PRESENTED BY: HASEL EDITH PEÑA CONSTANZA
WHAT IS PHONOLOGY? Is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages
WHAT IS PHONETICS? Is the study of humans speech sounds, is divided into three branches: - Articulatory Phonetics - Acoustic phonetics - Auditory phonetics
WHAT IS A PHONEME? A phone is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language and serves o distinguish between meaning of words.
STRESS It’s the pronuncing of a word or syllable with greater force than other words in the same sentence or other syllables in the same word
INTONATION The sound changes produced by the rise and fall of the voice when speaking
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GRAPHEME Reflects differents phonemes, it’s a combination of letters that make a phoneme
ACCENT Refers to particular ways of pronuncing a language and varies according to geographical origin, educational background and social class
DIALECT Refers to varieties of language
VOCAL TRACT It ends at the mouth and nostrils
The parts of the vocal tract that can be used to form sounds are called articulators The parts of the vocal tract are: The pharynx The velum The uvula The hard palate The tongue The teeth The lips The alveolar ridge
CONSONANTS Is a speech sound produced by completely or partly stopping the air being breathed out through the mouth
CLASIFICATION OF CONSONANTS: BILABIAL: /b/ /p/ /m/ /w/ LABIODENTAL: /v / /f/ GLOTTAL: /h/ INTERDENTAL: /θ̟/ /[ð/ ALVEOLAR: /d/ /t/ /s/ /z/ /n/ /r/ /l/ ALVEOPALATAL: /ʒ/ /dʒ/ /tʃ/ /ʃ/ VELAR: /g/ /k/ /ŋ/
MANNER OF ARTICULATION STOP FRICATIVE AFFRICATIVE APROXIMANTS OR GLIDES NASAL RETROFLEX LATERAL
STOP The active articulator touches the passive articulator and completely cuts off the airflow through the mouth
FRICATIVE The active articulator doesn’t touch the passive articulator but gets close enough that thge air flow through the opening becomes turbulent.
AFFRICATIVE Can be seen as a sequence of a stop and a fricative which have the same or similar places of articulation
APROXIMANTS OR GLIDES Correspond to vowels that are often called: glides. /j/ corresponds to /i/, and /w/ to /u/
RETOFLEX A consonant sound produce with the tip of the tongue ourled back toward the hard palate
NASAL These sounds are produced by escaping the air through nasal cavity
LATERAL Sounds are produced by lowering the mid section of the tongue at the one or both sides.
THE VOICING Voiceless: vocal cords spread apart, air passes unimpeded. Voiced: vocal cords draw together, air pushes them apart to pass through, creating a vibration.
VOICELESS
VOICED
VOWELS
CLASIFICATION OF VOWELS FRONT
HIGH
/i/ /i:/
MID
/e/ /ɛ/
LOW
/æ/
CENTRAL
BACK / u/ /ʊ/
/ə/ /ʌ/
/o/ /ɔ/ /ɑ/
UNROUNDED AND ROUNDED VOWELS
WHAT IS A DIPHTHONG? Is a vowel sound in which the tongue changes the position to produce the sound of two vowels
DIPHTHONGS
ELISION
CONSONANTS CLUSTER
CONTRACTIONS
LINKING
INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
BACK VOWELS
MINIMAL PAIRS
ASSIMILATION It’s the process by which sounds are influenced by neighbouring sounds and come to share some or all of their phonetic
BORROWING
SCHWA Is the most common vowel sound in the English language. It is used in unstressed syllables, where the vowel is reduced OF
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ELLIPSIS Is the omission of elements normally required b the grammar which te speaker/ writer assumes are obvious from the context and therefore need not be raised. Has some elements: - Nominal - Verbal - Clausal