d
m v
mol A x
mol B mol B mol A
mol A mol B x mol B g A mol A
mol B g B x g B mol A mol B
gA x
mol A x
L atm mol K
mol A mol B gB x x gB gA mol A mol B
R 0.0821
gA x
P1V1 P2V2
D
D
D D D D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D D
D
Student Safety Contract School Name____________________________ Teacher______________________ Science is a hands-on laboratory class. However, science activities may have potential hazards. We will use some equipment and animals that may be dangerous if not handled properly. Safety in the science classroom is an important part of the scientific process. To ensure a safe classroom, a list of rules has been developed and is called the Science Safety Contract. These rules must be followed at all times. Additional safety instructions will be given for each activity. No science student will be allowed to participate in science activities until this contract has been signed by both the student and a parent or guardian.
SAFETY RULES 1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the science room. Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks will not be tolerated. 2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. Ask your teacher questions if you do not understand the instructions. 3. Do not touch any equipment, supplies, animals, or other materials in the science room without permission from the teacher. 4. Perform only authorized and approved experiments. Do not conduct any experiments when the teacher is out of the room. 5. Never eat, drink, chew gum, or taste anything in the science room. 6. Keep hands away from face, eyes, and mouth while using science materials or when working with either chemicals or animals. Wash your hands with soap and water before leaving the science room. 7. Wear safety glasses or goggles when instructed. Never remove safety glasses or goggles during an experiment. There will be no exceptions to this rule! 8. Keep your work area and the science room neat and clean. Bring only your laboratory instructions, worksheets, and writing instruments to the work area. 9. Clean all work areas and equipment at the end of the experiment. Return all equipment clean and in working order to the proper storage area. 10. Follow your teacher’s instructions to dispose of any waste materials generated in an experiment. 11. Report any accident (fire, spill, breakage, etc.), injury (cut, burn, etc.), or hazardous condition (broken equipment, etc.) to the teacher immediately. 12. Consider all chemicals used in the science room to be dangerous. Do not touch or smell any chemicals unless specifically instructed to do so. 13. Handle all animals with care and respect. a. _Open animal cages only with permission. b. _Never handle any animals when the teacher is out of the room. c. _Do not take animals out of the science room. d. _Do not tease or handle animals roughly. e. _Keep animals away from students’ faces. f. Wear gloves when handling animals. g. _Report any animal bite or scratch to the teacher immediately. 14. Always carry a microscope with both hands. Hold the arm with one hand; place the other hand under the base.
15. Treat all preserved specimens and dissecting supplies with care and respect. a. _Do not remove preserved specimens from the science room. b. _Use scalpels, scissors, and other sharp instruments only as instructed. c. _Never cut any material towards you—always cut away from your body. d. _Report any cut or scratch from sharp instruments to the teacher immediately. 16. Never open storage cabinets or enter the prep/storage room without permission from the teacher. 17. Do not remove chemicals, equipment, supplies, or animals from the science room without permission from the teacher. 18. Handle all glassware with care. Never pick up hot or broken glassware with your bare hands. 19. Use extreme caution when using matches, a burner, or hot plate. Only light burners when instructed and do not put anything into a flame unless specifically instructed to do so. Do not leave a lit burner unattended. 20. Dress properly—long hair must be tied back, no dangling jewelry, and no loose or baggy clothing. Wear aprons when instructed. 21. Learn where the safety equipment is located and how to use it. Know where the exits are located and what to do in case of an emergency or fire drill.
