Acknowledgement The accomplishment of this report depends on the involvement of a number of people, particularly individuals who gave me their thoughtful supervision and suggestions to progress the report. I am most grateful to my Department Head Professor Hosne Ara Begum and many thesis, reports, newspaper articles and slides, national & International Journals to give me the prospect and information to complete my report.
I would like to give my thankfulness to my academic Supervisor Dr. K.M. Salim & Dr. Nelofar Yesmin, Assistant professors, Department of Botany, Govt. Titumir College, Dhaka,Bangladesh for their supervision, continuous and productive suggestions. There intuitive discussions enabled me to determinate on a number of issues related to my task.
I also like to express my gratitude to my research group , my assitants & all other friends, who help me with their interesting phases of good service to look upon and has given their valuable time, supervision, competent direction and spontaneous support in every step of my research program.
I like to convey my earnest thanks to my parents for their attentive suggestion and direction for successful accomplishment of my task.
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INDEX Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 4 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………….5-6 I. History of Buriganga ……………………………………………………………………………………….….5 II. History of the Pollution ……………………………………………………………………………………….5 III. Objectives of the study ………………………………………………………………………………………..6 IV. Scope of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………….6 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ……………………………………………………………………………..6-10
2.1Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…6 2.2Causes of Pollution ………………………………………………………………………………………….7 2.3Tanning Wastes………………………………………………………………………………………………9 2.4 Water Quality Parameters…………………………………………………………………………………10 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS …………………………………………………………………………….11-16 3.1Measuring Parameter……………………………………………………………………………………….…11 3.1.1. DO (Dissolved Oxygen): ……………………………………………………………………………..……11 3.1.2. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand): ……………………………………………………………….……12 3.1.3. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand): …………………………………………………………………….…13 3.1.4. PH: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 3.2Correlation among the Parameter ………………………………………………..……………………………15 3.3 Impacts: …………………………………………………………………………………………………..…16 3.4 Recommendations: ………………………………………………………………………….………………17 4. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………17 5. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………..17-18
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List of Tables Table I. causes of pollution at the Buriganga River …………………………………………………….………..08 Table II. Water Quality Parameters in different times at the Buriganga River…………………………….………..10 Table 3.1: Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) at the Buriganga River……………………………................................……11 Table 3.2: Biochemical oxygen Demand (mg/L) at the Buriganga River……………………………………...……12 Table 3.3: Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L) at the Buriganga River………………………………………...……13 Table 3.4: pH at the Buriganga River………………………………………………….……………………....….…14 Table III. Correlation matrix among water quality parameters in the Buriganga River………………………..….…..15
List of Maps Map 2.1: Buriganga River around Dhaka city………………………………………………………………………07
List of Figures Fig 3.1 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) at the Buriganga River…………………………………………………………12 Fig 3.2 Biochemical oxygen Demand (mg/L) at the Buriganga River……………………………………………..13 Fig 3.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L) at the Buriganga River………………………………………………..14 Fig 3.4 pH at the Buriganga River………………………………………………………………………………….15 Fig 3.5: Co-Relation Vs DOE standard curve at the Buriganga River………………………………………….….16
List of Pictures Pic 2.1 Shipyards situated on the riverbank discharge burnt oil…………………………………………………….07 Pic 2.2 Small dying unit (left) and the pitch black color of water (right)………………………………….………..07 Pic 2.3 Dumping of domestic and industrial solid waste…………………………………………………….……..09 Pic 2.4 Discharge of industrial liquid waste and sewerage drainage link…………………………………..………09 Pic 2.5 Non-biodegradable materials and sewage were being dumped in the Buriganga at Keraniganj just across the river from Ahsan Manzil during the cleaning up river project……..........................................................................09 Pic 2.6 On the bank of Buriganga at Keraniganj a man was dying cloths manually and watching the BIWTA drive to remove the garbage from the river…………………………………….……………………………………………09
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The Causes & Impacts of Buriganga Pollution with reference of Water Quality Parameters: A comparative Study
