Inclusive Architecture Design Portfolio by Helen Chan

ARCH7111 Architecture Design Studio 1 Semester 1, 2012

HELEN CHAN 2

| PORTFOLIO

Inclusive Architecture

CONTENTS

Introduction to Inclusive Architecture

Architectural Merit of Key Building

Population and User Profile of Key Building

Spatial Layout

Lighting

Design

Colour

Thermal and Ventilation Design

Material Selection

Design Development

Further Design

Final Design

INTRODUCTION

Inclusive architecture can also be refered to as Universal Design and Design for All. Universal Design originated from America since the Vietnam War veterans who wanted to be able to enjoy the things that they could before they became disabled as a result of the participation in the war. Other places such as Japan have also taken on the idea of Universal Design recently. Used in Europe and Scandinavia, Design for All is about â&#x20AC;&#x153;ensuring that environments, products, services and interfaces work for people of all ages and abilities in different situations and under various circumstancesâ&#x20AC;?. Mostly, the accessibility of the building is the problem for disabled people. Apart from pathways and general circulation within a building, accessibility also includes their ability to reach and use building services. Always remember when designing for a specific group of users that even though they may be very able bodied at the time of designing, they will become older over time and the needs of these users will change. Also, the group of users that are using the space may change or there may be visitors to the space who may a very different group of people in terms of disabilities.

friendly for them. The more people that are able to function almost if not to their full abilities in a building would significantly reduce the amount of people who need assisstance in activities inside the built environment, hence reducing costs in assistive technologies or paid caretakers as well as improve their self-confidence or encourage them to participate more in society. People with disabilities are not necessary only people with extremely limited bodily functions who use wheelchairs. There are people with minor disabilities which may not be long term in:

Being aware of the range of users that will be using the building and accommodating the largest range of people possible should be the aim in any given building design. Note that the largest range of users are taken account of, but not the absolute 100% of all users since it is impossible to design for every different individual especially for a larger group of users.

- Mobility; people with a broken thumb, sprained wrist, or even disabled in mobility because of the amount of things they might be carrying - Visual; short-sightedness which is very common, or even just wearing sunglasses when itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s suddenly dark from a bright area is a disability even though it is temporary - Hearing; perhaps a reduction in hearing because of listening to loud music on a mp3 - Speech; may be affected by the acoustics in the room, or even as a result of a sore throat from a cold - Mental; upset after a failed attempt at something or after a fight with someone - Hidden; these impairments can include asthma which would reduce the ability of a person to walk up long sets of stairs - Elderly; slight reduction in vision or movement etc.

Designing inclusively can actually reduce the costs to provide specially catered services for people with disabilities who might not be disabled if the designs were user-

Design from the macro (the overall plan) to the micro (door handles etc.) and always consider the structure needed for the required function for a range of users.

Centennial Park Dining McConnel Smith & Johnson

Lights used at the edge to h possibility of tripping.

highlight step at night or dark conditions minimising the

Ramp moves around tree; designing with the site in mind so that there is a relationship between the original enviroment and the built structures

Ramp moves around tree

Tactile ground indicators warning of a slope

Raised edges to prevent wheelchairs to roll over the edge of the ramp

Use of timber horizontally across width of ramp to increase friction in the direction of movement

Handrails as a supporting element and a barrier to prevent people falling off the ramp

Change in surface suggests a different area, but because there is an old entrance/pathway, people use this to walk in and out through the grass. Since it is used, either a pathway should be created or it is completely obstructed. Having this â&#x20AC;&#x153;unofficialâ&#x20AC;? pathway would actually be less safe for people, and more accidents may occur because of it.

ARCHITECTURAL MERIT

Looking at Pavillon Suisse by Le Corbusier, we realised that the building had many issues in the execution of the building technologies that were new at the time, and also in the lack of consideration for the users. The building was divided into two main parts: a service core, and an accommodation block. This separation was well thought as it provided the people living there with more privacy and allows the public to enter and leave the service core without disrupting the students living in the accommodation. Thus, we decided to design the student accommodation in the same program with the service core and the accommodation as separate buildings. From studying the Suisse Pavillon, there were alot of problems and issues that were not considered when the building was designed; some problems which have arisen over time. From realising these problems, I learnt that when designing a building, the life of the building must be considered; the maintainance that will be required, and the possible changes that may occur over time and how the building design can adapt to that.

