ENDS EARTH OF THE
Organized by Philipp Kaiser and Miwon Kwon
LAND ART TO 1974 The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles haus der kunst, munich distributed by Prestel munich • London • New York
contents
This publication accompanies the exhibition
“Ends of the Earth: Land Art to 1974,”
Directors’ Foreword 7
organized by Philipp Kaiser and Miwon Kwon and presented at The Museum of Contemporary Art,
Acknowledgments 11
Los Angeles, The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA, April 8–August 12, 2012, and the Haus der Kunst, Munich,
Ends of the Earth and Back
October 12, 2012–January 20, 2013
Philipp Kaiser and Miwon Kwon
Major support is provided by Kathi and Gary Cypres. Additional support is provided by Suzanne and David Johnson, The Kwon Family Foundation, and John Morace and Tom Kennedy.
17
Willoughby Sharp on the “earth art” exhibition at cornell university, ithaca, new york, 1969 37
Interview with Germano Celant 123
URBAN GROUNDS Earth beneath Detroit Julian Myers
NOT SCULPTURE Along the Way to Land Art Jane McFadden 43
129
yona Fischer on Barriers and Connections 157
Interview with Seth Siegelaub 61
ELSEWHERE Desert Ends Emily Eliza Scott
TRANSATLANTIC CROSSINGS The Case of Munich, 1968–1972 Julienne Lorz 161
67
virginia dwan on Changing Boundaries Cover Edward Ruscha, Patrick Blackwell, and Mason Williams, Royal Road Test, 1967, detail Back cover Jean Dry Lake, Nevada, March 21, 1962, near the site of Jean Tinguely’s Study for an End of the World, No. 2, 1962 Frontispiece First view of Earth from the moon, August 23, 1966, transmitted to Earth by the United States Lunar Orbiter I and received at the NASA tracking station at Robledo De Chavela near Madrid, Spain above Robert Kinmont, 8 Natural Handstands,
1969/2009, detail
Managing Editor
Elizabeth Hamilton Editor
Michelle Piranio EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Jeanne Dreskin Designers
Lorraine Wild and Xiaoqing Wang, Green Dragon Office, Los Angeles Color separations
Echelon, Los Angeles
Printer C&C, China
© 2012 The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles 250 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90012 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, and information storage or retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. Distributed by Prestel, a member of Verlagsgruppe Random House GmbH
Prestel Verlag Neumarkter Strasse 28 81673 Munich Germany Tel: 49 89 41360 Fax: 49 89 41362335 prestel.de Prestel Publishing Ltd. 4 Bloomsbury Place London WC1A 2QA United Kingdom Tel: 44 20 7323 5004 Fax: 44 20 7636 8004 Prestel Publishing 900 Broadway, Suite 603 New York, NY 10003 Tel: (212) 995 27 20 Fax: (212) 995 27 33 sales@prestel-usa.com
Library of Congress Catalogingin-Publication Data Ends of the earth : land art to 1974 / organized by Philipp Kaiser and Miwon Kwon. — First [edition]. p. cm This publication accompanies the exhibition “Ends of the Earth: Land Art to 1974,” organized by Philipp Kaiser and Miwon Kwon and presented at The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA, 8 April–12 August 2012. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-3-7913-5194-0 (hardback) 1. Earthworks (Art)—Exhibitions. I. Kaiser, Philipp, 1972– II. Kwon, Miwon. III. Museum of Contemporary Art (Los Angeles, Calif.) N6494.E27E53 2012 709.04’07607479494—dc23
93
Laszlo glozer on Pure Dirt, Pure Earth, Pure Land: A European Perspective on the Beginnings of Land Art 173
MEDIA land Art’s Multiple Sites Tom Holert 97
Annotated Checklist of the Exhibition 185 Annotated Chronology of Group Exhibitions and Events 249 Selected Bibliography 255
Ends of the Earth and Back Philipp Kaiser and Miwon Kwon
Many people will think that a museum exhibition on Land art is impossible.1 How can you bring monumental artworks that are continuous with the earth in remote locations such as the deserts of Nevada, Utah, or New Mexico into a gallery space? What can you exhibit inside the museum other than photographs, drawings, videos, films, and models— supplementary or documentary materials that, compared with the “real” works “out there,” seem so small, paltry, and inconsequential? Is it not going against the intentions of the artists and the very spirit of this kind of art to even try to stage such an exhibition? Can anything presented in an exhibition setting come close to conveying the experience of walking into, for instance, Michael Heizer’s Double Negative (1969–70), a massive 50-by-30-by1,500-foot trench cut into the dry terrain of the Mormon Mesa in Nevada? From the start, these types of questions accompanied the planning of “Ends of the Earth: Land Art to 1974.” They are, however, not exclusive to Land art, and are in many ways urgent concerns for the field of contemporary art in general. In recent years similar questions have been posed with regard to exhibitions of Performance and Body art, too, as the “real work,” done many decades ago and therefore temporally remote to our time, is entering the gallery and museum system today as so much documentation, instructions, object remnants, and, more controversially, re-performances.2 Thus, the task of organizing “Ends of the Earth” has not only involved
16
Yves Klein, Je raserai tout à la surface de la terre entière..., c. 1960; “I will raze everything at the surface of the entire earth, until it is flat. I will fill the valleys with mountains, then I will pour concrete over the surface of all the continents.”