ABSTRACT The study was conducted in the Department of Botany, Govt. Titumir College, Dhaka, Under National University, Bangladesh with the objectives to prepare a Research term paper with a view to partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Botany. The specific objectives of the study were to study the surrounding environment at some selected locations around Buriganga River, to assess the river water quality parameters, to investigate the reasons behind this extreme water pollution and finally to provide some suggestions to improve the existing condition. The Buriganga River is the life line of Dhaka city and flanked in its southern side. It provides important services to the residents, including water supply, navigation, recreation, and sanitation and flood control. The vital river however has become extremely polluted and is close to biological death for several reasons. The main objectives of the study are overview the causes of pollution, the water quality and sources of pollutants of Buriganga river and formulate some recommendation how save the Buriganga River. To complete the research work I choose secondary data analysis as the tools. The Buriganga River has dramatically been disrupted due to extreme reduction of its water flow and encroachment of the banks and rigorous pollution due to human waste, industrial garbage and solid waste dumping. Thus Buriganga poses serious environmental threats to the Dhaka city’s sustainable environment. The Buriganga River is now highly polluted and becoming more or less dead due to dumping clinical, industrial and household wastes, industrial effluents, and discharge of oil from river vehicles. The water quality of the Buriganga river drop his standard level due to tannery effluents, human waste, sediment, pathogens. Due to the severe pollution and loss of normal flow of water, the Buriganga River effects on the environment, social and economical impacts of the surrounding area. Unfortunately there is no strong monitoring to save Buriganga river. This report recommends promoting a sustainable environment in the Dhaka city area and healthier life for its inhabitants. It is essential to save the surrounding river system especially the Buriganga river.
Keywords: Buriganga, waste; pollution, Water quality, saving rivers.
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1. INTRODUCTION I. History of Buriganga: In the distant past, a course of the Ganges river used to reach the Bay of Bengal through the Dhaleshwari river. When this course gradually shifted and ultimately lost its link with the main channel of the Ganges it was renamed the Buriganga. It is said that the water levels during high and very high tides in this river astonished the Mughals. In the 20th century the water table and river became polluted by polythenes and other hazardous substances from demolished buildings near the river banks. The course of the Padma, as the main course of the Ganges is known in Bangladesh, changed considerably during the period 1600 to 2000 AD. It is difficult to trace accurately the various channels through which it flowed, but the probability is that it flowed past Rampur Boalia, through Cha-lan Beel, the Dhaleshwari and Buriganga rivers, past Dhaka into the Meghna estuary. In the 18th century, the lower course of the river flowed further south. About the middle of the 19th century the main volume of the channel flowed through this southern channel, which came to be known as Kirtinasa. Gradually the Padma adopted its present cours. [E1] During Mughol regime (1526-1858s) and afterwards, the surrounding area of Buriganga was the hub of all social, economic and recreational activities of the Dhaka dwellers. It was the country’s main waterway to the capital. The river was also a breeding place for fish. It was once the main source of drinking water for the residents of Dhaka and the water treatment plant at Chandanighat produced 17 million liters per day (MLD) of drinking water drawn from Buriganga [E2].
II. History of the Pollution: According to the historian people, the Buriganga pollution is not a recent problem. It started from the Mughal period of 1600th century. At that time, the city sewage was used to be dumped into the Buriganga River. But at present due to increasing people and industrial development the dumping rate is much higher than that time which has made it highly contaminated. Besides, the encroachment problem started after the independence of Bangladesh, which finally has made the river narrower. The famous Bangladeshi historian Professor Muntasir Mamoon, who has written many articles on Buriganga river and its connected canals since 1970s says in the newspaper of Daily Star, "The historical documents state that people used to get bad smell one and half kilometers away from Buriganga River even in the late 19th century. The then British administration showed concern about the river, since the water level used to decrease to
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an alarming level during the dry season. Renowned Scottish town planner Patrick Geddes made a master plan for Dhaka City including the Buriganga River in 1917. Then the administration also made some plans to save Buriganga from the grasp of ongoing pollution caused by domestic sewage. However, the pollution of the river was at the tolerable level till Pakistani period. Personally, I saw boat racing and boat hotels on Buriganga River even in the 1960s. But after Liberation, everything became Dhaka-centric. And because of encroachment, unplanned urbanization and establishment of polluting industries in the city, water pollution has taken such a devastating shape that the river, mother of the civilization, has been killed by the 'civilized' people" (Ershad, 2009).[E4]
III. Objectives of the study
To study the surrounding environment at some selected locations around Buriganga River. To assess the river water quality in terms of some very cardinal water quality parameters. To investigate the reasons behind this extreme water pollution. To provide some suggestions to improve the existing condition.
