Tamaki River City Projects Part 1 of 3 by heather docherty

TAMAKICI TYRI VER-PROJECTS PARTTWO BLA-St udi oyear3

References Barfoot, C. (2007). Tahuna Torea: tip-site to Nature Reserve. Auckland: Tamaki Estuary Protection Society. Cameron, E., Haywood, B., & Murdoch, G. (2001). A Field Guide to Auckland. Auckland: Random House NZ. Carbines, M. (2011, August). powerpoint presentation to unitec. Coastal Walkway. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 11, from New Plymouth Distrist Council: http://www.newplymouthnz.com/VisitingNewPlymouth/Attractions/CoastalWalkway.htm Haywood, B., & Moreley, M. (2005). Intertidal life of the Tamaki Estuary and its Entrance. Auckland: Auckland Regional Council Technical Publication No 373.72p. Janssen, H. (2006). Bush Vitality Assessment: Growing Common Futures. Wellington: Jannen in association with the Dept of Conservation. Kelly, S. (2008). Environmental Conditions and Values of Mangere Inlet, Whau Estuary and Tamaki Estuary. Auckland: Coast and Catchment Ltd for Auckland Regional Council. Kibel, P. Rivertown. New Plymouth Coastal Walkway. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2011, from Tripadvisor: http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g255112-d1832328/New-Plymouth:NewZealand:Coastal.Walkway.html Whats on places. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 14, 2011, from http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/whatson/places/walkways/pointtopoint/walkthree.asp

POINT ENGLAND PIER Point England Erin Fitzpatrick

What is the issue you seek to address? Aucklandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population is going to increase dramatically over the next 50 years. With this increase, money will be spent on transport solutions and new developments, and the areas of lower socio-economic groups will suffer. Communities, such as Glen Innes, will not be able to afford new amenities or to upgrade their current amenities. What the community needs is a simple design that will last and be constantly used and looked after by the community. My project will aim to provide a recreational space that can be used by the community; that will be educational; and will be beneficial to the environment. Historically the Tamaki River was the source of transport, food and resources. Today, the local community does not have that connection to the Tamaki. Through my project I want to reintroduce the importance of the Tamaki River, and educate people about the history of the area, as well as looking after the river for future generations. Why is that issue important for Landscape Architecture in a regional, national or international sense? To create amenities for communities with little income is important to the whole city. Educational landscapes are beneficial for everyone, and can teach a community about their city and how to look after their environment. It provides a local meeting place, where kids can go after school. It connects the people to the water, both physically and visionally, which is where the cities foundations were built.

Scale 1:50,000

How do you propose to address this issue? My proposal includes creating a multi-use infrastructural development, that would be a wharf/ pier that would be used for recreation (ie. sports, rowing, sailing, education, reading, sitting), be used as a public space, and could be retrofitted in the future to help with energy production, water quality treatment and water transport. One particular site I want to focus on is Point England, where the surrounding suburbs are low socio-economic areas. This area already has Point England Reserve, a large park with a few sports fields and public toilets. I want to enhance this amenity for the community, so it becomes a destination for people, to come as a family, or for kids to hang out after school, for people to learn about their area, and to help bring the community together. A wharf/pier would connect the land and people to the water; have an educational building that would be built on it; and some plantings and seating areas. Other recreational amenities would be incorporated into the design. The flow of movement will be manipulated by the level changes and seris of experiences as you move through the site. These elements include viewing platforms, stairs, ramps, planting that creates a narrowing and opening up feeling, and design features that make you slow down and think about how you will navigate the site. View shafts are also very important in the design. These values (recreational, educational, ecological, amenity etc) will link into the surrounding landscape to extend the benefits of the site.

gis mapping of transport issues ´

´ ! !

! !

! ! Á Á Á

! !

Á Á Á

Á ¿ Á

! Á

¿ Á

Á Á

Á ¿Á

Á ¿

Ferry_Ports Ferry_Routes Railway_Tracks

Á New_Ferry_Route

! New_Port ! Ferry_Ports

Looking at the Tamaki Estuary as a possibility for enhanced public water transport, the location of snad banks & shallows.

Currently the Tamaki

Railway_Stations

Major_Bus_Stops Bus_Routes SH_1 AMETI

Ferry_Routes

Ferry terminals and routes in and around Auckland city. Estuary has only one ferry stop, at Half Moon Bay.

Auckland’s public transport isn’t very good east of the Tamaki Estuary. There is a lack of people to use it, as the area around the marina is wealthy, and use private cars to get to work.

The fact that Point England is already a large reserve, adds to the appropriateness of the site. It already has community ‘pull’.

This shows the location of Point England as a deep water area close to the land. This can be optimised with the placement of a pier/ferry terminal.

site location

From the GIS analysis, the Point England site emerged as the best site for the design. By looking at the tide chart, we can see the depths of the channel, and where there would be opportunities to create a pier. Point England is the next place, on the west coast, that could be used for this design. The site is located at the end of the axis of Point England Road, which starts at Glen Innes town centre. This axis extends over the estuary and connects to Pigeon Mountain, which is an educational wetland area. This influences my design, and encourages me to design an educational landscape to link to this. It also enables the community to connect to the water, and to other parts of the city through water transport.

Â´

Legend

nz-schools schools walking 750

175

350

700 Meters

cadastrals

175

350

700 Meters

Wynyard Quarter, Auckland â&#x20AC;&#x153;The revitalisation of Wynyard Quarter incorporates the principles of the wider Waterfront Vision and aims to create a range of public open spaces that provide a variety of experiences. Historically, Wynyard Quarter has been an area for port-related industry. In more recent years the marine industry has also established a presence there to service the port and Westhaven Marina.â&#x20AC;? http://www.waterfrontauckland.co.nz From this example I have taken the concept of creating a variety of different experiences as you travel through the site. The Tamaki Estuary project is also a water front design, and will incorporate drawing elements and concepts from its past, as an industrial estuary. Getting people to understand how the site has worked in the past, and how it works now is an important aspect I want to introduce to my design. Wynyard Quarter also follows an axis, that is strongly accentuated by design features within the site.

case studies

The High Line, New York The High Line is 1.6 km New York City linear park built on a 2.33 km section of the former elevated freight railroad. It has been redesigned and planted as an aerial greenway. The recycling of the railway into an urban park has spurred real estate development in the neighborhoods which lie along the line. The idea at Tamaki is to create an elevated axis that extends off Point England Road, and goes out over the water of the Tamaki Estuary. This new development will draw in the community and hopefully also spur some growth around the area. The designs on the highline work with axis and low-growing planting and seats. This example works well with site.

existing site photos

Point England Reserve

Point

Rain Gardens

Engla

nd R

Pier Design

plan of site in Point England

The shape of this design was influenced by the strong axis of Point England Road, running from the centre of Glen Innes through the middle of the pier and across the estuary to Pigeon Mountain. The rain garden pattern came from the ridged structure of the state housing in Point England. The section sizes are 50m by 20m, which I mimicked to gain the shape of the 5 rain gardens. The existing natural organic shaped path has been joined into the structured nature of the gardens to create different experiences as you walk through the site. The pathway is 3m wide, so cyclists can use it as well. This connects down to the new beach that is being developed there, so it creates a very well connected site. There is a small bridge that connects the pathway, the carpark and the pier together. This is for the easiest and smoothest access onto the pier. The pier itself is as wide as the road (10m wide) so can be used for a multiple number of uses. Kayakers can easily get their kayaks down to the waters edge, no matter what the tide. A pontoon at the very end enables access to the water at all times. This is also useful for locals who can use the site for some recreational fishing with their families. The large open spaces are unprogrammed, so the users are able to create a space of their own and use the pier as they would like. This enables large groups of people to use the pier, so small concerts or community meetings can take place here. This space is for the community, and foremost to connect the local community to the water, both physically and visually.

The rain garden will clean water that is collected from the surrounding Point England suburb, and off the Point England Road. Currently the water off the road gets funnelled into a drain and piped straight out into the channel of the estuary. By proposing these large rain gardens, they can be used to cleanse the water from the housing, and also can be enhanced in the future when the growth expands to this area. The available space at Point England Reserve made it possible to create a large enough rain garden to really have an impact on the current storm water situation. Smaller rain gardens are helpful, but larger ones can make a big impact on the levels. These rain gardens are also used for educational purposes, to teach the local community and the children from the local schools, about storm water and how it affects the estuary. It also teaches people about ecology and the usefulness of it. This will hopefully create a generation that will be more conscious of their impacts on the landscape. Pathways that connect through the gardens will enable people to interact with the plants, and get to touch and get up close to them. Small outlooks allow people to stop and read about certain species and how they can help mitigate landscapes, as well as sit and rest among the plants.

rain garden design

pier design and layout

site graphics

B A

plan and section AA 150m

A C

section BB

section CC

site perspectives

D C

plan of pier

planting plan

Pt Ct

Ca Me

Me As Am As

planting plan schedule

Key

Rain Garden

Code

Botanical Name

Common/Maori Name

Astelia banksii

Wharawhara

Carex testacea

Area (m 2 )

Spacing (m)

PB size

Quantity

1032

1.5

688

Orange Sedge

500

0.4

1250

Cordyline australis

Cabbage Tree

672

224

Leptospermum scoparium

Manuka

1000

500

Phormium tenax

Flax, Harakeke

1000

333

Tree's

Metrosideros excelsa

Pohutukawa

Pier Planting

Apodasmia similis

Oioi, Jointed Rush

190

Avicennia marina

Mangrove, Manawa

TOTAL

4439

3252

www.aucklandcity.govt.nz

Facing town centre mixed-use development onto open space creating new town centre focus

Mixed-use expansion to west of railway tracks between Glen Innes town centre and Tamaki Campus

Tamaki College

Glen Innes Point England Reserve

Reserve developed to City Park quality, adding an attraction to the coastal edge.

Tamaki Campus

Improve connections across railway line between Tamaki Campus, Glen Innes town centre and mixed-use expansion

Improve access to open space by extending existing street grid to reserve

Reconfigure ‘finger reserves’ to improve accessibility by means including bringing reserves to a street edge and ensuring the built form overlooks the open space.

Proposed Tamaki Rail Station

Mt Wellington Tamaki Intermediate

Newly acessible open space provides opportunities for adjacent higher density housing. The coastal edge, in addition, has undervalued high amenity conducive to higher density housing.

Tamaki Primary

Increased community focus around the resources offered by Tamaki Primary, Intermediate and College.

Panmure

Encourage supportive business and mixed-use development around Panmure train station. Improve connections between the town centre and Panmure Basin, and provide higher density living opportunities around the town centre.