1 The terms “Land art,” “Earth art,” and “Earthworks” tend to be used somewhat interchangeably in contemporary art discourse. For us, Land art is the more encompassing term, with Earth art and Earthworks being subsets. (In the European context, Land art is a much more prevalent term.) Based on our research, the first occurrence of Land art as a categorical term was Gerry Schum’s use of it as the title
of his 1969 film. Initially, in 1968, Schum considered “Landscape Art” as a possible title, but changed to the shortened version after discussions with Richard Long, Jan Dibbets, and Barry Flanagan. See Ursula Wevers, “Love Work Television Gallery,” in Ulrike Groos, Barbara Hess, and Ursula Wevers, eds., Ready to Shoot: Fernsehgalerie Gerry Schum, Videogalerie Schum (Düsseldorf: Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, 2004), 29.
Gianfranco Gorgoni’s photograph of a map featuring the Nevada, Utah, and Arizona borders, 1970. Michael Heizer’s Double Negative, 1969–70, is located in Nevada’s Mormon Mesa, which is marked by a circle here. Such remote locations came to typify Land art.
the apparent physical and conceptual improbability of presenting Land art in a museum setting—it has also meant facing the more profound methodological and structural problems that arise from the awkward meeting of institutions like museums, which are dedicated to the collection, preservation, and presentation of art (most commonly conceived as objects), and 1960s and 70s vanguard art, which in various
Contrarily, according to Michael Heizer, “Land art” was coined by Walter De Maria in 1967. Conversation with Philipp Kaiser, February 1, 2011. 2 The most well-known case is Marina Abromovic’s Seven Easy Pieces, presented at the Guggenheim Museum in 2005, for which the artist restaged several performances from 1965 to 1975. Two of these works were the artist’s own; the other five
performances were originally by Vito Acconci, Joseph Beuys, Valie Export, Bruce Nauman, and Gina Pane. An institutional development related to this condition is the establishment of Performance art as a collection category in many modern and contemporary art museums, the Museum of Modern Art in New York being a leading example. For further reading relevant to this situation, see Carol Kino, “A Rebel Form Gains Favor.
Fights Ensue,” New York Times, March 14, 2010, AR25; Carrie Lambert-Beatty, “Against Performance Art,” Artforum 48, no. 9 (May 2010): 208–13; and Martha Buskirk, “Authorship and Authority,” in Buskirk, The Contingent Object of Contemporary Art (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003), 21–56.
17
ways defined itself as an antiestablishment move against precisely such an art system, resistant to conventional beliefs regarding what counts as art, how it can be made, and where one might find it. As such, “Ends of the Earth” is simultaneously a revisionist art historical exhibition and a historical and cultural specimen in its own right, embodying the tensions and contradictions that exist in the uneasy reckoning of vanguard art of the 1960s and 70s and its institutionalization and historicization in 2012. The point of interest for us remains not whether an exhibition such as this functions to contain radical artistic gestures of the past, blunting their capacity to change the status quo. The reductive and outdated presumption of opposition between art and art institutions that undergirds such thinking is a cliché that should be abandoned. Rather, this exhibition seeks to open up the past to move beyond such clichés and to challenge the conventionalized understanding of 1960s and 70s art in general, and Land art in particular. Under-recognized is the fact that the questions, challenges, and difficulties that Land art presents for the museum today are not new. They are, in fact, the same questions, challenges, and difficulties that accompanied the emergence of Land art as a practice and a discourse more than five decades ago and were integral to its definition and development.
Kaiser and Kwon 18
paradigm, of Land art: permanent monumental sculptures in remote, inhospitable locations that ostensibly escape the art system and demand reverential pilgrimages to experience them in situ. But the power of that discourse, promoted over the past decades by art historical scholarship and major institutions such as the Dia Art Foundation, has obscured other contexts, approaches, and practices. Attending to these other contexts, approaches, and practices with equal seriousness as the well-established ones has been one of the goals in organizing “Ends of the Earth.” The exhibition, however, is not simply a display of artworks culled from around the world on the theme of earth and land or space and place. Rather, “Ends of the Earth” is an epistemological inquiry that returns to both artistic and curatorial activities of the 1960s and 70s to glean the conditions that contributed to the favorable promotion of Land art as a viable new art category. This return, of course, is not a return at all but a new discursive construction, a framework through which we might discern possibilities for histories of Land art other than those already familiar. (See Jane McFadden’s essay, page 43, in this volume.) “Ends of the Earth” provides a broader and more complex art historical framework for Land art and better contextualizes even those artists and projects that insist on physical and discursive isolation.
Not taking Land art as a given, then, the exhibition revisits various milieus and networks of heterogeneous practices around the world where the desire to engage the land or to work with the earth followed diverse artistic objectives and impulses. In researching this diversity, we found that the dominant art historical interpretation of Land art—as fundamentally an American sculptural phenomenon that developed out of Minimalism and Postminimalism, expanding into the “field” beyond art spaces to occupy or to become one with vast landscapes like the deserts of the Southwestern United States— accounts for only a limited number of artists’ works.3 The awe-inspiring creations of the American triumvirate of Heizer, De Maria, and Smithson continue to hold sway as the leading examples, if not the
3 The final chapter of Rosalind Krauss’s highly influential book Passages in Modern Sculpture (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1977) reflects on Land art projects by Robert Smithson, Robert Morris, Richard Serra, and Heizer to argue for the end of modernist sculpture and the opening up of a new paradigm of sculpture’s postmodernist dispersal. In the United States, Krauss’s famous structuralist mapping of this dispersal in the essay
Following our research, “End of the Earth” presents four major propositions that counter the most common myths associated with Land art.
