Haruna Okawa April 2017
2014
My portfolio is a map of what I have done so far. Workshop @CAADRIA
Parametric Design
The Philippines Plywood House Project
Workshop @SmartGeometry
2015
Physical Computing
Workshop @AGC Studio
FABrick Beehive Project
Digital Fabrication
Internship @Noiz Architects
2016 Workshop @ Rob|Arch
Human-Robot Interactive Fabrication
Internship @FabLab Kannai
Workshop @ AAG
2017 Architectural Intelligence
Independent Research
Thesis
Future
Table of Contents 1. Thesis
Architectural Complexity ……… p.4-41
2. Research Project
The Philippines Plywood House
……… p.42-53
FABrick Beehive ……… p.54-61
3. International Workshops
CAADRIA ……… p.64-65
SmartGeometry ……… p.66-67 Glass Pavilion ……… p.68-69
?
Robots in Architecture
……… p.70-71
Advances in Architectural Geometry
……… p.72-73
1/10 Model of a Transformable Shell Structure
This research explores the evolutionary behavior of an intelligent architecture using behavior-based approach. It exhibits the constantly altered behavior of modular robots and investigates the relations between computing mechanism and behavior. The aim of this thesis is to study the emergence and evolution of adaptive behavior through recursive object-object and object-environment interactions.
Architectural Complexity:A Behavioral Approach Towards Collective Intelligence 2016 Spring-Fall Thesis, Individual Project Supervisors: Dr. Yasushi IKEDA & Dr. Kensuke HOTTA Publications: Okawa, Haruna. 2016. “Computer-Aided Analysis for Understanding a Behavior of Chained Block: Towards an intentional control of a transformable architecture.” Arab Society for Computer-Aided Architectural Design. Okawa, Haruna. 2016. “Component-Based Adaptive Shell Structure.” Advances in Architectural Geometry.
1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 1. Introduction
1. Introduction: Making a Mock-up of a Pop-up Shell Structure Shell structures have a long lineage. Shell-
However, its formal transformation depended on
structured buildings have been explored by
the application of stress on the structure, making
many architects and structural engineers, each
the material structurally weaker. These works
of them constructed in a different way. For
are traditional examples of static shell structures.
example, L’ Oceanogràfic (2003), designed
By looking at the relationship between the shell
by Félix Candela used a wooden mould to
design and its construction method, a critical
cast its concrete shell. Although this method is
point is noticed in the transformation strategy
popular for concrete shell construction, it leaves
that turns a 2D shape to one that is three
a lot of waste once the concrete is cured and
dimensional. Thus, this research explores the
the formwork is removed. Another example,
development of an adaptable non-static shell
Mannheim Multihalle(1974) by Frei Otto is more
structure utilizing advances in computational
efficient because it does not require a formwork.
design and digital fabrication technology. The
Instead, a wooden lattice was built on the ground
goal is to overcome the issues inherent in the
and the application of specific pressure to the
traditional examples, namely that the creation
total form created a complex three-dimensional
process weakens the materials, and that the
curve.
need for an intermediate support structure can be wasteful.
Keywords: Pop-up Shell Structure
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Construction Process of L’ Oceanogràfic
Construction Process of Mannheim Multihalle
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 1. Introduction
Workflow of a Pop-up Shell (1) Mass Production of
(2)Transportation of
the Units
the Units
>>
(4)Applyication of a
(3)Hexagonal-Grid-Based
Force
Placement
>>
>>
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Before and After of a Pop-up Process
The idea is to create a 'Pop-up Shell' that can appear and disappear in a relatively short time. The pop-up process consists of four steps. Firstly, the units are mass-produced at one place and then, stacked and transported to the site. There, they are placed to form a hexagonal grid. By applying pressure, it will eventually pop-up and form a self-optimized shell structure. The significance of this outcome is in the non-linear shell-forming process that takes place in the final stage. The method is non-linear in that the shape does not form slowly as forces are applied, but rather takes place suddenly after a threshold is reached. When combined together, it behaves like a cloth. Yet, thanks to the component system, the number of components can be incremental and literally infinite variations in shape is available.
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 1. Introduction
Aggregation of hard components exhibits flexibility like a fabric and it allows a constant transformation.
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Initial Model
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 1. Introduction
Components -Movement Constraints, Connections, and Structural Modes
Each component has six degrees of freedom.
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(1) Flat
(2) Tensioned
(3) Compressed
Each component collides with neighboring six components. Components can go through three different structural modes: flat, tensioned, and pressured.