Pavillon Suisse

1 Student Accommodation 2 Service Core 3 Circulation Core

Original building configuration

Cupboards and shelves do not have to just be that, they can serve as doors, walls, barriers, and even add sculptural forms. The curved wall in Pavillon Suisse displays the way the wall of shelves can also affect the line of sight and the views seen. This thinking can be applied to all the furniture elements in a building. One of the biggest issues that really stood out was the fact that there was a large amount of glazing on the Southern wall opening the student rooms to the harsh Southern sun. This was indicative that the user and way the room being used behind the glazing was not considered. Appropriate lighting should be considered for the use.

New building configuration

Multiple Function Furniture

Cupboard and shelves as a wall and aesthetic feature

Seating in a sculptural form that has a variety of seating possibilities

Southern facade with all the glazing allowing harsh sun in the external shutters were added afterwards

Blinds can be seen to be added in this photo displaying the spaces behind the Southern glazing

Southern Sunlight Issue

POPULATION + USER

Continuing from the previous topic, it was obvious that the lighting was not the only issue revolving around designing for the user and the use. There were also problems with the fittings such as the glass sliding doors. Design of these fittings should consider the lifetime and the possibility that it may have to be replaced. If the fitting is not to be replaced then it should be considered in the way it can be maintained especially looking at the parts that are most likely to fail. Retrofitting access and other elements that aid the users in a built environment is usually never better than if it was considered from the beginning of the design process. It is also not about having the building designed so that the disabled person has to find the services that they require to navigate or complete activities inside the building. The building should reach out and be inclusive by the elements of the building designed to be user-friendly for the largest group of individuals possible. Although looking at measurements of furniture or human dimensions from the immediate surroundings can be a helpful way to work out dimensions for the design, in order to be sure that a large amount of people will be included, statistics and percentages of human body dimensions will be helpful in determining and creating a better suited built environment for the users. It is always the measurements and dimensions that are remembered in thinking about inclusive design. The actions required to function any mechanisms inside the building are neglected to be considered. These actions may be more difficult to execute from one person to another. Design to increase the ease of use for any mechanism in the building.

Statistics on Human Dimensions

The Measure of Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design (Henry Dreyfuss Associates & Tilley, 2001)

(Bridge, 2012)

Considering Action in Executing Activity

(Bridge, 2012)

SPATIAL LAYOUT

Spatially, we thought Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s separation of the two public and private functions worked well. Even though this configuration seemed to work well, it was not the initial design concept. The design concept we wanted to explore for the student accommodation was to create a sense of community. One of the earliest design forms was of a courtyard with a central space in the centre for students to gather. In order to finalise the general form of the building, we also looked at the site. Since it was in France we quickly decided that the Southern facade should have much less glazing than the amount Corbusier put in Pavillon Suisse. The Southern sun in France is equivalent to the Northern sun in Australia which we understand to be very unpleasant because of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s light angle. However, the position of these student rooms are not placed wrongly with relation to its surroundings. It made sense that the quieter corner of the site should be where the accommation should be placed. Accessibility was not an issue for the main entrance as the site was almost completely flat apart from a slight incline of 1 metre from the north to the south. Le Corbusier has flattened this incline for his design and we decided that it was beneficial for both the users and the design of the building if the site was flattened. There were many issues with accessibility for the higher levels of the building mass. A number of forms and configurations were tested, but we ended up having to have a lift somewhere in the design to take users up to the higher levels that are unable or have difficulties walking either because of their legs or even because of asthma or the like.

Site Analysis

Layouts

Initial sketch of a possible building form in plan from the idea of community - a courtyard with circulation at the centre of the building connecting both sides.

Initial sketch of a possible building form in section with the Southern side of the building higher to catch the Northern sun even for the block behind (South side).

The graph on the right displays the average temperature, precipitation, wet days, sunlight, wind speed, and frost of Paris throughout the year.

France is located in the northern hemisphere; sandwiched between two land masses and two bodies of water. Paris lies in the northern part of France and usually has warm summers and cool winters. In mid-summer, the average temperature in Paris is about 18 degrees Celcius and in mid-winter it is 2 degrees Celcius. The weather is much cooler overall compared to Australia. However, it must be noted that there may be an increase in the average temperature from 1.1 to 6.4 degrees Celcius in about 88 years due to greenhouse emissions according to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) experts. Keeping in mind that the climate will gradually become warmer over the expected 40 to 50 year lifespan of the building, flexibility in insulation design of the building should be considered. Sketch of a possible plan layout; in a form of an arrow with which the point is the entrance which joins the 2 wings and a separate larger block for accessible accommodation which are linked with walkways from the 2 wings.

