History features

Through life I have come to realise that fashion is as much about what it looks like, as it is about how it makes you feel. The time had come for me to get a brand spankin’ new pair of work boots and I have to say that they did not look good, nor did they make me feel good. After a day of drenching and ear tagging, with my bright pink tags, I struggle out of my boots and peal off my socks to find angry, bleeding blisters which even Bell my dog, did not like the look of. I didn’t mind because it had been a day of winning and I was basking in farming glory, having had also separated my calves, putting them into the weaner paddock. Settling in for the night I mentally high five my butcher boyfriend and thank him for his help with today’s adventures before getting to sleep.

Awoken by my cows bellowing moos, I assume the separation from their calves had become too much so I walk over to the weaner paddock to see if maybe I could give the ladies a chat to sooth their aggravation. The joke was on me though and I couldn’t control my frustration to see one lone calf remaining within the paddock. Its mother, Korova, was trying to tell her calf to come out like the other 5 calves had. Happily grazing on the grass, the calf ignored her instructions and continued to enjoy the paddock alone.

Driving back to Casino, I thought only of how I was going to build a new fence. Many ideas went through my head including a fence made from rope or fabric. Realising this was not going to be an easy quick fix situation, I alert my butcher

boyfriend, aka my new farm hand, of the latest headache I was facing. With overwhelming fear, I listened to his suggestion of building a new fence from scratch and agreed, all the while replaying the voices I had heard that said I couldn’t possibly take on such a task.

After removing the outer electric fence wire and undoing the wire ties at each post, I take the keys to start big red, the tractor. Turning the key, I see the red light come on but hear no noise at all from the engine. Suddenly the blisters on my feet seemed like a positive treat compared to these frustrating hurdles which only seemed to become higher each day. Little did I know that I was actually about to become, Mechanic Sophie.

Tying my hair up and donning my best determined mechanic face, I haul the heavy battery from the boot of my car and manhandled it over to the tractor. It was at that point I knew Wonder Woman was a fictional character because there is no way that she was able to lift heavy objects in no more then fancy boy leg nickers and stylish knee-high heeled boots. After taking the key out of the ignition and taking the old battery out, I heave the new battery up to the battery box and begin to hook up the terminals. With a short pray to the farming gods, I turn the key and to my surprise the tractor starts. I hug my dog Bell with relieved joy, knowing that soon my calves will have a shiny new fence to spend their days.

After a barbeque breaky, I carefully add a million band aides to my feet and slide my work boots on. The tractor starts straight away and we get to work pulling out the wire from the eroding posts, most of which were no longer connected to the ground. The first side of the fence was slow, but as we got into a steady rhythm things, became easier. Before we knew it, it was beer o clock.

As Bell sat in the shade of the tractor, my butcher boyfriend and I had a beer and admired the progress we had made in the short few hours we had worked together. It was then that I realised that we were building much more then a fence. Fashion may not always functional, but a strong fence was important for the future of the farm and possibly a strong future for a family business, which hopefully will last as long as the original fence.

Helen Trustum Dwyer Family - Backmede and Bentley

My story on the Dwyer Family starts with John and Johanna Dwyer. John arrived in Sydney from Ireland in 1860 with one brother and a sister. He remained in Sydney for a few months before moving to Maitland where he began wheat farming. Later he moved to Belford, Hunter River and began dairying. It was here he met Johanna Hanley. Johanna had four children from a previous marriage in Ireland. They

John and Johanna Dwyer

were Mick Hanley born 1853, Dick Hanley born 1854, Johanna [Mrs Hartley] born 1856 and Bridget [Mrs Doolan] born 1857. They were married on 24th October 1861 in Maitland. In 1877 John travelled to Backmede near Casino and purchased 433 acres. In 1878 John and Johanna with their three children Mary aged 15 years, Patrick [Paddy] 13 years and William 9 years walked behind the bullock team from Belford to Backmede. This would have been a challenge on its own. I can imagine how long it took.

The property was called “Briarfield”. A slab house was built on his selection. This house was added to over the years until there were four bedrooms and a large kitchen. After grazing for many years, he turned to dairying. A creamery was built on the property around 1900 and operated by the Adams, Reynolds and Dwyer Families. It was located near where the windmill stands now. Water would have been needed for the creamery. Mr Vardy who lived near the creamery was the manager. After separating the cream, farmers would take their skimmed milk back home to feed their pigs. The cream would be picked up and taken to Casino.

The children attended the Runnymede Provisional School, which was the first small school built in the Casino district in 1886. The site was near the Dwyer property. Mr William Grant was the first teacher with 29 pupils. School picnics were very popular with people turning up in their sulkies, carts, horse’s or even walking. The picnic lunch was very popular with plenty of food served. The old school site still has pines, oaks and jacarandas gracing the area, also after each shower of rain, pink crokers can still be seen popping up all around the old school site. In 1927 the school was moved and renamed Backmede School. sharefarmers work the farm. John had many blocks of land where he cleared the lantana and other rubbish by using a bullock team. John was noted for his walking where you would often see him walking around his properties. John and his son Patrick [Paddy] would often be seen driving pigs to Foley’s Lismore. There would often be around 200 pigs in the mob. In later years he was known as Grand Daddy Dwyer. John tendered a lovely garden from which he cured his owned tobacco. John was a great party man and each year a party would be held in honour of his birthday.

Today a group of shady fig trees guard the site of “Briarfield”. The house was pulled down about 1920.

John and Johanna Dwyer’s grave

John Dwyer died 6th July 1927 aged 95 years and Johanna died 27th December 1905 aged 79 years. They are both buried in the West Street, Cemetery, Casino.

Mary, eldest child of John and Johanna, was born 30th July 1862 at Port Stephens. Mary married Luke Comiskey in 1883 and lived on their property “Springvale” North Casino now owned by Melba De Re. Family - John, Peter, Johanna, William, Francis, Mary, Susannah, Veronica, Kathleen, Teresa, Clare Lillian, Lawrence and Rose.

Mick and Mary Moroney’s wedding

Luke, along with his brother Peter travelled from Lambing Flat to the Casino District in the 1870’s. He selected his land and began in the cedar business, cutting and hauling timber by bullock team.

Luke was an expert horseman and always kept a pair of creamy horses which he used in a buggy. The family moved to Umbirum between Pitsworth and Toowoomba in 1907 and purchased a property.

Mary died 26th January 1944 Patrick [Paddy] was born in 3rd January 1864. He married Mary Reynolds 16th September 1889 in Casino. Mary, being the daughter of Patrick and Catherine Reynolds, were early pioneers to Backmede. Reynolds Road was named after him. Luke Comiskey’s sale notice - 1907

Family - Catherine, Mary, Ellen, Margaret, Anne, John and Clare.

In his early life Paddy worked bullock teams and later changed to dairying. He built their first home working at night where Mary held the lantern. When this house was pulled down, an 1883 halfpenny was found in a position which indicated it must have been placed there during the construction of the house.

Paddy was a busy carpenter and built many houses, dairies and barns in the neighbourhood. He also took a keen interest in the going’s on in the district where he was a member of many organisations in Casino. He loved a game of tennis and played it right up to his later years. He also used a bullock team hauling cedar. One flood claimed his wagon and logs while he was camped at Fairy Hill. Paddy acquired a few properties around the area and houses in Casino. A tennis court was built on “Springfield” where many matches were held either with family and friends. He always kept the names of his properties written up behind the door of the barn. This is where he had a tally of his cattle on each property. Jack and William Dwyer and Dick Hanley - 1917

Mary died 17th July 1919 from the Influenza epidemic. Patrick later remarried to Anne Richardson who died at the age of 48 years. He then married Mildred Richardson.

Paddy died in 22nd September 1938 and the farm was purchased by his nephew, William Luke Dwyer. Now in 2020, Great Grandson, Chris wife Kathy with family Kirrley, Brendan and Kaitlyn live on the property, keeping the Dwyer tradition going.

To be continued in Issue 42 of Heartland Magazine….

Kit Monaghan

According to Stuart McIntyre in his survey of the historiography of Australia, until the late 20th century historians of Australia used an Imperial framework, arguing that Australia emerged from a transfer of people, institutions, and culture from Britain. These historians painted a Whiggish narrative of successful growth into a modern nation, tracing the arrival of limited self-government, with regional parliaments and responsible ministers, followed by Federation in 1901 and eventually full national autonomy. According to McIntyre, that interpretation has been largely abandoned by recent scholars:

The process of settlement is now regarded as a violent invasion of a rich and subtle indigenous culture, the colonists’ material practices as destructive of a fragile environment, their aesthetic response to it blinkered and prejudiced, the cultivation of some British forms timid and unresponsive.

The first major history of Australia was William Charles Wentworth’s Statistical, Historical, and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales, and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen’s Land: With a Particular

Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration, and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America (1819). Wentworth details the disastrous effects the penal regime. Many other historians followed his path, with the six volume History of Australia by Manning Clark (published 1962–87) telling the story of “epic tragedy” in which “in which the explorers, Governors, improvers, and perturbators vainly endeavoured to impose their received schemes of redemption on an alien, intractable setting”.

With a handful of exceptions, there was little serious history of women in Australia before the 1970s. Women’s history as an academic discipline emerged in the mid-1970s, typified by Miriam Dixson’s The Real Matilda: Woman and Identity in Australia, 1788 to the Present (1976). The first studies were compensatory, filling in the vacuum where women had been left out. In common with developments in the United States and Britain, there was a movement toward gender studies, with a field dominated by feminists. Of recent importance are studies of the role of women on the Homefront, and in military service, during world wars. See Australian women during World War I and Australian women in World War II. Other important topics include the histories of families, demography, education, and childhood.

Since the 1980s a “history war” has been fought in Australia by scholars and politicians. They angrily debate the concept of genocide in the treatment of Aboriginal populations. They debate how “British” or “multicultural” Australia has been historically, and how it should be today. The rhetoric has escalated into national politics, often tied to the question of whether the royalty should be discarded and Australia become a republic. There have been angry statements by those adhering to the older pro-British position. Interest in the study of Australian history has plunged, and some schools and universities have sharply cut it back.

The Aboriginal history of the “Olive Family” first relates to “Aboriginal Jenny” recorded and known as “Jenny Olive” who was born and died at Yulgilbar which is west of Grafton. Written records state that Jenny was a full blood Aboriginal woman and was about 75 years old when she died on the 12/9/1912. Aboriginal customs at that time confirm that Aboriginal people did not have “Surnames” and their first names were “Tribal Names”. It was very common for Aboriginal people to have their tribal names and surnames changed to European names by people they worked for, or had a relationship with.

“Jenny Olive” had 4 children Mary Ann Olive, James Edward Olive, Annie Olive and William John Olive.

“ Jenny Olive” – Death Certificate

– 1966) and Harold (1902 – 1959). William Olive was the son of William John Olive (1866 – 1946) and Nellie Cowan (1854 and 1904) and was born on the 7/10/1890 in Grafton. He was the 5th child of 8 children in his family and his siblings included Elsie (1882 -1966), Alice (1884 – 1924), Elizabeth (1886 - 1906), David (1887-1888), Twins Lily (1893 – 1893) and Ruby (1893

Father – William John Olive Eldest Sister Elsie Youngest Sister Ruby

William’s family lived at the township of Cangai which is about 43kms west of Grafton. William was only 13 years old when his mother died, his sister Ruby was 12 and his brother Harold was aged 2. Records confirm that William’s father sister Annie raised Ruby and she attended the Cangai School in 1905 aged 12 years and her guardian was recorded as her Uncle Augusta Napoleon one of Annie’s sons.

Not a lot is known about William’s early childhood but as a teenager he was employed as a Miner at the Cangai Mines where Copper, Gold, Silver and Ore were mined. Miners at that time were paid an average of eight shillings a day (about $1.60) and could be paid in cash or gold. During the booming mining times in the 1800’s and 1900’s the mines employed over 200 men and the township of Cangai continued to grow and the records confirm that during its peak, business consisted of a Coach House, 2 Hotels, 2 Butchers, Post Office, General Stores, Baker, Dance Hall, Barber, Skating Rick, a Boarding House, Billiard House, Race Course and Football Ground. The first school opened in 1896 and the second in 1908. The mine was very successful for many years but the effects of the workers joining up for WW1 and the Copper Market collapse the Cangai mine closed. William left the Cangai Mines sometime in 1915 as he enlisted on the 15/10/1915 in Lismore. His army records confirmed he was aged 25, single, occupation Miner and his next of kin was his brother Harold Olive of Cangai. Cangai Mines

Enlistment Form

Signed Oath Form

The official recruitment policy of the Australian Army at this time was that Aboriginal enlistments were neither, necessary or desirable. However the pay and conditions offered by the AIF was a strong attraction for rural Aboriginal men to volunteer for active service abroad. Many Aboriginal men were knocked back by the AIF because they were Aboriginal.

Army Photo - 1915

William 3rd – left to right in the Third Back Row

Though William enlisted in Lismore, like many recruits from the Northern Rivers region he trained in Brisbane. He was with the 16th Reinforcement for the 9th Battalion and left from the Exhibition Grounds in Brisbane on the 28/3/1916 bound for Egypt aboard the “Star of Victoria”. By this time troops had been evacuated from Gallipoli and units in the Middle East were being reformed. He transferred to the 49th Battalion and in June 1916 he proceeded to France via the Port of Marseilles to begin his active service on the front line.

While fighting in France, William was wounded in his left arm on the 3/9/1916 and was evacuated on the ship “Asturias” to England for treatment. He was hospitalised initially at the Military Hospital at Dartford, England for two weeks before spending more than a month at the First Southern General Hospital at

Birmingham, England. On the 5/2/1917 he was briefly assigned for two weeks to the 5th Division Army Police before he embarked back to France to his Battalion on the ship “Invicta”. On the 7/7/17 while on the front line in Messines, France he obtained a flesh wound to his left leg but remained in France for treatment.

On the 17/7/1917, a Miss Rose Flint of Brisbane wrote to the Australia Army regarding William as she stated that she had heard nothing from him and being “Engaged” to him she was anxious to know why she had not had any letters or news about him. On the 26/7/1917 the Australia Army replied to her and informed her that William had been discharged from hospital in England on the 13/10/1916 after recovering from a mild gunshot wound in the arm and granted furlough until the 28/10/1916 and was then to report to Perham Downs in England. William’s family was not aware of this lady until they gained William’s war records

Letter from Miss Flint

Army Response Letter

In August 1917 William was transferred to the Army Provost Marshal Unit for Traffic Control duties where he remained until the end of the war.