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 1. Introduction
Shape Control Layout
Anchor Points and Force
Global Geometry
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Variations
Virtual Models
A global geometry can be transformed by changing the layout of the components, location of the anchors, and direction and amount of the force. Computational modeling of this behavior brings prediction and control of a global geometry.
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 1. Introduction
A Failed Transition from a Scaled Model to a Mock-up
Models in Multiple Scales
Several scale models were made before the full-scale shell was built in order to test fabrication methods and to explore the effect of changed parameters of the individual components, including materiality and connecting details.
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Materialization
(1) Cut
(2) Fold
(3) Glue
(4) Combine
CNC-Milling the Urethane Sheet
Hard urethane sheet (Achilles Board ALN/PE Non-CFC), with an aluminum sheet bonded to its top surface and waterproof paper on its bottom, were used to build the 1:1 scale model. A sheet is 910mm by 1820 mm and 15mm thick. 10 sheets were consumed. The shapes were cut with Shopbot and each piece was folded manually. Usually, hard urethane cannot be folded as it cracks easily. However, the attached aluminum sheet on the front face resolves this issue, so that a folded structure could be produced.
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 1. Introduction
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1:1 Model and its Pop-up Processes
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 2. Observation & Analysis
2. Observation & Analysis: Correlation between Parameters of Each Component and the Global Geometry and Studies on Precedents In this section, a behavior of the chained
Then, it summarizes historical context of the
block was studied by a combination of digital
research field and state of the art studies in
and physical model. Firstly, a correlation
multiple disciplines. Owing to advancements
between parameters of a component and a
in technology, more freedom in the creation
global geometry was studied using parametric
of artifacts has been obtained. It also offered
modeling and physical model. Secondly,
tools for analysis and experiments that lead
a simulation methodology for controlling a
deeper understanding of life. As attempts to
global geometry was explored. If the accurate
imitate nature for a production of artificial objects
simulation becomes possible, then it follows that
proceed, more understanding of ourselves is
the global geometry is predictable and thus can
required. Now that understanding of nature and
be intentionally controlled. There are two roles
reproduction of nature through technology are
of computation in the process: (1) parametric
occurring in parallel, this project aims not only to
modeling for producing physical model, (2)
produce physical prototype but also to discover
simulation of a dynamic behavior.
new feature on computing mechanism and behavior.
Keywords: Component's Parameter and a Global Geometry, Computing mechanism and Behavior,
Cloud Platform 22
Radius Leg Length
Height
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 2. Observation & Analysis
Experiments -Correlation between Parameters of Each Component and the Global Geometry
Arc Angle Height
Length
RADIUS LEG LENGTH
Leg Angle LEG ANGLE
5
Version (No.)
1
2
3
4
Radius (mm)
8
8
8
8
8
Leg Length (mm)
5.5
4
7
5.5
5.5
Height (mm)
5
5
5
4
6
Leg Angle (°)
24
32
20
20
29
HEIGHT
Two parameters, leg length and height, were changed to examine the correlation with a global geometry. If there is no thickness, leg angle can be the angle between the components. Models were 3d-printed with 0.4mm of layer height and the thickness was 1.5mm. When the force is applied to the model and it gets maximum curvature, angles were measured using pictures. The information on the maximum curvature that a group of components can afford is utilized later when restraining a range of global geometry so that it does not locally collapse. The relationship with parameters was not proportional.
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CaseB
CaseA
20N
20N
DL (Diagonal Length)
L (Length) Version 1 R: 8, LL: 5.5, H: 5 L: 110, DL:120
Height
Length
Arc Angle (X)
X*1/7
Height
Length
Arc Angle (X)
X*1/7
1st
32
90
140
20
50
83
187
27
2nd
33
94
132
19
52
79
199
28
3rd
35
91
133
19
51
81
196
28
35
91
133
19.3
51
81
196
27.7
Height
Length
Arc Angle (X)
X*1/7
Height
Length
Arc Angle (X)
X*1/7
14
19
107
78
11
12
23
104
88
13
11
21
105
81
12
105
81
12
Standard
Mean
Version 2 R: 8, LL: 4, H: 5 L: 105, DL: 112
25 20 20
Leg Length
98 97 97
98 87 76
20
97
76
12.3
21
Height
Length
Arc Angle (X)
X*1/7
Height
Length
Arc Angle (X)
X*1/7
54
77
204
29
65
77
217
31
49
78
196
28
65
76
228
33
55
75
202
29
55
79
201
28
55
75
202
28.7
55
79
201
30.7
Height
Length
Arc Angle (X)
X*1/7
Height
Length
Arc Angle (X)
X*1/7
11
107
60
9
19
117
58
8
8
110
56
8
17
118
67
10
Version 3 R: 8, LL: 7, H: 5 L: 117, DL: 121
Version 4 R:8, LL: 5.5, H: 4 L: 111, DL: 120
8
108
56
8
16
116
63
9
8
108
56
8.3
16
116
63
9
Height
Length
Arc Angle (X)
X*1/7
Height
Length
Arc Angle (X)
X*1/7
50
76
199
28
60
75
218
31
48
78
194
28
58
71
227
32
49
77
198
28
58
73
226
32
49
77
198
28
58
73
226
31.7
Height Version 5 R:8, LL: 5.5, H: 6 L: 110, DL: 117
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 2. Observation & Analysis
How Can I Understand the Behavior of the Components and Intentionally Control the Shape? -Virtual Simulation.