IV. Scope of the study
For time limitation only secondary data on the basis of extreme pollution were selected for calculating & discussion.
Secondary data were collected form different time thesis paper, Journal and Government source Seasonal variations were not taken into account in this study.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Methodology:
To determine the suitable locations of Data collection, the whole area in and around the river was preliminarily surveyed and necessary photographs were taken. Then water quality parameters data were collected from different source such as many thesis, reports, newspaper articles and slides, national & International Journals. Then necessary results and relevant conclusions & recommendations were made.
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2.2 Causes of Pollution The Buriganga River is now highly polluted and becoming dry due to dumping clinical, industrial and household wastes, industrial effluents, and discharge of oil from revering vehicles. At present the river is considered as dumping grounds of all types of waste. The water of the Buriganga is so highly polluted at present that even it is difficult to survive for aquatic life (IEDS, 2003).
Picture 2.1: Shipyards situated on the
Picture 2.2: Small dying unit (left) and the
riverbank discharge burnt oil (Source: The
pitch black color of water (Right) (Source:
Daily Star, 03.04.2009).
The
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Daily
Star,
03.04.2009).
Table I. causes of pollution at the Buriganga River Subject Inorganic chemicals:
Sources Surface runoff, industrial effluents and household cleansers.
Types Water soluble, acids, compounds of toxic metals such as lead, arsenic and selenium.
Organic Chemicals
Industrial effluents, household cleansers, surface runoff from farms & yards
Oil, gasoline, plastics, pesticides, cleaning solvents, detergents
Oxygen Demanding Wastes
Sewage waste, Solid waste
Organic waste such as animal manure and plant debris that can be decomposed by aerobic bacteria.
Heat (Thermal pollution)
Water cooling of electric power plants and some types of industrial plants
Thermal industries use huge amount of cold water to cool their engines from overheating. This hot water is thrown to the nearby water bodies and caused depletion of DO.
Pathogens
Human & animal wastes
Bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms.
Sediment:
Land erosion
Soil, Silt
Other Sources:
Floating restaurants at Shadarghat
Fruit and vegetables storage at Shambazar
Internal drainage system and canal linked up with the river
Riverside slums which have hanging latrines
Shipyard industries of Keraniganj
Saw mills located at bank area of Jinjira, Keraniganj
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Picture 2.3.Dumping of domestic and industrial solid
Picture
2.5: Non-biodegradable materials and
waste (Source: The Daily Star, 03.04.2009).
sewage were being dumped in the Buriganga at Keraniganj just across the river from Ahsan Manzil during the cleaning up river project. (Source: The Daily Star, 06.01.1010).
Picture 2.4.Discharge of industrial liquid waste and sewerage drainage link (Source: The Daily Star, 03.04.2009). Picture 2.6: On the bank of the Buriganga at Keraniganj a man was dyeing cloths manually and watching the BIWTA drive to remove the garbage from the river (Source: The Daily Star, 07.01.2010)
2.3 Tanning Wastes There are at present 214 tanneries in Bangladesh: 200 of them in the city of Dhaka and 14 others scattered all over the country. Covering an area of 25 ha, Hazaribagh in the heart of Dhaka city is the centre of the entire leather industry of Bangladesh. Nearly 149 tanneries of the 200 producers of leather and leather products are located in the Hazaribagh area. Fifty three of these 149 operate all year round (Enamul Haque et al. 1997). It has been estimated that about 13 500000 pieces of hides and skins from all over the country are brought to Hazaribagh every year for processing. The peak time of collection is during the Muslim festival of animal sacriflce, the Eid-ul-Adha. (Khatun and Huq 1994; Enamul Haque et al. 1997).[4]
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The process of tanning produces both liquid and solid wastes. The solid wastes are predominantly from the initial and final stages of processing while the effluents are produced mostly during tanning and dying. The 149 operating tanneries produce 14910 m3d-1 of effluents or waste water during the peak time and about 9100 m3d-1 waste water during the off-peak period. The effluents contain dissolved lime, hydrogen sulfide, acids, chromium dyes, oils, organic matter and suspended solids. [7]. Below is a schematic representation of the solid and liquid waste disposal system in the tannery area of Hazaribagh:
Soaking and Liming => Chemicals, wastes salt, dirt, blood, hair, flesh, lime, sulfide, etc. => Solid and Liquid wastes Tanning => Chemicals Chromium oxide, ammonium sulfate, formic acid, sulfuric acid, sodium chloride, etc. => Solid and liquid wastes Post tanning and processing => Chemicals, synthetic oil , bleaching agents, dye, phenol => Solid and Liquid wastes Source: Critical Environmental Issue Relating to tanning industries of Bangladesh ,SM Imamul Haq,1996 ; GJ 15 19-40.