“Sculpture in the Expanded Field,” published in October, no. 8 (Spring 1979): 30–44, in combination with Passages in Modern Sculpture, has compelled the reception of Land art as fundamentally a sculptural phenomenon, although these texts are not on Land art per se. “Sculpture in the Expanded Field” is reprinted in Krauss’s book The Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist Myths (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985).
Even a casual acknowledgment of the lines of influence, networks of communication, and sites of exchange beyond the American deserts and beyond the borders of the United States requires the full acceptance of Land art as an international phenomenon. “Ends of the Earth” presents works from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Philippines, Mexico, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This range recognizes both the geographical base of the artists and works as well as the complex crossing of artists and locations in the realization of works. The transatlantic dialogue between the United States and Germany in the late 1960s is of particular intensity and significance for Land art’s formation. (See Julienne Lorz’s essay, page 161, and Lazlo Glozer’s reflection, page 173, in this volume.) Land art is international.
To be sure, the deserts of the American Southwest, with their formal beauty and apparent empty frontiers, ripe for fantasies of Manifest Destiny as well as visions of endlessness and timelessness (of being outside history), captured the artistic imaginations of many American artists. It is important to acknowledge, however, that they also provoked grand visions of artistic interventions among European artists, including Yves Klein and Jean Tinguely, who engaged this landscape in their practice as early as 1961.4 And while American deserts are considered the prime sites for Land art, deserts in Antarctica, the Sahara, and Israel, with entirely different topographical, geopolitical, social,
4 See Dore Ashton, “Exercises in Anti-Style: Six Ways of Regarding Un, In, and Anti-Form,” Arts Magazine 43, no. 6 (April 1969): 45–47. In an article that addresses the claims of remoteness and inaccessibility of Land art, the critic remarks on “The fresh outdoors and the beauties of Patterson, New Jersey, or Passaic. (Tinguely saw it first).” She is likely referring to the Swiss artist’s project Study for an End of the World, No. 2 (1962), which was located in the Nevada desert outside Las Vegas.
Ends of the Earth and Back
To be clear, “Ends of the Earth” is not interested in merely representing inside the museum canonic projects such as Heizer’s Double Negative, mentioned above, Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty in Utah (1970),
or Walter De Maria’s Lightning Field in New Mexico (1977). Such works, whose significance is already well established, exist silently in far-off locations waiting for visitors to take the time and effort to experience their singular aesthetic offerings in situ. The museum can and should direct attention to these and other unique works such as Nancy Holt’s Sun Tunnels in Utah (1973–76), Charles Ross’s Star Axis in New Mexico (conceived in 1971 and under construction), and James Turrell’s Roden Crater in Arizona (conceived in 1974 and under construction). The goal of “Ends of the Earth” instead is to present a dense synchronic view of art activities covering an approximately fifteen-year period during which the designation of Land art emerged and subsequently achieved cultural consensus to become a fully congealed art category by the mid-1970s.
19
historical, and aesthetic conditions, were significant sites of artistic activity, too, inspiring artists such as Iain Baxter of N.E. Thing Co. in Canada, Heinz Mack of Germany, and Pinchas Cohen Gan and Avital Geva from Israel, among others.
20
Claes Oldenburg, Placid Civic Monument, 1967; 108 cubic feet of Central Park surface excavated and reinserted northwest of Cleopatra’s Needle, behind the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; commissioned for “Sculpture in Environment” and sponsored by the New York City Administration of Recreation and Cultural Affairs, 1967; gift to New York City from Claes Oldenburg
Group “i,” Hole, 1965
Land art engages urban grounds.
“Ends of the Earth” asserts that Land art is not an escape from the city, as it is commonly characterized, but is part of the complex processes of urban transformation and spatial politics of the period. In other words, the effort to leave the city and all that it represents, the desire to work with and work in seemingly uncultivated natural landscapes like the desert or the woods, must be considered in relation to rather than in opposition to the urban. It is perhaps no coincidence that the American desert emerged as a privileged geography of Land art discourse, since it seems to ideally fulfill the need for an Other to the urban, both metaphorically and physically, as a zone of imagined isolation and artistic autonomy. From a European perspective, marked by the experiences of the “deserts” created by the physical and psychological devastation of World War II, the American desert likely appeared as a potential utopian site for new beginnings. Yet such attitudes reflect a denial of the presence and histories of indigenous cultures, as well as the fact that the desert was already cultivated, rationalized, militarized, even wasted as an extension of the urban
Alice Aycock, Project for Elevation with Obstructed Sight Lines, 1972
grid before any artist arrived to make his or her mark in the 1960s. As such, what needs to be better understood is the historical and cultural specificity of the desire for another kind of non- or anti-urban space, the fantasy of an elsewhere, which Land art discourse helped to produce, rather than accepting at face value the presumption that the desert, or “nature,” more broadly speaking, is indeed in opposition to the city. (See Emily Eliza Scott’s essay, page 67, and Julian Myers’s essay, page 129, in this volume.) The attachment to the myth of Land art’s antipathy to the city has also overshadowed the significance of works engaging the urban context, such as those by Alan Sonfist, Gordon Matta-Clark, and Joshua Neustein, among others. “Ends of the Earth” furthermore brings attention to early work by artists such as Alice Aycock, Helen Mayer and Newton Harrison, Nancy Holt, Patricia Johanson, Mary Miss, and Mierle Laderman Ukeles who would go on to develop practices variously incorporating civil engineering, architecture, urban planning, public art, and infrastructure design, beyond the art context and beyond the period covered by the exhibition.