Cloth Simulation @Rhinoceros
Linked Rigid Bodies@ Rhinoceros
Origami Simulation @Rhinoceros
Collision Detection @ Blender
The unexpected finding from the previous process is that the shape is not uniquely determined according to the external force to the boundary and initial placement of the components. Owing to its flexibility between components, the system can have different responses to the same force conditions. This freedom in connections between components made exact computer simulation extremely difficult. This fact led to an idea to embed intelligence into the components so that architecture can emerge by itself instead of simulating the behavior first and creating a certain geometry accordingly.
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-Reconstruction of a 3D Model from a Physical Model.
Photogrammetry
Image Recognition
Testing this theory I took on the project at multiple scales simultaneously, to test form, computational adaptability, structural potential and how to integrate actuators and circuitry. At the same time, it was necessary to explore the potential for integrating the physical and virtual models that I was building so that both could guide the ultimate form of the mesh as a collective.
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 2. Observation & Analysis
Research Methodology -Precedents.
0
35
1
34
2
33
3
32
3
4
1
30
29 28
27
Claude Shannon 1948 A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Computer Science
19201800-
Systems Theory
Complexity Science Norbert Wiener
Cybernetics
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Homeostasis
John von Neumann 1948 Cellular Automata
W. Grey Walter 1950 Turtle Robots
John Holland 1975 Genetic Algorithms Christopher Langton 1987 Artificial Life Takashi Ikegami 2007 Artificial Life
D'Arcy Thompson 1917 On Growth and Form
Molecular Biology
Genetics
J. Scott Turner 2010 The Tinkerer's Accomplice
Synthetic Biology
Francis Crick James Watson 1953 Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Life
Chuck Hoberman 1992 Transformable Structures
Neural Network Valentino Braitenberg 1984 Vehicles
12
23
Genetic Algorithm
Charles Darwin 1859 Natural Selection
Metabolism
11
24
Cellular Automata
Claude Bernard 1854 Milieu Interieur
Theory of Evolution
Adaptive Architecture
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AgentBased Modeling Craig Reynolds 1987 Boids
Physics & Chemistry
Biology
Ross Ashby 1952 Design for a Brain
Modernism
9
John Horton Conway 1970 Game of Life
Postmodernism
Ernst Haeckel 1904 Art Forms of Nature
Science
Autopoiesis, Adaptation
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Art Nouveau
Achim Menges 2008 Integral Design Processes
Archigram
Decision Theory
Arts
1948 Cybernetics
Emergence
Parametric Design
1940-
8
Per Bak 1987 Self-Organized Criticality
Fractal Geometry
1960-
Neri Oxman 2010 Material-Based Design Computation
Design Science
7
SelfOrganization
Chaos Theory
1980-
Ivan Sutherland 1965 The Ultimate Display
6
Stuart Kauffmann 1995 Self-Organization and Evolution
HCI
Skylar Tibbits 2010 Self-Assembly
5
Mark Weiser 1991 Ubiquitous Computing
2000-
Hiroshi Ishi 2012 Radical Atoms
Junichi Rekimoto 2007 Human Augmentation
Hod Lipson 2007 Self Aware Robots
3
2
1
2
14
21
15
20 16
19
17
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Advancements in technology not only provide means for creation but also reveal the hidden principle in nature and proceed the understanding of ourselves. Then, would it be possible to earn the new knowledge for the collective intelligence from the series of experiments in this project? The main focuses are both to create apparatus for an adaptive environment and to understand the mechanism for the emergence of collective behavior. Here, like once branched academic fields are now being integrated to tackle issues, can this project merge the insights from multiple disciplines to discover something new?