William returned home to Australia on the 6/6/1919 on the ship “Port Napier” which called into the port of Fremantle in Western Australia. William went Absent With-Out Leave (AWO) while the ship was in dock. He was located two weeks later, and, on the 24 June, he embarked on the ship “Somalie” and travelled back to Brisbane arriving in July. He was discharged from the Army on the 2/9/1919 in Brisbane. William’s name is inscribed on the Copmanhurst Church Roll of War Honour and the Grafton District War Scroll

After being discharged from the Army, William’s family is not sure if he returned back to the Grafton area straight away or where he worked as on the 30/10/1920, William married Gladys Vivian Jackson at the Christ Church Cathedral in Grafton.

Gladys – 2nd from left Front Row – brother John 5th Front Row Mother Kathleen 3rd from left Second Row

Gladys and her family also lived at Cangai and written records of Cangai School, confirm that Gladys attended the school in 1907 and she was 9 years old and her sister Mabel was aged 7.

In 1924/1925 William and Gladys, travelled from Grafton to Casino by horse and sulky with their two oldest sons Roy and Reginald aged about 5 and 3 years. Due to the Australian Aboriginal Welfare Board policy that Aboriginal people could not live in a township, William built a shanty hut for his family on the riverbank of the Richmond River about 3 miles along the Lismore Road. The hut was made from salvaged timber from local mills, had a tin roof, 3 areas divided by hessian to make into bedrooms and had a dirt floor.

William and Gladys went onto have another 6 children while living in this shanty hut including Keith (1925 – 1991), Claude (1928 – 1982), Stanley (Bruce) (1930), Olga (1932 – 1996), Cyril (1935) and James (1937 – 1976).

When William first arrived in Casino, he gained employment cutting timber in the Drake area west of Casino, which was used for railway sleepers. He then gained employment with the Tomki Shire Council in Casino (now known as the Richmond Valley Council) where his job was to build and maintain the roads of Casino.

In 1945 William’s children understand that their mother Gladys had received some money from the Australian Army due to the death of her brother John as a Prisoner of War in Borneo. At this time William applied for a loan from the NSW Rural Bank to purchase a home for this family. This loan was approved which was very unusual for an Aboriginal person during the 1940’s to gain a loan, buy a house and be able to live in a town. This was due to the Aboriginal Welfare Board restrictions regarding Aboriginal people having no rights and were controlled and told what they could do and where they could go, and Aboriginal children were being removed from their families.

Gladys Vivian Jackson

Marriage Certificate

Gladys was born on the 18/5/1896 in Grafton and she was the 2nd child, of Frederick Jackson and Kathleen Walker who were both born and died at Grafton. Her siblings included Mabel (1893 – 1962), Arthur (1910 – 1910), Eugene (1912 – 1937) and John (1916 – 1945)

Parramatta Gaol

Parramatta Gaol was once one of Australia’s most prolific gaols in the country. The first gaol block was built in 1798 and was a medium security facility to house thieves that were causing havoc at that time. The gaol was built using a lot of log and thatch and was subsequently burnt down by arsonists on the 28th of December, 1799.

The second jail was built in a similar fashion and did not use masonry to secure a long term gaol building. This turned out to be a mistake through one prisoner named Michael Hoare who was sent to Parramatta gaol in 1816. He was sentenced to 3 years in prison with the first 12 months to be served on bread and water rations in solitary confinement. As related to Governor Lachlan Macquarie, Hoare was weighed down with heavy irons and locked to a chain made fast onto his cell wall. The noises that came from Hoare were particularly bad at night-time and eventually he was able to pull an iron bar from his cell window. This created a lot of damage to the prison and demonstrated how poorly made the building was.

Governor Macquarie was looking to build a secure and a substantial gaol which would stand the test of time and be able to house even the most challenging inmates. The site he had picked was Governor Bligh’s 105 acre land grant which Macquarie pointed out had been made by Governor King ‘in direct violation of the Standing Orders of His Majesty’s Ministers.’ In 1814 Macquarie sought colonial office approval to appropriate Bligh’s grant, obtained that approval in 1815 and finally issued a proclamation in 1819 declaring the grant null and void. The legal complications however were not put to rest until 1841 when Sir Maurice O’Connell, on behalf of his wife Mary (Bligh’s daughter), formally surrendered the land.

Governor Richard Bourke began erecting a substantial gaol which was a long and hard process which was only brought to partial fruition under his successor, George Gipps. In 1833 he aimed to gain authority for new gaols in Sydney and Parramatta. In 1834 he told the masters at the colonial office that unless he had a response from them by May 1835, he would use colonial funds to commence work. His appointees on the NSW Legislative Council gave him the necessary numbers to make this possible and, despite colonial opposition, the 1836 vote included £10,000 for Sydney and £5,000 for Parramatta.

Bourke appointed one of Thomas Mitchell’s surveyors, Mortimer William Lewis, in January 1835, to be the colonial architect and to prepare plans for both gaols. Both gaols had the governor’s house in the centre with the Parramatta gaol having 4 wings and the Sydney gaol having 6. In each wing there were 96 cells on each of the 3 floors, housing 6 prisoners in each cell. On the 3rdof January 1842 the new gaol was proclaimed a “Public Gaol, Prison and House of Correction”.

There was a decline in prison entries with the commencement of the First World War and by 1914 many of the prisoners who were in the system had been transferred into the mental health system. The army recruited many inmates from the male population and established their own places of confinement. The gaol closed for a time and was used as the Cumberland Hospital for the Insane. On the 14thof July 1922 the gaol reopened and remained open until 2011 when it shut its cells for good.

These days Parramatta gaol is a tourist hotspot and a chance for visitors to see the inside of a gaol as well as go back in time and experience some of Australia’s gaol history. The gaol offers ghost tours which leads participants into a darker part of the gaols history with stories of original inmates and some of the strange happenings at the gaol throughout history.

Henry Ford once said, “Chop your own wood, and it will warm you twice.” This is especially true for Doug Campbell who has been a lifelong timber man and has been able to not only warm himself, but his family more than twice over.

Born to Mervyn Kenneth Campbell and Dorothy May Flemming, Doug Campbell was the 2nd son of 6 children, born on the 29th of September 1942 in Bonalbo. Mervyn and Dorothy worked together on the gorge at Bonalbo, cutting out railway sleepers for two years. Mervyn served in the National service before being discharged and purchasing a rundown property at Mongogarie. Throughout the week Doug and his mother, would work the property while his father fell timber for Bennett’s

Sawmill, Casino. Although the family Mervyn Kenneth Campbell and Dorothy May Flemming

had increased the livestock and crops on the property, they were forced to leave within a 24hr period due to an error with the mortgage. Moving to a stock reserve on Mongogarie Road. The family was forced to live in 2 small tents before moving into Casino to set up the tents beside the bridge, now known as Steam Roller Park.

Doug had a challenging school life, attending schools in Mongogarie, Casino, Grevillia, Wiangaree, Kyogle and Lismore due to his father moving the family around. He began his schooling at the age of 7 and a half at Mongogarie before the family moved to “Frosty Flat” 30 miles north of Kyogle in 1950. “Frosty Flat” was small settlement of 26 families and had a grinding shop, built by Clive McIntosh, and a blacksmith shop, built by Mr Les McIntosh. It was here that 8-year-old Doug began helping his father cut sleepers and girders. 1958, Doug felling his first electricity pole with Danarm Tornado chainsaw owned by H.K McIntosh and sons.

At the age of 11, Doug was working at Dourrigans Gap to help clean up after the 1954 flood. Kevin and Beryl Booth, paid Doug with 2 hot meals a day as well as 2 pounds, which was more than a married man was receiving working at a sawmill. At the age of 14, Doug left school and commenced work for H.K. McIntosh and Son’s, de-sapping poles at Keybarbin State Forest. Clive McIntosh, who was the first world champion wood chopper in the Kyogle Shire, gave Doug his first Keesteel axe, broad axe and de-sapping axe while

Jimmy Lavelle gave him a Plumb de-sapping axe. Doug gained invaluable experience working for McIntosh and Sons as they did many jobs across the industry. They cleared electric light lines, shifted houses, built machinery, roads and bridges, blew stumps, ploughed farmland and worked swing saws. Doug was able to also learn the complete bush trade, camping in the scrub alongside 3 Aboriginal workers who became great friends and colleagues. 1958, Doug felling his first electricity pole with Danarm Tornado chainsaw owned by H.K McIntosh and sons.

Since 1933 until 1980, the McIntosh family supplied the chopping blocks for the Sydney Royal Easter Show with Clive McIntosh winning his first world championship at the 1940 Sydney Royal Easter Show. Doug enjoyed travelling to Bega to help cut the blocks with part Aboriginals, Ted McBride and Frank Davis, as they had fascinating stories, jokes and bush wit to keep him entertained for the whole journey. There were

2,800 blocks plus tree poles cut, and work was still carried out in the rain as there was no time for delay with the show maintaining their strict event dates.

Around this same time, Doug suffered an accident cutting his achilleas and had to be taken to hospital. This would be where he met Pam, who was a nurse and who subsequently caught his eye. Putting his best foot forward, Doug endeavoured to impress Pam with his 1966 Holden Premier with a white vinyl. He was successful and Doug and Pam planned to marry. Doug trimming teak butchers blocks

After 10 years of working for H.K McIntosh and Sons, Doug took over contracting using Clive’s swing saw and Blitz with then 16-year-old, Terry Kennedy. In 1966, Doug began contract falling “The Bulldog” Ewinger State Forest working for Taylor Bros.

Doug also began falling for A.A Cooper and experienced an accident involving having his hand driven into the chainsaw by a tree limb 2 weeks before the wedding. His thumb was able to be reconstructed, leaving him with one thumb shorter than the other and beautiful wife on his arm. The wedding took place on the 24th of August 1968 at the Kyogle Methodist Church. Doug and Pam

1968 Doug experience other joys such as the rediscovery of the Hastings Stick Mouse. Throughout his time in the bush, Jackadgery, Doug also killed two taipan snakes and found a new type of orchid.

Doug and Pam started a family in 1971 with the birth of their son Jason on the 16th of January. Their daughter, Tanya Odette was born the following year in March 1972. With wanting to be able to spend more time with his family, Doug decided to leave the bush and start a retail business in Kyogle. Doors opened to the family business in 1973, selling chainsaws, motorcycles, mowers and small engine appliances.

The shop was extremely popular and was for a time referred to as ‘Doug’s Diner’ because of all the people who would go and have lunch with Doug at the shop. Business was booming and Doug and Pam had developed great relationships with their customers and locals, but also with the wholesalers, service managers and representatives. The business was so successful that it won workshop of the year, winning a trip to Japan. Doug employed local people with Michael Frith working for him for 31 years. Other employees included Jim McLean, Robbie Scarborough and Robert Hyde. After selling the business in 2005, Doug continued to work with the new owner for 7 months after to help in the transition. camp and spend time with like minded people. Doug has also been an active member of Casino and Grafton Orchid Society having been awarded 2 worldwide awards as well as naming a new orchid after his beloved wife Pam. Doug was also invited as part of a group to travel to New Guinea to look for orchids.

In 1991, Doug and his family were instrumental in running the Clive McIntosh memorial wood chopping event. Running for two years, the events attracted many entrants and sponsors and hosted a $15,700 prize winnings amount. At this time Doug was the SES team leader

Once again drawing on his passion for his community and his extraordinary woodworking skills, Doug has been an instrumental member of Kyogle District Historical Society. He was named as the president and has worked with so many others to create the incredible new museum Kyogle has today.

The main entrance to the museum, hosts beautiful double doors which frame a beautiful red mahogany front counter, thanks to Doug’s friend, Garan Hale. Jim and Ann Muldoon have spent many hours crafting the red cedar heritage cabinets. Doug spent many hours restoring led light panels, that have been saved from an old Kyogle building. Now the woodwork of many, and the beautiful led light panels, proudly welcome visitors to the new Kyogle museum. So much of this has been made possible through the publication and sale of Pam and Doug’s book, Ramblings Of The Timber Industry. Doug Campbell restoring doors for museum

Doug has a keen interest in the local history and is continually working on preserving as much of it as possible for the next generation. The Kyogle museum has an Aboriginal display which shows artifacts and tools that were used by the women. With permission from the elders, Kyogle museum proudly display these items and encourage the younger generation to come and learn more about the traditional culture that was once within this area. At his time at the museum, Doug was able to secure Olympian boxer, Athol McQueen’s Olympic blazer which he wore for the 1964, Tokyo Olympics. Doug and Pam resigned from the Kyogle and District Historical Society around the same time the new museum opened. Doug Campbell restoring doors for museum

After many years of working and spending free time participating in community projects, Pam and Doug now take time to slow down and enjoy time together. The pair enjoy travelling and camping in different destinations throughout Australia with their caravan.

Doug’s enthusiasm and energy for life is captivating and he shares this energy with his family and those he meets. His work ethic has never diminished as his passion for timber continues to this day. In Doug Campbells life, wood has fed his fire which burns it.

Fleurage

The smell of rain on a hot asphalt road or the delight of smelling the freshly cut grass on a summer’s afternoon, resonates with so many and conjures up memories that often bring a sense of comfort and happiness. Smell has the power to attract people to one another and has profound properties which are boundless through chemistry, psychology, and biology.

Emma J. Leah is the Master Perfumer at Fleurage which is an independent perfume house, one of only a handful operating in the world. Emma has been studying the world of scent for over 20 years and is a proud member of the International Perfume Foundation and the Australian Society of Cosmetic Chemists. Emma is a qualified Natural Perfumer as well as a Commercial Industrial Perfumer. Her knowledge, experience and passion allow her to formulate signature fragrances for a range of applications such as private lines, start up commercial product ranges, collaborative works, space scenting and multi sensorial experiences.

question, and try different scents, giving them an engaging experience like no other. Emma offers advice on how to wear perfume and shares her knowledge of the fascinating world of perfumery.

Fleurage offers opportunities for people to learn about perfume and to make their own signature scent. It is great group activity to do with friends or colleagues or a bonding experience for couples to capture a scent memory of their special occasion. For those who have sensitivities toward synthetic fragrance ingredients, there is a course which explores natural perfume creations using plant ingredients. Fleurage has an extensive range of obscure or forgotten ingredients which provides clients with the opportunity to create a one off a kind perfume, inspired by their individual, personal style, biology, and psychology.

Fleurage began in Melbourne in 2007 and spent 12 years focusing on historical French styles of parfum, with the Master Perfumer using the rarest ingredients. The perfumery began exploring natural ingredients which culminated the

entry into the prestigious International Federation of Perfume based in Paris. Fleurage developed an impressive private line and collaborative design portfolio and the development and implementation of unique perfume creation workshops, events, and private schooling.