Open Space Activity Node

Activity Centres

AMETI Alignment

Higher density housing

Water Transport

Improved connections

Community focus

Open Space Links

Reconfigured reserve space

Employment

Early development opportunities (possibly via joint ventures)

18 October 07

TAMAKI TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME Opportunities Analysis http://www.tamakitransformation.co.nz/

Through my initial analysis of the Tamaki Estuary I came across an opportunity for a public transport network connecting to Point England Reserve. The deep channel and lack of sand flats would help to accommodate this. It would also connect up the east to the west coast of the Tamaki, to add importance to the water. But after further research I came to the conclusion that a ferry terminal couldn’t be justified, especially in Point England because it is a low socioeconomic area. The Glen Innes train station is at the beginning of the axis, so the majority of the people would find it easier and faster to use the train to get to work. This brought me to the idea that I can prepare the site for future expansion when Auckland grows by 50 thousand people. This could be testing the suitability of the site to become a transport and activity hub in the future. From this, stemmed the idea of a community space that incorporated all of the needs that would arise. This could include things such as; kayakers, school kids, cyclists, elderly, families with young children and young adults wanting to find out more about the history of the area. It is the centre of community life, where people could gather and spend time together. This space is a long term structure, that can be adapted to the needs of the community. This site is a very flexible site, with the open space allowing the programming to shift to what the users need. The pier can also easily be extended out to the channel to create a ferry terminal, in 15-20 years. This would become a T shape where it hits the channel, to enhance the number of boats to use it (as the channel is very narrow there). This project ties in with the current development of a beach just north of the point, adjoining Point England Reserve. The cycle and walkway route attaches to the one being built down to the beach. This also enhances my idea of connecting the landscape and people to the water. In the plan for the Tamaki Transformation, Point England is noted to be one of the future sites for investigation into public transport. This project is the stepping stone to help the council’s vision become a realistic goal for the near future, and encourage growth for the Point England area.

COMMUNITY GARDENS

POINT ENGLAND Anna Bish

As Auckland intensifies, the agricultural and horticultural resources will be pushed out to the peripheral edges, causing food prices to continuously rise, and become unaffordable for many families. The Panmure, Mt. Wellington South and Point England communities consist of a high percentage of people with high to medium unemployment levels, and in some parts low education, and low-income levels. These suburbs form part of the Tamaki area that has been earmarked for intensification over the next few years. This will impact hugely on their ability to purchase staple food, and thus cause health problems. It will also decrease outdoor living space and potentially jobs. Tamaki needs to become selfsustainable and resilient to these effects, with local food sources, more jobs and education available. Community gardens offer low cost food resources within reasonable walking distances. They are a starting point in becoming self-sustainable and resilient, and could lead to self-sufficiency with dairy, meat, energy, and water. Local community grown food encourages stronger community relationships as well as employment and education opportunities. People can be educated in different areas of horticulture and agriculture, as well as basic tools to get into the work force. Employment opportunities are opened up via maintenance work, and educating others. The set up of local market space reduces wasted food produce and brings together the community in other ways, as well as providing employment and further education. To ensure that the best sites are chosen, I have evaluated the three suburbs using G.I.S to map existing natural and manmade features, including, existing vegetation, slope, aspect, overland flows, reserves, water access, schools, archaeological sites and existing buildings. This process influences what type of community garden will be designed, for example; streetscapes, within schools, rooftops, or backyard sharing. Areas suited for each crop will be analysed and directed by the different growing conditions each crop requires as well as the following landscape cues.

Scale 1:50,000

RATING OF SCHOOLS 0

150 300

600 Meters

!! !

! ! !

Legend !

Rating

! ! !

Poor

Good

Excellent

RATING OF SCHOOLS Through the analysis and overlaying of the above maps, I was able to rate the schools within the Panmure, Mt. Wellington and Point England area. They were rated on how well the following elements interacted adjacent to the school sites. The elements included proximity to urban parkland, water networks, pedestrian and car access, existing vegetation, potential market space, and northern aspect (or minimal southern aspect). Each school was rated between 1-3; 1 being poor, 2 good, and 3 excellent, on each element, and then the average score for that school was calculated giving each school its final rating. Three schools received excellent scores, with seven schools rating at good and five with poor. The top three sites were then visited and an on-site analysis occurred, with one site being developed as an exemplar for future community gardens. As more people become aware and involved with community gardens the demand for more space will increase. As this happens the school sites will be developed in order of the rating system into community gardens. WALKING DISTANCES To keep prices low and to entice people to use community gardens, the fresh fruit and vegetable produce/ community gardens and markets need to be within reasonable walking distance of the majority of the community. Walking distances have been mapped radiating out from each of the school sites in distances of, 750m, and 400m. These are the average distances people are willing to walk. Almost everywhere the walking zones overlap, meaning that people would be able to easily reach a community garden and/or market to purchase produce. Having this number of community gardens within close proximity to one another means that sufficient quantities can be grown to provide for the community as well as a large variation of produce can be grown and sold, offering a wide range of fruit and vegetables throughout the community.

Through the rating system Point England School, Sommerville Special School, and Tamaki Intermediate were highlighted as being â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;excellentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; sites for the development of community gardens. Site visits and on-site analysis was then undertaken to ground truth the physical aspects of each site, and to assess which site would be more fitting as a community garden.

POINT ENGLAND 0 30 60

120 Meters

Legend Point England School 0.5m Contours Rivers Site Catchment Mangroves Urban Parkland Slope Cadastral Boundaries

POINT ENGLAND Flood Plain

0 15 30

60 Meters

Legend Point England School 0.5m Contours Overland Flow Paths Rivers Site Catchment Potential Area Urban Parkland Slope Cadastral Boundaries Flood Plain

POINT ENGLAND •

Backs onto the field of Point England School

•

Part of Point England Reserve; large reserve with a mix of activities; recreational, sports, pastoral

•

Undulating site

•

Existing mounds that could be utilized in some way

•

Stream running through

•

Natural overland flow paths

•

Existing trees along boundary of school would provide some shelter

•

Existing vegetation predominantly around stream

•

Some bird life (useful for pollination)

•

Existing footpath and small gravel road for maintenance vehicles to far end of reserve

•

View points from sports field, basketball courts, and school

•

Surrounding streets have in-street planting as a mechanism to slow traffic, could be used as part of streetscape fruit planting.

TAMAKI SCHOOL 0 15 30

60 Meters

Legend Tamaki Intermediate Tamaki & Sommerville School 0.5m Contours Overland Flow Paths Rivers Cadastral Boundaries Site Catchment Flood Plain Urban Parkland Slope

SOMMERVILLE AND TAMAKI INTERMEDIATE SCHOOLS •

Both schools are on the same property

•

Not joint to a reserve – only the main school sports field, not suitable to be designed as a community garden

•

Tamaki Intermediate have started up their own vegetable garden

•

Predominantly flat site

•

Some existing trees; mainly on slope towards Elstree Ave

•

Appears to be all school land, and would be utilized as such during school hours, therefore insufficient space to design a community garden

POINT ENGLAND ZONE 0

150

300

600 Meters

RELATIVE TO COMMUNITY GARDEN SITE

Legend Community Garden Extent Point England Zone

Travel Distances 400m 750m 1000m

Schools Pt England School Ruapotaka School Tamaki Intermediate Other Schools

POINT ENGLAND DEVELOPMENT The Point England site was significantly more appropriate for a community garden, predominantly because of the fact it was situated on a public reserve, with viewpoints from within the school grounds, basketball courts and sports fields, which would attract people in. The natural formation of the land is better suited to a community garden with natural miniature gullies, re-existing mounds, and a gradual slope down to the stream. The connection with the school is perfect as they children can be involved and be educated on sustainability, and pass that knowledge onto family. The potential site is close by to Elstree Ave with a maintenance road coming up to the proposed site. I want to create a community garden that bases its permanent food produce on the main crops that Pacific Islanders and Maori traditionally eat, and leave spaces for the public to make their own and plant vegetables and fruit of their own desire. Using the pre-existing structures in the surrounding streets; like Waddell Ave, I want to plant culinary herbs and fruit trees. The proposed site within Point England Reserve is 1.47ha or 14,716 m2 and if filled with traditional style allotment plots of 9m2, it would feed all of the households in Point England suburb. Point England currently has approximately 4500 people and 1230 households, which works out at an average of 3.6 people per household. The map on the far left shows the walking distances in comparison with the Point England Zone. Essentially everyone within the Point England Zone would be able to walk to the community garden in Point England Reserve in under 750m, with a few nearing closer to a kilometer. However those in the kilometer range would be closer to other potential community garden sites.

CASE STUDIES In order to design a functional community garden I researched and analysed existing community gardens within New Zealand and overseas. From these different case studies I was able to identify what did and did not work, and design with this in mind. I looked at Veg Out, Kelmarna Gardens, Owairaka Community Gardens, and the Unitec Hortecology Sanctuary. Below are some of the key points from each case study.

VEG OUT (far top left, first two photos) • • • • • • KEY THINGS • Do not want rigid allotment spaces • No concrete around crops • Natural formations • More like a Food Forest that allotted community garden • Education and Employment

St Kilda, Melbourne, Australia Paid allotments Mixed with artwork Board that directs the garden Various shapes and sizes of allotments Market space across the road

KELMARNA GARDENS (top row, third in from the left) • • • • •

Herne Bay, Auckland, NZ Education and employment Linear strips of planting Backs onto semi forest Open to the public to go in and visit, and purchase crops

OWAIRAKA (top row, forth from the left) • • • • • •

Owairaka, Auckland, NZ Mixed community To encourage community relationships Surrounded by sports fields Allotments Popular until council applied charges and concreted around all the allotments instead of leaving it as grass

UNITEC HORTECOLOGY SANCTUARY (middle and bottom rows) • • • • • • •

Unitec Institute of Technology, Mt. Albert, Auckland Mix of lineal plantings and food forest Vegetables and fruit Food forest natural looking Paths are all grass or bark Educational signage Bee Keepers – useful for pollination

1:2000

SITE PLAN AND SECTION The plan to the far left indicates the area of the community garden, potential market spaces and streetscapes. COMMUNITY GARDEN Planting areas within the community garden have been chosen due to the sites contours, wet and dry areas of the site, as well as each plants specific growth requirements. Elements already existing on site have been used such as the natural small gully that the gourd follows, and the mounds that have been extended across the site for kumara and potato to grow on. POTENTIAL MARKET SPACES The one on the left is within Elstree Reserve and could be used as a summer market space. Existing trees would provide good shelter from the heat of the day and it is on the corner of a intersection and opposite from corner shops. This would attract the attention from a lot of passer-byers. The market space on the right is within the school grounds and is the tarseal courtyard. It could be used as a temporary market space, especially in winter. There is access via a small driveway. Over time the tarseal could be redone to include permanent fixtures in the ground for marquees to be hooked onto during market time. STREETSCAPES Using the template from the pre-existing streetscapes in the roads further up Point England Road, the planting would be exchanged for fruit and herb varieties. Surrounding streets that do not have these preexisting modules will be fitted out with them in order for a consistent flow. The main roads however will not have them due to the fact traffic would be slowed too much.