Strong, dry, and cold winds which are known as mistral occasionally blow from the N and NW direction. Otherwise, the average wind in Paris over the year does not change.

LIGHTING

There are two main types of lighting for use in architecture; natural lighting and artificial lighting. Both types have their advantages and disadvantages with the consideration of the inhabitants of the building with their varying degrees of visual impairment, from completely no impairment to blindness. Natural light or daylight should be a definite requirement of all designs of buildings. Daylight provides people with the source of Vitamin D that prevents brittle bones and reveals the largest range of colours in the environment. It can also be the brightest source of light when it is not overcast. Below is a list of things to consider in designing a building with daylight in France at the location of the current Suisse Pavillon: - Sunlight from the North for a softer reading and painting light for all spaces possibly apart from the Auditorium - Hard light from the South can be used to highlight the textures and the details of the building and its surroundings - Softer lighting from the South can be used to light the building or objects inside the building more consistently - Fill light such as light bounced off walls should be considered to light up parts of the building which may have a stark contrast in brightness and shadow to prevent the loss of detail in the darkness or in the brightness in terms of glare - “Increasing the level of illumination was beneficial for all types of vision impairment” (Kuyk, Elliott, and Patti, 1998b; Long, Rieser, and Hill,1990), but also make sure that this increase in illumination does not create glare issues

- “Addressing glare means keeping sunlight out of the field of view of building occupants while protecting them from disturbing reflections” (Science Daily, 2006), so remember to consider the sunlight paths and make sure diffuse light is getting in and not direct sunlight - Natural light should be controlled by the choice and amount of glazing and the façade treatment - Direction and form of the building can affect the amount and ability to control lighting - Most glazing of the building should be on the North of the building for lighting purposes - Light from the South should also be used, but in moderation and should be able to be controlled by the inhabitant Artificial lighting is another vital part of lighting for a building as we cannot depend on daylight for the illumination of spaces on its own. Unlike daylight, artificial lighting is a lot more stable and can be used at night when it is dark to illuminate the building. Although artificial lighting does not offer the same ability of colour rendering of daylight, it is easier to manipulate and control. Below are some things to be considered in terms of the artificial lighting when designing the student accommodation: - Try to use natural lighting whenever possible as artificial lighting generally uses up to 25% to 40% of the energy consumption of a building - All spaces should have sources of artificial lighting when natural lighting is not available at night or not enough on overcast days • “Cornelissen et al (1995) found that the preferred illumination level varies for each individual and that it is difficult to provide standardized optimal levels” (UNSW Lecture 5), therefore the design of lighting should be flexible and allow the occupant to dim or brighten the lights and even

Natural light through skylights creating a sense that the walkway is outside.

Colour playing a role in the light and brightness of the interior spaces.

allow the occupant to dim or brighten the lights and even allow them to turn on a smaller group of lights to allow a ability for them to choose the way to illuminate the room which suits them best - Similar to natural lighting, the ideas of the use of hard light, soft light, and fill light should be applied in the design of the artificial lighting - Directions and placements of light should be considered as it may provide a sense of direction inside the space - Having a even distribution of light inside the building will also assist in way finding and object visibility - Any light that is meant for reading should be about 150lux, but again, this is generalised and lighting that can be adjusted would be the most inclusive Both artificial lighting and natural lighting should be used in all spaces apart from a select few which includes the mechanical rooms and the auditorium. Even the courtyard should have adequate artificial lighting so that people can get around at night. Make sure that no matter what type of light is used, the light can be controlled to some degree by the user. Lighting in a building is not just about glowing filaments and the sun, it may be about other elements of the building that reflects and redistributes the light. Lighting could also be affected by the use of colour in the sense that a white coloured space is brighter than a blue coloured space. Use of lighter and brighter colours instead of dull colours like brown and black will be beneficial to the building overall soundness in visibility. Filtering light through fabrics to diffuse the light.