In 2019 Fleurage moved to a larger studio and production space on the Gold Coast which has allowed the business to expand and develop, allowing more people to be consumed by the magical world of scent It is a place of happiness and generosity of spirit which is led by Emma and her entrusted team. Fleurage is a place where love, passion, history, body, and soul all connect in a perfume bottle. During this time while social restrictions are in place, Fleurage are still selling perfume creation session vouchers which are a luxurious gift that can be redeemed when this is all over. Visit the website for product purchases and gift voucher information. www.fleurage.com.au

Winter Solstice

The winter solstice for 2020 falls on the 21st of June and welcomes the winter months for the Sothern Hemisphere. It has long been a celebration of the longest hours of darkness and the re birth of the sun. Australia now has its own traditions and celebrations including a naked charity swim in Canberra’s Lake Burley Griffin and the Dark Mofo Festival in Tasmania.

For the Northern Hemisphere, the June solstice is celebrating the welcoming of the sun and the summer months to come. Traditionally it was a time for many farmers to organise their crop planting season and was a popular time for weddings. The introduction of Christianity into many of the Northern Hemisphere countries saw the Pagan and Christian traditions intertwined. Festivals often have large bonfires and endless drinking and dancing into the evening.

China celebrates Yin, in the Summer solstice period and Yang on the Winter solstice. Yin represents the female energy with Yang depicting the male spirit. The solstices are a spiritual time for many cultures which symbolizes not only a change in season but a renewal or rebirth spiritually.

Before the times of exact calendars and time keeping devices, the reliance on these meaningful days were paramount for farming purposes. Pagans celebrated the winter solstice with the beginning of Yule which related to the birth of the sun while Christians celebrating the birth of Jesus. In todays society, more people are identifying with the summer and winter solstices for non-religious reasons and are embracing the change in seasonal weather. For many these celebrations are a chance to reflect on themselves and to spend time with their communities.

In the Northern Hemisphere, Stone Henge is a popular place for all types of people to gather and to celebrate nature or to feel a connection to their ancestries or the earth itself. Many who identify as Pagan or a part of a Pagan based religion still regard the Stone Henge site as a spiritual site which holds the answers to the earliest humans on the planet. Through the development of science, the mysteries of Stone Henge have been slowly unlocked but has also uncovered new information leading to more questions. Through history many tried to tie the large stone structure to one particular group of people, but it is now believed that this is not the case and that it may be the remains of many groups who have added and changed the site throughout time.

Although religions and beliefs change throughout time, celebrations around the winter and summer solstices are still alive and well with many communities embracing the new season and what this means for them on an individual level.

Birdsnest

A bird’s nest is a place of retreat, rest or lodging. The very nature of a bird’s nest is to protect and nurture which is the same way in which Jane Cay has developed her business, Birdsnest.

Jane is the founder and ‘Big Bird’ of Birdsnest - an online fashion retailer with a mission to help women, across Australia and beyond, discover outfits they fall in love with.

After completing a commerce degree in Sydney, Jane joined the e-business team at IBM and had her sights set on a life in the big smoke. However, fate got involved when she fell in love with a farmer, moving to a sheep property on the NSW Monaro plains.

In 2004 Jane purchased a bricks and mortar clothing store in Cooma, NSW, population 6,500, and soon discovered that the notion of retail therapy was real. She was quick to realise that women wanted a place to shop where they felt confident, beautiful and uninhabited. A shop which had options for all body types and sizes and helpful staff to guide them in finding their own unique style.

After four years of serving women on the shop floor, Birdsnest launched online in 2008 with the vision to mirror the warmth and support found in-store. The Birdsnest online store allows customers to shop from the comfort of their own home or on their devices when ever it is convenient. The website is easy to navigate and takes the stress out of finding an outfit by using the unique and popular features on their site including their styled outfits, wardrobe capsules, shop by body shape or personality and the changeroom upgrade service. They also have committed to no photoshopping in their imagery and shooting all clothing styles on multiple body sizes and shapes.

Jane has successfully built an incredible team of birds who help her with every aspect of the company. The Birdsnest team describe themselves as their customers’ ‘wardrobe wingbirds’. They are passionate about inspiring confidence in women and discovering new ways to solve their wardrobe dilemmas using the latest technology, including personalised styling recommendations.

The team has created a workplace so vibrant that people move from the city to the country to work with them. Still a family owned Australian business and with over 80% of their revenue coming from returning customers, Birdsnest has been recognised for its innovative approach to retail and above and beyond customer service over the years. They have been a finalist in the Australian Online Retail Industry Award for Best Customer Experience for six years running, winning in 2013, 2015 and 2016. Most recently Birdsnest took out the gong for ‘Independent Retailer of The Year’ and ‘Excellence in Customer Experience’ at the 2019 Australian Retail Association Awards. Happy customers usually result from a happy team with Birdsnest named the 4th Best Place to work in Australia according to the 2017 BRW Great Places to Work Study (for companies with over 100 employees). Jane Clay

With over 95% of Birdsnest’s revenue now coming from online, they have clocked up over 1 million hand-written notes to customers which accompany each parcel. Not only does Birdsnest retail other companies’ brands, they have developed 9 in-house labels which now accounts for over 50% of sales and has been a very important evolution in developing an exclusive offering for their customers.

Jane and her team of birds have created a thriving business built on passion, drive with the intent to nurture women and their inner and outer confidence. Through the use of technology, Birdsnest continues to grow and are able to increase their wing-span helping more women to fly.

From her families remote western Queensland sheep and cattle station, Joy McClymont is helping people gain a healthy attitude towards fitness, food and a healthy mindset no matter their location or access to resources. Joy her husband and four kids, live 120km to the nearest gym which is the situation for so many in remote and outback Australia.

Joy is a certified Certificate IV Personal Trainer and an accredited Female Health and Performance Coach. She is also an RCS Executive Link Graduate, Swimming Coach and Level 1 Triathlon Coach which has given her a well-rounded understanding of physical and mental health and fitness. Her programs are designed for every fitness level and aims to help individuals gain a healthy lifestyle by taking into account their time commitments, priorities and daily life routines.

Being a mother of 4, Joy understands the effect a family can have on fitness and health. Always putting her family first she recognises that time and motivation can be lacking when it comes to personal fitness. Joy also relates to living in isolated and remote areas where access to a gym or an exercise park is difficult. As a result, Joy conducts video, tele seminars, webinars as well as group and print material. Joy is has found ways to communicate with people who have little to no internet access and has broken down the barrier of distance with many of her clients.

lot about mental health and overall wellbeing as well as making fitness a daily part of an individual’s routine. Having gone through hardships relating to drought with the property, Joy knows only too well how helpful keeping active and having a network of people that inspire positivity, can be through the more difficult hurdles in life.

Joy uses objects she has around the house or backyard and incorporates weights in the form of chain or other materials many have on their properties. She believes in using what you have and to not be blinded by thinking that expensive gym equipment is a necessary part of personal fitness. Joy also encourages her clients to use what time they have, utilizing that time when waiting for other things to happen. Seeing the possibilities beyond the impossible is a critical part of overcoming the time challenge.

Joy’s passion for fitness and sharing her knowledge with others has lead to some incredible personal achievements. She has competed in Half and Ironman triathlons in Australia, France and Hawaii as well as Ultra Trail 100km and 50km Running events, but her passion is being and training the “everyday athlete”. Although Joy has accomplished some incredible achievements, she encourages people to focus on being functionally fit for life and creating long term habits. Although family is a main priority, Joy emphasises how important it is to take the time each day to check in and make sure that individuals are caring for themselves, physically and emotionally.

Nutrition is one of the main elements to a healthy, balanced lifestyle and Off The Track Training incorporates this with the physical workouts as well. Stacey Curcio, naturopath/ nutritionist from Cultivating Wellness has worked alongside Joy and her members for over 10 years, supporting clients to learn and understand their body from a nutrition and lifestyle medicine perspective. Her vast experience in the field has seen Stacey hold many workshops and speaks regularly at local and regional events as well as being a part of many segments on ABC radio. She is passionate about her work and is a proud mother as well as having her own business, Cultivating Wellness.

Joy is able to experience each clients journey and often takes inspiration from them by seeing their progress and being able to support them throughout the entire journey. Heading into the future Joy hopes to build a society where being in fantastic health is the norm and is recognised as the most critical part of living a quality life. Her enthusiasm and vibrancy shines through to her clients and motivates them to be the best possible person they can be.

For more information about Off the Track Training programs or to contact Joy go to her website offthetracktraining.com.au

We at Heartland magazine are continuously working with Historical Societies, community groups, politicians and people like you and me.

We thought it was time to write about Australia from our collection of archives and information available and share it with you. We have read through it many times and whilst we are doing this series of stories on our history is very hard to put 250 years into an ongoing series, we have what we think is somewhat a great featured series, which we will start from this Issue of Heartland Magazine, please enjoy.

The history of Australia is the history of the area and people of the Commonwealth of Australia, including its preceding Indigenous and colonial societies. Aboriginal Australians arrived on the Australian mainland by sea from Maritime Southeast Asia between 40,000 and 70,000 years ago. The artistic, musical and spiritual traditions they established are among the longest surviving such traditions in human history.

The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was in 1606 by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon. Later that year, Spanish explorer Luís Vaz de Torres sailed through, and navigated, what is now called Torres Strait and associated islands. Twenty-nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia’s northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of Australia for Great Britain. He returned to London with accounts favouring colonization at Botany Bay (now in Sydney, New South Wales. Willem Janszoon

A First Fleet of British ships arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788 to establish a penal colony, the first colony on the Australian mainland. In the century that followed, the British established other colonies on the continent, and European explorers ventured into its interior. Indigenous Australians were greatly weakened and their numbers diminished by introduced diseases and conflict with the colonists during this period. The First Fleeet

Aboriginal Australia

Early Indigenous prehistory

Gold rushes and agricultural industries brought prosperity. Autonomous parliamentary democracies began to be established throughout the six British colonies from the mid-19th century. The colonies voted by referendum to unite in a federation in 1901, and modern Australia came into being. Australia fought on the side of Britain in the two world wars and became a long-standing ally of the United States when threatened by Imperial Japan during World War II. Trade with Asia increased, and a post-war immigration program received more than 6.5 million migrants from every continent. Supported by immigration of people from more than 200 countries since the end of World War II, the population increased to more than 23 million by 2014, and sustains the world’s 12th largest national economy.

Rock painting at Ubirr in Kakadu National Park. Evidence of Aboriginal art in Australia can be traced back some 30,000 years.

The ancestors of Indigenous Australians are believed to have arrived in Australia 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, and possibly as early as 65,000 years ago. They developed a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, established enduring spiritual and artistic traditions and used stone technologies. At the time of first European contact, it has been estimated the existing population was at least 350,000, while recent archaeological finds suggest that a population of 750,000 could have been sustained.

There is considerable archaeological discussion as to the route taken by the first colonisers. People appear to have arrived by sea during a period of glaciation, when New Guinea and Tasmania were joined to the continent; however, the journey still required sea travel, making them among the world’s earlier mariners. Scott Cane wrote in 2013 that the first wave may have been prompted by the eruption of Lake Toba. If they arrived around 70,000 years ago, they could have crossed the water from Timor, when the sea level was low, but if they came later, around 50,000 years ago, a more likely route would have been through the Moluccas to New Guinea. Given that the likely landfall regions have been under around 50 metres of water for the last 15,000 years, it is unlikely that the timing will ever be established with certainty.

Kolaia man wearing a headdress worn in a fire ceremony, Forrest River, Western Australia. Aboriginal Australian religious practices associated with the Dreamtime have been practised for tens of thousands of years.

The earliest known human remains were found at Lake Mungo, a dry lake in the southwest of New South Wales. Remains found at Mungo suggest one of the world’s oldest known cremations, thus indicating early evidence for religious ritual among humans. According to Australian Aboriginal mythology and the animist framework developed in

Aboriginal Australia, the Dreaming is a sacred era in which ancestral totemic spirit beings formed The Creation. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land. It remains a prominent feature of Australian Aboriginal art. Aboriginal art is believed to be the oldest continuing tradition of art in the world. Evidence of Aboriginal art can be traced back at least 30,000 years and is found throughout Australia (notably at Uluru and Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory, and also at Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in Sydney). In terms of age and abundance, cave art in Australia is comparable to that of Lascaux and Altamira in Europe. A Luritja man demonstrating his method of attack with a large curved boomerang under cover of a thin shield (1920)

Manning Clark wrote that the ancestors of the Aborigines were slow to reach Tasmania, probably owing to an ice barrier existing across the South East of the continent. The Aborigines, he noted, did not develop agriculture, probably owing to a lack of seed bearing plants and animals suitable for domestication. Thus, the population remained low. Clark considered that the three potential pre-European colonising powers and traders of East Asia—the Hindu-Buddhists of southern India, the Muslims of Northern India and the Chinese—each petered out in their southward advance and did not attempt a settlement across the straits separating Indonesia from Australia. But trepang fisherman did reach the north coast, which they called “Marege” or “land of the trepang”. For centuries, Makassan trade flourished with Aborigines on Australia’s north coast, particularly with the Yolngu people of northeast Arnhem Land.

The greatest population density for Aborigines developed in the southern and eastern regions, the River Murray valley in particular. The arrival of Australia’s first people affected the continent significantly, and, along with climate change, may have contributed to the extinction of Australia’s megafauna. The practice of firestick farming amongst northern Aborigines to increase the abundance of plants that attracted animals, transformed dry rainforest into savanna. The introduction of the dingo by Aboriginal people around 3,000–4,000 years ago may, along with human hunting, have contributed to the extinction of the thylacine, Tasmanian devil, and Tasmanian native-hen from mainland Australia.

One genetic study in 2012 by Irina Pugach and colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology has suggested that about 4,000 years before the First Fleet landed, some Indian explorers settled in Australia and assimilated into the local population in roughly 2217 BC. technologies failed to reach the Tasmanian people (such as the hafting of stone tools and the use of the Boomerang). The land was not always kind; Aboriginal people of southeastern Australia endured “more than a dozen volcanic eruptions...(including) Mount Gambier, a mere 1,400 years ago”. In south-eastern Australia, near present-day Lake Condah, semi-permanent villages of beehive shaped shelters of stone developed, near bountiful food supplies.