Ends of the Earth and Back
Kaiser and Kwon
Moreover, if Claes Oldenburg’s gravelike hole, Placid Civic Monument (1967) in New York’s Central Park, in the backyard of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, can be evaluated as a “negative sculpture” that embodies a critical commentary on the Vietnam War, then the ten-meter-wide Hole (1965) dug
collectively by the members of Group “i” in Gifu, Japan, must be seen in the same light, or at the very least the two works must be thought of relationally. At the same time, however, the specific context of the Group “i” work cannot be overlooked, given the still-fresh history, if not visceral memory, of World War II and the American bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Of note, military conflicts around the world involving territorial and national boundaries as well as the specter of war and political violence permeate the history of Land art.
21
Land art does not escape the art
The belief that Land art is a dematerialized or antiobject practice and, as such, a turn away from the art system as a rejection of the commercial market and the ideology of art institutions is inaccurate. Besides the fact that Land art is as much a material practice as an ideational one, this art involved, from the start, key collectors, patrons, dealers, and curators playing their part to support its production, public presentation, and distribution. These figures, along with the artists, contended with the difficult challenges of what to exhibit in a gallery or museum setting, and how to do so, as well as the translation of such work into the existing exchange system of ownership and/or sale.5 This reality is too often misunderstood and reductively characterized to claim Land art as an anti-institution and antimarket practice, by definition. Actually, it would be more accurate to say that Land art encouraged a hyperawareness of the conditions of production, presentation, and distribution among those who engaged with it directly. system.
in New York, especially the 1968 “Earthworks” show, originally planned for outdoors. One cannot overestimate the role of Dwan both as a dealer and as a patron seeing that it was with her support, financial and otherwise, that artists such as Heizer, De Maria, Smithson, and Ross were able to realize some of their most ambitious monumental constructions in the the land. (See Virginia Dwan’s reflection, page 93, in this volume.) The seminal 1969 “Earth Art” exhibition, organized by Willoughy Sharp at the Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art on the campus of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, was a paradigm-making endeavor in another way. With each artist asked to work both outdoors (making in-situ interventions into the existing landscape in and around the campus with found resources) and indoors (installing
Installation view of “Earthworks,” Virginia Dwan Gallery, New York, 1968
Kaiser and Kwon
It is notable that Land art emerged precisely at a moment of greater professionalization of the artistic field, which coincided with a significant expansion of the art market and the influence of media and publicity culture in general. Many of Land art’s representative artists who achieved international recognition found early audiences in the context of newly ascendant art fairs, small and large institutional group exhibitions, and individual gallery presentations, particularly in Germany. (See interviews with Seth Siegelaub, page 61, and Germano Celant, page 123, and Yona Fischer’s reflection, page 157, in this volume.)
22
Perhaps more important to the development of the Land art discourse are the exhibitions organized by Virginia Dwan, first at her Los Angeles gallery, then
Louise Lawler’s photograph of Dennis Oppenheim realizing a Gallery Transplant in Ithaca, New York, during the “Earth Art” exhibition, Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art, Cornell University, 1969
5 Despite the seeming incompatibility of Land art and the museum, the former’s objectification by the latter may not be a complete impossibility. For example, in 1985 Heizer’s Double Negative (1969–70) was donated by Virginia Dwan to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, and it remains in the museum’s collection. In 1999 Dia Art Foundation acquired
Smithson’s Spiral Jetty (1970) from the artist’s estate. What acquisition and ownership of such works means, however, is not very straightforward, since they are not discrete or transposable objects. The issue of the land itself being real estate that belongs to a person or entity other than the owner of the artwork further raises questions regarding not only
the limits of the work but also how those limits should be determined and maintained. More and more, these questions are becoming a legal rather than an artistic matter, or, the artistic and the legal are becoming a continuous field.
23
Photograph taken at the International Hotel, Las Vegas, after one of Elvis Presley’s record-breaking fifty-eight consecutively sold-out concerts, 1969; pictured, left to right: Michael Heizer, DeWain Valentine, Hans Strelow, John Weber, Roy Bongartz, Carlo Huber, and Virginia Dwan. By the late 1960s, an international dialogue around Land art was being established and expanded by artists, critics, and gallerists.
Robert Smithson seated to the right of his Mirror Displacement (Cayuga Salt Mine Project), 1969; mirror and rock salt; 48 × 60 × 48 in. (122 × 152 × 122 cm) overall; during the installation of “Earth Art,” Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1969
Kaiser and Kwon 24
These two exhibitions, one in a commercial gallery and the other in a university art museum, along with Gerry Schum’s film Land Art (1969), conceived at the outset as an art exhibition with broadcast
6 One could recognize in some of the “Earth Art” projects a protoInstitutional Critique tendency in which the binary of inside/outside, art/life, institutional framework (limited and constrained)/social and natural field (expanded) are put in oppositional relation.
television in Berlin as the means of its presentation and dissemination, constitute a convergence that marks the apex of the Land art discourse. As such, it cannot be denied that Land art is inextricably tied to developments in the art market, the art museum, and the mass media at once, and that dealers, curators, patrons, and critics contributed as much to the Land art discourse as did the artists.7
Ends of the Earth and Back
works in individuated gallery spaces), “Earth Art” established a model of a spatial relay between inside the museum and outside “in the world” as a defining condition for the exhibition. In doing so, “Earth Art” did not reject so much as highlight the museum’s physical and conceptual limits.6 (See Willoughby Sharp’s oral history, page 37, in this volume.)
