Figure 2.8 Principle of Resilient Design

2.7.1 Design Principles

The key to designing a resiliency approach lies with few design principles that ensure the effectiveness of deliverance and execution. (Van Veelen, 2016)highlighted five design principles under the umbrella term of adaptability:

Figure 2.7 - Principle of Resilient Design Author 2020, data adapted from (Van Veelen, 2016)

These principles shall be the foundation of determining the possible case studies that show-case exemplary solutions to be reviewed in the study. All the design intervention shall apply at least one of the design principles to be considered as an exemplary floodresilient design strategy intervention.

2.7.2 Categories of Design Strategies

Through the principles stated, the study further categorised each exemplary design strategies and intervention into different stages of functional typologies as follows (Van Veelen, 2016): 1. Reducing Hazard Probability (Pre-disaster)

● Storm Surge Protection: a system of hydraulic construction that would permanently close of water edge to prevent flooding from storm surge. ● Foreland, breakwater and living shorelines: a soft element that acts as a wave breaker and prevents soil erosion at the water edge. A breakwater may consist of an artificially engineered structure while living shoreline consists of natural vegetation or natural stilt-up soil in foreshore which both act as wave dampening mechanism. 2. Reducing Exposure to Flooding (Mid-Disaster) ● Local Flood Defence: usage of flood wall and levees that acts as a physical and visual barrier that obstructs spatial development and block spatial relationship of the water body and urban area through in-between space of the waterfront ● Temporary flood barriers: Adaptable barrier that can be used only during a high risk period of vulnerability. ● Integrated flood solution (IFP): IFP is a system of flood protection that merges active protection (mechanical system such as flood wall) and passive protection (natural barrier such as landscaping and vegetation) method. IFP highlights the importance of spatial planning in the masterplan level to integrate each protection method and element.

● Multifunctional flood defence (MFD): MFD is a flood-prone infrastructure that integrates flood protection with other urban elements such as public infrastructure, housing, recreation facilities and ecological features. MFD conceptually improves the placemaking and accessibility of waterfront as an urban area by integrating multiple function and program. ● Land Elevation: building plots, roads, and public space are raised above flood elevation levels as a traditional means of avoiding the flood from reaching the vertical height of a property. ● On-Site Flood Protection: a flood protection system that is placed around a designated space to prevent the flood from entering the compound. The system may be in the form of permanent such as earth

berm, concrete floodwall or temporal such as demountable panelled flood wall

3. Reduce Sensitivity to Flooding (Post-Disaster) ● Dry Proofing: a floodproofing method that aims to keep water out from the desired area to a certain level. A common method of dry proofing includes making spatial enclosure impermeable, closing alternative of opening and ventilation vents, installing suck pump and sealing of entry point ● Wet Proofing: A proofing method that intentionally allows some part of the structure to be flooded by equalizing hydrostatic pressure and utilising floodproofing material. The extend of this strategy includes raising critical service above designated flood level, using flood resisting finishes on spatial surfaces and providing sufficient opening for water influx and exit point. This categorization would serve as a guideline and parameters in comparing different case study in this research. The comparison would illustrate insights on which of the method is often used by each different case study for anticipated effectiveness in reducing flood risk.

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction to chapter

This chapter will be an establishment of the framework to conduct the data finding that is necessary for the analysis. The research methodology is based onthe case study that seeks to appraise different design strategies of flood-resilient waterfront development. The data collection method was limited to secondary data, and desk analysis through online means of data findings as the data findings method was restricted due to current imposed Movement Control Order by the government in managing COVID-19 pandemic. The basis of the findings through case study shall be strengthened by online interviews and discussion with the related academic and architectural practitioner that has involved in designing and researching flood-resilient waterfront development.

3.2 Research Approach

The research will be examining the quantitative nature of data to investigate design features that can be analysed through a subjective approach. An appraisal framework is drafted to compare the resiliency design strategies of three related case studies which applied exemplary design features of flood-resilient development.

The appraisal of the design strategies will be further tabulated into different criteria and elements of resiliency based that have been obtained from the literature review and the research framework. Thus, the analysation will be used to speculate the suggestion of design strategies that can be implemented in Malaysian context through discussion and recommendation.

3.3 Data Collection Method

The study will comprise of two different parts as below:

3.3.1 PART A – Desk Analysis of Case Study

The study will revise different flood resilient waterfront from previous existing projects or credible conceptualised idea to establish the comparison framework and parameters

3.3.1.1 Research Parameters

i. Concept and Resilient Principles: Identification of concept and floodresilient principles, including policy enforcement and vernacular consideration (if present) that influences the project ideation and development. ii. Design Features: Exploration of the implementation and envisioned design solution and categorization of the features according to stages and type iii. Implication: Review on how the design solution address and solve flood risk vulnerability in the proposed site. iv. Contribution: Identifying the contribution of the solution towards the humanistic aspect of the urban environment

3.3.1.2 Case Study Criteria

Each case study waterfront is selected based on a defined criterion to ensure the research objectives of comparing different design strategies of flood-resilient waterfront are fulfilled:

i. Contextual Situation: Waterfront area with water body adjacency that is vulnerable to flood, either in coastal or riverside area. ii. Resilient Intervention: The case study shall apply flood-resilient principles and intervention through design intervention and other elements, as stated in research parameters. iii. Humanistic Urban Development: The case study shall not only rely on the structural and engineered-based solution but take into account of humanistic urban development

3.3.1.3 Case Study Subjects

Based on the criteria defined, selected case studies are identified to have met to criteria and thus, and shall be analysed further in this research: i. Vietnamese Mekong Delta Hamlets, Vietnam