AGREEMENT I, ___________________________ ,_(student’s name) have read and understand each of the above safety rules set forth in this contract. I agree to follow them to ensure not only my own safety but also the safety of others in the science classroom or laboratory. I also agree to follow the general rules of appropriate behavior for a classroom at all times to avoid accidents and to provide a safe learning environment for everyone. I understand that if I do not follow all the rules and safety precautions, I will not be allowed to participate in science activities. Student Signature Date Dear Parent or Guardian: We feel that you should be informed of the school’s effort to create and maintain a safe science classroom/ laboratory environment. Please read the list of safety rules. No student will be permitted to perform science activities unless this contract is signed by both the student and parent/guardian and is on file with the teacher. Your signature on this contract indicates that you have read this Science Safety Contract, reviewed it with your child, and are aware of the measures taken to ensure the safety of your son/daughter in the science classroom. Parent/Guardian Signature Date Important questions: Does your child wear contact lenses? Y or N Is your child color blind? Y or N Does your child have any allergies? Y or N If so, please list:
Name ______________________________________________ Date ___________________________
SCIENCE SAFETY TEST . If a fire erupts, immediately A. notify the teacher. B. run for the fire extinguisher. C. throw water on the fire. D. open the windows. 2. Approved eye protection devices (such as goggles) are worn in the laboratory A. to avoid eye strain. B. to improve your vision. C. only if you do not have corrective glasses. D. any time chemicals, heat, or glassware are used. 3. If you do not understand a direction or part of a laboratory procedure, you should A. figure it out as you do the lab. B. try several methods until something works. C. ask the teacher before proceeding. D. skip it and go on to the next part. 4. After completing an experiment, all chemical wastes should be A. left at your lab station for the next class. B. disposed of according to your teacher’s directions. C. dumped in the sink. D. taken home. 5. You have been injured in the laboratory (cut, burned, etc.). First you should A. visit the school nurse after class. B. see a doctor after school. C. tell the teacher at once. D. apply first aid yourself. 6. Long hair in the laboratory must be A. cut short. B. held away from the experiment with one hand. C. always neatly groomed. D. tied back or kept entirely out of the way with a hair band, etc. 7. Which of the following should NOT be worn during a laboratory activity? A. loose clothing B. dangling jewelry C. sandals
D. All of the above. 8. Horseplay, practical jokes, or pranks in the classroom are A. always against the rules. B. okay. C. not dangerous. D. okay if you are working alone. 9. When handling animals, students should A. open cages only with permission. B. not tease or handle animals roughly. C. report bites or scratches to the teacher immediately. D. All of the above. 10. If a piece of equipment is not working properly, stop, turn it off, and tell A. the principal. B. your lab partner. C. your best friend in the class. D. the teacher. 11. When you finish working with chemicals, biological specimens, and other lab substances, always A. treat your hands with skin lotion. B. wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water. C. wipe your hands on a towel. D. wipe your hands on your clothes. 12. The following activity is permitted in the laboratory: A. chewing gum B. eating C. drinking D. None of the above.
13. When using a razor blade or scalpel, always cut material A. away from you. B. toward you. C. in your hand. D. perpendicular. 14. Before you leave the science room, you should A. clean your work area and equipment. B. return all equipment to the proper storage area. C. wash your hands with soap and water. D. All of the above. 15. Draw a diagram of your science room and label the locations of the following: ■ Fire Blanket ■ Fire Extinguisher(s) ■ Exits ■ Eyewash Station
■ Emergency Shower ■ Waste Disposal Containers ■ Fume Hood ■ Emergency Shut-off (gas, water, or electric)
True—False TF 1.
____ All chemicals in the lab (including foodstuffs and store-bought chemicals) should be treated as if they could be hazardous.
2.
____ Work areas should be kept clean and tidy.
3.
____ Laboratory work may be started immediately upon entering the laboratory even if the teacher is not yet present.
4.
____ Never remove chemicals, specimens, or other equipment from the laboratory.
1.
____ Always carry a microscope using both hands.
2.
____ Read all procedures thoroughly before performing a laboratory investigation.
3.
____ All unauthorized experiments are prohibited.
4.
____ You are allowed to enter the chemical preparation/storage area any time you need to get an item.
5.
____ It is okay to pick up broken glass with your bare hands as long as the glass is placed in the trash can.
6.
____ Do not leave a lit burner unattended.www.flinnsci.com
1
OH
O alkane
alkene O
O
NH2 amine
ether
alkyne O
O O
aldehyde
ketone
alcohol O
ester
NH amide
O
H
carboxylic acid
O H H
Br
Br
Br
Br
C H
O C C
H O H
H C O
Br Br
Br
C C
C C
Br
H C H
O NH
I’m sure you would all like to ace your first chemistry test. Here’s how:
1. Test yourself on the topics below to see what you know and don’t know. 2. Review this packet in its entirety. Be familiar with each of the topics that were covered in the powerpoint presentation. 3. Write down what you don’t know yet. If you don’t know something, ask a friend or ask me. 4. If you are missing anything it may be available on the class website: http://www.chemistryacademy.com
1
1
m
1
1
1
mL
1
1
1
measurement
SI Units unit
symbol
size
Unit Prefixes Prefix
mass volume distance amount brightness current time
kilogram liter meter mole candela ampere Second
kg L m mol cd A s
nano (n) micro (m) milli (m) centi (c) kilo (k) mega (M) giga (G)
billionth millionth thousandth hundredth thousand million billion
3. Complete the table Unit of measurement Length Mass Temperature brightness
6. Complete the table. Prefix Symbol
We usually use
Factor
But SI units require
Scientific notation
example
Giga Mega centi micro n
1,000 . . . .