One might have to travel quite far to see some Land art works, but this should not be confused with or mistaken for moving outside the art system. Rather
7 In addition to Virginia Dwan, Willoughby Sharp, and Gerry Schum, the following dealers, patrons, curators, and critics made major contributions to either the realization of Land art projects or their legitimation in institutional contexts or both, all prior to 1974: W. A. L. Beeren, David Bourdon, Jack Burnham, Germano Celant, Konrad Fischer,
Yona Fischer, Heiner Friedrich, John Gibson, Laszlo Glozer, Grace Glueck, Jorge Glusberg, Charles Harrison, Friedrich Wolfram Heubach, Howard Junker, John Kaldor, Lucy R. Lippard, Paul Maenz, Jan van der Marck, Franz Meyer, Grégoire Müller, John Perreault, Pierre Restany, Robert Scull, Seth Siegelaub, Hans Strelow, Harald
Szeemann, Sidney Tillim, Samuel J. Wagstaff Jr., Diane Waldman, and John Weber. The role of photographers and filmmakers also cannot go unmentioned in this context, especially Rainer Crone, G. Robert Deiro, Bob Fiore, and Gianfranco Gorgoni.
25
than rejecting the art market or art institutions, Land art developed squarely within these contexts and provoked their transformation through a selfestranging engagement with them. Land art is a media practice as much as
Kaiser and Kwon 26
Poster announcing the April 15, 1969, television broadcast of Gerry Schum’s Land Art, 1969
So in addition to the role of popular media in constructing certain narratives about Land art, Land art itself was media-bound from the beginning. (See Tom Holert’s essay, page 97, in this volume.) As already noted, Schum’s Land Art was conceived for broadcast television. Transferring material and bodily engagement with earthly conditions into electronic information transmission, Schum’s notion of a television gallery (Fernsehgalerie) radically (re)imagined what an exhibition of art could be and how it might reach its audience.
8 Jean Tinguely’s Study for an End of the World, No. 2 was produced for David Brinkley’s Journal on NBC television. Similarly, the realization of Peter Hutchinson’s Paricutin Volcano Project (1970) in Mexico was initiated and financed by Time magazine in exchange for publication rights to the photographs. Two photographs from the project were published in the June 29, 1970, issue of Time as part of a two-page article covering Hutchinson’s and Dennis Oppenheim’s ecological artworks. 9 Ashton, “Exercises in Anti-Style,” 45, 47.
Ends of the Earth and Back
Another arena of the art system that contributed much to the production and legitimation of the Land art discourse is, of course, the media. Perhaps even more so than Pop art, Land art registered powerfully within the popular cultural imaginary of the 1960s and 70s, especially in the United States, attracting significant attention from mainstream publications, such as Life, Esquire, Saturday Evening Post, Newsweek, and Time, which had extensive distribution around the world. These magazines provided vivid coverage of Land art for a broad general readership, delivering in words and pictures Land art’s spectacular media-genic novelty, often highlighting its resonance with the rising environmental movement on the one hand and the Cold War race to space on the other. Some of the qualities commonly associated with Land art—its grand scale, remote location, difficulty of making, association with nature—were propagated within such contexts of popular journalism. Moreover, in some instances, media organizations directly sponsored Land art works, supplying funds and resources to an artist to pursue a project in exchange for exclusive coverage of its production.8 As such, it would not be wrong to state that some Land art works were produced for the media and by the media simultaneously, raising the more difficult question as to whether Land art can exist without the media.
a sculptural one.
Art critic Dore Ashton observed in 1969 that Land art seemed to require or generate its own publicity: “as the ‘earth artists’ point out, [their work] cannot be bought or owned (only commissioned, photographed, publicized and made the chic subject of every artworld conversation).… The orchid in the jungle does not go unseen. If it is not actually seen, it is photographed, reproduced, talked about, documented ad absurdum. These days.”9 In other words, Land art involves not only, say, the digging of a trench in the desert—an “orchid in the jungle”—but also the processes that will ensure that this “does not go unseen.” Rather than being supplemental or secondary, then, the production, distribution, and circulation of images and information about a work “out there” is defining of that work’s existence. This is not to say that mediation fully eclipses “the work” but rather that the identity or meaning of “the work” cannot be fully realized without it. This is a structural condition, a fundamental attribute of Land art from the outset in the 1960s.
27
Two years earlier, in 1967, while working on his proposal for the Dallas–Fort Worth Regional Airport involving Carl Andre, Sol LeWitt, and Robert Morris, Smithson also imagined the possibilities of experiencing large-scale outdoor artworks through real-time television transmission: “Remote places such as the Pine Barrens of New Jersey and the frozen wastes of the North and South Poles could be coordinated by art forms that would use the actual land as medium. Television could transmit such activity all over the world.”10 Beyond such artists’ engagements with media, Land art in general helped to redefine media’s function in relation to art, as did other art practices of the period, especially those associated with conceptualism and performance. Dave Hickey argued in 1971 that “earthworks” are not in fact “predicated upon the abolition of the object,” nor on the circumvention of the art-world system. In a prescient observation, he wrote that such myths are being produced by the art media, the new seat of power in the advent of so-called dematerialization of art. As Hickey saw it, the art magazine and the space of media were now the primary sites of art’s presentation, critical evaluation, and legitimation all at the same time, and Land art had a privileged position within this context.11
Kaiser and Kwon
Installation view of “Probing the Earth: Contemporary Land Projects,” Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C., 1977
28
Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Wrapped Coast, Little Bay, Australia, One Million Square Feet, from Wrapped Coast—One Million Square Feet, 1968–69 10 Robert Smithson, “Towards the Development of an Air Terminal Site,” Artforum 5, no. 10 (Summer 1967): 38. Art historians and critics have regularly quoted this essay, usually emphasizing the sculptural aspect of his enterprise: “Pavements, holes, trenches, mounds, heaps, paths, ditches, roads, terraces, etc., all have an esthetic potential.…
Instead of using a paintbrush to make his art, Robert Morris would like to use a bulldozer.” But what the ellipsis bridging these two sentences has obscured over the years (fully quoted above) is the extent to which Smithson was thinking through media technology alongside the bulldozer as an art-making tool.
