbon footprint of the building. Not only for the minimalist building, but use of local materials should be encouraged in every structure irrespective of its style.
Imbibing Culture Current era of internationalizing the design language causes the formation of generic form of architecture. The culture is the breakpoint here, which varies regionally ranging from neighbourhood level to international level. The building should contain a tint of culture to decentralize its design output while keeping the same design language.
4.6
SUGGESTED TYPOLOGY FOR MINIMALIST ARCHITECTURE
Residential o Bungalows, Mansions and Villas o Modular Home – Compact Space, more functional
Civic Structures
Modern religious structures
Commemoration grounds and cemeteries
Museums
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BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES 5.1
Websites http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/lifestyle.html http://www.becomingminimalist.com https://www.designpataki.com/archives/5477 http://www.archdaily.com/101260/ad-classics-church-of-the-light-tadao-ando http://www.themodernhouse.com/journal/house-of-the-day-copper-house-ii-by-studiomumbai/ https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/sanjay-gargs-minimalist-new-delhi-home-is-anintricate-balance-between-tradition-and-modernity http://www.thisiscolossal.com/2015/11/cellphone-attention-antoinegeiger/https://randomwire.com/wabi-sabi/ https://randomwire.com/wabi-sabi/ http://www.designnarts.com/vastu-shastra http://openspacesfengshui.com/feng-shui-tips/ http://www.behance.net/gallery/Revival-Easter-2013/8019715 https://news.artnet.com/market/visual-culture-trends-by-getty-408758 https://www.becomingminimalist.com/10-reasons-why-minimalism-is-growing-a-k-a-10reasons-you-should-adopt-the-lifestyle/comment-page-1/#com%E2%80%A6 http://the-rosenrot.com/2013/08/defining-minimalism-in-fashion.html https://designshack.net/articles/layouts/minimalist-design-is-taking-over-heres-why/ https://contrastly.com/minimalist-photography/ http://www.theartstory.org/movement-minimalism.htm http://mmminimal.com/5-principles-of-minimalist-home-design/ http://www.urbanhomez.com/decor/principles_of_minimalist_design_or_minimalism http://www.yr-architecture.com/5-characteristics-of-modern-minimalist-house-designs/ https://www.sitepoint.com/what-is-minimalism/ http://study.com/academy/lesson/minimalist-architecture-history-characteristics.html http://new-design-times.com/article/articleC47.php?ID=47 http://www.shwetamalhotra.in/GRAPHIC-ART-1 https://www.nextdayflyers.com/blog/minimalist_graphic_design-10-best-minimalist-posterprints/ http://www.rawmango.in/collection/baag/ https://kojanyc.com/collections/all/products/grey-merino-shearling-reversible-coat https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/minimalist-photography/ https://www.rferl.org/a/six_beautiful_buildings_designed_by_ludwig_mies_van_der_rohe/2 4529043.html https://www.dezeen.com/2017/08/08/tadao-ando-hill-of-the-buddha-lavender-moundmakomanao-takino-cemetery-sapporo-japan/ https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/13-examples-of-modern-architecture-by-tadaoando/all https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-123736 http://www.archdaily.com/101260/ad-classics-church-of-the-light-tadao-ando http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~kcoleman/Precedents/ALL%20PDFs/Ando_ChurchOfLight.pdf http://www.archute.com/2015/11/05/church-of-the-light/ https://www.behance.net/gallery/45216769/Church-of-the-Light-analysis-and-addition https://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2012/04/28/monsoon-house.html http://www.designrulz.com/architecture/2012/08/minimalist-copper-house-ii-by-studiomumbai-india/ http://www.archdaily.com/225365/copper-house-ii-studio-mumbai https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/7073/original/DPC3949.pdf?1384808002 http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/gutschow/india/India%20Student%20Analysis.pdf https://www.slideshare.net/bireshprasad10/gandhi-smarak-sanghralay
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5.2
https://www.biography.com/people/mahatma-gandhi-9305898 https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/57991?show=full https://www.flickr.com/photos/doctorcasino/5468916796 http://archeyes.com/sabarmati-ashram-museum-gandhi-residence-charles-correa/ http://www.hiddenarchitecture.net/2016/05/ghandi-memorial-museum.html https://www.healthhub.sg/live-healthy/959/declutter-for-better-mental-health#footnotes https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/getting-lost-in-buildings-architecturecan-bias-your-cognitive-map.html
Books Minimalist living, Jake Allen Architectural Minimalism, Giulino Gentili A Place in the Shade, Charles Correa
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