5.0 REMEDIAL CONCEPTUALIZATION

5.O

REMEDIAL CONCEPTUALIZATION

5.1 Defining Everyday Urban Kampung-ism

Derived from the approach of everyday urbanism, Everyday Urban Kampung-ismis a concept that emphasizes the meanings of kampung's everyday lifein everyday spaces. Everyday spaces are the physical realm for an everyday public activity that exists between different other realms; home, institutions, commercial, and workplace. In another word, everyday space is the connective tissuethat bindsdaily lives together. Therefore, Everyday Urban Kampung-ism focuses on building everyday spaces to celebrate the richness and vitality of urban-kampung daily activity.

Other than everyday spaces, everyday urban kampung-ism also focuses on everyday time which acknowledges the multiple ways in which everyday lifeis highly structured by time. This includes the natural time; night and day, the season, the religious time; Friday prayer, or Tarawih prayerduring Ramadhan, and schedules of modern life; working day, the weekend, vacation, and holidays.

Furthermore, the idea of urban kampung is where a kampung lifestyle, which is based on the community togetherness and high degree of sense of place, is stillstanding out and revived in the phenomenon of rapid urban development. Therefore, the quality of daily life experience is the key aspect in defining urban kampung. Finally, the kampung community is the key point in the Everyday Urban Kampung-ism, a development of urban kampung must be communitybased,bottom-up, democratic, and with a high degree of social equity and publicparticipation. Therefore, Everyday Urban Kampung-ism must be able to domesticate the urban kampung spaces for the local community through the refamiliarization of the everyday spaces and urban kampung environment to make it more like home and a softer place that is more inhabitable. Hence, it can enhance the sense of togetherness between the community, as well as the sense of placebetween the communities and their Kampung, thus,the rich urban kampung lifestyle will continue tothrive and flourish.

PRINCIPLES

COLLECTIVE LIFESTYLE & PUBLICNESS

GREEN COMMUNITY & ACTIVE MOBILITY

SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT

CULTURAL IDENTITY & SENSE OF PLACE

5.2 Underlying Principles

Collective Lifestyle & Publicness

A strong relationship within the community is what differentiates the Kampung community from the urban community. This relationshiprefers tothe collective lifestyle which means the Kampung communities share or are motivated to work togetherto achieve a common goal. This strong interaction can develop towards meaningful longlasting neighborship and build trust between the community. Therefore, to revive this collective kampung lifestyle, the principle of publicness isimportant to ensure the quality of kampung spaces can be a means of interaction and enhance social cohesion.

Similarly, the green community in this context refers tothe community works togetherto increase the quality of their kampung environment as well as to help in mitigating the impacts of climate change that threatens the urban kampung that is alreadyat risk tothe impacts of the worsening urban climate environment. Besides, active mobility of the kampung community includes walking and cycling, isimportant to minimize the carbon footprints in the urban kampung. This mode of mobility shall be practicedby the local community in their daily life activities or at least totravel around the neighborhood.

Green Community & Active Mobility

Sustainable Environment

To create a more livable urban kampung environment, the development of the urban kampung must highly take into account environmental sustainability. To become an urban kampung that is environmentally sustainable, the provision of moregreen areas must beput at the utmost priority in terms of development. This principle is also correlated with the principle of the green community. Wherein, by creating a more environmentally sustainable urban kampung, will increase the awareness of the community as well as it will motivate the local community to move towards a greener living.

The sense of togetherness is significant in the kampung community, therefore,the common interest that can unite the community is their cultural identity. Cultural identity of thetraditional urban kampung can be tangible such as public market or intangible such as festival,food, etc. This is important for the people’s sense of self and how they relate to othersor the sense of belonging towards each other. Additionally, the sense of place is as significant, itis the relationship between the urban kampung physical environments with the local people. If the locals appreciate their places, they cancomfortably livein their places.