The continent of Australia (then known as New Holland) was incorporated within Asia in this 1796 map, engraved by Samuel John Neele and published by John Wilkes. Tasmania is wrongly shown to be attached to the mainland of Australia, at the bottom of the map. Left

The early wave of European observers like William Dampier described the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of the Aborigines of the West Coast as arduous and “miserable”. Lieutenant James Cook on the other hand, speculated in his journal that the “Natives of New Holland” (the East Coast Aborigines whom he encountered) might in fact be far happier than Europeans. Watkin Tench, of the First Fleet, wrote of an admiration for the Aborigines of Botany Bay (Sydney) as good-natured and good-humoured people, though he also reported violent hostility between the Eora and Cammeraygal peoples, and noted violent domestic altercations between his friend Bennelong and his wife Barangaroo. Settlers of the 19th century like Edward Curr observed that Aborigines “suffered less and enjoyed life more than the majority of civilized men”. Historian Geoffrey Blainey wrote that the material standard of living for Aborigines was generally high, higher than that of many Europeans living at the time of the Dutch discovery of Australia.

By 1788, the population existed as 250 individual nations, many of which were in alliance with one another, and within each nation there existed several clans, from as few as five or six to as many as 30 or 40. Each nation had its own language and a few had multiple, thus over 250 languages existed, around 200 of which are now extinct. “Intricate kinship rules ordered the social relations of the people and diplomatic messengers and meeting rituals smoothed relations between groups”, keeping group fighting, sorcery and domestic disputes to a minimum.

Permanent European settlers arrived at Sydney in 1788 and came to control most of the continent by end of the 19th century. Bastions of largely unaltered Aboriginal societies survived, particularly in Northern and Western Australia into the 20th century, until finally, a group of Pintupi people of the Gibson Desert became the last people to be contacted by outsider ways in 1984. While much knowledge was lost, Aboriginal art, music and culture, often scorned by Europeans during the initial phases of contact, survived and in time came to be celebrated by the wider Australian community.

The Impact of European settlement

Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australia’s northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed and, in due course, navigator Lieutenant James Cook wrote that he claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain when on Possession Island in 1770, without conducting negotiations with the existing inhabitants, though before his departure, the President of the Royal Society, one of the voyage’s sponsors, wrote that the people of any lands he might discover were ‘the natural, and in the strictest sense of the word, the legal possessors of the several Regions they inhabit. No European Nation has a right to occupy any part of their country, or settle among them without their voluntary consent. Conquest over such people can give no just title: because they could never be the aggressors.’

The first governor, Arthur Phillip, was instructed explicitly to establish friendship and good relations with the Aborigines, and interactions between the early newcomers and the ancient landowners varied considerably throughout the colonial period—from the curiosity displayed by the early interlocutors Bennelong and Bungaree of Sydney to the outright hostility of Pemulwuy and Windradyne of the Sydney region and Yagan around Perth. Bennelong and a companion became the first Australians to sail to Europe, where they met King George III. Bungaree accompanied the explorer Matthew Flinders on the first circumnavigation of Australia. Pemulwuy was accused of the first killing of a white settler in 1790, and Windradyne resisted early British expansion beyond the Blue Mountains.

Conflict and disease

The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars (1790–1816) were largely fought in the Greater Western Sydney region and were considered to be the first conflict between settlers and the indigenous.

According to the historian Geoffrey Blainey, in Australia during the colonial period: “In a thousand isolated places there were occasional shootings and spearing’s. Even worse, smallpox, measles, influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally, demoralisation”.

Conflict in the Hawkesbury Nepean river district near the settlement at Sydney continued from 1795–1816, including Pemulwuy’s War (1795–1802), Tedbury’s War (1808–1809) and the Nepean War (1814–1816), as well as the interwar violence of the 1804–1805 Conflict. It was fought using mostly guerrilla-warfare tactics; however, several conventional battles also took place. The wars resulted in the defeat of the Hawkesbury and Nepean Indigenous clans who were subsequently dispossessed of their lands.

Proclamation issued in Van Diemen’s Land in 1816 by Lieutenant-Governor Arthur, which explains the precepts of British Justice in pictorial form for the Tasmanian Aboriginals. Tasmania suffered a higher level of conflict than the other British colonies.

The impact of Europeans was profoundly disruptive to Aboriginal life and, though the extent of violence is debated, there was considerable conflict on the frontier. At the same time, some settlers were quite aware they were usurping the Aborigines place in Australia. In 1845, settler Charles Griffiths sought to justify this, writing; “The question comes to this; which has the better right—the savage, born in a country, which he runs over but can scarcely be said to occupy ... or the civilized man, who comes to introduce into this ... unproductive country, the industry which supports life.”

From the 1960s, Australian writers began to re-assess European assumptions about Aboriginal Australia—with works including Alan Moorehead’s The Fatal Impact (1966) and Geoffrey Blainey’s landmark history Triumph of the Nomads (1975). In 1968, anthropologist W.E.H. Stanner described the lack of historical accounts of relations between Europeans and Aborigines as “the great Australian silence”. Historian Henry Reynolds argues that there was a “historical neglect” of the Aborigines by historians until the late 1960s. Early commentaries often tended to describe Aborigines as doomed to extinction following the arrival of Europeans. William Westgarth’s 1864 book on the colony of Victoria observed: “the case of the Aborigines of Victoria confirms ...it would seem almost an immutable law of nature that such inferior dark races should disappear.”

Even before the arrival of European settlers in local districts beyond coastal New South Wales, Eurasian disease often preceded them. A smallpox epidemic was recorded near Sydney in 1789, which wiped out about half the Aborigines around Sydney. Opinion is divided as to the source of the smallpox. Some researchers argue that the smallpox was acquired through contact with Indonesian fishermen in the far north and then spread across the continent, reaching the Sydney area in 1789. Other research by Craig Mear, Michael Bennett, and Christopher Warren argues that, despite controversy, it is highly likely that the 1789 outbreak of smallpox was a deliberate act by British marines when they ran out of ammunition and needed to expand the settlement out to Parramatta. Smallpox then spread well beyond the then limits of European settlement, including much of south-eastern Australia, reappearing in 1829–30, killing 40–60 percent of the Aboriginal population.

(Left) Truganini, a Tasmanian Aboriginal who survived the outbreak of disease and conflicts which followed the British colonisation of Van Diemen’s Land

Many events illustrate violence and resistance as Aborigines sought to protect their lands from settlers and pastoralists who attempted to establish their presence. In May 1804, at Risdon Cove, Van Diemen’s Land, perhaps 60 Aborigines were killed when they approached the town. The British established a new outpost in Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) in 1803. Although Tasmanian history is amongst the most contested by modern historians, conflict between colonists and Aborigines was referred to in some contemporary accounts as the Black War. The combined effects of disease, dispossession, intermarriage and conflict saw a collapse of the Aboriginal population of Tasmania

Cars-cars-cars - I’m sick of cars ! Zooming past me over the last 6 months as I approach my 4000km of training towards my August walk from Tamworth to Newcastle. But in the old days I suppose I would have been complaining about horses galloping by ! How things have changed in a little over a hundred years !

Motor bikes came to Tamworth from 1900, 4 years before our first car was sighted, but a far cry from the bikes of today, the first one taking 1 1/2 hours to travel from Manilla to Tamworth, with a machine described as “a variety of taps, oil drums, levers, etc.”

An attempt in 1901 by local solicitor Albert Creagh to bring the first car to Tamworth failed when the vehicle only made it to Muswellbrook due to mechanical difficulties. The Melbourne manufactured 2 cylinder/steam engine/chain driven “Thomson Royal” eventually returned to Sydney. In Creagh’s words - “The greater part of the journey to Muswellbrook was done in very hot weather and the steam and smell of hot oil coming up the space between the cushions, as well as the kerosene smoke and fumes from the rear compartment, made conditions very unpleasant. Occasionally flames issuing from the flue at the back scorched one’s hair.”

The first motor car to arrive in Tamworth was an 8- horsepower bright red “De Dion”, driven by Messrs Cusack and Wylie from Newcastle, arriving on April 9, 1904. In a trial run whilst in Tamworth it achieved a top speed of 48 Km/hr. The first local Tamworth car owners were the builder Richard Stanfield and the tailor Peer Flanders. Some later diverse machines included Dr Henry Harris’ twin-cylinder chain-driven car which had to reverse to get up Brisbane Street from Peel Street to the rail crossing, horse-riders often beating him to the railway gates ; John instead of a steering wheel ; and John Ball Ware, who drove an ‘Alldays and Onions’ vehicle, Rego. number 1131. Even by the mid 1920’s the only sealed roads in Tamworth were comparatively short sections of Peel and Marius Streets.

Early cars were the “odd ones out” in road transport, being initially restricted to speeds of 6 miles per hour at intersections and 4 mph rounding corners. In 1906, 12 Sydney motorists were charged with “furious driving” for exceeding a speed limit of 10 mph (16 km/hr). A humorous reflection of rivalry between horse and car transport occurred in Tamworth when an argument occurred outside the Caledonian Hotel (present Coles) in Peel Street. One horse-owner declared - “I can whistle and my horse will come - cars could never do that !” The nearby car-owner placed bets with those in attendance that his vehicle would respond to his whistle. He then proceeded down Peel Street to where his steam-driven vehicle was parked outside the Post Office. Starting the car’s burners, he then returned to the Caledonian. Knowing precisely how long it would take the burners to activate the steam, he delayed his whistle until the appropriate moment, with the car then moving down the street towards him, all bets then being collected.

With the first car engine water pump not coming until a 1914 Cadillac, vehicles before this were very prone to boiling, necessitating most drivers carrying up to 40 litres of water with them. Many early cars had solid iron tyres, before Tamworth engineer / inventor William Silver produced a “spring wheel”, which was soon replaced by solid rubber tyres. Our earliest inflated rubber tyres were quite unreliable, with our 2nd taxi-driver (1911) Victor Omodei stating that in travelling from Manilla to Tamworth you’d expect “at least 3 punctures”. He reportedly carried up to 8 spare tubes with him. Car lights in those early years were powered by carbide or kerosene.

The first car seen in Tamworth, the 8-horsepower “De Deon”, arriving on April 9, 1904

Victor Omodei’s 1911 “Vulcan” - Tamworth’s 2nd motorised taxi.

In this early motoring period a Driver’s Licence could be obtained without any tests or related questions. When Victor Omodei obtained his licence, the police filled out his application form which included his age, height, colour of eyes and hair and whether or not he was a “total abstainer”. The forms then went to Sydney for approval and Licence No. 3264 was issued on June 6, 1911 (3 days before he began his taxi-service), at a cost of “one pound. twelve shillings and sixpence.” Even by the 1920’s it was a simple process to gain your licence, simply requiring someone to affirm that you could drive. In 1925 Alfred MacIntyre bought a 2nd- hand Model T Ford from Cliftons Pty Ltd, then in Brisbane Street near the present Westpac Bank. The salesman drove him to just past the present Golf Course, demonstrating en route how to drive the car.

MacIntyre was then allowed to drive back to the Police Station, then in Fitzroy above Carthage Street, where the Police Sergeant issued his driving licence and collected the prescribed fee.

Our first taxi service was started in 1910 by William Omodei (Victor’s brother), using a 4-cylinder “Adams” vehicle with a 12-horsepower engine. The car had 3 forward gears and 1 reverse, with separate foot pedals for each. There was no gear-lever or brake-pedal, the reverse pedal having to be used for braking. Our first motor carrying business was started about 1909 by local accountant Walter Palmer. A bus service got underway in 1916 when Reuben Stuve converted a Model T Ford into a bus. It became known as “The Midnight Horror”, picking up passengers alighting from the night train in Tamworth. Our ambulance became motorised in 1916, as did our fire-engine in 1919.

Now we live in a world of motorised transport. With some predicting that Tamworth may have a population of 100 000 in 20 years time, the only way you’ll be able to get to the other side of the road is to be born there - especially at Jewry Street in peak hour ! At least with the rise of electric cars there may be less “zoom” as cars pass. I’ll probably have got to Newcastle by then !

WE VALUE OUR AMBULANCE

The only time I’ve been in an ambulance was when I was carted up to the Tamworth Hospital in 1961, after suffering a nasty knee injury while playing Rugby League for Newcastle Boys High School against eventual University Shield winners Tamworth High on No.1 Oval - my first time in Tamworth, coming here to live 4 years later. If I’d been here when Tamworth first started I’d have needed to “make my own arrangements.”

Back in 1845 an AA Company overseer James Robson was found at Goonoo Goonoo suffering from several spear wounds. Loaded onto a “dog cart” by his wife Isabella, he was taken over rough tracks to the Company’s hospital in Ebsworth Street but died on the way. He is buried in the original cemetery behind the Ibis Styles Motel in Ebsworth Street, and his relocated gravestone is the oldest to be found in the West Tamworth cemetery.

Years later our first rather primitive communal ambulance service came by notifying the police station, where a stretcher was housed, of any medical emergency, whereby the policeman would then co-opt the first able-bodied passer-by to assist him as a stretcherbearer in conveying the patient to a doctor or the hospital.

By 1900 this had been improved upon ,by having a 2-wheeled “litter”, basically a bed with overhead canopy, requiring 2 men to provide the transport through shafts at either end. This early ambulance was kept on the verandah of the Lands Office in Fitzroy Street, opposite the present Town Hall.

Prior to this, in 1897, a branch of the St John Ambulance Service had been formed in Tamworth, which organised 5 lectures on First Aid through local doctors Sexton and Stanley.

One Sunday morning in 1915, blacksmith William Smith and timbermerchant Charles Wane were seated on Smith’s home verandah on the corner of Bridge (then Peel) and Carter Streets, when a litter ambulance with patient was being wheeled to the distant hospital, located where it is now. Smith commented that as Bendemeer had a horse-drawn ambulance from 1912, Tamworth was overdue to have an improved service. The two men called a public meeting at the Mechanics Institute, with only 6 attending. A second meeting drew 12 attendees and a proposal ensued to pursue a motorised ambulance service. Eventually this came to fruition with a Model T Ford being purchased in 1916, and converted to ambulance use. Solicitor Albert Creagh offered as guarantor for the 480 pounds purchase of the new vehicle, which went on display at a Carnival at the Oval on Saturday, July 16, 1916. Fortunate timing, for on the following day 14-y-o Sylvia Solomons was injured in a car accident coming home from Dungowan, and the Model T ambulance came to the rescue! In that year the Tamworth & District Motor & Civil Ambulance

This July 1, 1925 photo shows Superintendent Bowdler with driver Webster at 65 Church Street. Their new Austin ambulance is on the left, with the original Model T Ford (Tamworth’s first motor ambulance) on the right.

Society formed, with the Mayor William Green as President.