B Plan

Mounds

SECTIONS

CODE

BOTANICAL NAME

COMMAN NAME

PB SIZE

WIDTH/SPACING

NUMBER

CHOOSEN ENVIRONMENT WITHIN COMMUNITY GARDEN

Phormium Tenax, ‘harakeke’

flax

3000mm

1023

Phormium tenax can handle wet conditions and is useful as protection against wind. It was been used to create a ‘boundary’ between the reserve and the community garden.

Musa Acuminata, ‘lady fingers’

banana

4000mm

291

‘Lady finger’ cultivars are cool tolerant and can grow to 7.5m high. They like full sun, good drainage, and some shelter. In the south-western corner they will get full sunlight and their height will not cast shadows onto crops within the garden during the day. They are partially sheltered from the existing row of trees boarding the school property.

Colocasia esculenta, ‘kalo malo’o’

taro, bun-long,

1200mm

756

This cultivar can be grown in ‘upland’ conditions provided it is still moist. The western bank allows sufficient water uptake, without it growing in the stream - which I feel would make the taro unable to be eaten, due to the quality of water in the pond. Taro needs to be grown in hollows.

Asimina triloba

pawpaw

4000mm

280

Pawpaw prefers full sun, well-drained soil, and shelter. The pele shelters the pawpaw in the east, but allows it to have full sun during the daytime and the setting sun. Whilst the pawpaw in the west gets the rising sun and daytime sunlight. Both are in better draining soil in these positions.

IP/ST

Ipomoea batatas / Solanum tuberosum

kumara / maori potato, taewa

tubers

400mm

2495 50/50

Kumara and potato prefer raised mounds. Using the mounds that already exist on the site I have continued out the line of mounds for the purpose of cultivating these crops.

Abelmoschus manihot

pele, tongan spinich

1300mm

894

These prefer moist and shady places, but can handle sunlight. Shade is providedvia the gourd and surrounding Phormium tenax and existing trees running along the school boundary. The pele areas also follow the wetter areas of the land.

Lagenaria siceraria

gourd

2000mm

276

Gourds like a lot of water, a little shelter and prefer growing in hollows. The Phormium cookianum cultivars to the east provide some protection. The area for gourds follows a natural streamline for maximum water uptake.

Phormium cookianum, ‘bronze’, ‘hookeri’

flax mountain flax, coastal flax,

501 50/50

Cookianum cultivars are able to cope with sea breezes, but prefer drier soil. They have been used as a ‘boundary’ between the reserve and the community garden.

OTHER Mounds

Grassed area (can be worked into mounds for extra planting areas as needed.

5 5

1500mm 2000mm

* All plants have been planted according to the contours and existing features of the site.

STREETSCAPE The streetscape planting consists of three main parts; the fruit tree, the hedging and the herb collection. Within each street there will be a variety of fruit trees, and hedging that alternatives between three plant species. The collection of herbs will be the same within each module, unless there is a want for a larger range of herbs and in that case there would be a mix throughout the street.

FRUIT TREES • Grapefruit • Feijoa • Lemons • Limes • Mandarins • Plums • Oranges HEDGING • Bay • Lavender • Rosemary FRUIT TREE

HEDGING

MIX OF HERBS (Equal % of each)

HERBS • Basil • Chives • Coriander • Parsley • Mint • Sage • Thyme

CONCLUSION The community garden and streetscapes will be managed as a single entity and will be administrated via a partnership with Point England Primary School and the Tamaki Council. Community gardens are a step towards a sustainable future and cheaper living. This is extremely relevant at present and in the future with the mass intensification that has been proposed for these areas within my study. The Point England Community Garden can be used as a model to base the other community gardens on, which would be developed overtime as the demand for cheaper and local food produce increases. As well as providing cheaper food sources, community gardens also have potential to educate and employ people from within the community, as well as strengthen the community relationships.

Section

References

Community Garden Links Kelmarna Organic [Community] Gardens

http://www.organicfarm.org.nz/ofnz-farmers/grower-profiles

Owairaka Community Gardens

http://www.theaucklander.co.nz/news/uprooted-by-council/1015681/

Veg Out, St. Kildas

http://www.vegout.asn.au/about.html

Image Links Page 14 Images; left to right, top row only, Lawn View. (n.d.). http://www.vegout.asn.au/images/pics/pic_LawnView.jpg Market View. (n.d.). http://www.vegout.asn.au/images/pics/pic_market_view.jpg Kelmarna Organic Gardens. (2007). http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2295/1565765217_5c9b6eb245.jpg Community Garden Plots Now. (2010). http://media.apnonline.com.au/img/media/images/2010/10/19/250210AKLABCgardens1_t300.jpg All other images are authors own.

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Glen Innes - Erin Hodges 1097894

With the predicted increase in population growth to the Tamaki region there is a need to concentrate on adaption methods to provide key resources to attend to the regions needs. Models for future urban areas & regional development that will provide sustainability and resilience.

The 520 Ha of Glen Innes lies to the east of Auckland city. There is 14650 inhabitants and are primarily of European and Pacific Island decent, Asian and Maori are also well represented. Glen Innes has for the most part been a low-income working class area with a lot of run down government housing. A large assortment of schools are available in Glen Innes yet the lack of community interaction leads to a demand for adaption methods to increase social wellbeing and social interaction within the community while using models for the future to adapt to a sustainable & resilient region. My focus is on the health issues within Glen Innes and getting the community involved with community garden, producing food with the nutritional values to improve the health of the region. Due to the census data not being specific to an individual type of health issue, I have based my findings on the ethnicity groups with in Glen Innes and generalised the health on a broader scale. I have looked at the four highest ethnic groups which cover a high majority of the suburb. The major health issues to base my research on is a deficiency of vitamin A, D & iron, risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cardiovascular problems.

Scale 1:50,000

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Census Research

High percentage of Glen Innes are European, yet if you break this down into the three suburbs of Glen Innes two out of three have a high percentage of Pacific Islanders. Low unemployment rate in the area, with the majority obtaining post school qualifications

Ethnicity Other Glen Innes Middle eastern/La<n/ American/African

North GI

Asian

East GI

Paciﬁc Island Maori

West GI 0

100

European

Unemployment 15 + Glen Innes North GI Unemployment 15 +

East GI West GI 0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Educa&on 15+ Glen Innes North GI No Qualiﬁca;on East GI

Post school

West GI 0

100

Age Glen Innes North GI

65 + 15-‐64

East GI

Under 15

West GI 0

100

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Health Research

Vegetables and fruit have repeatedly been shown to protect against heart disease, strokes and high blood pressure (World Health Organization 2003a). There is also evidence that fresh produce protects against cancers of the mouth, larynx, pharynx, oesophagus and stomach. These studies have also cited fruit as an effective protector from lung cancer (World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research 2007).

Ministry of Health consumption guidelines The Ministry of Health recommend that New Zealanders should eat five or more servings of fruit or vegetables every day. Vegetables.co.nz promotional material is based on this recommendation. All vegetables, including potatoes, are included in this recommendation. Ideally this means three or more serves of vegetables and two or more serves of fruit a day. The link between health and vegetable consumption is even more compelling with vegetables other than fruit – hence the suggested ratio of 3:2. The Heart Foundation recommends that those at risk for heart disease should eat 8 serves a day.

The cost of low consumption In 2003 the Ministry of Health released a report on ‘Nutrition and the Burden of Disease’, which revealed some grave facts. If all New Zealanders ate 5+ serves of fruit and vegetables daily, there would be approximately 1558 fewer deaths in the country each year. The report illustrated that a diet containing too little fruit and vegetables will contribute to about 6% of all deaths. To put this in perspective, these statistics show that 1558 people could be still enjoying time with their families. Furthermore, there are many people who have the potential to feel much healthier if they ate the recommended 5+ serves a day. Eating more fruit and vegetables is one of the simplest and most economical ways to prevent these deaths. People find it easy to get incensed about New Zealand’s horrific road toll (about 500), but perhaps it is time to put this same amount of energy into the fruit and vegetable toll.

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Health Research

Ministry of Health statistics Statistics from the most recent New Zealand Ministry of Health nutrition surveys Per day LINZ Study1993 NZ FoodNZ People 1999 Portrait ofHealth 2006/07 Males Eating 3 or more vegetables 57% 62% 56% Males Eating 2 or more fruit 27% 27% 34% 50% Females Eating 3 or more vegetables 58% 73% 69% Females Eating 2 or more fruit 38% 56% 68% Note: These are based on the standard serving sizes.

General vegetable intake

Two out of every three adults ate the recommended 3+ servings a day of vegetables. Unfortunately, the number of women and men eating their recommended intake for vegetables has decreased since the NZ Food and NZ people report in 1999. Vegetable intake by age group Young men were the least likely to eat vegetables, with less than half the men aged 15-24 years consuming the recommended intake. Vegetable intake by ethnic group After adjusting for age, Pacific and Asian men and women were less likely to eat the recommended 3+ servings a day of vegetables compared to men and women in the total population. Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vegetable intake The MoH 2003 report, NZ Food NZ Children, showed that approximately three out of five children met the recommended number of 3+ servings a day of vegetables.

Vegetable consumption figures are gathered from Household expenditure data collected by the Department of Statistics. The Ministry of Health recommends consumption of vegetables and provides statistics on consumption in nutrition surveys.

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Health Research

Vitamins and minerals Vitamins and minerals are natural substances found in a wide range of foods. They are essential to maintain a healthy body. Scientists have defined specific daily amounts necessary for good health.

Why are they good for us? Vitamin A stimulates new cell growth, keeps cells healthy and can help us see in dim light. Get your Vitamin A from vegetables like pumpkin, carrots, kumara, spinach and broccoli. Vitamin B releases the energy from food, and is good for our nervous system. Green vegetables contain Vitamin B. Vitamin C is used in tissue repair, helps the immune system by fighting against infection and helps our health in general. Vitamin C also helps us absorb the iron in food. Capsicums and parsley are excellent sources of Vitamin C with significant amounts in broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, radishes, peas, beans, asparagus. Potatoes, turnips, tomatoes, kumara, spring onions, lettuce and leeks also have Vitamin C. Vitamin K helps blood to clot. Turnips, broccoli, lettuce, cabbage, asparagus, watercress, peas and green beans all have Vitamin K. Calcium is necessary for healthy teeth, bones, hair and nails. Spinach, parsley, broccoli, celery, leeks, spring onions, cabbage and carrots contain calcium. Potassium controls our muscles and nerves and may be important in preventing high blood pressure. All vegetables contain potassium. Iron is essential for our red blood cells so that oxygen can be carried around the body. Our bodies can more easily absorb the iron in vegetables when vegetables high in Vitamin C are also eaten. Spinach, silverbeet, parsley, leeks, broccoli and mushrooms are good sources of iron.