Cultural Identity and Sense of Place

5.3 International Benchmarking

5.3.1 KAMPUNG SUNTER JAYA,JAKARTA, INDONESIA

Kampung Sunter Jaya (RW 01), is an urban kampung in Tanjung Priok district, North Jakarta, Indonesia. The urban kampung is approximately 15.6 hectares area with a total population around 13,000 people or 3,000 households.

Kampung Sunter Jaya (RW 01) has been awardedas a National ProKlim (Program Kampung Iklim / Climate Kampung Program) and becomes a role model to be implementedin 31 other urban kampungs in South Jakarta (Wartakota, 2019).

Behind the successfulstory of Kampung Sunter Jaya, the urban kampung is well known for have the citizens who were enthusiastic and willing to actively run the program together. The active mobility and public transportation arealso the primarypreference of the locals for their mode of transportation.

The urban kampungs islocated just adjacent tothe Sunter lake on the north which is known to be dirty, unsafe, and uncomfortable. The successstorystarted in 2008, where the head of RW 01 (Village Citizen Association 01) with the local community started the greenmovement to make the urban kampung become a comfortable place to livein. One of the program that is still conducted until nowadays is the urban farming where the community grow plantation either forfood or medicine in front of their own houses. Hence, Kampung Sunter Jaya became a pilot area for National Climate Village program.

Figure 5.1: Kampung Sunter Jaya Location Source: ITDP

Figure 5.2: Urban Farming in Kampung Sunter Jaya Source: Liputan6.com

Figure 5.3: Placemaking By Community Source: ITDP

Figure 5.4: Children Friendly Street Source: ITDP

Figure 5.5: Narrow alleys Source: Liputan6.com Thereafter, the urban kampung community started to see the potential of their neighborhood to become a tourism destination in Jakarta. The water feature of the Sunter Lake is anadded point for Kampung Sunter Jaya as a tourism object. Therefore, the local community, with their own initiative, they always ensure the cleanliness of their kampung, and even they enthusiastically started to decorate their own kampung to become more attractive for visitors.

Nowadays, the unique elements of this urban kampung is the walls of the kampung houses are decorated with mural and/or hydroponics plantation. Therefore, throughthis placemaking for urban kampung, the alleyand small narrow roads in Kampung sunter Jaya has became more children friendly, comfortable and more interesting. In which this alsoallows the children to play outside safely. Other thanthat,the local community also initiated to do the catfishcultivation; hence, the visitors will have the opportunity totastethe catfish steak made by the local womenwhile accompanied by Betawis traditional beverage called Bir Pletok (A Mixture of spices) and enjoy the interactions between the residents, thus, it became the localidentityin terms of culinary.

Therefore, the successstory of Kampung Sunter Jaya proves thatthe participation of the community and their strongsense of togetherness are important to create a better living of an urban kampung.

Figure 5.6: Kampung Placemaking Source: ITDP Figure 5.7: Kampung Cleaning Source: Liputan6.com

5.3.2 KAMPUNG PELANGI, SEMARANG, INDONESIA

Kampung Pelangi or Rainbow Village, is an urban village settlementsituated in the capitalcity of Central Java’s province, Semarang, in Indonesia. Semarang is a developing metropolitan urban area which becomes the fifth largest city in Indonesia, the city is divided into 16 subdistricts and 117 urban villages in which Kampung Pelangi is oneof them.

Prior tothe name of “Kampung Pelangi”, the original name of the urban kampung was “Kampung Gunung Brintik”. The urban kampung that is situated along the bank river was a dirty and disorganized slum area with various issuesin terms of the social, accessibilityand other issues.

Initially, the government of Semarang city was solely renovating the Pasar Bunga Kalisari (Kalisari Flower Market) that is just situated across the urban kampung. However, the government noticed thatthe image of slum area of the urban kampung as a background of the Pasar Bunga is unfavorable, although the Pasar Bunga is beatifiedbut the background of the slum area gives disadvantages. Therefore, the government realized the potential of the urban kampung regeneration through thethematic concept, where the Pasar Bunga gives an identity of “colorful” concept. Thus, in 2017, the first step to regenerate the urban kampungs is bypainting the houses with a selection of colorful rainbow colors. In the process of regenerating the urban kampung, there are also other improvement such as the drainage and infrastructures. Therefore, this urban kampung regeneration with the concept of rainbow village will be able to enhance the prosperity of the residents and to be a tourism destination.