For several years there was no permanent housing for our single motorised ambulance, with successive drivers usually parking the Ford outside their house or place of employment. Ambulance requirement calls normally went first to Council, then were transferred on to the appointed ambulance driver. The 1918-1919 Spanish Flu epidemic was a particularly busy time. Bob Webster, a gunsmith and Bike-shop owner in Peel Street, was the ambulance driver from 1919 to 1925.

On July 1, 1925 the Tamworth Ambulance Service came under the control of the NSW Ambulance Service and 42-y-o Fred Bowdler became the first local Ambulance Superintendent. The original Ford was supplemented by an Austin vehicle, with the Ambulance Station located at Bowdler’s home at 65 Church Street in West Tamworth. Charles Wane served as the President of the Ambulance Committee from 1921 to 1947.

A new Humber Ambulance Wagon, delivered to the Tamworth Ambulance in 1939.

The present Marius Street Ambulance Station was opened with much celebration on June 22, 1927 by the NSW Governor Sir Dudley De Chair. The Tamworth District Police Association presented the Service with a fully-equipped Studebaker Wagon. Later, in the 1930’s, Humber Pullman and Hillman Wagons were gifted to the Service.

By 1943 Tamworth & District Ambulance covered an area of 11 000 square kilometres.

Today, when we hear the siren of an ambulance going to someone in need, think back to the Isabella Robson or the early stretcher-bearers doing their best to get someone to hospital.

As far as we are aware this is the only photo taken of the Rowlands Creek School children and we thought your readers may be interested to know what became of them after they left school. It is interesting to note that three couples married from this group.

Ted Roberts married Marion Marshall Violet Roberts married George Sweetnam Vernie Roberts married Annie Donoghue

Rowlands Creek School children; Photo taken between 1895-1900 Back Row: L/R: Harry Mills, John Marshall, Alice Roberts, Kitty Mills, Mr T. Campbell (teacher), John Donoghue, Ted Roberts & George Sweetnam. Middle Row: L/R: Percy Roberts, Violet Roberts, Mary & Bessy Worley, Marion Marshall, Annie Donoghue, Dick Sweetnam. Front Row: L/R: Billy Mills, Vernie Roberts. Photo courtesy Tweed Regional Museum UB-3

TEACHER Thomas Fleming Campbell, who was born in 1869, began teaching in 1892. He was appointed to Byangum Provisional School in 1894 and on the 10th January 1895 he began teaching at both Rowlands Creek and Byangum Half-Time Schools. He married in 1899 and was transferred to another school out of the Tweed District in 1900. He remained teaching until he retired in 1934.

MILLS FAMILY Harry and Billy’s parents were Robert & Esther Mills. They selected portions 20, 21, 22, 23 & 24 (they had properties called “Glenmire” and “Ferndale”) at Rowlands Creek. Robert was a timber cutter before he selected at Rowlands Creek.

Henry John (Harry) Mills born 15th September 1886. Farmed at Chowan Creek and married Annie Partridge. Harry died aged in his 40’s.

William Vaughan (Billy) Mills Born 20th July 1889 at Byangum. Enlisted in WW1 on the 29th December 1914 aged 25. He landed at Gallipoli and served as a Gunner with the 5th Light Horse Regiment, 14th Field Artillery Brigade. He returned to Australia 12th May 1918. He dairy farmed at “Glenmire” Rowlands Creek. He married Annie Maisie (May) Askew on the 10th August 1920 in the first wedding service held at St. Columba’s Catholic Church Uki. He retired to Fingal and died 20th July 1962.

MARSHALL FAMILY John and Marion Marshall were the children of David & Georgina Marshall, who were among the earliest settlers on the South Arm. They selected portions 37 & 38 Rowlands Creek and commenced dairying. They were the first dairy farmers in the area to purchase a cream separator. David Marshall is known as the father of Uki.

John Cleaton (Jack) Marshall Born May 1887. He selected portion 28 at Perch Creek. He was a Stock Inspector and was also a talented cricketer and runner. He enlisted in WW1 26th September 1916 and died of wounds 10th October 1918 aged 31. He is buried in Tourgeville Military Cemetery France.

Cecelia Kate (Kitty) Mills born 21st September 1883 married Ernie Brims in 1908. They farmed at Rowlands Creek and Solomon’s farm, Dum Dum. Kitty died 19th September 1969.

Marion Vaenor Marshall Born 1889. She married Edward William (Ted) Roberts 16th October 1912 in the Uki Methodist Church, which was then known as the “Little Red Church”. Edward and Marion farmed at Smiths Creek and Midginbil. During WW2 Marion worked for the W.V.S., Hospital and Ambulance Auxiliaries. Marion died 24th May 1965.

ROBERTS FAMILY The Roberts children were born to Charles & Catherine (nee Heywood) Roberts, who were among the first pioneer selectors in the Uki district. Charles & Catherine selected portions 4 & 5 Smiths Creek around 1880. They lived at both “Norwood” Uki and “Heywood” Smiths Creek.

Edward William (Ted) Roberts Born 14th August 1883. In 1898 at the age of 14, he was appointed pupil-teacher at Murwillumbah Public School and in 1901, aged 17, he was appointed teacher in-charge of two part-time schools in the New England area. He married Miss Marion Marshall at Uki in 1912. From 1912 to 1919 he was the Post Master at Uki. In 1919 he became a partner in the Uki auctioneering business of W.O. Irvine and Co. Ted and his younger brother Eric inherited the family farm at Smiths Creek in 1923. At that time Ted was more interested in teaching rather than farming, so in 1930 Eric’s wife Mamie bought Ted’s share of the farm.

Ted was an accomplished cricketer and an expert rifleman, who was also a foundation member of the Uki Masonic Lodge, which was established in 1924. In 1926 he moved to Rainbow Bay and in 1931 he returned to the South Arm, selecting land at Midginbil, where he remained until 1942. During the Second World War he was recalled to the teaching profession and taught at both the Murwillumbah Public School and Blunobia School. In 1946 he became a book-keeper and retired in 1957 to Tumbulgum. He died in 1972 aged 89.

A Melbourne Cup story as told by Marion Roberts: During either the 1930’s or1940’s my Uncle Ted purchased one of the earliest radios in the Midginbil area. To receive a radio transmission he had to install two large aerials. Ted decided that he would give his neighbours a treat by having a Melbourne Cup party and invited them all to gather around his radio to listen to the running of the race. Ted ended up with more visitors than he had anticipated and found that the room was over-crowded with no room left for Ted to sit next to the radio. He decided that he would go outside to get some fresh air before venturing back inside. At this time Ted had some backyard chickens and a local hawk had been stealing off with them. Ted looked up at the radio aerials and what did he spot sitting on one of them but the hawk. He decided he would either do away with the hawk or at least frighten it off with a shot from his rifle. The sum total of firing

the gun was that he missed the hawk and shot the top off the radio aerial, needless to say that put an end to the radio transmission, so no-one got to hear the running of the race.

Alice Helena Roberts Born 1885 at Murwillumbah. Alice loved dancing at local country dances. Alice moved to Brisbane and married Walter Berry in 1913. Together they raised 5 children. Her niece Marion Roberts recalled that her Uncle Walter grew the best strawberries she had ever tasted on his small crop farm at Caboolture. Alice died in Brisbane at the age of 94 in 1979.

Percy Charles Roberts Born 1889. Percy became a farmer at Uki. He enlisted in WW1 4th August 1915 with the 26th Battalion. He was “Killed in Action” at Villers-Bretonneux France 16th November 1916 aged 27. He has no known grave. Percy’s father Charles donated a fine wooden altar in the “Holy Trinity” Church Uki in memory of Percy.

Violet Adela Roberts born 1891 at Uki, married George Sweetnam on 26th March 1913 and dairy farmed at Doon Doon.

Vernon Heywood (Vernie) Roberts Born 1887 at Uki, married Annie Donoghue and lived at Uki on the corner of Mitchell Street and Grants Road. They later moved to the outskirts of Uki.

WORLEY FAMILY Mary and Bessie Worley. We currently have no information on the Worley family.

SWEETNAM FAMILY George Sweetnam Senior selected portion 41 at Byangum before settling on land that was later known as the Sweetnam Estate Uki. His wife was named Esther. They originally lived in a slab hut before building a house that was washed away in the 1954 flood. Before the Uki Catholic Church was built, Mass was celebrated in the family home. George Senior died in 1930 and various sharefarmers farmed the estate after he died. Sweetnam Park is named after this family.

George Sweetnam was born at Uki on Christmas Day 1887. On leaving school he helped his father on the family farm at Uki. In 1907 George selected portion 22 at Doon Doon. He felled the timber and cleared the selection ready to start dairying, subsequently building a house. Between times he worked on road maintenance around Uki. George was in the party of workmen who constructed the original zig-zag track up Mt Warning. He married Violet Roberts in 1913. They grew bananas and dairy farmed at Doon Doon until 1955, when they retired to Tweed Heads. George died 19th April 1967.

Richard Epiphany (Dick) Sweetnam born 3rd December 1890 at Uki. Died 28th June 1970.

DONOGHUE FAMILY John and Mary (nee Sweetnam) Donoghue selected portion 90 at Byangum before selecting one of the first farms near Uki, near what is now the Braeside Estate. Mary was the first white woman to settle in the Uki area.

Uki School is unusual in that it started in a barn at Rowlands Creek and was the Rowlands Creek School, the school moved to its current site in 1901 and in 1906 it became the Uki Public School.

ROWLANDS CREEK SCHOOL

D. C. Marshall selected portions 37 & 38 Rowlands Creek Road and C. Huggins selected portion 39. D. C. Marshall’s wife Georgina Marshall and her sister, Mrs Huggins, who lived next door taught their children in a barn on the Marshall farm. Other parents in the area decided they would like to have their children taught as well, thus the wheels were put in motion to establish a school in the area.

15th September 1894 Inspector Peter Board reported, in connection with the establishment of Rowlands Creek Half-Time School which is to share a teacher with Byangum Half-Time School that ‘Mr Marshall of Rowlands Creek is willing to give the use of a suitable and centrally located detached building, 18ft by 12ft, for use as a school and the residents are prepared to supply the necessary furniture and to make any required improvements to the building’. Mr Marshall charged the Department a “peppercorn” rental for the use of his building. The barn was situated about half a mile away from the present Uki School site. Permission was granted for the establishment of a school at Rowlands Creek 22nd September 1894. D. C. Marshall wrote to the Department 20th December 1894 that the building and furniture at Rowlands Creek were ready.

The Department appointed Mr Thomas Fleming Campbell to be in charge of both the Byangum and Rowlands Creek Half-Time Schools 10th January 1895, he taught at both schools week about. On the 8th April 1895 Mr Campbell made a successful application for an allowance to keep his horse which he needed to travel the five miles between Byangum and Rowlands Creek.

Rowlands Creek Half-Time School Punishment Book 1895 All the students were punished for Carelessness: Annie Donoghue, 10 years, 2 strokes with cane

John Donoghue, 11 years, 1 stoke with cane John Marshall, 8 years, 2 strokes with cane Katie Mills, 12 years, 2 strokes with cane Mabel Malloy, 6 years, 1 stoke with cane George Sweetnam, 7 years, 2 strokes with cane Marion Marshall, 6 years, 1 stoke with cane Richard Sweetnam, 7 years, 2 strokes with cane William Mills, 5 years, 1 stoke with cane Henry Mills, 10 years, 2 strokes with cane Annie Malloy 11 years, 2 strokes with cane 1896 Henry Mills received 4 strokes with the cane for Impertinence and Vernon Roberts received 4 strokes with the cane for laziness.

In March 1900 when Byangum School was being raised to a Provisional school, the teacher Thomas Campbell, was transferred to a Public School.

28th January 1900, Inspector Board wrote ‘A Half Time School has been in operation here [Rowlands Creek] in conjunction with one at Byangum; it had last quarter

“Imagine you were born in 1900. On your 14th birthday, World War I starts, and ends on your 18th birthday. 22 million people perish in that war.

Later in the year, a Spanish Flu epidemic hits the planet and runs until your 20th birthday. 50 million people die from it in those two years. Yes, 50 million.

On your 29th birthday, the Great Depression begins. Unemployment hits 25%, the World GDP drops 27%. That runs until you are 33. The country nearly collapses along with the world economy.

When you turn 39, World War II starts. You aren’t even over the hill yet. And don’t try to catch your breath. On your 41st birthday, the United States is fully pulled into WWII. Between your 39th and 45th birthday, 75 million people perish in the war.

At 50, the Korean War starts. 5 million perish.

At 55 the Vietnam War begins and doesn’t end for 20 years. 4 million people perish in that conflict.

On your 62nd birthday you have the Cuban Missile Crisis, a tipping point in the Cold War. Life on our planet, as we know it, should have ended. Great leaders prevented that from happening.

When you turn 75, the Vietnam War finally ends.

Think of everyone on the planet born in 1900. How do you survive all of that? When you were a kid in 1985 and didn’t think your 85 year old grandparent understood how hard school was. And how mean that kid in your class was. Yet they survived through everything listed above. Perspective is an amazing art, refined as time goes on, and enlightening like you wouldn’t believe. Let’s try and keep things in perspective.”

Supplied to the Heartland Magazine office from a reader in Panama © 2020

Earth is not round; it is slightly pear-shaped. The North Pole radius is 44mm longer than the South Pole radius.

The ozone layer averages about 3 millimeters (1/8 inch) thick.

Summer on Uranus lasts for 21 years – but so does winter.

The one place where a flag flies all day, never goes up or comes down, and does not get saluted, is the moon.

All the planets in the solar system rotate anticlockwise, except Venus. It is the only planet that rotates clockwise.

The picture below was brought in to us, with the request we place it in Heartland Magazine and ask, does anybody know who these ladies are?

All we know is that the photo was taken in the 1970’s at the Casino Racetrack.

If you can help, please call us on 02 6662 6222 or email sharon@heartlandmedia.com.au

Do you have a story?

During these hard times, closures, isolation it’s a long road ahead for all of us. Heartland Magazine will continue to bring stories about people and communities.

Now can be a time of reflection. We love to write about people, their loves, their hopes and their dreams and publish them in our magazine each month. Our readers across the country love these stories of ordinary people and we would love for you to submit your story for keepsake for your family and future generations (and our readers). Heartland Magazine is a monthly A4 gloss magazine, available through your nearest newsagency.

We would love to hear from you, you may want to tell us about long lost relatives or your current generation of family and or yourself. Once we are gone, our life stories are gone with us. Let Heartland Magazine publish your story (and photo/s).

We can either write it for you via a phone conversation or you can write it and we will rewrite it for you. We are working on our Issue 42 at the moment and would love to publish your story. Contact either Sophie or Jeff and let us take care of you.