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Health Research

How much do we spend on vegetables Translating the 2006/7 vegetable household expenditure to vegetable purchases. Fact 1: The average household spends $10.90* on vegetables per week. *this includes fresh ($8.70) and processed vegetables ($2.20) Fact 2: The 5+ A Day recommendation can be broken down to = 3 servings of vegetables and 2 servings of fruit per day. To meet Ministry of Health guidelines, 57 servings of vegetables is enough for the average household (of 2.7 people) for 7 days. Fact 3: Average weekly household spend on vegetables: Fresh vegetables = $8.70 Other vegetables = $2.20 Total vegetables per household = $10.90 Total vegetables per person = $4.03 (Total รท average household size of 2.7 people) For comparison: Average weekly household spend on fruit: Total fruit, fresh, dried, canned and juice, per household = $7.60 Total fruit per person = $2.82 (Total รท average household size of 2.7 people) Total weekly fruit and vegetable spend per household = $18.50 Total weekly fruit and vegetable spend per person = $6.85 Fact 4: The average spend per household per week on vegetables over the past twelve years has risen by $2.34 In (2003/4) the spend was $10.30 per week per household. This has increased by $0.60 to $10.90 per household per week in 2006/7.

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Health Research

Which vegetables are most popular

The vegetables in the top 12 have basically remained the same, although there is some variation in the actual positions. The exceptions are potatoes and tomatoes which have consistently remained the top two. Lettuce has jumped from number 6 to number 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; possibly due to the inclusion of prepackaged salad greens in this definition.

As the Aggregate Annual Expenditure by all Private Households has increased, almost all of these categories have experienced a financial increase in their category. Peppers showed an increase of 33% from 24.805 to 33.087 ($millions). Asparagus and cucumber/gherkins both experienced a 29% increase. Expenditure on tomatoes has slowed to a 7% increase in 2006/7 compared to a 25% increase from 2000/1 to 2003/4. Fresh potatoes experienced a 5% increase from 81.751 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 86.288 ($ millions). Potato products in the same period showed a growth of 34,744 to 41,400 ($ millions) representing a 19% growth. Together the potato category has risen from 107,579 to 123,151 ($ millions) representing a 15% growth. Fresh herbs have experienced considerable market growth. Previously unranked, they now appear at number 20. Peppers (including chillies) and eggplant continue to increase. Taro has experienced a large decline from number 20 in 2003/4 to being unranked in 2006/7. Swedes and cress/puha/watercress were unranked in 2006/7. Figures separating organic from conventionally grown produce are not given. Ranking of vegetables based on household expenditure rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Herbs

1973 1983 Potatoes Potatoes Tomatoes Tomatoes Cabbage Carrots Carrots Lettuce Onions Cabbage Lettuce Cauliflower Cauliflower Pumpkin Pumpkin Mushrooms Kumara Onions Mushrooms Kumara Celery Celery Cucumber Cucumber Brussels Sprouts Taro Taro Broccoli Parsnips Brussels Sprouts Corn Beans Beans Asparagus Asparagus Courgettes Silverbeet Parsnips Swedes Peppers

Green - increasing expenditure Red - decreasing expenditure

1994/95 Potatoes Tomatoes Carrots Lettuce Onions Mushrooms Broccoli Cauliflower Cabbage Kumara Pumpkin Cucumber Peppers Courgettes Celery Veg shoots Asparagus Beans Taro Spring Onions

2003/04 206/07 Tomatoes Potatoes Potatoes Tomatoes Mushrooms Lettuce Carrots Mushrooms Broccoli Carrots Lettuce Peppers Kumara Broccoli Onions Kumara Peppers Onions Cucumber Cucumber Cauliflower Gourds Pumpkin Cabbage Cabbage Cauliflower Courgettes Courgettes Beans Asparagus Asparagus Beans Spring Onions Parsnips Celery Corn Parsnips Celery Taro Fresh

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Case Studies

Community gardens in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA

Kelmarna Organic city farm, Grey Lynn, Auckland Urban organic fruit and vegetable production

Developing community garden spaces for low income families. Unused space was transformed into a series of 76 gardens, 8’x8’ in size, where low-income families could grow healthy produce. Locations of community gardens

Youth from various service agencies served corroboratively to help facilitate the selfsufficiency of low-income families. This was an interesting case study that shows the diversity of an area and how it can be adapted to community needs.

P Street

48th Street

Education opportunities for mental health clients – growing food, promoting nutrition, education, employment. Objective: Healing landscape, personal wellness, strengthened sense of community. This case study showed the importance of strengthening a community and providing personal well being.

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Analysis of Glen Innes

Public/private

Potential sites

Located by overlapping a series of maps including aspect to locate the North, North East and North West facing sites, soils for quality of growing conditions, public/private areas for potential combined space, slope to eliminate any slopes over 15 degrees and proximity of potential sites to schools. From these findings Cranbrook reserve showed the most potential due to the size, location and aspects on site.

Schools/facilities

Grace Joel Taylors Hill Reserve

Cranbrook Reserve

Elevation/slope

Paddington Reserve

Aspect

Glen Taylor School

Soil

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Cranbrook Reserve Site Connections

Cranbrook reserve Size: 0.3 Ha Ideal aspect is North, North East, North West & flat Soils: Volcanic & scoria tuff Walking distance to schools -Sacred Heart College 0.95 km -Glendowie College 0.23 km -Glendowie School 1.0 km -Glen Taylor School 1.3 km Close to two main reserves which will link to the site via walking routes

Legend Site Walking connections Schools Reserves Streetscape

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Cranbrook Reserve Streetscape

Street view of Cranbrook place, limited streetscape connection potential opportunity to link with site

Connection from Cranbrook reserve to Taylors Hill, then through to Sacred Heart School

Connection from Cranbrook reserve to walkway connections through residential areas which then lead to Gendowie School

Connection fromTaylors Hill Reserve

Streetscpae near Taylors Hill, potential opportunity to link to site

Connection from Glendowie College. Sacred Heart College to the right of Taylors Hill and site to the left of Taylors Hill

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS

Connections

Site Analysis

As little disturbance to site as possible, paths following contours, some areas with slight incline/decline to make site accessible to all ages and all needs

2. Citrus grove

Slightly raised mound with full sun, perfect for a variety of full size and dwarf citrus

24m

1 4m

14m

1. Allotments (full sun) 2 m

Aspect

40m

47m

Flat area with full sun, raised beds, suitable for both vegetable seedlings and climbing vegetables

4 3

Elevation 23m

3.Nut

Nuts are fairly large growers so have positioned them to the south side of site so they will not block any light to the rest of the site

13m

4. Maze

Fun yet educational maze, shows children the fun easy way to create adventure in the garden, while learning new things

5.Allotments (part shade) Raised beds for part shade vegetables

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Fruiting times for permanent trees

Summer Autumn Winter Spring Apples Apricots Banana Blueberrys Mandarins Peaches Plums Raspberry Strawberry

Almonds Apples Apricots Bananas Grapes Pears Pinenuts Walnuts

Edibles can keep you eating all year round. Rotating crops keep you in constant supply of fresh produce.

Banana Grapefruit Lemons Limes Macadamias Mandarins Oranges

Banana Grapefruit Lemons Limes Oranges

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Nutrition Research

Botanical Name

Common Name

Acca sellowiana Asimina trioba Beta vulgaris sp. Brassica oleracea

Feijoa Pawpaw Silverbeet Kale

Brassica oleracea

Cabbage

Brassica sp.

Brocolli

Calendula sp.

Marigold

Capsicum annuum sp. Capsicum annuum sp. Carica papaya Cinnamomum verum Cinnamomum zeybnicum

Red Pepper Cayenne pepper Papaya Cinnamon tree

Cirrus reticulata

Mandarin

Cirtrus x sinensis

Orange

Citrus x lime

Lime

Citrus x limon

Lemon

Citrus x paradisi

Grapefruit

Colocasia esculenta

Taro

Cucurbita pepo sp.

Courgette

Cucurbita sp

Melon

Nutrition Value & Landscape Value The fruit has good levels of Vitamin C (50mg/100mg of flesh) and dietary fibre. One fruit will provide 23% of an adult's daily need.

Planting season

Harvesting Season

Conditions

Size (m)

All year

Autumn

Full sun

2x3

Chromium, dietary fiber, vitamin C, K, Folate, Potassium, Manganese, vitamin A, Thiamin, Vitamin B6, Calcium, Iron and Magnesium All year antioxidants, Vitamin C, fibre, folate, and also supplies calcium, iron, Vitamins E and A, and potassium Companion planting All year Dietary Fiber, vitamin K, C, A, E, B6, Folate, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Potassium, Spring Manganese and Niacin. Spring Antioxidants and polphenols Vitamin C, flavonoids, fibre, carotenes, pectins, potassium, B vitamins Vitamin C, flavonoids, fibre, carotenes, pectins, potassium, B vitamins Vitamin C, B6, Folic acid, Lemonene and Flavonoids Vitamin C, B6, Folic acid, Lemonene and Flavonoids

Marigold, Sage, Beets, Nasturtium, Lettuce

Summer Summer Winter Winter

All Year

Winter

2m-3m

All year

Winter/spring

2m-3m

All year

Winter

2m-3m

All year

Spring

2m-3m

Dietary Fiber, Protein, Vitamin A, B6, C, K, Folate, Thiamin, Niacin, Phosphorus, Copper, Riboflavin, Magnesium, Spring Manganese, Potassium Vitamin C and moderate levels of potassium

Key potential foods to grow for health reasons from my findings

Incompatible

Celery, Onions, Potatoes, Beets, Spinach, Chamomile

14 - 16 weeks

All year All year

Potassium, foilic acid, Vitamin C, lycopene, Liminoids, All year Flavonoids and Glucarates fibre and contain potassium, a little Vitamin C and some zinc, thiamine and folate. Taro roots are high in starch and consequently are one of the highest vegetable sources of energy

Companion planting

full sun/part shade full sun/part shade

Full sun, sheltered

Full sun

Potatoes, peppers, eggplant

Tomatoes cabbage beens, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, turnips

Tomato, Basil, Parsely, Carrots, Onions, Marigolds, Nasturtim

Beans

upto 7m upto 7m

2m-3m

Sunflowers, Radishes, Beets, Potatoes Corn

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Nutrition Research

Cucurbita sp

Pumpkin

Butternut squash

Disambiguation

Carrots

Fragaria x ananassa

Strawberry

Ipomea batatas Juglans regia

Kumera Walnut

Lactuca sativa Lavandula grosso Macadamia sp.

Lettuce Lavender Macadamian

Malus domestica Mangifera indica

Apple Mango

Musa acuminata Oxalis tuberosa

Banana Yam

Phaseolus vulgaris

Green Beans

Pinus pinea

Pinenut

Pisum satiuum

Pea

Prunus armeniaca Prunus dulcis

Apricot Almond 'garden prince'

Prunus persica

Peach

Prunus sp.