DESIGN

The general form of the building was decided in the sketches along with possible placements of spaces in the form. At first the circulation was placed inside the spaces, but soon I discovered that placing the circulation outside may work better. Having the circulation on the perimeter of spaces also means that there would be more distance for the ramp to rise, reducing the angle of the ramps required to take someone to the next levels. This way the ramps do not just serve as circulation but also like a balcony with views to the outside.

Circulation moved to the perimeter 1:20 gradient

Even though we had made a estimate on the amount of area we needed for different spaces before designing the form, it was only when I started drafting up the spaces with actual dimensions for each space that I realised we would have less rooms than what we intended to have within the building envelope. I made sure each room had ample space for people to move around including people with wheelchairs and crutches. This was also important for toilets as well, so I drafted in both an accessible toilet and a standard toilet for the inhabitants even though the accessible toilet and standard toilets took over the spaces for more rooms. Also, I left some room for the toilets in the cafeteria. These toilets were to be standard cubicles with one accessible toilet at the front so that a range of users can be catered for. I soon realised that there wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t enough space for both male and female toilets with the same amount of cubicles in each. Decided that an accessible toilet is much more important than a standard toilet with a few cubicles since it includes a larger group of users especially when it is used for the public as well. Also, I decided that it was better if the library was on a upper level to the cafeteria rather than the other way around to provide more privacy.

Swimming Pool

Copy of Si Si pencil sketch as base image

Ground Floor

Below the sketches are the CAD drafts of the floors where I worked out the extact areas required for each room function and the amount of rooms that were cut because of it.

Library/ Cafe Area

First floor student accommodation room

Copy of Si Si pencil sketch as base image

First Floor

Copy of Si Si pencil sketch as base image

Second Floor

COLOUR

As I realised in the section on lighting, colour plays a major role in lighting up spaces and affects the visibility of building elements. Colour and light are closely related because without light, colour would not exist. Colours are shown when different wavelengths of light are absorbed and released. A rainbow of colours is shown when the different wavelengths are separated from each other. Some terms relating to colour are: - Hue (Spectral colour) The colours of the rainbow, the ones that can be differentiated from each other. Eg. red, yellow. - Value Lightness/ darkness of a colour - Saturation Brightness/ dullness of a colour Two or more colours together can change the way each colour is viewed depending on the colours put together. It also depends on the proximity of these colours to each other. Usually warmer colours such as orange stand out more than the cooler colours like green. To increase visibility, values must be carefully chosen so that there is enough contrast. Strong contrasts in hue are minimised if low saturated colours are used; these colours generally work well together. Using only one dominant hue with all its values is also another way of choosing colour that work well together. Opposite colours can work well together too, such as blue and orange. In order to accommodate people with colourblindness, I realised that signage and directional colour used in architecture should not only be in colour, but contrast should be added in values and also patterns or other elements

that includes line and shade. Colour contrast (a range of values used) is also helpful for people with low vision apart from people with colourblindness. Colour can also be used as a way to communicate to users the important elements in the room. However, it is important to remember that too much different colours can create confusion; it is best to just use minimum amount of hues for these cues. It is also recommended that the colours used are the ones that are related to what is needed to be communicated eg. red for warning/ stop. In the colours used in our design for the student accommodation, most of it is from the natural colours from the materials used. These materials include timber, concrete, and travertine. Travertine has the lightest colour and concrete has the darkest. Walls and columns are travertine contrasted by the floors which are timber. The difference in colour values of the two materials would ease the navigation through the spaces. The architrave is in a black rubber material which serves both as a visual cue to where the door is and also act as a bumper. The secondary use of the rubber as a bumper was thought of when I was looking at a architrave with many scrapes mostly near the bottom. Apart from the daily contact that may occur, it would slightly soften wheelchair impacts. In summary, use a range of values to increase contrast and use line and patterns as well on top of colour to communicate to a wider range of users. Control the amount of hues used to prevent confusion; only use enough hues to communicate to the user.