The History of Holden The Holden Commodore 2nd Generation 1988-1997 VN (1988–1991) The VN Commodore of 1988 and subsequent second generation models took their bodywork from the larger Opel Senator B and new Opel Omega A. However, this time, the floor plan was

remained optional and received a power boost to 165 kW (221 hp) courtesy of multi-point fuel injection. Although not known for its refinement, the new V6 was nevertheless praised for its performance and fuel efficiency at the time. The 2.0-litre Family II engine offered in New Zealand was also offered in some other export markets including Singapore where the model also was badged Berlina. Accompanying the changes to engines, the VL’s four-speed automatic transmission was replaced by the TurboHydramatic and a Borg-Warner five-speed manual. A Series II update of the VN appeared in September 1989, featuring a revised V6 engine known internally as the EV6. With the update came a power hike of rising to 127 kW (170 hp) from 125 kW (168 hp).

widened and stretched; now matching the rival Ford Falcon for size. Continuing financial woes at Holden meant the wider VN body was underpinned by narrow, carry-over VL chassis components in a bid to save development costs. In Australia, for the VN and succeeding models, the Commodore Berlina became known simply as the Berlina (but in New Zealand the V6 VN Berlina, assembled locally until the Trentham factory was closed in 1990, was badged Executive. The Berlina nameplate was not launched, as a new entry level grade, with trim and equipment equivalent to the Australian V6 Executive, until the locally built four cylinder model, using the Australian-made, Opel designed, two-litre Family Two fuel injected engine, was added some months after the V6s). The range expanded in 1990 to include a utility variant, given the model designation VG. This was built on a longer-wheelbase platform that it shared with the station wagon and luxury VQ Statesman sedans released earlier in the year. During this time, the rival Ford EA Falcon was plagued with initial quality issues which tarnished its reputation. Buyers embraced the VN Commodore, helping Holden to recover and post an operating profit of A$157.3 million for 1989. The team at Wheels magazine awarded the VN Car of the Year in 1988: the second Commodore model to receive this award.

Changes in the relative values of the Australian dollar and Japanese yen made it financially impractical to continue with the well-regarded Nissan engine of the VL. Instead, Holden manufactured their own 3.8-litre V6 engine based on a Buick design, adapted from FWD to RWD. The 5.0-litre V8

Under an unsuccessful model sharing arrangement that was part of the Hawke Labor government reforms in 1989, which saw the formation of the United Australian Automobile Industries alliance between Holden and Toyota Australia, the latter began selling badge engineered versions of the VN Commodore manufactured by Holden. The rebadged Commodores were sold as the Toyota Lexcen, named after Ben Lexcen who was the designer of Australia II yacht that won the 1983 America’s Cup. The original T1 Lexcen offered sedan and station wagon body forms in three levels of trim: base, GL and GLX. Moreover, they were only available with 3.8-litre V6 engine and automatic transmission combination.

VP (1991–1993) The VP update of 1991 featured cosmetic changes and mechanical however most were not visible unless you were to pull the motor down; and a very similar revised 3.8-litre V6 and 5.0-litre V8 engines from the VN were carried over. The 2.0-litre straight-four engine previously available in New Zealand was discontinued. Exterior cosmetic changes included a translucent acrylic grille on the base level Executive and Berlina, with a colour-coded grille for the S and SS, and a chrome grille for Calais. Updated tail lights and boot garnishes were also a part of the changes, which were different for each model, with the Berlina having grey stripes and the Calais chrome stripes. semitrailing arm independent rear suspension became standard on the Calais and SS, but was made an option on lower-end models in lieu of the live rear axle, improving ride and handling. A new wider front track was introduced to address issues with the previous carried-over VL chassis components. In August 1992, anti-lock brakes were introduced as an option on the Calais and SS trim levels, later becoming optional on all Series II variants. This January 1993 update also included a colour-coded grille for the Executive and alloy wheels for the Commodore S.

Toyota’s pattern of updating their Lexcen model tended to follow Commodore’s model cycle. The T2 (VP) Lexcen from 1991 pioneered new specification designations: CSi, VXi and Newport. All future updates (T3 (VR), T4 (VS) and T5 (VS II) Lexcens) made use of the new naming system until 1997, when the badge engineering scheme ceased. To give further differentiation to the Lexcen from the Commodore, the Lexcens from the VP model onwards had unique front-end styling

VR (1993–1995) The 1993 VR Commodore represented a major facelift of the second generation architecture leaving only the doors and roof untouched. Approximately 80 percent of car was new in

VS (1995–1997) The 1995 VS Commodore served as a mechanical update of the VR, destined to maintain sales momentum before the arrival of an all-new VT model. The extent of exterior changes amounted to little more than a redesigned Holden logo and wheel trims. An overhauled Ecotec (Emissions and Consumption Optimisation through TEChnology) version of the Buick V6 engine coincided with changes to the engine in the United States. The Ecotec engine packed 13 percent more power for a total of 147 kW (197 hp), cut fuel consumption by 5 percent, increased the compression ratio from 9.0:1 to 9.4:1 and improved on the engine’s previous rough characteristics. Holden mated the new engine with a modified version of

comparison to the preceding model. Exterior changes brought an overall smoother body, semicircular wheel arches and the “twinkidney” grille—a Commodore styling trait which remained until the VY model of 2002 and remains a permanent staple on the HSV variants to this day. The rear-end treatment saw raised tail lights, implemented for safety reasons, and a driver’s side airbag was introduced as an option: a first for an Australianbuilt car. Other safety features such as anti-lock brakes and independent rear suspension were only available with the new electronic GM 4L60-E automatic transmission. Along with a driver’s airbag and cruise control, these features were packaged into a new Acclaim specification level: a family-oriented safety spec above the entry-level Executive. Holden’s strong focus on safety can be seen in the Used Car Safety Ratings. The findings

show that in an accident, VN/VP Commodores provide a “worse than average” level of occupant protection. However, the updated VR/VS models were found to provide a “better than average” level of safety protection. Holden issued a Series II revision in September 1994 bringing audible warning chimes for the handbrake and fuel level among other changes.

The latest revision of the Buick 3.8-litre V6 engine was fitted to the VR Commodore, featuring rolling-element bearings in the valve rocker arms and increased compression ratios. These changes combined to deliver an increase in power to 130 kW (174 hp) and further improvement in noise, vibration, and harshness levels. Wheels magazine awarded the VR Commodore Car of the Year in 1993. the GM 4L60-E automatic transmission, improving throttle response and smoothing gear changes. The Series II update of June 1996 included elliptical side turn signals, interior tweaks and the introduction of a supercharged V6 engine for selected trim levels, and the introduction of a new Getrag manual transmission. The new supercharged engine slotted between the existing V6 and V8 engines in the lineup and was officially rated at 165 kW (221 hp), just 3 kW (4.0 hp) below the V8.

The VS Commodore was the last of which to be sold as a Toyota Lexcen, as Holden and Toyota ended their model-sharing scheme. The last Lexcens were built during 1997. This model was also sold as the VS Commodore Royale in New Zealand. Similar in specification to the Calais also sold in New Zealand, the Royale featured a standard VS Commodore body with the front end from the VS Caprice and an Opel 2.6-litre 54-Degree V6 engine. The Royale was also sold between 1995 and 1997 in small numbers to Malaysia and Singapore as the Opel Calais.

A small but dedicated team of GM engineers would dedicate six years to the development of the VN, travelling over one and a half million kilometers during testing at GM’s Lang Lang faciltiy.

Break Out The US sourced V6 had been designed to fit transversly into a frontwheel-drive configuration in Buicks, Pontiacs and Oldsmobiles, so the Holden engineers were forced to heavily modify the unit to suit a rear wheel drive configuration. Amazingly, despite having just on 25% more capacity than the Nissan 6, the new V6 was 5 kilo’s lighter. It would be the first V6 ever to be manufactured in Australia.

The V6 was certainly not technically innovative from a design point, particularly with its overhead valve layout, but it was endowed with the latest in electronic gadgetry such as direct fire injection and electronic engine management. Unfortunatlely these, combined with a balance shaft and hydraulic engine mounts, were not enough to prevent the engine being considered “harsher” than many of the competitors.

1970s In 1973, Ducati commemorated its 1972 win at the Imola 200 with the production model green frame Ducati 750 SuperSport.

Ducati also targeted the offroad market with the twostroke Regolarità 125, building 3,486 models from 1975 to 1979, but the bike was not successful.

Ducati 860 GT

In 1993, Miguel Angel Galluzzi introduced the Ducati Monster, a naked bike with exposed trellis and engine. Today the Monster accounts for almost half of the company’s worldwide sales. The Monster has undergone the most changes of any motorcycle that Ducati has ever produced.

In 1975, the company introduced the 860 GT, designed by noted car stylist Giorgetto Giugiaro. Its angular lines were unique, but raised handlebars made for an uncomfortable seating position at high speeds and also caused steering issues. The 860GT’s angular styling was a sales disaster, and it was hurriedly re-designed for the 1976 season with a more rounded fuel tank.

In 1975 Ducati offered hand-built production racers, the ‘square case’ 750SS and later 900SS models, built in limited numbers. Sales of the 900SS proved so strong, and sales of the 860GT/GTE/GTS so weak, that pro-duction of the 900SS was ramped up, and it became Ducati’s #1 selling model.

1980s Ducati Desmoquattro engine Ducati’s liquid-cooled, multi-valve V-twins, made from 1985 on, are known as Desmoquattro (“desmodromic valve four”). These include the 851, 916 and 996, 999 and a few predecessors and derivatives.

The Ducati Paso was introduced in 1986 with the Paso 750, followed in 1989 with the Paso 906. The final version came in 1991 with the 907IE (Iniezione Elettronica), now without the name “Paso”. The design was from the hand of Massimo Tamburini, who also designed the Ducati 916 and MV Agusta F4. The Paso was a typical “you love it, you hate it” bike. However, at that time it looked like that allenclosed bodywork would be the future for all motorcycles.

The Paso design was copied for the Moto Morini Dart 400 and Cagiva Frec-cia 125. Together with Tamburini’s Bimota DB1, they were enormously influential in terms of styling.

Ducati Monster

In 1993, Pierre Terblanche, Massimo Bordi and Claudio Domenicali designed the Ducati Supermono. A 550 cc single-cylinder lightweight “Catalog Racer”. Only 67 were built between 1993 and 1997.

In 1994, the company introduced the Ducati 916 model designed by Massimo Tamburini, a water-cooled version that allowed for higher output levels and a striking new bodywork that had aggressive lines, an underseat exhaust, and a single-sided swingarm. Ducati has since ceased production of the 916, supplanting it (and its progeny, the 748, 996 and 998) with the 749 and 999.

2000s

750 SuperSport Ducati

In 2006, the retro-styled Ducati PaulSmart 1000 LE was released, which shared styling cues with the 1973 750 SuperSport (itself a production replica of Paul Smart’s 1972 race winning 750 Imola Desmo), as one of a SportClassic series representing the 750 GT, 750 Sport, and 750 SuperSport Ducati motorcycles.

Motorcycle design history Ducati has produced several styles of motorcycle engines, including varying the number of cylinders, type of valve actuation and fuel delivery. Ducati is best known for its V-twin engine, called an L-twin by the compa-ny, which is the powerplant in the majority of Ducati-marqued motorcycles. Ducati has also manufactured engines with one, two, three or four cylinders; operated by pull rod valves and push rod valves; single, double and triple overhead camshafts; two-stroke and even at one stage manufactured small diesel

engines, many of which were used to power boats, generators, garden machinery and emergency pumps (for example, for fire fighting). The engines were the IS series from 7 to 22 hp (5.2 to 16.4 kW) air-cooled and the larger twin DM series water- and air-cooled. The engines have been found in all parts of the globe. Wisconsin Diesel even as-sembled and “badge engineered” the engines in the USA. They have also produced outboard motors for marine use. Currently, Ducati makes no other engines except for its motorcycles.

On current Ducati motors, except for the Desmosedici and 1199 Panigale, the valves are actuated by a stand-ard valve cam shaft which is rotated by a timing belt driven by the motor directly. The teeth on the belt keep the camshaft drive pulleys indexed. On older Ducati motors, prior to 1986, drive was by solid shaft that trans-ferred to the camshaft through bevel-cut gears. This method of valve actuation was used on many of Ducati’s older single-cylinder motorcycles — the shaft tube is visible on the outside of the cylinder.

Ducati is also famous for using the desmodromic valve system championed by engineer and designer Fabio Taglioni, though the firm has also used engines that use valve springs to close their valves. In the early days, Ducati reserved the desmodromic valve heads for its higher performance bikes and its race bikes. These valves do not suffer from valve float at high engine speeds, thus a desmodromic engine is capable of far higher revolu-tions than a similarly configured engine with traditional spring-valve heads.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Ducati produced a wide range of small two-stroke bikes, mainly sub-100 cc capacities. Large quantities of some models were exported to the United States.

Ducati has produced the following motorcycle engine types: Single-cylinder • pullrod actuated, 48 cc and 65 cc (Cucciolo) • pushrod actuated, 98 and 125 cc • two-stroke, 50, 80, 90, 100, 125 cc • bevel actuated, spring valved: 98 cc, 100 cc, 125 cc, 160 cc, 175 cc, 200 cc, 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc, 450 cc • bevel actuated, desmodromic valved : 125 cc, 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc and 450 cc • belt actuated, desmodromic valved : 549/572 cc Supermono, only 65 made. Two-cylinder • bevel actuated, spring valved (V-twin): 750 cc, 860 cc • bevel actuated, desmo valved (V-twin): 750 cc, 860 cc, 900 cc, 973 cc (Mille) • bevel actuated, desmo valved (parallel twin): 125 cc, • chain actuated, spring valved (parallel twin): 350 cc, 500 cc (GTL) • chain actuated, desmo valved (parallel twin): 500 cc (500SD) • belt actuated, desmo valved (V-twin):

Almost all motors since 1986. Four-cylinder • gear actuated, desmo valved (V4): Prototype

Desmosedici, and Low volume Production

Desmosedici RR, 1,500 made • pushrod actuated, spring valved (V4):

Prototype Apollo, only two made. with branding efforts including online communities and local, regional and national Ducati enthu-siast clubs. There are more than 400 Ducati clubs worldwide and 20,000 registered users of the Ducati Owners Club web site and 17,000 subscribers to the racing web site. Enthusiasts and riders are informally referred to in the motorcycling community as Ducatista (singular) or Ducatisti (plural).