Plum

Dietary Fiber, Chromium, Potassium, Copper, Manganese, Vitamin E, C, A, B6, Foliate, Thiamin, Niacin, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Riboflavin Spring Dietary Fiber, Protein, Vitamin A, C, K, B6, Folate, Thiamin, Niacin, Phosphorus and Copper, Riboflavin, Magnesium, Potassium and Spring Manganese. Beta carotene (vitamin A), dietary fiber, potassium, manganese, chromium, niacin, thiamin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin C Strawberries are rich in Vitamin B and C and contain considerable amounts of potassium, iron and fibre Vitamin C, iron, potassium and calcium. The coloured skin and flesh of kumara carries an array of phytonutrients Spring

Summer

Potatoes Raspberries

Radishes, Cucumber, Corn, Nasturtium, Mint, Aromic Herbs

Potatoes, Tomatoes

Lettuce, Radish, Onion, Tomatoes, Peas, Rosemary, Sage, Leeks

Summer

Autumn Dietary Fiber, Chromium, Manganese, Potassium, Vitamin C, A, K, Copper, Phosphorus, Iron, Riboflavin, Calcium, Magnesium, Thiamin, Folate All year Aromatic foliage All year All year Rich in antioxidants, dietry fibre and vitamin C Winter

Corn, Marigold, Beans, Sunflowers

Flower Summer Winter

Full Sun/Part Shade Full sun/well drained soil

Summer

Onion, Strawberries, Beans, Carrots, Radishes, Peas, Cucumber, Cabbage, Broccoli, Tomatoes 1x1 3m-4m 4m-5m

Full sun, sheltered Vitamin C, A, B6, Potassium, Iron and Calcium Dietary Fiber, Potassium, Chromium, Iron, Manganese Protein, Vitamins E, D, A & C and monounsaturated fat. Excellent scleter belt Chromium, Potassium, Zinc, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Vitamin C, B6, Thiamin, Niacin, Magnesium, Folate, Phosphorus Vitamin A, C, riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), calcium, phosphorus, and iron. Heavy crops of nuts Vitamin A, antioxidants, carotenes, potassium, flavonoids, lycopene and lutein antioxidants, Vitamin C, Vitamin B1, B2, B6, Fibre and phenolic compounds

All seasons

Sheltered, Well drained

Warm sunny spot All year

Full Sun, Free Draining

Onions, Beets, Garlic, Chives

Carrots, Cucumber, Corn, Turnips, Radishes, Beans, Tomatoes, Potatoes

Onions, Garlic, Leeks

Winter/Spring

Spring/Summer

Winter

Summer Autumn

Winter

Summer - Autumn

4m-5m

Winter

Summer

3m-4m

Need a winter chill and a warm sunny summer spot Full sun

Corn, Radish, Tomatoes

2m-3m 2m-3m

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Nutrition Research Prunus sp.

Pear

Rubus

Raspberry

Solanum lycopersicum

Tomato

Solanum sp.

Potato

Spinacia oleracea

Spinach

Tropaeolum sp.

Nasturtium

Vaccinium cyanococcus

Blueberry

Vitis

Grape

Zea mays

Zingiber officinalis

Corn

Ginger

Sweet potato

Vitamin C, A dietry fibre, Niacin plus good source of potassium Top antioxidant food; high in fibre, vitamin C and folate

Winter

Dietary Fiber, Chromium, Potassium, Copper, Manganese, Vitamin C, A, E, B6, K, Niacin, Folate, Thiamin, Phosphorus, Magnesium Spring/Summer Magnesium, Potassium, Copper, Chromium, Iron, Manganese, Vitamin C, B6 Spring/Summer Dietary Fiber, Protein, Magnesium, Chromium, Manganese, Calcium, Potassium, Copper, Iron, Fluorine, Vitamin A, E, C, K, B6, Zinc, Niacin, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Folate, Phosphorus companion planting All year High in antioxidants and antiinflammatory properties which is enhanced the longer the fruit is left on the bush. Reasonable levels of vitamin C, A, E & several B, they are also a good source of dietary fibre. Studies have showed this berry is also anti-aging, a cup of blueberries a day enables people to be 5-6% better at motor skills. Besides the high antioxidant qualities grapes are high in vitamins A, B1, B2 and potassium. Dietary Fiber, Chromium, Manganese, Magnesium, Potassium, Selenium, Vitamin C, Thiamin, Folate, Phosphorus Spring/Summer Improves digestion and liver function, helps control nausea, coughing and is useful with stomach problems. Spring Dietary Fiber, Potassium, Chromium, Manganese, Magnesium, Copper, Iron, Vitamin A, B6

Autumn

4m-5m

Carrots, Onions, Nasturtium, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Fennel, Asparagus, Cucumber, Potatoes, Black Walnut, Aromic herbs, Spinach, Basil Squash Pumkin, Squash, Tomato, Beans, Corn, Cabbage, Cucumber, Sunflower, Marigolds, Lettuce Raspberries

Summer Summer/Autumn

Celery, Eggplants, Cabbage, Peas, Onion, Bussel Sprouts beens, peppers, Cabbage, Cucumbers

Summer

2 x 1.5

Autumn

2.5 Pumkins, Sunflower, Pea, Beans, Cucumbers, Potatoes, Spuash Tomatoes

Summer

Summer/Autumn

Semi shade

Permanent trees such as nuts and citrus will provide a steady flow of fruit throughout the year, while the seasonal vegetables will be planted to best suit the season and will provide a assortment of food throughout the year to cater to a variety of health issues.

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Site Analysis

Development of a community garden run by three local schools to provide a food hub for the community. Identifying the health issues to concentrate on adaption methods to provide key resources to attend to the communities needs

Raised planters of various heights

Beds with support frames for taller vegetables that will need support

Layout of planting to respond to orientation

Various citrus to cater for all

Ideal for creeping fruit and vegetables that need space

Formal

Route through planter to encourage interaction

Informal Water collection off shed roof

Nuts along south side to avoid shading the site and providing shelter

Composting - Reduce/ Reuse/Recycling

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play area & educational hub - Can be supervised by all areas of site

Gated entrance

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Set Up - Supporting Businesses

Living Earth make compost by collecting and recycling garden waste, and brewing it into plant-nourishing goodness. “By recycling we’re proud to be doing our part for the environment” Living Earth will supply the soil for an initial set and cover all costs. Once garden is established they offer a substantial discount for any product required.

McCains has an incentive program available where families in the community can buy their product from the supermarket then collect the barcodes off the bags. Each barcode earns points which can then be used to buy gardening equipment. This brings the enjoyment from home to the site, building on a child’s life skills showing that if you work hard you get rewarded for it. Providing the link form garden to table.

Yates provides incentive’s to grow the largest crops, offering gardening items for prises. This will encourage children to take pride in their gardens and encourage them to get the most out of there vegetables.

Growing for health

In association with Auckland City Council and supervised by Richard Main - community involved in basic gardening skills from seed germination through to growing and harvesting. Local and Sports Parks South has teaching gardens at different parks around Manukau to help teach residents basic gardening techniques that can be taken back to the home. Below are the parks in the Manakau area, but Richard informs me he is starting to set up sites in Orakei, Panmure, Glen Innes and Point England as he sees a demand for it in these areas.

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS C

Plan - Cranbrook Reserve

Full Sun Allotments

B Supported Trellis Allotments Full Sun Allotments

Climbing plants Citrus Grove

Spreading vegetables

Edible maze

Part Shade Allotments

Nut grove

1:500 @ A3

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Cross Sections

Section AA

Section BB

Section CC

1:500 @ A3

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Perspectives

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Planting plan for Spring/Summer

AREA THREE - SRING/SUMMER Key Botanical name PV Phaseolus vulgaris

Common name Green Beans

Solanum lycopersicum

% of plants Size 49 Punnet

Tomato

51 Punnet

Spacing (mm) Notes 1000 Selection of Beefsteak, Sweet 100 and Money 1000 maker

AREA ONE - SPRING/SUMMER Key Botanical name BR Brassica oleracea CS Calendula sp. DC Disambiguation IB Ipomea batatas Lactuca sativa LS SS Solanum sp. ZM Zea mays

Common name Cabbage Marigold Carrots Kumera Lettuce Potato 'Cliffs kidney' Corn

% of plants Size 20 Punnet 20 Punnet 10 Punnet 10 Tuber 20 Punnet 10 Tuber 10 Punnet

Spacing (mm) 500 150 150 300 150 300 400

PL MD

Area One Area Three PA

Area Two CR CO

COB CI

RR VG

AREA TWO - SPRING/SUMMER Key Botanical name BS Brassica sp. Beta vulgaris sp. BV

Common name Broccoli Silverbeet

CA CS DC FA LS PV SO TS

Red Pepper Marigold Carrots Strawberry Lettuce Green Beans Spinach Nasturtium

Capsicum annuum sp. Calendula sp. Disambiguation Fragaria Ă&#x2014; ananassa Lactuca sativa Phaseolus vulgaris Spinacia oleracea Tropaeolum sp.

PERMANENT PLANTING Key Botanical name

CL VC

1:200 @ A3

CG CI CL COB CO

Citrus x paradisi Citrus x limon Citrus x lime Citrus x sinensis Citrus x sinensis

Common name Grapefruit 'Golden special' Lemon 'Meyer' Lime 'Tahitian' Blood Orange Navel Orange

CR LG MD PA

Citrus reticulata Lavandula grosso Malus domestica Prunus armeniaca

PL RR VC

Prunus sp. Rubus Vaccinium Cyanococcus

Vitis

% of plants Size 20 Punnet 10 Punnet

Spacing (mm) 500 300

10 Punnet 5 Punnet 10 Punnet 15 Punnet 10 Punnet 5 Punnet 10 Punnet 5 Pb8

300 150 150 250 150 600 200 500

Quantity Size

Spacing (mm)

2 Pb18 4 Pb18 5 Pb18 3 Pb18 5 Pb18

3000 3000 3000 3000 4000

Mandarin 'Satsuma' Lavender 'Grosso' Apple ' Royal gala' Apricot ' Sundrop'

4 Pb18 13 Pb8 1 Pb12 3 Pb12

3000 1000 2000

Dual grafted Plum 'Black dorris & Billington' Raspberry Blueberry ' Tasty blue' Grape 'Albany surprise'

2 Pb12 8 Pb8 24 Pb8

3000 2000 1000

8 Pb8

2000

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS Planting plan for Spring/Summer

Area Four

AREA FOUR - SPRING/SUMMER Key Botanical name Cucurbita sp CB Cucurbita sp CC Cucurbita sp CM

AREA FIVE - SPRING/SUMMER Key Botanical name Beta vulgaris sp. BV CS Calendula sp. DC Disambiguation Lactuca sativa LS Spinacia oleracea SO Zingiber officinalis ZO

Common name Butternut squash Pumpkin Melon

Common name Silverbeet Marigold Carrots Lettuce Spinach Ginger

% of plants Size 20 Punnet 20 Punnet 20 Punnet

% of plants Size 20 Punnet 10 Punnet 20 Punnet 20 Punnet 20 Punnet 10 Pb8

Spacing (mm) 500 500 500

Spacing (mm) 300 150 150 150 200 1000

LG Area Five

PERMANENT PLANTING Key Botanical name

Common name

AF LG MS

Feijoa 'Karamea' Lavender 'Grosso' Macadamian

1:200 @ A3 MS

PEA

Acca sellowiana Lavandula grosso Macadamia sp.