Figure 5.8: Kampung Pelangi Before Source: IDN Times

Figure 5.9: Kampung Pelangi After Source: IDN Times

Figure 5.10: Pasar Bunga Kalisari Source: Google

Kampung Pelangi is oneof the successful project and become the role model of the government’s program to improve the all urban kampungs in Semarang that is called as “thematic kampung program”. TheThematic Kampung program aims to promote Gotong Royong (Mutual Cooperation) as the backbone of sustainable development of urban kampung in which the community is expected to be the activeactors of urban poverty alleviation programs in Semarang. Therefore, this program required coordination acrossagencies on social, cultural, economic and infrastructure aspects. The main idea of this Thematic Kampung program is to showcase the identity or meaning of its community by highlighting its social, economic and cultural potential. Therefore, thetheme determination is based on the cultural identity and potential of urban kampung community.

The regeneration of urban kampung Pelangi is conducted through the community empowerment and environmental improvement,in which throughoutthe process, the community getsmore knowledge on the characteristic of their urban kampung identity and potential and they can realize the potentialproblems that encounters within their area such as the poordwelling. Thus, the citizens of Kampung Pelangi initiated to paint their own wallswith the partnership with a painting businesses.

Therefore, this Kampung Pelangi is a good practice of how the culture becomes the backbone of sustainable development and urban kampung regeneration. By optimally benefit the cultural identity andactivity of the urban kampung community, it provides an opportunity to improve the overall sustainability and prosperity of the urban kampung.

Figure 5.11: Thematic Urban Kampung Regeneration Source: Culture 21

The philosophy of thematic kampung program is based on “gotong-royong” culture of collaboration: the government provides a stimulus in the form of concept and financing, and then the community takes over.

Figure 5.12: Mural by the local Source: Culture 21

5.3.3 SUNGMISAN URBAN VILLAGE, SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA

Sungmisan urban village (Seongmisan Maeul) is a small neighborhood in the northwest Seoul of about 700families. Seoul has experienced the impacts of rapid urbanization and redevelopment process where switching apartments every two or three years has became thetrend and lifestyle of the Seoul people, hence, the city islackingin terms of sense of belongingbetween the neighborhood’s community. However, this is not the case for Sungmisan residents who tryto restore what Seoul city has lost which is the harmonized community.

The successstory of Sungmisan urban village started in 1994 when a group of 20 young dual-income families whowere unsatisfied with the education system of both public and private sector as well as were disappointed with the materialistic and individualisticlifestyle of the society. Hence, they decided to join and launched the “Woori ChildcareCenter” which is the first childcarecoops for the neighborhood families. Since then,the community has been creating their own social infrastructures which makes the urban village a safe environment for children. The social infrastructures focuses to provide services for daily life such as cooperativecare for children and elderly, village schools, communitycafes and libraries, etc. The people even initiated various cultural activities that means to give a sense of shared history throughthe provision of community theatre, radio channels, festivals andart projects.

Therefore, the local community of Sungmisan urban village has developed their own neighborhood with the concept that emphasizes on the communities need on sharedspaces,shared rituals and supports to build social networks. In turn, the communitycreates their ownopportunities to lead the lives as their wish.

The strong relationship of the community has created an urban village that is socially and environmentally neighborhood. The community even became more empowered after the key event when the residents came together and created a ”Save Sungmisan Campaign” to strongly reject the proposeddevelopment of a proposed water distribution system at the nearby forest of Mt. Sungmi. Therefore, with the established socialsustainability of Sungmisan village community, they have successfullysaved the forest environment of Mt. Sungmi.