2.4 Water Quality Parameters For calculating we use different types of data as parameter . the data table is given below :Table I.
Water Quality Parameters in different times at the Buriganga River
Parameter
Year 1991
2000
2005
2010
2013
DO (mg/L)
6
4.3
3.2
2.2
0.51
pH
7.5
7.35
7.78
7.5
8.83
BOD (mg/L)
0.2
24
85
96
2
COD (mg/L)
4
36
150
58
239
Source : “Environmental Water Quality Standard,� 1991, DOE, 2000; D. A Begum and
K. M Ahmmed.Tanvir, 2005; Md. Ashiqur Rahman and Dhia Al Bakri, 2010; http://www.doe-bd.org ; M. Sarkar & et.all, BCSIR 2015.
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3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 Measuring Parameter The water qualities of Buriganga River measures different parameters like- DO, BOD, COD, pH etc. 3.1.1. DO (Dissolved Oxygen):
DO is an important water quality parameter for most chemical and biological processes in the water column and is essential for fish and aquatic life. In the year 1991 DO was 6, In 2000 was 4.3; 2005 was 3.2; 2010, it was 2.2 and In 2013 was 0.51 respectively (Table 3.1). According to the study it can be easily said that the value of DO is below the DOE standard level (5 mg/L and above for sustaining aquatic life and 6 mg/L and above for using the river water as the source for drinking water supply). This DO depletion in the river Buriganga has occurred probably due to the release of easily oxidized industrial and municipal organic wastes. In this situation, without stopping further discharge of the oxygen demanding wastes, it will be impossible to recover the river water from its dying stage. Table 3.1: Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) at the Buriganga River Parameter
Year 1991
DO (mg/L)
2000 6
2005
4.3
2010
3.2
2013
2.2
0.51
Source : “Environmental Water Quality Standard,� 1991, DOE, 2000; M. Sarkar & et.all, BCSIR 2015.
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Fig3.1: Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) at the Buriganga River
DO DO 6 4.3 3.2 2.3 0.51 1991
2000
2005
2010
2013
Source : “Environmental Water Quality Standard,” 1991, DOE, 2000; M. Sarkar & et.all, BCSIR 2015. 3.1.2. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand):
The BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen that bacteria will consume in five days at 20 c while decomposing organic matter under aerobic conditions. In the year 1991 BOD was 0.2, In 2000 was 24; 2005 was 85; 2010, it was 96 and In 2013 was 2 respectively (Table 3.2). According to the study it can be easily said that the value of BOD is higher the DOE standard level (5 mg/L and above for sustaining aquatic life and 6 mg/L and above for using the river water as the source for drinking water supply). The sampling is worst affected probably because of the discharge from the Hazaribagh and Rayerbazar tannery industries and nearby sewage discharges. The higher level of BOD in the river Buriganga also indicates the presence of exercise amount of bacteria in the water which consume the oxygen’s levels in the water. Table 3.2: BOD (mg/L) at the Buriganga River Parameter
Year 1991
BOD (mg/L)
2000 0.2
2005
24
2010
85
2013
96
2
Source : “Environmental Water Quality Standard,” 1991, DOE, 2000; M. Sarkar & et.all, BCSIR 2015.
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Fig 3.2: BOD (mg/L) at the Buriganga River
BOD BOD 96
85
0.2
24 2
1991
2000
2005
2010
2013
Source : “Environmental Water Quality Standard,” 1991, DOE, 2000; M. Sarkar & et.all, BCSIR 2015..