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Based Modeling
34
John von Neumann 3 31948 Cellular Automata
Cellular Automata
stasis
Francis Crick James Watson 1953 Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids
W. Grey Walter g Reynolds 1950 1987 - Extracted Arguments and Proposals.Turtle Robots Artificial Boids Intelligence 32 John Holland Where does intelligence come from? - Wiring Patterns between Sensor and Motor. 1975 Genetic Algorithms two signal amplifiers. With this arrange ment the model is reasonably docile. But if we introduce a second learning circuit, or build in two neutral or specific signals instead of one, it becomes only too easy to establish an experimental neurosis. Thus if the arrangement is such that the sound becomes positively associated both with the attracting light and with the withdrawal from an obstacle, it is pos sible for both a light and a sound to set up a paradoxical withdrawal. The "instinctive" attraction to a light is abol ished and the model can no longer ap proach its source of nourishment. This state seems remarkably similar to the neurotic behavior produced in human beings by exposure to conflicting influ ences or inconsistent education. In the model such ineffective and even destruc tive conditions can be terminated by rest, bv switching off or by disconnecting one of the circuits. These treatments seem analogous to the therapeutic devices of the psychiatrist-sleep, shock and psy chosurgery. In M. docilis the memory of associa tion is formed by electric oscillations in a feedback circuit. The decay of these os cillations is analogous to forgetting; their evocation, to recall. If several learning pathways are introduced, the creature's oscillatory memory becomes endowed with a very valuable feature: the fre quency of each oscillation, or memory, is its identity tag. A latent memory can be detected and identified among others by a process of frequency analysis, and a complex of memories can be represented as a synthesis of oscillations which yields a characteristic wave pattern. Further-
E have described so far the simplest Wpossible mechanism, consisting only of a single learning circuit connected to
Christopher Langton 1987 Artificial Life
HESE models are of course so simple Tthat any more detailed comparison between them and living creatures would be purely conjectural. Experiments with larger numbers of circuits are perfectly feasible and will certainly be instructive. One weakness of more elaborate systems can be predicted with confidence: ex treme plasticity cannot be gained with out some loss of stability. In the real worId an animal must be prepared to associate almost any event with almost any other; this means that if a nervous system contains N specific receptor-ef fector pathways, it should also include something of the order of N:! - N learn ing circuits. In such a system the chances of stability decline rapidly as N in creases. It is therefore no wonder that the incidence of neuropsychiatric com plaints marches with intellectual attain ment and social complexity.
Junichi Takashi Rekimoto Ikegami 2007 2007 Human Artificial Life Augmentation
Hiroshi Ishi 2012 Radical Atoms
W. Grey Walter is director of the phys iological department at the Burden Neu rological Institute in Bristol, England.
HCI
ONE CYCLE PER SECOND
3000 CYCLES PER SECOND
lined hy simplified diagram. The circuit element laheled "3,000 cyc1es per second" is tuned so that Cora responds
Mark Weiser 1991 Ubiquitous Computing
Fractal Geometry
only to sound of that frequency. The eleme nt laheled "one cyc1e per seco n d " provides machine with memory.
63 © 1951 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC
Hod Lipson 2007 Self Aware Ivan Robots
Sutherland 1965 The Ultimate Display
200019801960-
Computer Science
19201800-
Systems Theory
19
Perphysical Bak How does behavior deffer from virtual one? - Comparison Experiments. Complexity 1987 Science Norbert Wiener Self-Organized Criticality 1948
Design Science
Decisi Theo
Art Nouveau
18
Science Cybernetics John Horton Conway 1970 Game of Life
Ross Ashby 1952 29 Design for a Brain
E
A
Arts
Cybernetics
Autopoiesis, Adaptation
Skylar 20 Self-As
1940-
How does evolutionary behavior occur? - Machine Learning. Stuart Kauffmann 1995 Claude Shannon Self-Organization Chaos 1948 and Evolution Theory A Mathematical Theory of Communication
SelfOrganization
Valentino Braitenberg 1984 Vehicles
Artificial Life
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Genetic Algorithm
more a "memory" can be evoked by an internal signal at the correct frequency, which resonates with the desired oscilla tion. The implications of these effects are of considerable interest to those who study the brain, for rhythmic electrical oscillation is the prime feature of brain activity. We may gain new respect for the speculations of the English physi cian-philosopher David Hartley, who 200 years ago suggested that ideas were represented in the brain as vibrations and "vibratiuncles."