Quantity Size 145 Pb12 10 Pb8 2 Pb18

Spacing (mm) Notes To be clipped into 1000 a formal hedge 1000 6000

COMMUNITY HEALTH GARDENS References

Gardens for Health. (2011). Retrieved from www.aucklandcitycouncil.govt.nz/gardensforhealth Incredible edibles (2011). Retrieved from http://www.edible.co.nz/ Jane Code & Pamela. (2011). Massy University Health Trials. Living Earth. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.livingearth.co.nz/ Localist. (2011). Glen Innes community groups McCains. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.mccainveggiepatches.com/content/home/programinformation.aspx Ministry of Healthy (2011). Retrieved from http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf Paul. (August/September 2011). Kelmana gardens site visit Statistic New Zealand. (July 2011). Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz/ Scott Seamen. (August 2011). CCS disability action community gardens site visit Yates (2011). Retrieved from http://www.yates.com

DEFINING OPEN SPACES

TAMAKI BUSINESS PRECINCT CORA LAWTON

Outdoor spaces in high intensity areas need improving, they generally lack in providing linkages to the surrounding community and ecology. They also fail to provide for the residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs and desires. Because of this people are reluctant to buy into high intensity developments and if they do the turn over in property ownership is very high. To get more people to buy and stay in high intensity developments they need to be more inviting and provide appropriate outdoor spaces. So how do you define what kind of open spaces should be provided in new mixed use high intensity developments? In this study I have chosen an area ripe for redevelopment and selected three different Open Space sites. I will apply different designs to each and compare and contrast each Open Space to help define what technique is better suited to defining Open Spaces.

Scale 1:50,000

Site Selection

The Study Area was identified through a GIS analysis of Tamaki region. Existing Open Spaces and cadastral boundaries were identified along with main roads and the proposed AMETI line. The roads were then buffered 400-800m to identify a site easily accessible for a Mixed Use Development focused on a walking community. The final site location was decided as it is close to public transport, Open Spaces and had large land parcels making the area easier to develop.

Site Existing

The Auckland City Council released a business precinct plan called the Tamaki Innovation Precinct 2040 in July 2010. According to the plan the Tamaki Innovation Precinct 2040 provides a vision for the Tamaki Innovation Precinct that seeks to: • • •

create an environment that will attract high value- added research and technology-based businesses, supportive technology and business services, and research oriented organisations. encourage quality built form outcomes that facilitate transition. provide more employment opportunities.

The vision for Tamaki Innovation Precinct is: to be ”... recognised internationally as New Zealand’s sustainable centre of technological innovation and a hub of the knowledge economy.” The council will work with its partners and other stakeholders to achieve this vision. To enable the

vision, the following three goals have been identified:

• • •

economic revitalisation - ensure that the Tamaki Innovation Precinct acts as a catalyst for revitalising New Zealand’s economy. building strong partnerships - work toward delivering the vision by taking an effective leadership role and building strong relationships with key partners. sustainable and integrated development - ensure that planning and development of the precinct is aligned and consistent with the vision.

The Tamaki Precinct today: • • • • • •

has a land area of 155.5ha of which 7.5ha is vacant. employs 3330 people in 512 businesses. is primarily a manufacturing and distribution centre. accounts for 56% of the total employment in Tamaki. 165,744 people reside within a 5km radius of the precinct. it draws 93% of it’s employment from this 5km radius.

According to the 2006 census the Tamaki region had: •

more residents with a Maori or Polynesian background (13% Maori and 23%

• • • •

Polynesian). 23% of residents under the age of 15. 54% residents over the age of 15 whose highest qualification was secondary school. 67% of people who drove to work in a private or company car. 8% of residents using public transport.

This plan relates to my study as not only does it want to be at the forefront of research and technology based activities, but it seeks to design adaptable buildings that allow the continual reinvention of space that encourages new businesses into the area. From my analysis of this plan I came to the realisation that Open Spaces in this area need to provide for the adaptable nature that is proposed by the plan, they also need to provide walking/cycling connections for not only the residents living in the area but also for the employees and people from the surrounding communities who would frequent the site for work or recreation. It is also important for the success of the development to provide spaces that would entice people to invest in the area.

Existing Tamaki Precinct Concept

This plan shows the proposed areas for the Tamaki Precinct. From my analysis of this plan I was able to identify flaws. It is unsuccessful in providing Open Spaces that links the overall plan together. This has caused distinct divisions between different zones. It also provides only a small amount residential development within a mixed use zone that may struggle to support the newly proposed zones. In order to intensify Auckland it is important to expand on the residential development within this area.

Although this plan proposes a Mixed Used Development I feel the area is still divided and connections need to be enhanced. This could be achieved by linking different zones together through Open Spaces that in turn would improve the ecology in area.

Analysis Maps

Aspect 0

100

200

400

600

Meters 800

Built

+ 0

100

200

400

600

Hydrology

Meters 800

Slope 0

100

200

400

600

+ 0

100

200

100

200

400

600

Meters 800

Open Space Meters 800

400

600

Meters 800

= m

Vegetation 0

100

200

400

600

Meters 800

• Existing Industrial area • High coverage of impervious surfaces • High amount of existing buildings • Minimal amount of native vegetation except near Mt Wellington • Lack of vegetation minimises ecological connections • No predominant aspect on the site

100

200

400

600

Meters 800

• Surrounded by existing Open Spaces • Generally flat area with a few minor areas with slopes greater than 15 degrees • Lack of planting around flood plains and rivers • Three catchments within area • Lack of connections to surrounding areas

Development m

+ Education 0

100

200

400

600

Education Support Meters 800

100

200

400

600

Retail/Commercial 200

400

600

Meters 800

As the study area is an existing industrial site I felt it was important to retain as much of the existing buildings as possible to reduce the impact demolition would have on the environment. I propose recycling the existing buildings and retrofitting them for their proposed uses. The zones were defined through the analysis of the site (previous page) and Tamaki Precinct Concept. I felt it was important to retain as much of the proposed concept as possible, but as I found flaws with this plan I used my site analysis to rectify these issues. Though my analysis I came up with five zones:

Education:

Auckland University has a strong presence in this area. It contributes positively to the economics and work force of not only the study site but also the surrounding communities. Because of this I felt it was imperative that this zone be maintained.

100

200

400

600

Residential 0

Meters 800

+ 100

Light Industry

Meters 800

100

200

400

600

Retained Buildings Meters 800

Education Support:

It was proposed in the Tamaki Innovation Precinct 2040 plan to focus the area on a research and technology based business to strengthen the existing Auckland University Research facility. By maintaining the Education Support buildings close to the University would allow this to be achieved, but would also provide close connections.

Light Industry:

It was important to maintain a Light Industry zone on this site as it would maintain employment for the study area and surrounding communities. This zone was located within areas of poorer aspect. Unfortunately it was also located close to a flooding zone, but buildings within this area were removed to allow for a Open Space that would ecologically enhance the area and create amenity for the Light Industrial. It would also provide linkages to other zones within the area.

100

200

400

600

Meters 800

Retail/Commercial:

For the success of my proposed Mixed Urban Development I believed it was important to blur the boundaries between this zone and Residential, making it easily accessible to the residents within the zone. These sites were determined by retaining existing buildings with poorer aspects. New buildings were also located on land not suitable for parks or residential development.

Residential:

These zones were determined by proximity to transport nodes and buildings that existed within good aspects that with the right retrofitting could provide an overall suitable living space in all seasons. As Auckland continues to expand it was essential to provide an array of high density residential developments within this site to accommodate for this growth.

Industrial Retrofit Case Study

Rag Flats Designed by Onion Flats and located on E. Berks Street, Old Town, Philadelphia this development transformed an old rag factory into a residential garden community. The buildings are topped with green roofs that collect 2,271 litres of water under the development and solar panels that power 80-100% of the development and it is close to public transport. Green spaces also weave between buildings, providing Open Spaces for residents. It provides modern residential units that explores the relationships between density, intimacy and privacy in an urban environment. This development proves it is possible for industrial areas to be transformed or upcycled into residential developments successfully with careful design.

Exploration Map

Rail

way

Proposed AM ETI

Red: These lines represent the walking/cycling connections within the proposed mixed urban development. By exploring walking connections I was able to identify areas that would have a high foot/cycle rate. The success of this Mixed Urban Development relies on the different areas being easily accessible by foot without to much interference from motorised transport. Green: With these lines I was able to identify possible ecological connections that are almost non existing in the study area. Yellow:

These represent the connections to the education facilities within the area (excluding Auckland University). The schools within the area include: Ruapotaka School 450m from study area Point England Kindergarten 1km from study area Tamaki Intermediate 1km from study area Panmure Bridge School 2km from study area (outside of map area). Sacred Heart College 2.5km from study area (outside of map area).

Blue:

Hydrological connections. These show the existing streams along with the proposed hydrological connections within the site.

ilw

100

200

400

600

Meters 800

Black Dots: These dots represent the proposed train station and

bus stops within the site. These are important as the foot traffic will be distributed from these points.

This map helped to identify areas that are suitable for Open Spaces that not only contribute to the communities needs, but also to provide ecological, hydrological and pedestrian connections. Once the connections were identified I discovered areas ripe for Open Spaces within the Residential and Commercial/Retail zones that would a provide a wide range of linkages throughout the study area and surrounding communities.

Proposed Open Spaces Railway

m 1

Proposed AM ETI

Railway

This map uses the same key as the previous map but the scale focuses on the proposed Open Spaces within my study area and the connections they will provide for the development. This map helped to identify what kind of Open Spaces should be provided in these areas.

Rai

lwa

100

200

300

Meters 400

Residential Open Space Rationale

m al B

ti den

Res sed

i uild

As this site would be surrounded by highly populated, large residential developments it became evident that the space would be highly utilised by the residents, so I proposed the space as the Residential Open Space. The main purpose of this park is to provide for the surrounding residential buildings whilst also allowing pubic access through the site (as represented by the red arrows). The main focus of this park was to provide for the residents but as the space would be a popular thoroughfare for access to and from different zones within and out of the study area it was important to create easy access through the site. This would provide connections to the schools (yellow arrows), train station, bus stops (red arrows). It was also just as important that this park provided ecologically for the study area and the surrounding environment to create more ecological connections throughout the entire area.