3.1.3. COD
(Chemical Oxygen Demand):
The COD is another important parameter for river water quality assessment. This measures the total quantity of oxygen required to oxidize all organic material into carbon dioxide and water. In the year 1991 COD was 4, In 2000 was 36; 2005 was 150; 2010, it was 58 and In 2013 was 239 respectively (Table 3.3). According to the study it can be easily said that the value of COD is higher the DOE standard level (2 mg/L).
Table 3.3: COD (mg/L) at the Buriganga River Parameter
Year 1991
COD (mg/L)
2000 4
2005
36
2010
150
2013
58
239
Source : “Environmental Water Quality Standard,” 1991, DOE, 2000; M. Sarkar & et.all, BCSIR 2015.
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Fig 3.3: COD (mg/L) at the Buriganga River
COD COD
239 150 58
36
4 1991
2000
2005
2010
2013
Source : “Environmental Water Quality Standard,” 1991, DOE, 2000; M. Sarkar & et.all, BCSIR 2015.
3.1.4. pH:
The acidic or alkaline condition of the water is expressed by pH and the DOE standard of this parameter is 6.5 to 8.5. In the year 1991 pH was 7.5, In 2000 was 7.35; 2005 was 7.78; 2010, it was 7.5 and In 2013 was 8.83 respectively (Table 3.4).
Table 3.4: pH at the Buriganga River Parameter
Year 1991
pH
2000 7.5
2005
7.35
2010
7.78
2013
7.5
8.83
Source : “Environmental Water Quality Standard,” 1991, DOE, 2000; M. Sarkar & et.all, BCSIR 2015.
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Fig 3.4: pH at the Buriganga River
PH PH
7.5
1991
2000
8.83
7.78
7.35
2005
7.5
2010
2013
Source : “Environmental Water Quality Standard,” 1991, DOE, 2000; M. Sarkar & et.all, BCSIR 2015.
3.2 Correlation among the Parameter Table III. Correlation matrix among water quality parameters in the Buriganga River
Parameter
DO (mg/L)
pH
BOD (mg/L)
DO (mg/L)
1
pH
-0.76
1
BOD (mg/L)
-0.21
-0.34
1
COD (mg/L)
-0.84
0.92
0.99
COD (mg/L)
1
In this chart we see the co-relation between pH/ Do or BOD/OD or COD/OD or pH/BOD is negative. So we said that the water quality of Buriganga is lower then DOE standard. Relation between pH & Do is -0.76; BOD & OD are -0.21; COD & OD are -0.84; pH & BOD are -0.34. Now the co-relation curves is given below :
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Fig 3.5: Co-Relation Vs DOE standard curve at the Buriganga River
Co-Relation Curves 8 6 4 2 0 -2
DO (mg/L) DO (mg/L)
pH pH
BOD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L)
COD (mg/L) COD (mg/L)
3.3 Impacts : The main impact of water pollution is given below:
Pressure on urban water source Fish fingerling mortality, migration and quality of fish Degradation of fish habitat Yield reduction(soil fertility loss) Increase in risk from water borne diseases Affecting marine aquatic life Decline in aquatic resources production Navigation problem Increase conflict among different users and sectors Domestic uses Increase pressure on groundwater Quality of water decline Crop yield reduction and damage Disruption of livelihood system Damage of homestead and towns Population displacement
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DOE Standard DOE Standard
3.4 Recommendations: Some recommendations are suggested to save the existing river whish are as follows:
Proper dredging of the existing river and removing non degradable matters from the river bed. Unauthorized establishment on the river bank should be demolished and maintain a regular monitoring system against the land grabbers. By providing Effluent Treatment Plant for each and every Industrial unit to reduce the pollutant load on the river. Law enforcement should be strictly maintained to prevent abuse of water ways and by creating a special law enforcement force to save Buriganga. Public Awareness should be increased for proper usage of the river water. Decentralization of some important industries, e.g. tanneries, dying industries etc from the center of the city to the periphery.