6
mechanism whereby the motors were turned off periodically and the micro phone was simultaneously switched on for a moment to pick up any extraneous sound. This type of gating mechanism emphasizes the importance of the stretching operation applied to the sound signal, for the information the latter con veys is used after the brief listening pe riod, which may occur only once a sec ond for a tenth of a second. The muting pulse device was not adopted because it seemed more complicated than the sharply tuned amplifier, but the former may be more akin to the physiological mechanisms in living creatures. Further complications in M. docilis arise when the sound amplifier (neutral stimulus) is arranged to produce its own specific effect. For example, it can easily be arranged to make the sound switch off all motors, so that the model "freezes" when it hears the whistle. Such a reac tion is very common in animals; many marsupials and rodents "play 'possum" when they hear a strange noise. If now it is intended to teach the model that sound means light, which may mean food, the freezing reaction must be in hibited to permit conditioning of the new response. A separate branch must there fore be taken from the output of the mix ing tube at (7) to the output of the sound amplifier, whereby the "instinc tive" effect of the latter is suppressed as soon as the positive conditioning has been established.
Neural Network
Phy
Chem
Biology Claude Bernard 1854 Milieu Interieur
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 2. Observation & Analysis
System Structure -Data Flow Structure
Different shapes are expected to appear according to the objective function and weighting in the Gate neuron. Because it is an emergent model the goal is to determine which factors lead to the obsetved patterns of behavior in the system. Layers of componentcomponent, component-environment, and component-human interactions help them learn to behave wisely. Objective Function: Value(n)
n
Objective Function: ∑Value(k) k=1
Start
Start
Start
Input Sensing
Input Sensing
Input Sensing
Gate
Gate
Gate
Robot 1 Start
Robot 2
Start
Start
Start
Input Sensing
Input Sensing
Input Sensing
Gate
Gate
Gate
Robot N Start
Start
Each robot is wirelessly connected and capable of communicating each other. The gate neuron on each robot decides data from
Input
Sensing
Input
Input
Sensing
Sensing
which robot to receive. This is dynamically changed. The overall shape is changed by each robot's movement. When the shape
Gate
Gate
Gate
changes, the location of each robot also changes, for example, from the bottom to the top. Thus, it is a self-referencing system.
Rule
Computation
Rule
Rule
Computation
Computation
In order to verify which element is responsible for a certain behavior, comparisons between virtual and physical experiments
Output Actuation
Output
Output
Actuation
Actuation
are made. Both share the computational platform. Only the difference is whether inputs/ outputs come from/go to virtual/ physical environments. Through the simultaneous virtual and physical experiments, co-evolution
Location Location
of software and hardware is
Location
Shape 30
expected.
Cloud Platform for Machine Learning
Data is trained in a machine learning platform and the result is retuned to Node-Red.
Azure machine learning
Cloud Platform for Coding In Node-Red, whether each unit optimizes for itself or all is manipulated.
Serial
Force
Value(n) = a * height + b * curvature *a and b are the weights which are
Value(n) = a * height + b * pressure
Force
*a and b are the weights which are altered in Arduino
altered in Grasshopper
Height
Types of input data can be altered, for example, from height to luminance. Because the process of learning behavior should occur as a result of interaction with the environment, machine learning is used to allow the rules that govern the behavior to evolve. Experiments were done both in the virtual and the physical environments in order to compare the differences.
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 3. Module Design
3. Module Design: Mechanics, Sensors, and Actuators The difficulties in computer simmulation led to
Here, the autonomous agents that creates a
an idea of embedding intelligence so that a form
transformation of the entire structure is studied.
can emerge by itself instead of simulating the
Firstly, 3D printing methodology of the entire
behavior first and creating a certain geometry
structure with hinge connections are tested.
accordingly. From the previous experiments,
Then, a microcomputer, sensors, and actuators
it is observed the transformation of the shape
were attached to the printed object.
can be provoked by a transformation of each component. This transformation caused by the accumulation of each robot’s movement is a bottom up method.
Keywords: 3D-Printed Mechanical System, Cloud Platform
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The Mechanical Structure Printed at Once
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 1. Introduction
Design Transitions -By Trial and Error
too small, broken
thiner layer, broken
even bigger, broken
thicker, broken
three walls, broken
bigger, broken
hinge changed, broken
even thicker, working surface added
The transformation can be realized by either material deformation or mechanical systems. In this research, the former strategy is taken because 3d printers for multi-material printing were not available.
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legs placed medially
lower height
smaller, manually cut
too thin
3d printing failure
3d printing failure
shaky
bigger wall
Hinges are used to afford the transformation of the components. Each model was 3d-printed at one time to save the time for assembly.