Railway

Pro

Propose

d Reside ntia

Meters 120

l Buildin g

Residential Design Rationale

This design was created by extending radial lines across the site from existing buildings. These were formed to provide a remembrance of what the site was in the past. The N, NW and NE aspect was also used in the design rationale to identify sunnier areas that people are drawn to for relaxation. It also showed areas suitable for fruit trees and raised gardens that will be utilised by residents from the surrounding buildings as vegetable gardens. The site was then divided up according to the aspect and design lines to provide different areas that meet the requirements of the surrounding environment, development and residential community. Three metre wide asphalt paths will provide walking/cycling linkages to and from the Residential Open Space whilst the material used to create the path denotes the impermeable surfaces that once dominated the site. Concrete block raised gardens will also be created to provide vegetable garden spaces for residents to utilise. The material used to create these also represents what once existed on this site. Large timber deck spaces will also be provided for areas of entertainment and relaxation for both residents of the surrounding buildings and also employees and residents from the surrounding communities. A pergola will also be created to supply shade for hot summer days and break up the height of the buildings that surround the park. Native plantings will be placed on sloping banks and areas with poorer aspects. Although these areas will not be significant in size they will still provide ecologically to the overall development by creating more biodiversity. As this area is predominantly flat a majority of it will be lawn. This is to provide an open spaces for recreation for both the surrounding residential buildings and community. Fruit trees have been placed in sunny positions to supply a small amount of fruit for the community, but the tall trees will also provide ecological connections for the area. This park mixes ecological with amenity to provide a park that connects with surrounding environment. Although it is more focused towards the buildings that surround the site (as they are a substantial size and residents will want to be close to an outdoor space) it still connects to the surrounding environment and community. To keep the overall Mixed Use Development completely open this park will have no boundaries and will be completely open for anyone who wants to utilise this space.

Residential Design Native plantings Fruit trees Asphalt path Lawn Deck/Pergola

21,823

Vegetable Gardens Deck

Scale: 1:500

A-A Cross Section

Residential Perspectives 1

Ecological Open Space Rationale

m Residentia

l Building

The location of this site provided the right ingredients for an ecological focused Open Space as it has been placed close to the existing Open Space on Auckland University grounds, the proposed AMETI line and Residential Open Space. The landform of this site and the surrounding area lead to a majority of the site becoming a collection pond for the proposed AMETI line. A proposed bus stop is also situated just out of the park so it is important to retain walking/cycling connections to reach other zones in and out of the study site. From the analysis of this site the main focus became ecological to provide a mechanism to clean water from AMETI before it enters the Tamaki Estuary. The size and location of the site would also provide an ecological corridor, enticing native wildlife into the area from other regions surrounding the study area.

Propose

d AMETI

Proposed

Meters 120

Residentia

l Building

Railway

Hannigan Drive

Proposed

Ecological Design Rationale

This design was created by extending curves across the site that represent the original volcanic cones (Mt Wellington and Taylor Hill) whose views once and still do dominate the site. The curves were extended across the site within 10m increments. These curves in conjunction with the aspect (N, NW and NE) and landform helped to predict the collection pond and areas for walking and planting. Fourteen metre wide asphalt paths were placed within the curves on sunnier aspects to provide walking/cycling linkages to and from the park. As the paths are quite wide they can also be utilised for recreation and relaxation. The material of the path also denotes towards the impermeable surfaces that once dominated the site. A large 14m wide timber boardwalk that crosses the collection pond has been created to provide access across the pond but it also offers an area for recreation or relaxation for the surrounding community. This boardwalk engages with the pond and helps to educate the community on importance of collection ponds. It also creates an amenity for the Mixed Urban Development and entices native wildlife back into the area. The main purpose for this collection pond is to collect run off from the proposed AMETI and filter it before the water enters the Tamaki Estuary. Native plantings will dominate this site, providing an ecological corridor for native bird life. To enhance the ecology and biodiversity in this area it is important that more corridors be created to support our native wildlife. A small area of lawn was created in a sunny position to provide a area for recreation or a space for people to relax. This park mixes ecological with amenity to provide a park that connects people with ecology and the ecology with the surrounding environment.

Ecological Design

Native plantings Lawn

Asphalt path Boardwalk Collection Pond

B 2

Scale: 1:500

B-B Cross Section

Ecological Perspectives 2

Residential/Eco Open Space Rationale

Prop

osed

Resi

den

tial

Buil

ding

Rail

way

This site is situated within close proximity of the Tamaki railway station and because of this it would be a popular short cut for people to and from the station from outside the study area. The topography and location of the site on a flood zone (that leads out to the Tamaki estuary) lead it to becoming a rational selection for a collection pond for the Mixed Urban Development. The size of the park with the correct planting could also provide and ecological corridor enticing more native wildlife into the area. This site analysis and the location of the site between the residential developments guided it into becoming a Residential/Eco Open Space.

Prop

osed

Resi

den

tial

Buil

ding

Residential/Eco Design Rationale

The same design drivers from the Ecological and Residential Open Spaces were used to create this park. They were used in conjunction with each other driving the ecological and synthetic interventions across the site. Again these lines were used in combination with the aspect to define and divide the site for a range of uses. Once again connections to and from the Mixed Used Development and Tamaki railway station had a huge impact on the design. A 3m wide asphalt path (the material reflecting the history of the site) was driven through the sunnier area of the site to provide access to and from the area. As this path would have a high foot/cycle traffic rate I felt it was important not to surround it with high plantings, to keep the feeling of openness and safety for people who would utilise the site as an access way during night. Because of this the path is predominantly surrounded by lawn. The planting areas that surround the path will contain lower species of plants such as oioi and flaxes. A raised flat lawn platform was situated on a sunny aspect and will provide views across the site. This area will be primarily utilised by the residents from the surrounding residential buildings, but also by residents and employees from other regions of the Mixed Use Development. Another lawn area will also be located within the site on a sunny, flat location. This lawn will also contain fruit trees that could provide for the community but more importantly they will provide a connection for native wildlife. The areas within poorer aspects of the site become native plantings to provide an ecological corridor. These plants will surround the collection pond that will clean up water runoff before it enters the Tamaki estuary. These plantings and pond will provide an amenity and increase the biodiversity in the area. A boardwalk has been created on the northern side of the park and has been raised the native plantings. This will connect people with the environment, but also maintains a safe feeling for people who may access the park at night. The boardwalk provides linkages for foot traffic to and from the Mixed Used Development. This boardwalk also crosses the pond, allowing people to cross the site and it will also provide an area where views across the site can be attained. This park mixes ecological with amenity to provide a park that connects people with ecology and the ecology with the surrounding environment.

Residential/Eco Design

Raised Boardwalk Lawn platform Native Planting Fruit trees Lawn Asphalt Path

Scale: 1:500

C-C Cross Section

Combined Perspectives 1

Case Studies

Twin Streams A large scale project to restore and improve the water quality of the Waitakere Streams. Although this site isn’t in a high intensity development the overall design provides ecological connections, social and transport connections, storm water management and it engages with the local community and has regional and ecological benefits. So far Project Twin Streams has: • • • • •

Purchase 78 houses within flood zones and relocated them reducing flooding hazards. Engaged with local schools, businesses and other community groups to adopt and restore areas of stream-banks to restore and maintain. Cleared stream-banks of rubbish and weeds. Created an extensive network of paths and cycleways that encourage sustainable transport and connects locals with their streams. Educated locals on the importance of stream care and stormwater management.

Case Studies

TOD New Lynn New Lynn was identified as a major growth node and Transit Orientated Development (TOD) within Waitakere. The strategy for this site is to provide an integrated approach to dealing with complex transport and land use issues. The future will provide a pedestrian focused community, private and public transport connectivity, sustainable and safe transit orientated town centre, mixed urban living, networks of public open spaces, and a sense of place.

Conclusion

As time was a limitation on this study I was only able to focus my studies on three designs. Because of this I chose Open Spaces within Residential and Commercial/Retail areas to entice people to buy and invest in these areas and maintain their ownership preventing high turnover rates of property ownership. By only focusing on these three Open Spaces prevented me from exploring the designs of spaces and roads in between my proposed Open Spaces (i.e. how do cars interact with people within the proposed development and what other structures need to be provided through out the Mixed Use Development etc). In order for these Open Spaces to be a success more comprehensive investigation needs to be completed throughout the whole study area. This will strengthen the community and ecological connections. I feel another component that would lead to the success of this Mixed Use Development would be a stormwater train. This would connect other water

collection devices (i.e. living roofs, swales, wetlands etc) with the proposed collection ponds. Not only would these devices prevent further pollution to the Tamaki estuary but they would also provide more habitats for native wildlife and amenities; and also increase the biodiversity in the study area. It is important that the overall design of the study area not only reflect the communities needs and desires, but it also needs to provide ecological services that improve the environment in and the around the area.

to one kind of park. I have discovered through this study that it is not the size of the Open Space that matters, but the opportunities that they provide for the community. I feel within this Mixed Used Developments smaller pocket parks with different uses throughout the region would better provide for their communities. In some instances it is important to provide larger Open Spaces, but the locality of this area and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proximity to larger existing Open Spaces allowed the size of my proposed Open Spaces to remain small.

The Open Spaces I have designed are just a stepping stone in the overall development. They are all within 500m of each other, making all three of them easily available across the site. This was an important factor in this Mixed Use Development as it allows people to access a variety parks that were designed based on their locality with the overall study area. This provides the community with options on what Open Space they chose to utilise and not just limit them

In conclusion this design would have benefited from more time, allowing further investigation into the overall connections of spaces through out the site, but from this study I have identified that it is not the size of the Open Spaces that matter it is the overall connections that smaller Open Spaces provide and that Mixed Urban Developments need an array of Open Spaces.

Planting

The planting in the Ecological park was based on the same design drivers used for the parks design. The site was divided into areas of mass native plantings and mixed native plantings. The mass native plantings were based around the paths and collection pond. This was done to create a formal feeling that provides a â&#x20AC;&#x153;cue to careâ&#x20AC;? for users of the park. This aesthetic transforms into a natural one behind the mass plantings. The mass plantings around the pond and paths are species with a lower heights to retain views across the site that will maintain a feeling of safety for people who utilise the park as an access way during dark hours. Lines were also extended across the site from the existing buildings and these were utilised for specimen tree plantings of natives to provide canopy species for ecological connections. Selection of the plant species was made through analysis of the site location within the Tamaki Ecological District and this site fell within the warm lowlands ecosystem. It was important to select the right plants for the site to increase the biodiversity in the area.