10-3 microgram
Scientific notation 10-9 10-6 10-3 10-2 103 106 109
0.0821
𝐿 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
t
𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 0𝐶
• • • •
_________ __________
________
_____________
pebbles Iron filings Method salt sugar sand
sand Iron filings pebbles
pebbles
Iron filings Method salt sugar
salt
Method Iron filings
Iron filings salt sugar
salt Method sugar
1
7
8
10
The 1989 IBM Atomic Image
By Your Name Here
Abstract: In 1989 Don Eigler from IBM ushered in the nanotechnology revolution by moving individual Xenon atoms to create the image shown above.
35 Xenon Atoms
Source: http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/22260.wss
Eiglers Lab Notebook
Eigler with his STM Source: http://www.tainano.com/chin/Eigler.htm
Don Eigler (2006)
Source: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/06/13/don_eigler_valley/
Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/456735511/in/set-30000/
Don Eigler and the 1989 IBM Atomic Image The question “What is everything made out of” is one of the most fundamental questions of mankind, right up there with “Why are we here?”, and “Will that be on the test?”. Recorded ideas date back over 6000 years,1 first popularized in the west by the work of Democritus. Arguably the most compelling evidence for the atom being the fundamental particle of nature involves the human senses- smell, touch, sight, etc. Because of the small size of the atom, none of these are directly possible, so perhaps the next best thing is to observe it with the help of an instrument. This may have first occurred as early as 1981, 2 but the image that popularized it was taken by Dr. Don Eigler in 1989.3 Don Eigler is a ponytailed, well educated physicist and surfer. In 1989, he designed his own scanning tunneling microscope. An image of him with his instrument was taken during a 2006 interview.4 While studying the surfaces of solids, he came up with the idea of limiting the movement of atoms by performing his experiments at a few degrees Kelvin- close to absolute zero. In his own words from the 2006 interview, he found that “Through a combination of hard work, some horse sense and good, old fashioned blind luck, I happened to be positioned to discover that I could manipulate individual atoms with a scanning tunneling microscope.” Having discovered the ability to move individual atoms, Eigler decided to create a work of art to document his discovery. What he created is an image of the letters I B M using the noble gas Xenon, a dense and unreactive colorless gas. Was he forced at gunpoint to do the bidding of his IBM bosses?? According to Eigler: “I made that decision on my own. Management never said anything to me beforehand, and I did it with a very clear purpose in my mind. IBM gave me a job, gave me the opportunity when I needed one, gave me the opportunity to excel at doing the things that I love in life, and it was payback time. I pull no punches on that. It was my way of giving back to the corporation some of what the corporation gave to me.” Does Eigler get bored recounting the discovery, now that two decades have passed? “I don't mind talking to people when they're curious, for instance, about what I was thinking about or why did I do this or something like that. The thing is that I always get introduced to people as the guy who wrote I-B-M in atoms. After you have heard that enough times, you don't really need to hear it five more times.” Eiglers current interests are in the field of Spintronics, 5 a speculative field where future computers will be based not electricity (the translational movement of electrons) but on their spin…a sort of electricity where the electrons stay where they are. Sources: 1. Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti (1981). Indian Atomism: History and Sources. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press. ISBN 0-391-02177. 2. G. Binnig, H. Rohrer “Scanning tunneling microscopy” IBM Journal of Research and Development 30,4 (1986) reprinted 44,½ Jan/Mar (2000). Available on the web at http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/journal/rd/441/binnig.pdf 3. Imaging Xe with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. DM Eigler, PS Weiss, EK Schweizer, ND Lang - Physical Review Letters, 1991 1189-1192. 4. A man and his microscope: IBM's quest to make atom-sized chips. The silver surfer speaks. Ashlee Vance, The Register, June 13, 2006. Available on the web at http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/06/13/don_eigler_valley/ 5 Spintronics: A Spin-Based Electronics Vision for the Future. S. A. Wolf et al., Science 2001, Vol. 294. no. 5546, pp. 1488 - 1495
7
19 9
F-
9 protons 10 neutrons 10 electrons
41
2+
Ca
20
20 protons 21 neutrons 18 electrons
235
U
92
92 protons 143 neutrons 92 electrons
1 valence electron
+1
2 valence electrons
+2
Group 1
hydrogen 1.01 (H is a nonmetal)
2s
Li
3
Group 2
Na
3s
sodium
Mg
19
K potassium
24.31
Ca
20
calcium 40.08
39.10
5s
ď Š
37
Rb
rubidium
38
strontium 87.62
85.47 55
132.91 87
7s
Cs
cesium
6s
Fr
francium 223.02
Sr
56
Ba
barium 137.33 88
Ra
radium
226.02
3p
Transition metals: 2 valence electrons
magnesium
22.99
4s
2p
9.01 12
Group 3
Sc
21
3d
scandium 44.96 39
4d
Y
yttrium
Group 4
22
titanium 47.90
Zr zirconium
40
88.91
Lu
71
Ti
Hf
72
Lutetium
hafnium
174.97
178.49
6d
lawrencium
Lr
5f
La
Ac
actinium 227.03
41
Ce cerium 140.12
90
Th
thorium 232.04
Nb
niobium
Group 6
Cr
24
73
Ta
tantalum
Mo
42
molybdenum 95.94
W
74
Db
dubnium 262.11
59
Pr
praseodymium
140.91 91
Pa
protactinium
231.04
Mn
Tc
43
technetium 96.91
Re
75
tungsten
rhenium
183.85
186.21
180.95 105
Group 7
25
chromium manganese 52.00 54.94
92.91
261.11
58
lanthanum 138.91 89
Rf
rutherfordium
262.11
57
4f
104
V
vanadium 50.94
91.22
5d
103
Group 5
23
106
Sg
seaborgium
107
263.12
60
Nd
neodymium 144.24 92
U uranium 238.03
Bh
bohrium 264.12
61
Pm
promethium 144.91 93
Np
neptunium 237.05
Group 8
Fe
26
iron 55.85
Ru
44
Group 9
27
cobalt 58.93 45
ruthenium
Os
osmium 190.20
Hs
108
hassium
Sm
samarium 150.41 94
Pu
plutonium 244.06
Group 10
Ir
77
Pd
46
Pt
platinum 195.09
Mt
110
Eu
europium 151.96 95
Am
americium 243.06
silver 107.87
Ds
79
Au
gold 196.97
111
Rg
Darmstadtium roentgenium
(268)
63
Ag
47
106.40 78
Cu
copper 63.55
palladium
192.22 109
29
nickel 58.71
iridium
Meitnerium
Group 11
Ni
28
102.91
265.13
62
Rh
rhodium
101.07 76
Co
(272)
(281)
64
Gd
gadolinium 157.25 96
Cm
curium (247)
65
Tb
terbium 158.92 97
Bk
berkelium (249)
Zn
zinc 65.37
Cd
48
cadmium 112.40 80
Hg
mercury 200.59 112
Uub
Ununbium (285)
66
Dy
dysprosium 162.50 98
Cf
californium (251)
Al
14
4p
silicon
gallium
indium
Tl
Uut
Bi
Uuq
Po
84
bismuth
polonium (210)
208.98 115
Uup
116
Uuh
neon
20.18
Cl
Ar
18
chlorine
argon
35.45
39.95
Br
35
Kr
36
krypton
bromine
83.80
79.91
I
53
tellurium 127.60
121.75
Ne
10
F
19.00
Xe
54
iodine 126.90
xenon
131.30 86
At