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 3. Module Design
Version 1. -DC Motor with a Bolt and a nut.
Pressure Sensors
DC Motor Battery
Sensors: Gyro Acceleration Magnetic Temperature Humidity Air Pressure
Microcomputer
Observed Behaviors
The transformation can be realized by either material deformation or mechanical systems. In this research, the former strategy is taken because 3d printers for multi-material printing were not available.
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 3. Module Design
Version 2. -Servo Motor in a Leg.
IMU 10DOF Sensor
Microcomputer
Servo Motor
Battery
Pressure Sensor
Observed Behaviors
Hinges are used to afford the transformation of the components. It enabled to 3d-print the frame at one time and save the time for assembly.
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 3. Module Design
Version 3. and Future -Single Material 3D Printing.
Fully Equipped Model
In order to make the experiment simple, an actuator was attached to only one leg in the former studies. However, the system can be extended to three legs.
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-Multi-Material 3D Printing.
Current Model and Expected Future Development
When multi-material 3d-printing becomes more accessible so that circuits can be printed along with the structure I will be ready.
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1. Thesis - Architectural Complexity - 3. Module Design
Data Processing Strategy Can Be Applied to Adaptive Architecture -to Harvest Energy and to Avoid Snow Sedimentation, for example.
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Night Veiw of the Kindergarten
How can we build after a disaster, when resources, both physical and human, are limited? In 2014, the Philippines was struck by a large earthquake that caused massive damage, including the seemingly secure concrete block buildings that have become ubiquitous in the country. With the use of a local CNC milling machine nearby we were able to design and test a structure in Japan in the spring and over the summer build the same design Bohol.
The Philippines Plywood House 2014 Spring-Summer, The Phillippines Group Project, Hiroto KOBAYASHI Lab Contribution : Construction Management Accounting Communication with Bohol Provincial Office of Department of Trade and Industry and Local People Materials Procuration
2. Research Project - The Philippines Plywood House
Plywood Has Properties - Cost and Availability.
Interior View of the Kindergarten
Plywood has properties that are seldom taken advantage of. That may be attributed partially to a matter of need. Confronted with the problem of reconstruction after a disaster in a developing country, the need was to reduce material to save costs, and to add simplicity to improve buildability in a resource-poor nation. From this, we learned the benefit of technology can be in the planning more than in execution. With care, it is possible to build a structural system where columns are a single width of plywood wide, and where the entire system uses only 12 patterns. With the addition of a community and a local CNC milling machine it was possible to build an affordable kindergarten.
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- Buildability.
x6
x 26
x6
x4
x6
x1
x3
x7
x 15
x2
x5
x3 Total: 83 sheets Scale: 1/50 47
2. Research Project - The Philippines Plywood House
Global Design and Local Context -Ubiquitous Material, Machine, and Universal Frame Design.
wedge
wall
frame
rib X-9
X-8
X-7
X-6
X-5
X-4
X-3
X-2
X-1
X-1
X-2
X-3
X-4
X-5
X-6
X-7
X-8
X-9
Y-1
Y-2
Y-3
Y-4
Y-5
Y-6
Y-1
Y-2
Y-3
Y-4
Y-5
Y-6
1/200
The design and technology made it possible to almost perfectly copy the design without concern for local knowledge or ability. We used a local CNC milling machine to cut local plywood according to data that was produced over months in our studio in Japan.
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-Social Involvements and Layers of Local Materials.