In North America there are several Ducati enthusiasts organizations with varying degrees of factory sponsor-ship, such as the Bay Area Desmo Owners Club (BADOC) located in and around the city of San Francisco, CA. Ducati Riders of Illinois (DRILL) located in Chicago, IL. DESMO, the Ducati Enthusiast Sport Motor-cycle Organization, is a North American group affiliated with the factory Desmo Owners Club. Some groups are focused on vintage Ducatis while several are based primarily or entirely on email discussion lists or web forums.

Merchandising Ducati has a wide range of accessories, lifestyle products and co-branded merchandise bearing their logos and designs. The company has a licensing agreement with Tumi Inc., launching a collection of eight co-branded luggage pieces in 2006, sold through both of the brands’ retail outlets.

Racing history Ducati’s history with motorsport began with speed records on Cucciolo motorized bicycle factory racers in 1951, followed in 1954 with bringing in Fabio Taglioni to found a road-racing program with the 100 Gran Sport. As of 2009, Ducati was still pursuing the “win on Sunday, sell on Monday” business model and spending 10% of company revenues, €40 million, on its racing business.

MotoGP World Championship Ducati rejoined Grand Prix motorcycle racing in 2003, after a 30-year absence. On 23 September 2007, Ca-sey Stoner clinched his and Ducati’s first Grand Prix World Championship.

When Ducati re-joined MotoGP in 2003, MotoGP had changed its rules to allow four-stroke 990 cc engines to race. At the time Ducati was the fastest bike. In 2007, MotoGP reduced the engine size to 800 cc (49 cu in), and Ducati continued to be the fastest with a bike that was markedly quicker than its rivals as was displayed by Casey Stoner on tracks with long straights.

For 2009, Ducati Marlboro Team campaigned their Desmosedici GP9 with former World Champions Casey Stoner and Nicky Hayden. Ducati also supplied customer bikes to Pramac Racing, with Mika Kallio and Nic-colò Canepa riding for the team in 2009.

Nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi rode for Ducati Corse for the 2011 and 2012 seasons. Rossi returned to the Yamaha team for the 2013 season.

For 2013, Ducati Team raced with Nicky Hayden and the Italian rider Andrea Dovizioso. In 2014 Cal Crutchlow teamed up with Dovizioso for the season, and he left at the end of the year.

In 2015, Ducati Team, under the control of the new race team director Gigi Dall’Igna and the new Des-mosedici GP15, raced with two Italian riders: Andrea Dovizioso and Andrea Iannone. Dovizioso and Ian-none returned for another season in 2016 with Michele Pirro as official tester. As well as this, Casey Stoner also tested Ducati machinery during the season. In 2017 and 2018, Ducati Team rider Andrea Dovizioso raced with his new teammate Jorge Lorenzo, who joined the Ducati team from Yamaha Factory Racing with a two seasons contract. In 2019, Danilo Petrucci joined Dovizioso at the factory team. Issue 42 of Heartland Magazine we look at the history of Honda Motorcycles Heartland Magazine | 59

avoid items that are falling or have fallen from vehicle, which can, in turn, cause them to lose control of their vehicle, leading to accidents and additional damage.

Even debris from unsecured loads can cause road closures, congestion and interruptions, incur thousands of dollars in damage and act as a major contributor to serious crashes.

As such, it is important to position your load correctly, use good quality restraint equipment, and monitor your load before and after your trip. For example, most headboards or loading racks are not strong enough to properly restrain heavy loads, so you should choose a suitable vehicle for your load.

Given the ability of objects attached loosely to vehicles to become projectiles, the legislation around driving with an unsecured load is designed to protect drivers, other motorists and the general public.

In NSW, the law on driving with an unsecured or overhanging load is outlined in rule 292 Road Rules 2014 (NSW).

Section 292 prohibits a driver from driving or tow a vehicle if the vehicle is carrying a load that’s not properly secured to the vehicle or is placed on the vehicle in a way which causes the vehicle to be unstable, or if the load projects from the vehicle in such a way that’s likely to injure someone, obstruct the path of other drivers/pedestrians, or damage a vehicle or anything else, including a road surface.

This will ordinarily result in an on-the-spot fine of $457 and 3 demerit points.

Tips to Properly Securing your Load on your Vehicle

When it comes to properly securing loose objects on your vehicle, it is important to note that different loads will need to be transported differently. For example, high and narrow items such as stacks of smaller cartons will likely need more than one restraint, while nets and tarpaulins can be used to restrain lighter items.

Similarly, it is also important to use suitable restraint equipment appropriate for the type of load your vehicle is carrying, to ensure it is positioned correctly and not acting as a hazard.

It is also recommended to bundle similar items together that package in a more stable single unit.

You can also fill spaces and gaps between piles with other items, making sure that these items are restrained as well.

Ultimately, your method of load restraint needs be suitable not simply for day-to-day driving, but also to stay in place in the event of sudden breaking or swerving, collision or rollover.

Loads must be covered to secure and contain all materials within the vehicle and trailer. Fines apply for uncovered loads.

Offence

Drive/tow vehicle with unsecured load Drive/tow vehicle with load causing instability Drive/tow vehicle with overhanging load Not remove/have removed anything fallen/put on road

There was once a small town in the Snowy Mountains named Jindabyne. In the late 1960s the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electricity Authority created Lake Jindabyne and in the process drowned the old town. A new town was created primarily to provide accommodation for the men working on the Snowy Mountains scheme. Today Jindabyne owes its continuing existence to its proximity to the major ski resorts in the Snowy Mountains and the superb facilities it offers to trout fishermen. It lies below the snowline but is close enough to the ski runs at Thredbo, Perisher Valley, Blue Cow, Guthega and Perisher Valley (and it is outside the Kosciuszko National Park) that it has become an ideal accommodation option for visitors not wanting to stay in the more expensive chalets on the snowfields. It has been described as “the adventure base camp for the Snowy Mountains.” It offers accommodation and eating for skiers and has a number of tourism operators who can organize fly fishing for trout and horse-riding in the mountains.

Location

Jindabyne is located 471 km south west from Sydney via the Hume Freeway, Monaro Highway and Kosciuszko Road. It is 73 km from Cooma and 991 metres above sea level.

Origin of Name

The town was originally spent “Jindaboine” which was a local Aboriginal word for “valley”.

Things to See and Do

Statue of Count Paul Strzelecki Beside Lake Jindabyne the Australian Polish community have built a huge statue of Count Paul Strzelecki who explored the Snowy Mountains and named Australia’s highest mountain. The plaque on the statue reads: “Sir Paul Edmund Strzelecki. Born in Poland on 20 July 1797. Arrived in Australia on 25 April 1839. From 1839 to 1843 he explored and surveyed vast areas of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. While exploring in the Snowy Mountains region he discovered and climbed Mt Kosciuszko which he named in honour of the Polish leader and patriot Tadeusz Kosciuszko. He discovered gold and silver in New South Wales, coal deposits in Tasmania, investigated the possibilities of irrigation, measured the heights of mountains, carried out soil analysis and collected and identified many fossils and minerals. Paul Edmund Strzelecki was one of the first scientists in Australia to undertake investigations in many fields including geology, meteorology, zoology and mineralogy.”

Sculptures By the Lake Each Easter long weekend the Lake Light Sculpture exhibition and competition is held on the shores of Lake Jindabyne. It complements the sculptures which are already on display. In Banjo Paterson Park there is the impressive, rather Soviet-style sculpture of Count Paul Strzelecki and nearby is an Irish harp, a “memorial to the Irish men and women who worked on the construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.”

Jindabyne Community Trail The best way to enjoy Lake Jindabyne is to take the Lake Jindabyne Community Trail which winds around the lake from Banjo Paterson Park for 9.51 km until it reaches Hatchery Bay. The first section, which passes the statue of Count Paul Strzelecki, some works of sculpture and The Clay Pits is 4 km and is a sealed path which is shared with cyclists. The second section, which is a dirt path, starts at Widows Inlet and continues around the shoreline to Hatchery Bay. It is proposed that south of Banjo Paterson Park the trail will continue across the Jindabyne Dam Wall and for over 7 km until it reaches the Tyrolean Village.

Trout Fishing Lake Jindabyne is recognised as one of the best trout fishing destinations in the Snowy Mountains. It is fed by the Snowy, Thredbo and Eucumbene rivers and holds brown, rainbow and brook trout as well as Atlantic salmon. The excellent Snowy Mountains Fishing website (http://snowymountainsfishing.com.au)

Jindabyne, NSW

notes: “There are no boating restrictions on Lake Jindabyne and there is a concrete boat ramp near Snowline Caravan Park, along with numerous other launching points around its foreshores for smaller boats. All methods of fishing are permitted however, as with all waters within the region, a New South Wales Freshwater Anglers Licence is required. These licences may be purchased online, or at fishing retailers in the region.” It also has information about the Gaden Trout Hatchery and Steve Williamson’s Trout Fishing Adventures.

Other Attractions in the Area

Jindabyne - An Activity Centre There are companies in Jindabyne specialising in white water rafting, mountain biking, horse riding, canoeing and walking treks. The town is a magnet for action sport enthusiasts, triathletes, cyclists, sailing, water skiing, paddle boarding, fishing and swimming. For more information about companies specialising in these activities contact the Jindabyne Visitor Centre, Kosciuszko Road, tel: (02) 6450 5600. Open 8.30 am - 5.00 pm daily.

Jindabyne food and drink

Your tastebuds are in for a treat too, with casual cafes, chic restaurants and brewpubs. Just outside town is the Wildbrumby Distillery where you can try Australian schnapps from locally sourced fruit. For local ales, head to the Banjo Paterson Inn.

History * Prior to the arrival of Europeans the district was inhabited by Thaua and Ngarigo Aboriginal people. * The Pendergast brothers, sons of an exconvict, settled in the area in the 1820s. * By the late 1830s both the Pendergasts and the Ryries had runs and were raising sheep and growing a little wheat. * The Ryries built a flour mill in the area in 1847. * The Kiandra goldrush in 1859-60 gave the area a brief boost. * A general store and a post office were built in 1862. * In 1882 a school was opened at Jindabyne. * The Police Station was built in 1883. * In 1890 Banjo Paterson wrote The Man from Snowy River about the area. * Rainbow trout were first released into the Snowy River in 1894. * The Alpine Way from Jindabyne to Khancoban was opened in 1956. * Modern day Jindabyne is a new town created after the original settlement was drowned by the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electricity Authority in the late 1960s. * St Andrews Presbyterian Church (now the Uniting Church) was consecrated in 1966. * Lake Jindabyne was completed in 1967 and has a capacity of 689,790 Megalitres

History Originally situated on a site that is now under the waters of Lake Jindabyne, the township was relocated to its present position in the 1960s before the damming of the Snowy River as part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme. The Scheme was developed from the 1940s as a way of increasing the flow of inland rivers in order to encourage the development of primary industries based on irrigation, and to create hydroelectricity.

Completed in 1967, Jindabyne Dam is a major dam, located approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south southeast of the relocated township. Parts of Old Jindabyne can be seen when the levels of Lake Jindabyne are low particularly the foundations of the old St Columbkille Roman Catholic Church. The settlement of East Jindabyne is located above what was Old Jindabyne. The dam’s main purpose is for the generation of hydropower and is one of the sixteen major dams that comprise the Snowy Mountains Scheme, a vast hydroelectricity and irrigation complex constructed in south-east Australia between 1949 and 1974 and now run by Snowy Hydro.

Jindabyne celebrated the new town’s 50th anniversary on 19 December 2014 with a long lunch, parade through the town centre, and speech by Peter Hendy MP. The celebrations were attended by His Excellency, General David Hurley, Governor of New South Wales, Member for Monaro, Mr John Barilaro, Mayor of Snowy Mountains Shire, Mr John Cahill

Thick beef stew which is good by itself or with crusty bread rolls. Lamb can also be used instead of beef. If thicker stew is desired, add more cornflour and/or take cover off for last 15-20 minutes. The longer this simmers, the better! Vary the herbs to suit your taste.

Ingredients

Serves: 10

1 kg cubed casserole beef 3 tablespoons vegetable oil 3-4 beef stock cubes, crumbled 1 litre water 1 teaspoon dried rosemary 1 teaspoon dried parsley 1/2 teaspoon ground black pepper

3 large potatoes, peeled and cubed 4 carrots, cut into 2cm pieces 4 stalks celery, cut into 2cm pieces 1 large onion, chopped 2 teaspoons cornflour 2 teaspoons cold water

Directions

Preparation: 20min Cook: 2hours Extra time: 2hours 20min Ready in: 4hours 40min

1. In a large pot or frypan with a lid, cook beef in oil over medium heat until brown. Dissolve stock in water and pour into pot. Stir in rosemary, parsley and pepper. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat, cover and simmer 1 hour. 2. Stir potatoes, carrots, celery and onion into the pot. Dissolve cornflour in 2 teaspoons cold water and stir into stew. Cover and simmer 1 hour more.

Ingredients

3 beurre bosc pears, peeled, cored, chopped 2 cups (300g) frozen blackberries 2 tbs plain flour 1/2 cup (110g) caster sugar 1 tsp vanilla bean paste Double cream, to serve

White Chocolate Crumble

75g unsalted butter, softened 150g brown sugar 1 tsp vanilla bean paste 2/3 cup (100g) plain flour 1/2 cup (45g) rolled oats 1/2 cup (90g) white chocolate chips

Method

1. Place pear, blackberries, flour, sugar and vanilla in a bowl and toss to combine. Place in a saucepan with 1/4 cup (60ml) water and bring to the boil. Reduce heat to low and cook, stirring occasionally, for 5-6 minutes until fruit has softened and starts to release juice. Set aside.

2. For crumble, rub butter, sugar, vanilla, flour and oats in a bowl until large clumps form. Add chocolate and stir to combine. Freeze for 20 minutes to firm up.

3. Preheat the oven to 180°C. Divide the fruit filling among two shallow ovenproof dishes and scatter over crumble. Place on a baking tray and bake for 20-25 minutes until golden. Serve with double cream.

And, don’t forget the cream!

Oats are among the healthiest grains on earth. They’re a gluten-free whole grain and a great source of important vitamins, minerals, fibre and antioxidants. Studies show that oats and oatmeal have many health benefits. These include weight loss, lower blood sugar levels and a reduced risk of heart disease. Here are 9 evidence-based health benefits of eating oats and oatmeal

What Are Oats and Oatmeal? Oats are a whole-grain food, known scientifically as Avena sativa. Oat groats, the most intact and whole form of oats, take a long time to cook. For this reason, most people prefer rolled, crushed or steel-cut oats. Instant (quick) oats are the most highly processed variety. While they take the shortest time to cook, the texture may be mushy. Oats are commonly eaten for breakfast as oatmeal, which is made by boiling oats in water or milk. Oatmeal is often referred to as porridge. They’re also often included in muffins, granola bars, cookies and other baked goods.