11 Dave Hickey, “Earthscapes, Landworks, and Oz,” Art in America 59, no. 5 (September–October 1971): 40–49. Hickey’s observation seems apt in relation to the changing conceptualization of the publication page as a site of artistic production (and presentation) among many artists and curators during the 1960s–70s. For example,
as noted by Willoughby Sharp in his oral history in this catalogue, the first issue of Avalanche, edited with Liza Béar, published in 1970, was conceived simultaneously as an art magazine, an alternative catalogue for the “Earth Art” show, and an exhibition in itself.
29
Although some may continue to insist upon Land art’s singularity and unrepresentability in opposition to such consolidation of media power and media culture in general, it is through media, or more precisely the control over it, that such notions of singularity and unrepresentability are maintained. Either way, whether one sees media as the enemy of Land art or as an integral extension of it, its significance to the discourse cannot be denied. Furthermore, these two opposing positions reflecting a profound division internal to Land art must be thought of together, as constituting a single, albeit disunited, discourse.
The curatorial parameters guiding the selection of works in this exhibition are encoded in its title. “Ends of the Earth” registers the notion of earth as a means—as a material or medium to achieve certain artistic ends, whether it is treated as raw matter, as socially and politically charged, or as symbolically meaningful. At the same time, “Ends of the Earth” can be read as describing a spatial relationship to the earth rather than a material one, highlighting distance and traversal, the notion of moving through or across space, as in, “to go to the ends of the earth.” Thus, we embrace equally works that engage the land in physical and material terms and those that take abstract and conceptual approaches. Furthermore, we insist that there is no action upon materials without some kind of conceptualization, and, conversely, that there is no pure idea without a material manifestation.
“Ends of the Earth” recognizes the legitimacy of both positions as a determining contradiction internal to the Land art discourse. We respect the two artists— De Maria and Heizer—who have insisted that their work is only “out there” and therefore declined to participate in this exhibition. We also respect many other artists who consider media an integral component of Land art practice. Following these artists, we firmly maintain that what is on view in “Ends of the Earth,” with very few exceptions, are artworks and not documentation. They were conceived, produced, and exhibited as such during the time frame covered by this exhibition, which is to say, we are not retroactively recasting past productions of ephemera or supplementary material into a new frame of elevated legitimacy.
with the general acceptance of Land art as an unquestioned artistic movement.13 The year also marks the beginnings of much larger-scale artistic endeavors that reach for another level, requiring more land, more labor, more money, more legal intervention, more institutional support, more words, and definitely more time.14
“Ends of the Earth” ends before this new phase of more of everything, and it captures the complexities, ambiguities, and contradictions that defined the multiple paths of Land art’s emergence. Our work in bringing this exhibition and catalogue together, then, has involved moving against one of the most powerful claims within Land art discourse: that the essence of Land art is isolation. Rather than taking a presentist view of Land art as one of autonomy, universality, and timelessness that transcends history, we have attempted to de-isolate it, to situate it Overall, we have approached Land art as a discourse, historically, to reestablish its paths of connections which means it is a cultural construction produced and exchanges in order to see what has been missed. within very particular historical and political contexts involving the convergence of major transformations in artistic ideas, leaps in technologies of building, visualization, communication, and a newly expanded sense of the limits of the world. But the constellation of specific forces that brings Land art into focus starting around 1960 shifts, in our view, in 1974. Although land-based works continue beyond this date, paths of artistic inquiry diversify and develop into more discrete identities, such as public art, landscape design, outdoor sculpture, ecological art, and so on. This diversification coincides
Kaiser and Kwon
It should also be noted that while “Ends of the Earth” might seem to some viewers as too willful in including too heterogeneous a range of artworks (conceptual, performative, sculptural, photographic, filmic) into the category of Land art, this heterogeneity is actually truthful to the moment of Land art’s initial formulation. For instance, Virginia Dwan’s category-defining “Earthworks” exhibition included photographs, drawings, blueprints, sculptures, written proposals, a film, a photo light-box, and a large monochromatic painting (many of the works from “Earthworks” are featured in “Ends of the Earth”).