5. Furring strips and Balks 4. Walls and Roof Panels
3. Ribs and Joists
2. Lifting up
1. Assembly
0. Foundation
6. Finishing 7. Porch and Deck
Cutting bamboo
Women sanding chairs
Kids lifting the structure into place
Cutting woven bamboo
Involving the entire community allowed us to build a real place with meaning, instilling a sense of ownership and solidarity. We also modified the design on site with local materials and alongside the community the building would serve. This is an essential part of the process and one that technology on its own cannot resolve. 49
2. Research Project - The Philippines Plywood House
From Planning to Completion The Philippines Plywood House = Students' Work + CNC Milling Machine + Plywood
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+ Local Materials + Local Governments + Users' Participation
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2. Research Project - The Philippines Plywood House
How I Involved in a Team Work Proccess - A Construction Diary. Date No. of Students (No. of Local Participants) Aug. 9th 5 Aug 10th. 5 Aug 11th. A:2,B:3 Aug 12th. A:2(20),B:2 Aug. 13th A:2(7),B:3 Aug. 14th A:3,B:2 Aug. 15th A:3,B2 Aug 16th A:3,B:2 Aug. 17th 5 Aug. 18th A:2(2),B:3 Aug.19th A:2(6),B:3 Aug. 20th A:2(7),B:2 Aug. 21st A:2(7),B:3 Aug. 22nd A:2(7),B:3 Aug. 23rd A:2(8),B:3 Aug 24th Aug 25th A:2(3),B:3 Aug 26th Aug 27th A:6,B:7 Aug 28th A:6,B:8 Aug 29th
Arrived at Fablab Bohol in the morning. In the afternoon we met with the mayor and vice mayor of Balilihan, the Cogon Barangay Captain, and DTI(Department of Trade and Industry). Then we went to the site to consider the placement of the house, observed local houses, and got some samples of local materials. We worked in Fablab in the morning and had a presentation and workshop in Cogon with residents. Then we moved to the site to mark the site. We had a presentation in Fablab for Fablab staff and local architects. Then we split into two teams; team A went to the site and started breaking up the existing mortar with local residents. Team B bought 90 sheets of plywood. Team A met a municipal engineer to discuss a cost for a foundation. Then we checked the progress of breaking mortar and did roping. Team B did a test cut using Shopbot in Fablab. Team A visited stores to check the price of steel bar, tie wire, and anchor bolts. Checked progress on site and discussed how to buy the materials for the foundation with a Barangay captain. Team B did a test cut using the Shopbot in Fablab. Team A Decided the source of materials and discussed procedures with residents and civil engineer. Surveyed the site. Team B did some maintenance on the Shopbot and continued cutting. Team A finalized drawings for the concrete foundation and visited DTI to discuss material purchase (cement, gravel, and sand) and transportation. We bought a leveling hose and MDF for the shopbot. Team B did maintenance on the machine and cut 10 sheets of plywood. We also discussed a table surfacing for Shopbot with people of Fablab. Team A bought materials in the morning and joined Team B in the afternoon to assemble a section of the house to confirm accuracy. Sanded the cutout pieces. Team B changed substructure, drew guidelines and cut the plywood. Both teams cut two sheets of plywood and assembled a test frame at the Fablab. Team A moved materials to the site and lay down a layer of gravel. Team B cut 10 sheets of plywood and sanded. We also bought termite repellent. Team A processed the steel bars, continued installing gravel, poured concrete and checked levels. Team B cut 5 sheets and discussed maintenance with the staff at Fablab. Team A continued processing steel bars, pouring concrete, cutting wood for the base, laying gravel, roping, and setting up formwork. Team B cut 7 sheets of plywood. Team A built formwork and arranged steel bars. Team B continued with maintenance and cutting. Team A bought flat bars, set the bars and placed anchor bolts, and set up a tent. Team B cut 11 sheets. Team A poured the concrete slab. Team B cut plywood. Concrete cured, but slightly out of level (needs to be corrected in phase two!) Team A removed formwork and placed the wood base. Team B cut wood. 8 students arrived. Team A painted termite repelling on site. Team B cut and sanded plywood. Team A painted termite repelling on site. Team B cut and sanded plywood. Flew to Toronto after handing off the next phase to the second group of Keio students.
Construction took about four weeks and was carried out by two teams, each staying in Bohol for two weeks at a time. I was in the first phase, one of five students working to prepare the foundations and cutting the plywood with the CNC machine. In phase two, 20 students took over the assembly and finishing. A year after the completion â–ś 52
53 Perspective View of the Kindergarten
The Printed Blocks Have Structural Capability
This project explores the architectural 3d-printing for a light weight structure using plastic. Taking advantage of gyroid's unique structural and geometrical characteristics, the design offers a new interface between local residents and urban ecology.
FABrick Beehive 2015 Summer, Yokohama @FabLab Kannai Group Project, Hiroya TANAKA Lab Contribution: 3D Modeling of a Global Geometry and Every Brick
(Rhinoceros and Grasshopper) Publication: Tachikawa, Hiroyuki., Yasui, Tomohiro., Tsushima, Nao., Okawa, Haruna., Tanaka, Hiroya., and Masuyama, Emu. 2016. “FABrick Beehive.� Advances in Architectural Geometry.
3. Research Project - FABrick Beehive
Machine, Material, and Geometry - A Dead Volume for Structure Becomes a Space for Animal's Inhabitation.
Concrete
Biodegradable Plastic
3D-printed plastic gyroid brick has the same structural property as a concrete block. It consumes less material and the void space can be dwelled by bees.