(Bridge, 2012)

Showing the effects of different colour interactions

Toilet showing appropriate use of colour contrast

THERMAL + VENTILATION

Ventilation and thermal comfort is vital for the well-being of users living within the built environment. In order for ventilation to occur, it is best to have at least two openings which are on different walls. In the student accommodation, the rooms have windows on all the walls that are not shared with the neighbouring rooms. Mostly, these windows are located on opposite walls, one facing the internal courtyard, and the other facing the soccer fields towards the South. Courtyards are areas with low pressure where air rises. This means that air will be drawn out upwards pulling the air outwards from the rooms if the windows facing the courtyard are open creating air movement. New air would be taken in when the windows facing the outside of the building are opened. The louvered windows means that the user can adjust the amount of opening to increase or decrease air flow and the rate of air renewal. Having windows on one side opened more than the other enhances certain directional air flow so the user may choose to open one set of windows fully and the other minimally. Another factor that affects the air movement is the air that gets in the building through cracks such as the gaps under the doors. This factor is refered to as infiltration and is measured by ACH (air changes per hour). From the UNSW lecture slides by Catherine Bridge, below is a list of the factors affecting air infiltration: - Meteorology - Heating and cooling systems - Occupant activity - Structural parameters - Quality and materials of construction - Condition of structure - Meteorological parameters

- The airflow rate due to infiltration depends upon pressure differences between the inside and outside of the structure and the resistance to flow through building openings Hot air rises and cool air sinks. When the indoor temperature is higher than the outside temperature, the air will flow out at the top of the building and cool air will replace the warm air from the bottom. When the indoor temperature is lower than the outside temperature, the hot air will enter from the top of the building and the cool air from the building will be drawn out from the bottom. In France, it is more likely that it would be warmer inside than it is outside as the temperatures there are usually quite low throughout the year. With this in mind, it is more important to make sure less cool air gets in from the bottom or it is warmed before it enters the core of the building to effectively keep the building heated on cold days. However, the temperature difference between the inside and outside should be minimised. This is to prevent â&#x20AC;&#x153;sick building syndrome symptomsâ&#x20AC;? (Bridge, 2012). From the site analysis I did in Week 4, I learnt that there is high humidity in France. This would greatly affect the thermal comfort of the inhabitants in a building. Luckily the temperatures in France are quite low in contrast to the high humidity which means that the humidity would not be felt as much as if it was hot. Everyone feels temperatures differently, thus sufficient flexibility in controlling air temperature in spaces is best. A user works best inside a space in which the temperature is to their best comfort; not cold or hot to them.

Air flow through the building

(Bridge, 2012)

Locations and amount of heat loss from a house

MATERIAL

The use of materials had been explored when looking at colour. Apart from the function of materials as a visual aesthetic and cue, materials also have varying surfaces. These surfaces affect the way a user interacts within the space. The surfaces that would be touched most are the walls and the floor. Change in the texture of the materials can also act as a cue towards a change in the space being entered. The material choice in the floors and walls have a big impact on the interactions of people and building not only because they are the surfaces that are contacted the most, but also because the hands (at the level of the walls) and the feet (in contact with the ground) are the most sensitive parts of the human body besides the face. For floors, tactile ground indicators are used for people with vision impairment to warn them of possible hazards like a upcoming change in level in front of them. Although these indicators work as a tactile element, they can also work even better if it is contrasted in hue or value to the floor used so that it stands out for people to see to minimise trips. Non-skid stair treads are also important to prevent trips and slips. The coefficient of friction for flooring is a factor that should be considered when choosing a material for a floor. The recommended coefficient of friction is between 3-4 and 5 for people with disability. Considering the tactile senses, braille are commonly used on signs or other building elements that improve way finding or warning of hazards. There are 2 types of braille, one in Australian English, and another which is truncated (short hand). Be careful when specifying that the braille is in the right language.

Main materials (colour) used in the new design

Travertine (matte finish)

Concrete

Steel

Timber Flooring

Some of the materials used shown in the library

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

A basement carpark was added after we realised we forgot to provide parking for the building. There were many other changes that were needed as well including changing walls into glass walls to open up spaces and create a visual connection between people in static spaces such as the library and the moving people on the ramps. The toilets where moved on the ground floor to allow for a common room which is encased with glass to open the ground floor keeping the vista through the building like Le Corbusier’s Pavilion Suisse did. However, it is now a much more usable space than the open space on the ground floor of the Pavilion Suisse.

Fire stairs added for the service block. Stairs take occupants to the outside of the building.

Fire stairs added

A director’s apartment was added which was about double the space of a standard room.

Cafeteria replaces the library on the ground floor so that it can cater for the public as well. The library would also have more privacy when it’s not on the ground floor.

Common room replaces what was at one point a swimming pool. We thought a common room would be much more useful for the students living there and does not take up as much room.