85
astatine
Rn
radon
(210)
(220)
Uus
117
118
Uuo
ununtrium ununquadium ununpentium ununhexium ununseptium ununoctium (289) (295) (284) (289) (288) (293)
Ho
Holmium 164.93 99
Sb 52 Te Antimony)
207.19 114
selenium 78.96
74.92
83
lead
204.37 113
67
Pb
82
thallium
Se
He helium 4.00
fluorine
17
32.07
34
51
tin 118.69
114.82 81
7p
Sn
50
In
sulfur
As
arsenic
72.59
69.72
5p 6p
germanium
9
S
30.97 33
-1
Group 17
16.00 16
phosphorus
Ge
32
O
oxygen
P
28.09
Ga
49
N
14.01 15
Noble gases
Group 18
2
halogens
Group 16
8
nitrogen
Si
26.98
31
Group 15
7
carbon 12.01
aluminum
Group 12
30
C
B
7
6
-3 -2
Group 14
6
boron 10.81 13
5
+4, -4
+3
5
beryllium
6.94
4
Group 13
Be
4
lithium 11
metal
1s
3
0
8
Valence electrons:
Alkaline earth metals
H
1
nonmetal
Alkali metals
Es
einsteinium (254)
68
Er
erbium 167.26 100
Fm
fermium 257.10
Tm
69
thulium 168.93 101
Md
mendelevium (256)
Yb
70
ytterbium 173.04 102
No
nobelium (254)
Atomic number to 71
21
Symbol:
Sc
scandium to 103
44.96 metal metalloid
Solid Liquid Gas
Manmade
name Atomic mass
nonmetal
1 valence electron
+1
2 valence electrons
+2
Group 1
hydrogen 1.01 (H is a nonmetal)
2s
Li
3
Group 2
Na
3s
sodium
Mg
12
4s 5s
19
K
potassium 39.10
24.31
37
Rb
rubidium
Ca
20
calcium 40.08 38
strontium 87.62
85.47 55
132.91 87
7s
Cs
cesium
6s
Fr
francium 223.02
Sr
56
Ba
barium 137.33 88
Ra
radium
226.02
3p
Transition metals: 2 valence electrons
magnesium
22.99
B
2p
9.01
Group 3
Sc
21
3d
scandium 44.96 39
4d
Y yttrium
22
Lu
40
Hf
72
hafnium 178.49
Lr
104
La
58
Ac
actinium 227.03
Ce cerium 140.12
90
Th
thorium 232.04
V
vanadium 50.94 41
Nb
niobium 92.91 73
Ta
tantalum
Group 6
Cr
24
105
Db
dubnium 262.11
59
Pr
praseodymium
140.91 91
Pa
protactinium
231.04
Group 7
Mn
25
chromium manganese 52.00 54.94 42
Mo
43
W
75
molybdenum 95.94 74
76
rhenium 186.21
Sg
seaborgium
107
60
Nd
neodymium 144.24 92
U uranium 238.03
Bh
bohrium
263.12
264.12
61
Pm
promethium 144.91 93
iron 55.85
Re
technetium 96.91
Np
neptunium 237.05
Fe
26
44
183.85 106
Group 8
Tc
tungsten
180.95
261.11
lanthanum 138.91 89
Rf
rutherfordium
262.11
57
23
91.22
174.97
6d lawrencium
5f
Zr
Group 5
zirconium
Lutetium
103
4f
Ti
titanium 47.90
88.91 71
5d
Group 4
Ru
Group 9
27
45
ruthenium 101.07
Os
osmium 190.20
Hs
108
hassium
77
Sm
samarium 150.41 94
Pu
plutonium 244.06
46
Ir
78
Pd
195.09
Meitnerium (268)
63
Eu
europium 151.96 95
Am
americium 243.06
Ag
47
Pt
platinum
110
Cu
copper 63.55
palladium 106.40
192.22
Mt
29
nickel 58.71
iridium
109
Group 11
Ni
28
Rh
rhodium 102.91
265.13
62
Co
cobalt 58.93
Group 10
Ds
silver 107.87 79
Au
gold 196.97
111
Rg
Darmstadtium roentgenium (272) (281)
64
Gd
gadolinium 157.25 96
Cm
curium (247)
65
Tb
terbium 158.92 97
Bk
berkelium (249)
Al
13
Zn
zinc 65.37
Cd
48
cadmium 112.40 80
Hg
mercury 200.59 112
Uub
Ununbium (285)
66
Dy
dysprosium 162.50 98
Cf
californium (251)
indium 114.82
5p
7p 67
Pb
83
Uut
Uuq
ununtrium ununquadium
(284)
Ho
164.93
Es
einsteinium (254)
(289)
68
Er
erbium 167.26 100
Fm
fermium 257.10
Sb
52
Bi
84
Antimony) 121.75
115
(210) 116
Uuh
neon
20.18
Cl
17
Ar
18
chlorine
argon
35.45
39.95
Br
35
Kr
36
krypton
bromine
83.80
79.91
I
53
Xe
54
iodine 126.90
xenon 131.30 86
At
85
astatine
Rn
radon
(210)
(220)
Uus
117
118
Uuo
ununpentium ununhexium ununseptium ununoctium (289) (295) (288) (293)
thulium 168.93 101
Po
Ne
10
F
19.00
tellurium 127.60
polonium
Uup
Tm
69
Te
208.98
207.19 114
selenium 78.96
bismuth
lead
204.37
Holmium 99
51
82
thallium
113
Sn
tin 118.69
Tl
81
6p
50
Se
34