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-Humans and Bees co-exist.
A gyroid surface
Take one.
divides space into two.
Modify the form.
Change the density and scale to improve the structure.
In addition to its structural property, a gyroid has an interesting feature that it divides space into two symmetrical forms. Here, a pavilion's geometry is also derived from the gyroid's unique characteristic.
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3. Research Project - FABrick Beehive
Human's Intervention Complements the Process - Transportable Bricks Afford Humans' Participation.
This project aims to use digital fabrication machines to bring people into the collaborative construction process. Thus, the machine does not do all the work. The printed bricks are assembled by people in the community.
Final 1:1 model of a part of the pavilion ▜︎ 60
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Poster Presentation at AAG 2016
Workshops offer the opportunity to meet with like-minded people with entirely different skill sets. Learning is inevitable if the mind is open, and that is what I aim for.
CAADRIA 2014
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SmartGeometryb 2014
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Glass Pavilion
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Robots in Architecture 2016
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Advances in Architectural Geometry 2016
4. International Workshops - CAADRIA 2014
CAADRIA 2014 “Holistic Creativity� -Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, Gecko, and Ecotect
March 2014, @Kyoto with David Gerver, Michael Walczak I learned how to conduct environmental analysis for early-stage building volume design using Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, Gecko, and Ecotect. The real-time analysis allows to try variations of forms, interactively modify the design, and optimize the building's performance . 1. Exhibited Outcomes 2. Solar Radiation Analysis of Building Volumes 3. Screenshot of Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, and Ecotect
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4. International Workshops - Smartgeometry 2014
Smartgeometry 2014 “Experiences in Space” -Unity, BLE Beacons, and Arduino
July 2014, @Hongkong with Cameline Bolbroe, Hugo Mulder, Kjell Yngve Petersen, and Francesco Anselmo We created an adptive maze with a tracking system. The game involves two participants competing to find three "milestone walls" while moving walls allow or block the participants’ movement. The participants are tracked by the beacons whose trace is displayed to them throughout the game. In this way, they are aware of their location in relation to the milestone walls and their opponent. 1. Calibrating a Benchmark 2. Tracking System 3. Player Checking His Trajectory 4. Manually Adapted Maze
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4. International Workshops - Joint Workshop
Joint Workshop “Glass Pavilion� May 2015, @Tokyo with Jun Sato Structural analysis led to limit the buckling length less than 400mm and this was achieved by having holes within the distance and connecting panels at the holes. The aluminum straps are easily deformable by hand and this fuzzy nodes connection system afforded intuitive assembly. 1. Manual Assembly 2. Flexible Joints with Aluminum Straps 3. Final Work
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600x600mm
600x440mm 300x300mm
Glass : “Leoflex” and “Dragontrail”, 1.3mm thick, with holes and safety film Connection : aluminium straps, rubber washers, metal washers, glazing tape, bolts & nuts
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4. International Workshops - Robots in Architecture 2016
Robots in Architecture 2016 “Interactive 3d-Printing� -KUKA, Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, and Arduino
March 2016, @Sydney with Alexandre Dubor, Martin Bechthold, Kevin Hinz, Dagmar Reinhardt, and Kate Dunn The system structure allowed environmental factors to intervene the manufacturing process and machines to interact with humans in contrast to a current one-way process. Changing inner strucure according to the humidity was experimented. 1. Entire Script 2. Closeup Shot of the Extruder 3-1,2,3. Variations of Inner Structure 4. Screenshot of the Simulation Play 5. Overview of the System
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4. International Workshops - Advances in Architectural Geometry 2016
Advances in Architectural Geometry 2016 “Calibrated and Interactive Modelling of Form-Active Hybrid Structures� -Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, Kangaroo, K2 Engineering, and GhPython
September 2016, @Zurich with Anders Holden Deleuran, Daniel Piker, and Cecilie Brandt-Olsen The form-active hybrid structure consists of two elements, beams and cables, which are individually flexible but becomes stronger structure when combined together. The workshop introduced the fomulas and coding methodology for simulating the behavior of the structure.
1. Workshop Scene 2. Calibrated Model of the Hybrid Structure 3. Entire Script by Anders Holden Deleuran 4. Screenshot of the Design and Form-Finding Process
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Photo Credits p. 9
Garlock, Maria E. Moreyra., and Billington, David P. 2008. Félix
Nerdinger, Winfried. 2005. Frei Otto : complete works : lightweight
Candela : engineer, builder, structural artist. Princeton, N.J. :
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Princeton University Art Museum ; New Haven : Yale University Press
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