Ends of the Earth and Back
This disunity stems from two different views about media’s function: as re-presentation or as relay. For artists who adhere to an idealist, even modernist, view of Land art as offering an unmediated, pure aesthetic experience, photographs, videos, films, texts, models, drawings, and the like are conceived as unacceptable substitutes. Lesser in relation to “the work” “out there,” these are considered mere documentation; they are not the work. For other artists, media is conceived not so much as a representational surrogate for “the work,” but as a relay or extension of it. Dennis Oppenheim’s Gallery Transplant series, initiated in 1969 at the “Earth Art” exhibition in Ithaca, New York, is an early exploration of the connectedness of interior and exterior spaces through the physical and conceptual transposition involving floor plans, maps, and photographs. Smithson’s notion of Site/Nonsite, a theory of the dialectical, nonhierarchical relationship between here and there, inside and outside, between the fact of material or geographical reality (of a particular
place) and the means of its “movement” into another reality (of a gallery or art system), is also exemplary. Or, as Holt put it more bluntly, media is a means of “expanding the work into the world” and as such an equally viable way of experiencing “the work,” since it is continuous with it.12
30
31
12 Nancy Holt, in conversation with Miwon Kwon, October 8, 2011.
13 Opening in October 1977 at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C., “Probing the Earth: Contemporary Land Projects,” curated by John Beardsley, marked Land art’s full institutional arrival. The exhibition traveled to the La Jolla Museum of Contemporary Art and the Seattle
Art Museum through the spring of 1978. This exhibition can be viewed as a prelude to Beardsley’s larger and longstanding contribution to the Land art discourse, the book Earthworks and Beyond, first published in 1984 (still in print today) and arguably the most well known compendium on the topic.
14 The year 1974 marks the opening of the Artpark program of outdoor sculptures in Lewiston, New York, as well as the official establishment of the Dia Art Foundation.
Alice Aycock
Beginning in the spring of 1969, John Baldessari and George and Judy Nicolaidis set out to overlay the California landscape with symbols commonly found on the state map. For the first part of the project, using a combination of found objects and materials they brought with them, the artists formed each of the letters that make up the word “California” at corresponding locations in the physical landscape, starting in Southern California with the last “A.” For the second part of the project, Baldessari fabricated a red star like that used on maps to indicate the state capital, placing it on the lawn of the capitol building in Sacramento. For the final work in the project, Baldessari and the Nicolaidises rendered the broken segment of the map’s boundary line between the United States and Mexico in the landscape using colored pigment powder.
b. 1946, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; based in New York
Architectural Project Summer ’73 (Low Building with Dirt Roof), 1973 Graphite on vellum 21 1/2 × 47 in. (54.61 × 119.38 cm) Collection of the artist
Clay #2, 1971/2012 1,500 pounds of clay mixed with water in wood frame Sixteen units: 48 × 48 × 6 in. (121.92 × 121.92 × 15.24 cm) each Courtesy of the artist After a visit to Death Valley, California, in 1969, Aycock conceived this work, which combines the rigid Minimalist grid with soft, malleable clay as a way of bringing the Southwestern landscape into the space of the gallery. Comprising sixteen identical square wood frames filled with wet clay allowed to dry and crack during the run of the exhibition, Clay #2 has been realized only once before, in an abridged, three-part version for Lucy R. Lippard’s 1971 “Twenty-Six Contemporary Women Artists” at the Aldridge Museum of Contemporary Art, Ridgefield, Connecticut. Its inclusion in “Ends of the Earth” marks its first complete presentation.
This drawing is a study for Aycock’s Low Building with Dirt Roof, a structure made of wood, stone, and earth realized in 1973 on Gibney Farm, a property belonging to the artist’s family near New Kingston, Pennsylvania. Measuring 30 inches high by 20 feet wide by 12 feet deep, with a door in the front, this tomblike “nonfunctional architecture” was built as a memorial to the artist’s niece. According to Aycock, the viewer’s “sense of claustrophobia inside is increased by the knowledge that the exterior is covered by a mound of earth (approximately seven tons).” This work, which no longer exists, is a response to Robert Smithson’s Partially Buried Woodshed (1970) at Kent State University, Ohio.
California Map Project Part II: State Capital, 1969 Color photograph on archival paper 12 1/16 × 8 1/16 in. (30.64 × 20.48 cm) Collection of Lawrence & Alice Weiner, New York
John Baldessari (with George and judy Nicolaidis)
Robert Barry b. 1936, New York; based in Teaneck, New Jersey
Situação T/T, 1 (2a parte), 1970 Photographs glued inside wood-board scrapbook 7 7/8 × 7 7/8 × 1 3/8 in. (20 × 20 × 3.49 cm) Collection of Paulo Pimenta Basic Format for Outside Sculpture (Finding a Grid among Randomly Located Trees…), 1968 Felt-tip pen and colored ink on graph paper 8 1/2 × 11 1/8 in. (21.6 × 28.3 cm) The Museum of Modern Art, New York, Art & Project/Depot VBVR Gift 470.2007
Artur Barrio b. 1945, Porto; based in Rio de Janeiro T.r.à.B.H., M.G., Br., Le 20.04.70, 1970 Photographs glued inside wood-board scrapbook 7 7/8 × 7 7/8 × 1 3/8 in. (20 × 20 × 3.49 cm) Collection of Paulo Pimenta
Baldessari b. 1931, National City, California; based in Santa Monica, California
188
Project for Elevation with Obstructed Sight Lines, 1972 Graphite on vellum 14 7/8 × 45 3/4 in. (37.78 × 116.21 cm) The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, purchased with funds provided by the Drawings Committee In this conceptual drawing for a phenomenological investigation of the sculptural experience, Aycock proposed to “cut, fill, and compact an already existing earth formation according to the specifications on the plans. The length of the elevation is approximately 792 feet. Only one side of the resulting structure can be climbed. All other side slopes are steep enough to deter climbing. The elevation of each successive climbing slope is determined by the sight lines of a 6-foot observer so that only as the observer completes the ascent of a given slope does the next slope become visible.” The scuplture was not meant to be realized. (Aycock, in Robert Carleton Hobbs, Alice Aycock: Sculpture and Projects [Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press], 128.)