74.92
He helium 4.00
fluorine
32.07
arsenic
72.59
In
49
sulfur
As
33
germanium
69.72
9
S
16
30.97
Ge
32
gallium
-1
Group 17
16.00
phosphorus
28.09
Ga
31
4p
O
oxygen
P
15
silicon
26.98
N
14.01
Noble gases
Group 18
2
halogens
Group 16
8
nitrogen
Si
14
aluminum
Group 12
30
C
Group 15
7
carbon 12.01
7
6
-3 -2
Group 14
6
boron 10.81
5
+4, -4
+3
5
beryllium
6.94
4
Group 13
Be
4
lithium 11
metal
1s
3
0
8
Valence electrons:
Alkaline earth metals
H
1
nonmetal
Alkali metals
Md
mendelevium (256)
Yb
70
ytterbium 173.04 102
No
nobelium (254)
Atomic number to 71
21
Symbol:
Sc
scandium to 103
44.96 metal metalloid
Solid Liquid Gas
Manmade
name Atomic mass
nonmetal
w
1 1 1 0.01097 2 2 2 n
+1
2 valence electrons
Alkali metals
+2
Group 1
1
1s
H
hydrogen 1.01
Alkaline earth metals Group 2
Li
2s
4
11
3s 19
4s
24.31
K
Rb Cs
20
87
Fr
francium 223.02
13
40.08 38
21
87.62 56
Ba
barium 137.33 88
3d
Ra
radium 226.02
Monovalent cations: Group 1, Ag: +1 Group 2, Zn: +2 Group 3, Al: +3
Sc
scandium 44.96 39
Sr
strontium
4d
71
Lu
Lutetium 174.97
6d
lawrencium
103
Lr
(and NH4+)
Ti
titanium 47.90
Zr
La Ac
23
72
Hf
hafnium 178.49 104
Rf
rutherfordium
41
Ce cerium 140.12
90
Th
thorium 232.04
Nb
niobium 92.91 73
Ta
tantalum 180.95 105
Db
dubnium
261.11
58
V
vanadium 50.94
91.22
lanthanum 138.91
actinium 227.03
Group 5
zirconium
262.11
57
5f
22
40
Y
5d
4f
Group 4
yttrium 88.91
89
common anions
3p
Transition metals: 2 valence electrons Group 3
Ca
calcium
cesium 132.91
6s 7s
magnesium
22.99
rubidium 85.47 55
Mg
sodium
potassium 39.10 37
5s
Na
12
262.11
59
Pr
praseodymium
140.91 91
Pa
protactinium
231.04
Group 6
24
Cr
Group 7
25
Mn
chromium manganese 52.00 54.94 42
Mo
molybdenum 95.94 74
W
tungsten 183.85 106
Sg
seaborgium 263.12
60
Nd
43
Tc
technetium 96.91 75
Re
rhenium 186.21 107
Bh
bohrium 264.12
61
Pm
neodymium 144.24
promethium 144.91
92
93
U uranium 238.03
Np
neptunium 237.05
Group 8
26
Fe
iron 55.85 44
Ru
Group 9
27
45
ruthenium 101.07 76
Os
osmium 190.20 108
Hs
hassium 265.13
62
Sm
samarium 150.41 94
Pu
plutonium 244.06
Co
cobalt 58.93
Rh
rhodium 102.91 77
Ir
iridium 192.22 109
Mt
Meitnerium
Group 10
28
Eu
europium 151.96 95
Am
americium 243.06
29
Ni
nickel 58.71 46
Pd
Cu
copper 63.55 47
Ag
palladium 106.40 78
Pt
silver 107.87 79
Au
platinum 195.09 110
Ds
gold 196.97 111
Rg
Darmstadtium roentgenium
(268)
63
Group 11
(272)
(281)
64
Gd
gadolinium 157.25 96
Cm curium (247)
65
30
48
80
66
Bk
berkelium (249)
81
Dy
dysprosium 162.50
113
98
Cf
californium (251)
Ho
Holmium 164.93 99
83
114
208.98
Uuq
Se Te
115
Uup
Cl
Ar
argon 39.95
35
36
Br
53
I
117
Xe
54
iodine 126.90
Uuh
Kr
krypton 83.80
bromine 79.91
85
116
18
35.45
Po
polonium (210)
neon 20.18
chlorine
tellurium 127.60 84
Bi
bismuth
lead 207.19
S
52
Sb
Ne
19.00 17
selenium 78.96
Antimony) 121.75
Pb
82
Uut
51
Sn tin 118.69
F
fluorine
sulfur 32.07 34
As
10
xenon 131.30 86
At
Rn
astatine (210)
Uus
radon (220) 118
Uuo
ununtrium ununquadium ununpentium ununhexium ununseptium ununoctium (289) (295) (284) (289) (288) (293)
7p 67
Tl
16
He helium 4.00
Group 17
16.00
arsenic 74.92
72.59
thallium 204.37
oxygen
P
33
Ge
50
9
Group 16
O
30.97
germanium
In
-2 8
phosphorus
28.09
indium 114.82
6p
Uub
Ununbium (285)
Si
69.72 49
15
2
-1
halogens
14.01
silicon
32
Ga
gallium
5p
Hg
mercury 200.59 112
4p
Cd
cadmium 112.40
Al
aluminum 26.98 31
Zn
zinc 65.37
Tb
terbium 158.92 97
Group 12
N
nitrogen
carbon 12.01 14
Group 15
Noble gases Group 18
7
6
-3 7
C
boron 10.81
9.01
5
Group 14
6
B
2p
beryllium