Ground Floor

The cafeteria made into a double height space to encourage surveillance from the ramps into the spaces and vice versa. The library becomes almost like a mezzanine level overlooking the cafeteria.

The inclusion of the toilets on every level instead of only on the ground level to increase accessibility to services for the users.

First Floor

Larger units at the end (same on level 2) provide a different sort of accommodation catering to people that may need more bedrooms for a small family etc.

Garage for parking

FURTHER DESIGN

Details of the building were considered from the door handles to the shower. One of the most important things I learnt was that the details of a building can make a huge difference in the accessibility/ user-friendliness of a building.

Room Details

The kitchenette was carefully considered for wheelchair accessibility. The drawers and cupboards are all movable so that the user can adjust the position of these drawers and cupboards for their ease of opening. Besides ease, being movable means that the user can shift it out of the way when they need more leg room or just more space. The water tap is a hose which is flexible making it easier to move to whichever direction the water is needed. There is also a grab rail around the edge of the kitchen benchtop for the user to support themselves when needed or even use to pull themselves towards the table instead of having to push the wheels. Also, the round grab rail blocks impact onto a hard edge on the bench. Towels can also be hung from these grab rails. The two stoves are parallel to the long edge of the bench to reduce the amount of reaching needed. The cupboards and drawers are opened either by tugging on the handle like standard cupboard/ drawer doors or they can be sprung open by giving it a push.

Similarly to the design for the kitchen, the drawers are on wheels, making it movable for the ease of opening the drawers and also to make whatever space they need. Like in Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design of the feature wall which were composed of shelves, shelves becomes part of the working bench instead of being completely separate. There is a light underneath the shelf above the table top to light up the table. This light can be adjusted in brightness which may be handy for adjustments through the day to make it acceptable for the varying amount of natural light that enters the room.

Clothes hook

1500mm turning circle

Toilet Details

It was made sure that ample space was left for a wheelchair user to rotate inside the toilet. This rotation would be 1500mm in diameter. I drew a circle with 1500mm diameter as a guide as to the amount of space I would need to leave. Instead of having the plumbing seen for the toilet, it is encased in the wall but in a way that still allows a person in a wheelchair to park next to the toilet (the wall steps back to allow space for this). There are grab rails along the length of the wall so that a person can make their way to the toilet without having to leave the grab rails. The washing basin is movable upwards and downwards by remote control so that users of different heights (and even users that are sitting on wheelchairs as opposed to standing up) can use the tap comfortably (SaniLife produces these sink systems called Sanimatic Sink).

Drainage Detail Section

Fine Details Controls flow of water Controls temperature of water Curved like the shape of a hand resting; not supposed to be used as a grab rail in any way No gap for entrapment to occur

Timber panels Travertine Rubber Travertine panel 45mm Handrail Detail

Matte glass casing Raised edge to prevent wheelchairs falling off

Night/ Lights Off

Drainage Detail Section

Day/ Lights On

Up light Vegetation strip

Photoluminescent aluminium strip Walkway Light Detail

Door Handle Detail

FINAL DESIGN

After the many weeks, this is the final product. Given more time, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m sure much more details into the building can be considered. Since our building was large scale, I found we would have benefited from more time on the design. This project made me appreciate the amount of thought and details that are considered in designing a building of this scale. I learnt the importance to involve inclusive thinking right from the beginning of the designing process. Materials, ventilation, thermal, colour, lighting, layout are all interrelated in the building as a whole down to the details.

Plans

Sections

Elevations

1. Bridge, C 2012, Inclusion Lecture - Part 2: Understanding variation-population and user profiling, lecture notes distributed in ARCH7111 at University of New South Wales, Sydney on 23 April 2012.

REFERENCE

2. Bridge, C 2012, Relating colour to human experience, lecture notes distributed in ARCH7111 at University of New South Wales, Sydney on 23 April 2012. 3. Bridge, C 2012, Relating temperature/ air flow to human experience, lecture notes distributed in ARCH7111 at University of New South Wales, Sydney on 23 April 2012. 4. Science Daily, 2006, Daylight Savings: Building With Natural Light, Science Daily, viewed 5 April, 2012, <http://www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/2006/11/061114194440.htm>. 5. Zaknic, I 2000, Le Corbusier - Pavillon Suisse: The Biography of a Building, 1st edn, Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland.

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