4. CONCLUSION Overall comparisons between the Measuring Parameters show significant variation in water quality all the year round. Water resource use pattern and geographical location has been identified as the cause of difference in pollution level. Special attention should be paid to control pollution of Buriganga to keep at suitable for survival of aquatic life and also because of its use and aesthetic value
5. REFERENCES 1. Ahmad E., 2005. Bangladesh Water Issues. South Asian Journal. Vol-8. April-June, 2005. 2.“Environmental Water Quality Standard,” 1991, DOE, 2000; D. A Begum and K. M Ahmmed.Tanvir, 2005; Md. Ashiqur Rahman and Dhia Al Bakri, 2010; http://www.doe-bd.org ; M. Sarkar & et.all, BCSIR 2015. 3.DOE 1992. Training Manual on Environmental Management in Bangladesh. Department of Environment. Emranul Huq, M. and Delwar Hossain, A.H.M . 1996. Urbanisation and the emergence of urban informal sector: Bangladesh perspecti ve. Geography Journal,15, 19-40. 4.Study of hydrochemistry and pollution status of the Buriganga river, Bangladesh M. Sarkar, A. K. M. L. Rahman, J. B. Islam, K. S. Ahmed, M. N. Uddin, N. C. Bhoumik , Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(2), 123-134, 2015 5. Alam K., 2003. Cleaning up of the Buriganga River, Integrating the Environment into decision making. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, Australia. 6.Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), 2001. Population census 2001. Dhaka: Ministry of Planning.
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07.Ahmed, R. 2013, Existing Environmental Status of Hazaribagh, Dhaka. Training Institute for Chemical Industries, Narsingdi. 08.Alam, S. and Sultana, S. 1999. Atlas of Urban Geography, Dhaka. Bangladesh. Islam, M. M. 2013. Jomi Jomar ain o Alochona, Jomin Prokashona: Dhaka, Bangladesh. 09.Jorgensen S.E. and Fath B. 2012. Encyclopedia of Ecology, volume 5. Elsevier: Oxford, UK. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 1 (2): 81-92. 10.Miller, C. 1912. Coupling of water and ion fluxes in a K+-selective channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biophysical journal 38(3): 227-230. 11.Rahman, M. A. 2013. A Study on Selected Water Quality Parameters along the River Buriganga, Bangladesh. 12.IJEE an Official Peer Reviewed Journal of Babol Noshirvani University of Technology. 13.The Financial Express, May 28, 2015. 14.United Nations Industrial Development Organization Bangladesh (UNB). 2013.
E-resource: E1. www.researchgate.net/Buriganga Pollution: Reasons & prospect. E2. Karn SKand Harada H. 2001. Surface Water Pollution in Three Urban Territories on Nepal, India, and Bangladesh.Environ.Manage., 28(4): 483-496. E3. Chowdhury, F.J., mamul Huq, S.M. and Aminul Islam, M. 1996. Accumulation of vari ous pollutants by some aquatic macrophytes found in the Buriganga River. Proceedings of the 25th Bangladesh Science Con ference. E4. SifatulQ.C. 2009.Banglapedia, [Online] Available at: http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/B_0660.HTM (Accessed on 27.04.2009). E5.The Daily Star, 4 August, 2006. To Save Dhaka Wetlands. [Online] Available at: http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/08/04/d608041802111p.htm (Accessed on 24.06.2009). E6.The Daily Star, 3 April, 2009. Let the Dead River Flow. [Online] Available at: http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2009/04/01/cover.htm (Accessed on 26.06.2009). E7.The Daily Star, 6 January, 2010. Buriganga Cleaning Drive Begins. [Online] Available at: http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=21501 (Accessed on 10.01.2010). E8.The Daily Star, 7 January, 2010. River Cleanup Takes Off. [Online] Available at: http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=120781 (Accessed on 10.01.2010). E9.The Daily Star, 6 August, 2000. [Online] Available at: http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/index.php (Accessed on 12.06.2009). E10.www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrb/publications/online/varkey.htm. [Online] July 14, 2003.
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Researcher MD. HASIBUL ISLAM SANTO B.Sc(Hon’s) Botany The study was conducted in the Department of Botany, Govt. Titumir College, Dhaka, Under National University, Bangladesh with the objectives to prepare a Research term paper with a view to partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Botany.
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