6.94
+3
5
Be
lithium
4
+4, -4
Group 13
(H is a nonmetal)
3
3
0
8
Valence electrons: metal nonmetal
1 valence electron
Es
einsteinium (254)
68
Er
erbium 167.26 100
Fm
fermium 257.10
Tm
69
thulium 168.93 101
Md
mendelevium (256)
70
Yb
ytterbium 173.04 102
No
nobelium (254)
to 71
Atomic number
21
Symbol: Solid Liquid Gas Manmade
Sc
scandium
to 103
44.96
name Atomic mass
metal metalloid
nonmetal
solution :
16S:
1s2 2s2 2p2 3s2 3p4
Principles and rules of electron configuration Principle or rule Heisenberg
Bad
Good
1s22p1
1s22s1
(e-position uncertain)
1s1
Aufbau (build up) Hund’s Rule (spread out) Pauli (opp. spins)
1s22s22p2 1s2
Unit 5 electrons Dr. B.’s ChemAdventure
1s22s22p2 1s2
3d periodic table scoring Please score yourself on your periodic tables and hand in to me. Period____ Names: ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ __________ Accuracy: (for example, each element shows a number, straws are straight and true, arranged individually rather than by group) _____Your score _____teacher score Neatness: (for example, highly legible, ruler used, typed in places, large clear title, etc) _____Your score _____teacher score Completeness (for example, your table has a prominent title, individual numbers for each element in the element box, and a straw or equivalent for each element _____Your score _____teacher score Utility (for example a clear trend is visible, small differences can be differentiated, numbers on elements can be referred to, units are provided, etc) _____Your score _____teacher score
total: ________/40
our essential question:
I
O O O
O
OH H
NH O O OH
OH
O O
O O
1. taxol (paclitaxel)
O
I
W
W
stock value 
new price x investment original price
560 dollars x 1000 dollars  1150 dollars 485 dollars
O
st ck va u
′s s
$21 $20
x $500,000
$525,000
F
I H OH
O O
O
OH
O
O
H
NH O
O
H O
O
OH
OH
HO H O
O O
O OH O
H
O O
O
O
O
H
O
O OO O
1. taxol (paclitaxel)
N
azadirachtin
O
N
O
O
N
N
OH
O N
N
Co N N
3+
R
N
HO
N
O
O
O
P
O O
O
O O
3. Vitamin B12
N
O
OH O
H O O H O
H
H O
H
OH OH 4. ginsenoside rb2
N O
OH H
OH HO
O N
HO
OH OH
OH OH
O O
OH
HO
I
HO Na O S O O O
OH
HO HO HO
H O
H
OH
HO
H
OH
O H
H O H
O H
H O
O H HO H
H O H
O H O
O
H
H
HO
H O H H
OH OH O O O S O OH Na H O H
H O H H O H H
O H HO H HO
HO HO
O H
O
H
H
O H
H
O H
O
H OH
O
HO
O
H
H O OH H
O
OH H HO
HO
H OH
H OH
HO OH H HO O H HO
H O
O H
O H O H
OH
3
click on images to manipulate
F
F F
F
H H
C
H
H H
C H
O
H C
H
C H H H H
H
H C C H H O C H H H
O
OH
H
H H C
H
OH C C
OH
OH H
OH
• • • • •
•
13
14
Lithium
Aluminum
Sodium
bicarbonate
Calcium
Rubidium
Oxide
Fluoride
Beryllium
hypochlorite
iodide
dichromate
Barium
carbonate
nitrite
Francium
Zinc
bromate
iodate
silver
nitride
phosphide
hydroxide
phosphate
W
N
+ 1
0 + 2
+ 3
polyvalent
3
- -1 2
F
C
O
Br N
H O
Si F Li
O
Na
O
G
D H H N C H H C H H H
and
H H C H N H C H H H
U
I
W
C
r r r r
go to 71
go to 103
d
m v
mol A x
mol B mol B mol A
mol A mol B x mol B g A mol A
mol B g B x g B mol A mol B
gA x
mol A x
L atm mol K
mol A mol B gB x x gB gA mol A mol B
R 0.0821
gA x
P1V1 P2V2
D
D
D D D D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D D
D
r r r r r
r r r r r r r r r r
r
S
→
C
I 12
Mg
magnesium 24.31
16
S
sulfur 32.07
I
1. Ice melts. What are the COOL signs of a chemical reaction you observed? Is it a chemical reaction? _____ How could you prove it? 2. Wood burns. What are the COOL signs of a chemical reaction you observed? Is it a chemical reaction? _____ How could you prove it?