Figure 5.13: Sungmisan Urban Village Source: Google

Figure 5.14: Sungmisan village community gathering Source: Shareable.net

Other thanthat,the community also has a more democratic way of decision making in shaping their own neighborhood. In the decision making process, the community reaches a shared consensus rather than relying on the majority vote rule. Although this takes times, this is important to build a better solidarity and trust in the Sungmisan community. Moreover, this approach is also used to negotiates with the local authority to shape the place they livein.

More importantly, the Sungmisan community has created the physical spaces that can adapt tothe constantchanging needs and possibilities. The people can constantly redefine and change the built environment uses for other purposes as they wish. Such as the street can become festival spaces, cafes for public meeting and the hill for community garden. The moveable theatre also has a multipurpose cultural functions. Thus, they definepublic spaces as places where peoplebuild shared histories of collaborative activities.

Nowadays, the successstory of Sungmisan urban village has inspired the government to implement community-driven approach for development ofother urban villages and created the Village Community Movement (VCM) and the Seoul Community Support Center (SCSC) which aim to involve the local people to solve common problems using a system of interaction and interrelation for social life.

Finally, the Sungmisan urban village is a good practice to prove that an urban village where community is able to share the needs of everyday life can enhance the solidarity in solving common problems together and create a mutual beneficial networks.

Figure 5.15: Village School Source: iCoop

Figure 5.16: Community Cafe Source: iCoop Figure 5.17 Sungmisan Village Source: labgov.city

Figure 5.18: Community Garden in village school Source: Newcityzens.com

5.4 Remedial Strategies

Six strategies is formulated based on the four principles of Everyday Urban Kampung-ism. These strategies are important to be used as a direction in the conceptualization of alternatives remedial plans and the overall remedial frameworks whichwill be discussed in the next following chapters. Therefore, the sixstrategies are to be elaborated as follows.

PRINCIPLES

Collective Lifestyle & Publicness

Green Community & Active Mobility

Sustainable Environment

Cultural Identity & Sense of Place Redefine kampung spaces to enhance social cohesion

Enhance sustainable kampung mobility

Adaptation of climate sensitive design

Encourage green lifestyle

Undertake urban design measures to increase imageability

Encourage mix-use activity and local & traditional business activity

STRATEGIES

Redefine kampung spaces to enhance social cohesion Enhance sustainable kampung mobility Adaptation of climate sensitive design

As a traditional urban kampung, Kg. Datuk Keramat islackingin terms of the spaces’ publicness for social cohesion of the community. The lack of vacant land and dense development limits the provision of open and public spaces. This strategy is to maximize the use of available space to enhance the social cohesion. Kg. Datuk Keramat has a low quality of walkability and absence of cycling facilities. Active mobility is also not the preferred mode of mobility by the residents. This strategy is to ensure the optimal quality of active mobility that is inclusive, safe and comfortable which can interest and encourage the residents to walk or cycle totravel around Kg. Datuk Keramat and it also create a healthier lifestyle. Climate change is a global issue that also negatively impacts to Kg. Datuk Keramat. The increasing rainfall intensity causes flooding and the exposure of solar radiation due tothe lack of tree coverage threatensthe health of the residents. Thus, this strategy is to create an urban kampung that is sustainable and responsive to climate change.

Encourage green lifestyle

To reach the state of sustainable urban kampung, green lifestyle shall be encouraged and practicedby the residents in their daily lifestyle. A sustainable urban kampung requires the participation from everyone which also includes community.A community that is aware of sustainability will make a sustainable urban kampung a reality

Undertake urban design measures to increase imageability Encourage mix-use activity and local & traditional business activity

One of the vital issuein Kg. Datuk Keramat as a traditional urban kampung is the lack of cultural identity and imageability. Traditional urban kampung must bedistinctive than its surrounding of urban areas. This strategy is significant to enhance the imageability of the urban kampung, as well as the sense of place among the community at once. Kg. Datuk Keramat as a traditional urban kampung should be vibrant and emphasizes the daily kampung activity. Mix-use activity shall be implemented to allow a variety of activities which represent the richness of the kampung life. This strategy is also to support local and traditional business activity to show the pride of the urban kampung community.