California Map Project Part I: California, 1969 Eleven type-R photographic prints and one typewritten sheet mounted on board Prints: 8 × 12 in. (20.32 × 30.48 cm) each; sheet: 8 1/2 × 11 in. (21.6 × 27.9 cm) Courtesy of John Baldessari and Marian Goodman Gallery, New York and Paris
California Map Project Part III: California-Mexico Boundary Project, 1969 Two archival inkjet prints on Dibond 8 × 12 in. (20.32 × 30.48 cm) each Courtesy of John Baldessari and Marian Goodman Gallery, New York and Paris
Situação T/T, 1, 1970 16mm film transferred to DVD; black-and-white and silent 6:05 minutes Inhotim Collection, Minas Gerais, Brazil
In April 1970 this three-part work involving the insertion of both objects and actions in public places was presented on the occasion of “Do Corpo a Terra” (From Body to Earth), organized by art critic Frederico Morais in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Part one involved the preparation of fourteen bloody bundles of meat, bone, blood, and other organic and inorganic material; the next day, as part two, the artist placed these bundles in open sewers at the outskirts of the city to be found by passersby. For the third part of this work, the artist placed sixty rolls of unspooled toilet paper among the rocks and sewer water close to where the bundles had been placed.
In April 1968, for the exhibition “Carl Andre, Robert Barry, Lawrence Weiner” at Windham College in Putney, Vermont, Barry ran an eighth-inch-diameter nylon cord approximately 400 meters long back and forth between the upper stories of two campus buildings. In these related drawings for the creation of a similar outdoor sculpture (never executed), the artist envisioned a scenario in which trees would become the obstacles.
Annotated Checklist of the Exhibition
Situação T/T, 1 (3a parte), 1970 Photographs glued inside wood-board scrapbook 7 7/8 × 7 7/8 × 1 3/8 in. (20 × 20 × 3.49 cm) Collection of Paulo Pimenta
Basic Format for Outside Sculpture (Finding a Grid and Marking with Wire or Cord), 1968 Graphite on graph paper 8 1/2 × 11 in. (21.59 × 27.94 cm) The Museum of Modern Art, New York, Art & Project/Depot VBVR Gift 469.2007
189
Joan Jonas
Stephen J. Kaltenbach
Tatsuo Kawaguchi
b. 1936, New York; based in New York
b. 1940 Battle Creek, Michigan; based in Davis, California
b. 1940, Kobe, Japan; based in Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
Multiple Earth Mounds, 1967 Blueprint 18 × 24 in. (45.72 × 60.96 cm) Courtesy of Another Year in LA
Earth Mound for a Kidney-Shaped Swimming Pool, 1968 Blueprint 18 × 24 in. (45.72 × 60.96 cm) Collection of Nina Van Rensselaer
For this series of blueprints, Kaltenbach rendered the plans for a variety of structures, gardens, and spaces made from earth. In 1968 Earth Mound for a Kidney-Shaped Swimming Pool was included in “Earthworks” at Virginia Dwan Gallery in New York; the checklist of the exhibition included the following description of the work: “Earth would fill pool and rise to exact mirror image above ground of form already excavated below ground. Earth would then be covered with ground covering.”
Wind, 1968 16mm film transferred to DVD; black-and-white and silent 5:37 minutes Courtesy of Electronic Arts Intermix (EAI), New York
An Earth Mound for a Room with a Skylight, 1967 Blueprint 18 × 24 in. (45.72 × 60.96 cm) Courtesy of Another Year in LA
Allan Kaprow b. 1927, Atlantic City, New Jersey; d. 2006, Encinitas, California
Wind is a performance, conceived to be filmed, involving dancers improvising movements determined by the direction of the wind in a snowy winter landscape. The camerawork is by Peter Campus; Jonas and Campus edited the film.
210
Hedge Block, 1967 Blueprint 18 × 24 in. (45.72 × 60.96 cm) Courtesy of Another Year in LA
This fully scripted Happening was performed on August 25, 1962, as part of the Ergo Suits Festival in Bridgehampton, New York. On the beach, atop a high grassy dune separating the water from potato fields, three men were buried up to their noses accompanied by the sounds of drumming, yelling, and screaming from surrounding participants.
Kaprow’s Activities, which often had a gallery component in addition to an off-site action, developed out of his Happenings, becoming his main practice during the 1970s. For Print-Out, Kaprow asked participants to read from a score he wrote for the work and then spray a demarcating line on a meadow. The work was dedicated to artist and composer George Brecht and took place in Milan in the fall of 1971.
Location, 1960 35mm film transferred to DVD; color and sound 7:23 minutes Collection of the artist Kawaguchi was a founding member of the Japanese artist collective Group “i,” whose work is also included in this exhibition. Simultaneously meditative and deadpan, his films Land and Sea and Location focus on the meeting point of water and land, with the lapping of the waves onto shore redefining that edge again and again, and shifting even more as the tide moves in and out. These films were first shown in “Modern Art: 3rd Film Art ’70” at the Kyoto Shimbun Hall in 1970.
Annotated Checklist of the Exhibition
A Service for the Dead II: score, 1962 Two typescript pages annotated with ink 11 × 8 1/2 in. (27.94 × 21.59 cm) and 11 × 8 7/16 in. (28 x 21.5 cm) Research Library, The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles
Print-Out (for george brecht), 1971 Poster 24 13/16 × 19 5/8 in. (63.1 × 49.8 cm) Research Library, The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles
Land and Sea, 1970 35mm film transferred to DVD; black-and-white and sound 4:14 minutes Collection of the artist
211