3. Iron rusts. What are the COOL signs of a chemical reaction? Is it a chemical reaction? _____ How could you prove it?
I
`
N
NO2 H
H O2N
NO2 H
H
H
10 grams H 2 x
mole H 2 2 moles H 2 O x 5 moles H 2 O 2 grams H 2 2 moles H 2
𝑚1𝐻1
𝑚2𝐻2
M2 M1
vice president sir robert boyle
1
M2 M1
1
1
1
M2 M1
44 4
1
3.3
P1V1 P2V2 ; (800 atm)(10 L) (1 atm)(V2 ); V2
’
(800 atm)(10 L) 8000 L (1 atm)
’
T1 T2 V1 V2
T1 T2 340 K T2 ; V1 V2 140 mL 50 mL
’
T1 T2 P1 P2
x
;
;
’
200
’
’
(
’
procedure
molecular view + vocabulary
5.1 g 180.16 g/mol
.1005 L
1 mole NaOH 40 g NaOH x x 0.1 liter solution  4 g NaOH liter solution mole NaOH
D
D
D
D
HO Greasy: will dissolve in greasy solvents
watery: will dissolve in watery solvents (like water)
watery region
A “brick�: hard to dissolve in anything.
S1 S2 P1 P2
S1 S2 3.3 g /L 9.9 g/L (1 atm)(9.9 g/L) ; ; x= 3 atm P1 P2 1 atm x (3.3 g/L)
Percent solution by mass 
Percent solution by volume 
mass solute x 100 mass solution
volume solute x 100 volume solution
moles of solute Liters of solution
40 g NaCl 0.5 moles NaCl x x 0.08 Liters solution = 1.6 grams NaCl Liter of solution mole NaCl
Percent solution by mass 
Percent solution by volume 
mass solute x 100 mass solution
volume solute x 100 volume solution
moles of solute Liters of solution
째
째
s
D
c
q mDT
D
D 𝑞𝑚 𝑚𝑚 D𝑇𝑚
1900 𝐽 (50 𝑔)(
D 𝑞𝑚 𝑚𝑚 D𝑇𝑚
_______𝐽 (____ 𝑔)(______
D
Please complete the items below: D
D
Percent accuracy= measured chip calories/actual chip calories x 100
Name_____________________________________________________________ How much did it cost to take a shower this morning? Please answer as organized as possible based on the following data: 10 minute shower Water flow 6 gallons per minute Water heated from 25 to 75 degrees Celsius Specific heat of water is 4.184 j/gOC Water heated electrically, cost is 10cents per kilowatt hour (kwh) 3,600,000 J = 1 kwh Lets assume 50% heat loss for warming pipes, hot water heating efficiency, etc. Hint: use q = mcDT to get joules then convert to kwh then cents; don’t forget to factor in the 50% heat loss. I’d like to see a nice organized answer. Use pencil, and erase and rewrite where necessary. ______________________________________________________________
D
D
D
8
D
D
D D
D
D
D
D
10
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D •
•
•
D D D D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
°
°
D
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
D D
D
D
D
D
D D
° °
°
°
°
D
D
DG = DH –TDS Where
D
DG = Gibbs Free Energy DH = Enthalpy in Joules T = Temperature (K) And DS = Entropy in Joules/K
D
D
D
D
D
D
D D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
.
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D D
D
D
D
D
D
reaction rate
Δconcentra tion Δtime
reaction rate
Δconcentration Δtime
0.100 mol / L 0.22 mol / L 4s
0.03
mol liter sec
collision theory
D
D
• • • • •
D
D
D
M
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
105 103 3
6
Molarity of unknown =
vinegar Molarity =
molarity of known x liters of known liters of unknown
(NaOH Molarity)(NaOH volume) vinegar volume
60 grams acetic acid 180 g acetic acid 3 moles acetic acid 1 liter solution x x = = 18% Liter solution 1 mole acetic acid 1000 grams solution 1000 g solution
common name stomach acid
name hydrochloric acid
HF
hydrobromic acid
HBr
milk of magnesia
HI
nitric acid
HNO3
sulfuric acid
H2SO4
phosphoric acid lye
HCl
hydrofluoric acid hydrioidic acid
vinegar
formula
acetic acid sodium hydroxide
H3PO4 CH3CO2H NaOH
magnesium hydroxide
Mg(OH)2
calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
ammonia
triethylamine
NH3
(CH3CH2)3N
[H+][OH-] = 10-14 Enter 10^-14/1.66E-4
pH 3.78 [H+] = 10-pH
Enter 10^-3.78
[H+]
pOH
[OH-]
Acid or base? Example
1.66 x 10-4
10.22
6.0 x 10-11
Acid Orange juice
pH + pOH = 14 Enter 14-3.78
Use the change sign (-) button, not the subtract button
pH>7 = base pH<7 = acid
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D D D D
D
D D
D