1. Oats Are Incredibly Nutritious The nutrient composition of oats is well-balanced. They are a good source of carbs and fibre, including the powerful fibre beta-glucan. They also contain more protein and fat than most grains. Oats are loaded with important vitamins, minerals and antioxidant plant compounds. Half a cup (78 grams) of dry oats contains (5):

Manganese: 191% of the RDI Phosphorus: 41% of the RDI Magnesium: 34% of the RDI Copper: 24% of the RDI Iron: 20% of the RDI Zinc: 20% of the RDI Folate: 11% of the RDI Vitamin B1 (thiamin): 39% of the RDI Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid): 10% of the RDI Smaller amounts of calcium, potassium, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and vitamin B3 (niacin)

This is coming with 51 grams of carbs, 13 grams of protein, 5 grams of fat and 8 grams of fibre, but only 303 calories. This means that oats are among the most nutrientdense foods you can eat.

2. Whole Oats Are Rich in Antioxidants, Including Avenanthramides Whole oats are high in antioxidants and beneficial plant compounds called polyphenols. Most notable is a unique group of antioxidants called avenanthramides, which are almost solely found in oats. Avenanthramides may help lower blood pressure levels by increasing the production of nitric oxide. This gas molecule helps dilate blood vessels and leads to better blood flow.

In addition, avenanthramides have antiinflammatory and anti-itching effects Ferulic acid is also found in large amounts in oats. This is another antioxidant.

3. Oats Contain a Powerful Soluble Fibre Called Beta-Glucan Oats contain large amounts of beta-glucan, a type of soluble fibre. Beta-glucan partially dissolves in water and forms a thick, gel-like solution in the gut.

The health benefits of beta-glucan fibre include:

Reduced LDL and total cholesterol levels Reduced blood sugar and insulin response Increased feeling of fullness Increased growth of good bacteria in the digestive tract

4. They Can Lower Cholesterol Levels and Protect LDL Cholesterol From Damage Heart disease is the leading cause of death globally. One major risk factor is high blood cholesterol. Many studies have shown that the beta-glucan fibre in oats is effective at reducing both total and LDL cholesterol levels. Beta-glucan may increase the excretion of cholesterol-rich bile, thereby reducing circulating levels of cholesterol in the blood.

Oxidation of LDL (the “bad”) cholesterol, which occurs when LDL reacts with free radicals, is another crucial step in the progression of heart disease. It produces inflammation in arteries, damages tissues and can raise the risk of heart attacks and strokes. One study

5. Oats Can Improve Blood Sugar Control Type 2 diabetes is a common disease, characterized by significantly elevated blood sugars. It usually results from decreased sensitivity to the hormone insulin. Oats may help lower blood sugar levels, especially in people who are overweight or have type 2 diabetes. They may also improve insulin sensitivity. These effects are mainly attributed to beta-glucan’s ability to form a thick gel that delays emptying of the stomach and absorption of glucose into the blood.

6. Oatmeal Is Very Filling and May Help You Lose Weight Not only is oatmeal (porridge) a delicious breakfast food — it’s also very filling. Eating filling foods may help you eat fewer calories and lose weight. By delaying the time it takes your stomach to empty of food, the beta-glucan in oatmeal may increase your feeling of fullness. Beta-glucan may also promote the release of peptide YY (PYY), a hormone produced in the gut in response to eating. This satiety hormone has been shown to lead to reduced calorie intake and may decrease your risk of obesity.

7. They May Decrease the Risk of Childhood Asthma Asthma is the most common chronic disease in kids. It’s an inflammatory disorder of the airways — the tubes that carry air to and from a person’s lungs. Although not all children have the same symptoms, many experience recurrent coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath.

For those of us whose idea of a winter glow doesn’t involve jetting off to a tropical resort, we have the happy task of adjusting our skin care and makeup instead to accommodate for the dry, cold, sharp air and punishing, even more drying indoor heating (fun). Flaky, dry, irritated skin seems to be the norm every winter and yet, still remains to look cute. Lucky for us, there’s makeup. It’s just going to take some tweaking to prevent it from betraying us by drawing attention to just how winter-ravaged our skin is.

1. Don’t skimp on moisturizer. OK, this is technically a skin-care tip, but it’s actually helpful to think of it as a step in your makeup routine because it’s the best way to achieve a dewy, glowy complexion before you even think about busting out the highlighter. “Spend extra time massaging [moisturizer] in to boost skin’s natural glow,” “Be generous with it, and don’t forget your neck.” In need of a good moisturizer?

2. Know when to moisturize. Hydration is clearly crucial, but Washington D.C.-based makeup artist Erwin Gomez shared an extra hack: Be sure to moisturize when your skin is still damp after showering. “This is the optimal time to give your freshly steamed and washed skin its much-needed hydration,” says Gomez. He reaches for products such as Fresh’s Vitamin Nectar Glow Juice Antioxidant Face Serum, which features vitamins C and E for added radiance.

3. Stay away from anything too powdery. “Powder can make fair skin look duller” Instead, we recommend using a moisturizing CC cream that’s one shade warmer than your skin tone. “We’re a fan of Giorgio Armani Beauty Luminescence CC Colour Control Brighten Moisturizer SPF 35 because it has a subtle reflective pigment in it”. Another excellent option that contains sun protection is Supergroup’s CC Cream

The Best Winter Makeup Tips for Glowing Skin

Daily Correct Broad Spectrum SPF 35 Sunscreen.

4. Switch up your primer. We recommend using a luminous primer instead of a traditional matte one. “The subtle shimmer in the primer will help give your skin that amazing glowing-from-within effect,” With winter winds to worry about, we’ll take any extra boost of glow we can get. (Plus, the primer adds another layer of hydration.) Try the glass skin hero VDL Lumilayer Primer, Flesh Beauty’s Illuminating Primer, or Laura Mercier’s Radiance Foundation Primer.

5. Stick to liquid and cream foundation... The only thing worse than flakes is when your foundation actually highlights your flaky skin. Gomez recommends a foundation with a creamier base, which glides smoothly over the skin. We recommend any of these 17 foundations made for dry, thirsty skin. In contrast, “a matte formula will settle into flakes and dry skin, giving you a patchy and uneven finish.” If you don’t like your foundation too dewy, you can always set it with powder to dial down shine on your T-zone areas.

6. ...And liquid highlighter, as well. For the most natural effect, we recommend applying a liquid highlighter with a damp Beautyblender sponge. We typically uses Giorgio Armani Beauty Fluid Sheer, a warm nude that’s glow-boosting without the potential drying of a powder highlighter. You can also try the Best of Beauty award-winning Nyx Away We Glow Liquid Highlighter, L’Oréal Paris’s True Match Lumi Glotion, or Kevyn Aucoin’s Glass Glow Face.

7. Never stop moisturizing. If you notice your skin getting dry (or your makeup getting cakey) throughout the day, keep a facial mist nearby to spray on a dose of hydration. “Spray your face with a light mist of water to help set the makeup and provide a little extra moisture”. Any one of these face mists will do the job.

Current COVID-19 (coronavirus) scams

Scammers are using the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus) to take advantage of people across Australia.

About COVID-19 scams

Scamwatch has received hundreds of coronavirus-related scam reports since the outbreak. Common scams include phishing for personal information, online shopping, and superannuation scams.

If you have been scammed or have seen a scam, you can make a report on the Scamwatch website, and find more information about where to get help.

Scamwatch urges everyone to be cautious and remain alert to coronavirus-related scams. Scammers are hoping that you have let your guard down. Do not provide your personal, banking or superannuation details to strangers who have approached you.

Scammers may pretend to have a connection with you. So it’s important to stop and check, even when you are approached by what you think is a trusted organisation.

Visit the Scamwatch news webpage for general warnings and media releases on COVID-19 scams.

Below are some examples of what to look out for.

These are a few examples, but there are many more. If your experience does not match any of the examples provided, it could still be a scam. If you have any doubts at all, don’t proceed.

Phishing – Government impersonation scams

Scammers are pretending to be government agencies providing information on COVID-19 through text messages and emails ‘phishing’ for your information. These contain malicious links and attachments designed to steal your personal and financial information.

assistance or payments for staying home.

In the examples below the text messages appear to come from ‘GOV’ and ‘myGov’, with a malicious link to more information on COVID-19.

Scammers are also pretending to be Government agencies and other entities offering to help you with applications for financial

Tips to protect yourself from these types of scams:

Don’t click on hyperlinks in text/social media messages or emails, even if it appears to come from a trusted source.

Go directly to the website through your browser. For example, to reach the MyGov website type ‘my.gov.au’ into your browser yourself.

Never respond to unsolicited messages and calls that ask for personal or financial details, even if they claim to be a from a reputable organisation or government authority — just press delete or hang up.

Phishing – Other impersonation scams

Scammers are pretending to be from real and well known businesses such as banks, travel agents, insurance providers and telco companies, and using various excuses around COVID-19 to:

ask for your personal and financial information lure you into opening malicious links or attachments gain remote access to your computer seek payment for a fake service or something you did not purchase.

Examples of other phishing scams

Fake bank phishing text

Fake insurance phishing text

Fake voucher phishing text

Don’t click on hyperlinks in text/social media messages or emails, even if they appear to come from a trusted source. Never respond to unsolicited messages and calls that ask for personal or financial details — just press delete or hang up. Never provide a stranger remote access to your computer, even if they claim to be from a telco company such as Telstra or the NBN Co. To verify the legitimacy of a contact, find them through an independent source such as a phone book, past bill or online search.

Superannuation scams

Scammers are taking advantage of people in financial hardship due to COVID-19 by attempting to steal their superannuation or by offering unnecessary services and charging a fee.

The majority of these scams start with an unexpected call claiming to be from a superannuation or financial service.

The scammers use a variety of excuses to request information about your superannuation accounts, including:

offering to help you access the money in your superannuation ensuring you’re not locked out of your account under new rules. checking whether your superannuation account is eligible for various benefits or deals.

Example of a superannuation scam A scammer will call pretending to be from a superannuation or financial service. They may refer to the government’s superannuation early release measures, and ask questions such as:

Have you worked full time for the last 5 years? Are you going to apply for the $10 000 superannuation package?

Or falsely claim:

Inactive super accounts will be locked if not merged immediately.

Tips to protect yourself from these types of scams:

Never give any information about your superannuation to someone who has contacted you — this includes offers to help you access your superannuation early under the government’s new arrangements. Hang up and verify their identity by calling the relevant organisation directly — find them through an independent source such as a phone book, past bill or online search. See our Scamwatch media release warning about superannuation scams. For more information on superannuation scams visit ASIC’s MoneySmart website.

Online shopping scams

Scammers have created fake online stores claiming to sell products that don’t exist — such as cures or vaccinations for COVID-19, and products such as face masks.

Tips to protect yourself from these types of scams:

The best way to detect a fake trader or social media shopping scam is to search for reviews before purchasing. No vaccine or cure presently exists for the coronavirus. Be wary of sellers requesting unusual payment methods such as upfront payment via money order, wire transfer, international funds transfer, preloaded card or electronic currency, like Bitcoin. More information is available at: Online shopping scams. Scammers are using COVID-19 in business email compromise scams by pretending to be a supplier or business you usually deal with.

Scammers are using COVID-19 as an excuse to divert your usual account payments to a different bank account. Your payment goes to the scammer instead of the real business.

Tips to protect yourself from these types of scams:

Verify any request to change bank details by contacting the supplier directly using trusted contact details you have previously used. Consider a multi-person approval process for transactions over a certain dollar amount, with processes in place to ensure the business billing you is the one you normally deal with. Keep the security on your network and devices up-todate, and have a good firewall to protect your data.

Businesses can also sign up to the ACCC’s Small Business Information Network to receive emails about new or updated resources, enforcement action, changes to Australia’s competition and consumer laws, events, surveys and scams relevant to the small business sector. How scammers contact you

During a crisis like COVID-19, you may be isolated and using online services more than ever, so it is important to think about who might be really contacting you. They may find you by:

calling you or coming to your door contacting you via social media, email or text message setting up websites that look real, and impersonating government, business or even your friends collecting information about you so that when they make contact they are more convincing.

How you can help others

You can help others by talking and sharing information about scams when connecting with your friends, family and colleagues.

Ask the businesses you connect with regularly about scams they see, how they can protect you and how you can protect yourself.

If you use social media or particular applications — learn how to report scams to them and choose services that will identify and remove scammers from their platform or website.

Ask your bank or financial institution about how to protect your financial information and how they will help you if you get scammed.

Government, law enforcement, individuals and businesses all play an important role in helping to protect the community from scams.

For more information or to report a Scam, please go to the ACCC Website www.scamwatch.gov.au

1. A&E word 5. Domineering 10. Crunch’s rank 14. Slave 15. Get-rich-quick gamble 16. Snack first created in 1912 17. Hardly winning 20. South Korean capital 21. Pouched creatures 22. Printer’s primary color 25. To the sheltered side 26. Hardly winning (with 48-Across) 30. Answering-machine blinks 34. Quarrel 35. Member of baseball’s All-Century Team 36. Chap 37. Guitarist Clapton 39. Words of agreement 41. Heroic chronicle 42. Inclined 44. Gripe 46. Sixty secs. 47. Kind of heat or flare 48. See 26-Across 50. Sign of distress 52. Misprint 53. Dish often served covered with sauce 57. Silly 61. Hardly winning 64. Graph or pilot starter 65. Ally with 66. Pueblo Indian 67. Teen’s big date 68. Gawain’s transport 69. Candid

1. Andy’s partner in old radio 2. Womanizer 3. Milosevic’s predecessor 4. Exhibit poor posture 5. Deli specialty 6. Ah partner

7. Choreography bit 8. Run around naked 9. ‘’___ be sorry!’’ 10. Sweeps under the rug, e.g. 11. Diva’s moment 12. Quaker colonist 13. Holiday drinks 18. Handbill 19. One of the family 23. Ill-treat 24. 1949 peace org. 26. Regions 27. Body trunk 28. Corded fabric 29. Grain husk 31. Cud-chewer without a hump 32. Spock’s forte 33. Ritzy

36. Hard to swallow 38. Hat-checker’s station 40. Hardly a Westminster contender 43. Primp 45. Early photo color 48. Turn in the right direction 49. Blanketlike cloak 51. 100-eyed giant of myth 53. Like some decisions 54. Decant 55. Countertenor 56. A French cheese 58. At the acme 59. Relaxed rejection 60. Roberts’ Brockovich 62. Broke bread 63. Narc or G-man, e.g.

From leading Newsagents in your town or city

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