Planting Plan Lb x 78 Ab x 128 Rs x 4 Ae x 9 Vl x 9 Lb x 126 Ab x 112 Pt x 17 Mixed Plantings Ab x 237 Cs x 133 Cs x 94 Vl x 4 Vl x 2 Pt x 41 Cp x 184 As x 88 Ae x 14 Mixed Plantings Lg x 122 Cs x 192 Rs x 12 Pt x 50 As x 204 Rs x 9 Vl x 4 Cf x 125 Vl x 1 Ab x 174 As x 128 Vl x 4 Cf x 47 Code Ae x 17 Ab Cf x 80 As Rs x 4 Cf Cp x 232 Pt x 50

PB size

Qty

Spacing

Astelia banksii

Botanical Name

wharawhara

Common Name

PB3

671

0.7m

Apodasmia similis

Oioi

PB3

420

0.7m

Cortaderia fulvida

toetoe

PB3

252

Cordyline pumilio

dwarf cabbage tree, ti koraha

PB3

416

0.7m

Carpodetus serratus

putaputawheta, marble leaf

PB3

286

Phormium tenax

flax, harekeke

PB3

158

1.5m

Lophomyrtus bullata

ramarama

PB3

204

Libertia grandiflora

NZ iris

PB3

122

0.5m

Spacing

Notes

Stake if required

Maintain as 1m high clipped hedge

Specimen Trees PB size

Qty

Code

Alectryon excelsus

Botanical Name titoki

Common Name

PB95

Must be staked

Notes

Rhopalostylis sapida

nikau palm

PB95

Stake if required

Vitex lucens

puriri

PB95

Must be staked

Mixed Plantings Code

Scale: 1:500 @ A3

PB size

Qty

Mix

Cordyline australis

Botanical Name

cabbage tree

Common Name

PB3

Spacing 3m

Mix

Corynocarpus laevigatus

karaka

PB3

Mix

Coprosma propinqua

mingimingi

PB3

130

1.5m

10%

Mix

Coprosma robusta

karamu

PB3

260

1.5m

20%

Mix

Dianella nigra

turutu

PB3

642

0.6m

20%

Mix

Griselinia lucida

broadleaf

PB3

384

20%

Mix

Hebe stricta

koromiko

PB3

384

20%

Please note: All plants must be eco sourced

Notes

References

Auckland City Council. (2010). Tamaki Innovation Precinct 2040 Business Precinct Plan. Retrieved October 15, 2011 from: http://www.auckalndcouncil.govt.nz Auckalnd Transport. (2011). AMETI. Retrieved October 15, 2011 from: http://www.auckalndcouncil.govt.nz Bogdan, L. (2009). Philadelphia Rag Factory Converted to Eco-Innovative Residences. Retrieved October 15, 2011 from: http://inhabitat.com/philadelphia-rag-factory-converted-to-eco-innovative-residences/ Common Ground Urban Design and Architecture Limited. (2008). NEW LYNN, An Urban Regeneration Framework for New Lynnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s town centre. Retrieved September 9, 2011 from: http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/abtcit/cp/newlynn.asp Lindsay, H., Wild, C. and Byers, C. (2009). Auckland Protection Strategy. Retrieved November 12, 2011 from: http://www.doc.govt.nz Onion Flats. (2011). Rag Flats. Retrieved October 15, 2011 from: http://www.onionflats.com/ Opus International Consultants. (2011). AMETI Package 1, Panmure Corridor, Notice of Requirement, Phase 1A. Retrieved October 15, 2011 from: http://www.auckalndcouncil.govt.nz Project Twin Streams. (2011). Project Twin Streams. Retrieved September 9, 2011 from: http://www.projecttwinstreams.com/ Waitakere City Council. (2005). Native to the West. Retrieved November 12, 2011 from: http://www.waitakere.govt.nz

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO

Open space M AT T H E W L E E N

Aucklander’s value their

open spaces,

beaches and landscapes. However, the sheer weight of our

numbers and demands on these resources threatens to destroy the very

things we

cherish. What’s more, by 2026 Auckland’s population is expected to grow by the equivalent of the Wellington regional population.

By 2050 the Auckland region could be home to 2 million people - that’s one new arrival in Auckland every 29 minutes, or 50 new people a day, who need 21 new houses or flats.

70% of future growth will be accommodated through urban intensification - 380,000 to 580,000 of these people are expected to fit into Auckland Central. The figures are frightening! Without intervention, pressure on Auckland’s existing open space will reach breaking point. Now more than ever, we need to discover new and innovative ways of developing an enhanced open space system that is integral to the concept of a sustainable Auckland.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

New Zealand’s

biggest urban renewal project

is taking shape, with investment totalling more than

$3 billion expected to fuel the economic growth of the area known as the

Tamaki Edge.

Fortunately, Tamaki is poised for an important period of regeneration. It is on the cusp of what could be significant investment and fundamental change. New Zealand’s biggest urban renewal project is taking shape, with investment totalling more than $3 billion expected to fuel the economic growth of the area known as the Tamaki Edge. Tamaki has a long history that underlies such a renewed interest in change. The area has a strong historical base and a great story to be told around the significance of Tamaki to Maori, and to Auckland (Tamaki Makaurau) through food production, trade, and transport. Before European settlement Tamaki was a well-populated area, sought after because of the attractions of its position next to the Tamaki River and the strategic advantages brought by the elevated volcanic cones nearby. The Tamaki River was a major waterway through which Maori waka navigated their passage between the Waitemata and Manukau Harbours. Maori living in the area were clearly used to and adept at trading with others who traveled by the water. Tamaki was also once considered, due to its waterways, access and portage, as the possible centre for Auckland. Since then the Tamaki area has developed variously for its access, fertile soils, land availability, social housing, proximity to the CBD, and convenience for planning purposes, defined by transportation decisions that were geared largely in favour of the car. The result is a system of streets and highways that reinforce a design ethos that is more about seeing or viewing rather than participating in communities. Tamaki still has [potentially] good physical and natural amenity. It has historically been a place to grow and gather ‘kai’ and is still blessed with extremely fertile soil. Many of these physical and natural assets are currently underutilised and provide vast potential for building a stronger ‘sense of place’.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

The development patterns for Tamaki provide a story of waves of development and regeneration that at times have held promise for solving some of the more complex, interrelated and stubborn social and environmental issues. It also shows that waves of new migrants have played a role in shaping the community, but that the integration of new migrant populations has not always been very successful, providing at times irreconcilable differences and tensions. Today, there is a “Cultural capital” inherent in the community – there’s a good mix of people from a wide range of cultural backgrounds, Maori, Pacific Islands, immigrant and refugee communities from Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe, as well as Pakeha / New Zealand Europeans. This presents a cultural wealth based around the Marae and the various cultural communities; one that is also presently underutilised. Building on this cultural wealth,

Tamaki is now entering a new phase of development where ‘re’-development or ‘regeneration’ is considered necessary. The trick will be to channel that investment and change towards positive outcomes for the current and future generations in Tamaki.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

The Tamaki area boasts an impressive

1480 ha

of open space – that’s 5.2 ha of open space per 1000 ppl. However, in order to accommodate an extra

300 000 ppl as projected and meet the growing rate for open space,

the Tamaki area needs to acquire an

additional 210 ha of open space

over the next 20 years at a cost of

NZ$500 000 000.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

Research suggests that there is a massive shift in cities throughout the world where people want to get back to the idea of place, connecting within communities, supporting local services, spending time in public spaces and being part of local communities rather than in disjointed, unconnected places with no local character. In this new vision, the automobile plays a secondary role to transit, bicycles and the pedestrian.

Waterfronts

are the key

places in cities

where these

issues are

enacted.

The

waterfront of the Tamaki represents a comprehensive area of land and water that has the potential to be re-imagined in a way that provides the city with new public spaces such as beach parks, squares, and public access to the

waterfront. It represents over

600 ha

of open space immediately adjacent to the Tamaki Edge and over 2 kilometers of underused waterfront the majority of which is designated as public open space. This is an extraordinary coastal seam in the city and this seam should be thickened as a place for Tamaki to come together, for people to enjoy the waterfront. It represents a unique opportunity to explore solutions to overcome the challenges of making the transition from an underused waterfront to a spectacular public realm that is unique to Tamaki.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

The goal

of this project then is to create

a flexible concept that would allow for the future spatial and economic development of the

Tamaki waterfront, and a

strengthening of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s connection to the Tamaki River. In particular it explores how we could best create a continuous promenade/ esplanade along the Tamaki River that would permanently connect the communities, activities, and destinations along the route; and provide Tamaki with new and innovative open space.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

The art is to utilise the possibilities provided in developing waterfront projects

at a specific site to the

benefit of the project.

Think of it this way...

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

To make a sand pile on the beach you can form a mound of sand with a bucket and shovelâ&#x20AC;Ś

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

then the mound will disappear with the wind over time.

alternative Think of forming rather than

formâ&#x20AC;Ś

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

Place a stick in the ground…

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

that will instantly form a pile…

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

reshaping the pile every time the wind changes direction

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

In this analogy, placing the stick is less exhausting, gives a less predictable result and is highly dynamic. Perhaps the role of the designer is to discover the right â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;sticksâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in order to activate, unravel and manipulate the dormant landscape-forming processes hidden within the landscape. These diverse and competing processes, could be of organizational, legislative, bureaucratic, political, economical or ecological or any other nature, but will always have a common capability to transform, manipulate and develop a landscape.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

The holistic design of the

new Amager

Beach Park

in Copenhagen,

ling of wave patterns from the two main directions

Amager Beach Park is located just 5 km from the centre of Copenhagen, on the east coast of the island of Amager, which faces The Sound - the strait between Denmark and Sweden. The site is located just north of Copenhagen Airport and the fixed link to Sweden. The problems in relation to recreational activities on the old beach a) The shallow shoreface, which means that there is more than 100 m to a water depth of 1.0 m, b) The seabed is slightly muddy, c) The water quality is poor due to frequent accumulation of seaweed and rare occurrences of storm water discharges, d) Lack of space between the road and the shoreline, e) Frequent flooding of the filled sand area Prior to construction of the new beach park, there were numerous problems in relation to recreational activities on the existing beach. The old beach was of poor quality due to lack of wave exposure. The site is only moderately exposed and the old beach was further protected due to a very shallow shoreface. The shallow shoreface meant that there was more than 100 m to a water depth of 1.0 m, therefore the seabed was slightly muddy. The water quality was also poor due to frequent accumulation of seaweed and rare occurrences of storm water discharges. There was also a lack of space between the road and the shoreline; and frequent flooding of the filled sand area caused loss of sand and trapping of water behind the sheet piling. A local association of marine clubs in the area started working on a plan for a new beach park two decades ago and the Ministry of Traffic initiated a baseline investigation for a new beach park back in 1995. The investigations concluded that it would be possible to build a new beach park in the area. Following many political discussions a financing plan for the beach park was agreed between the County of Copenhagen and the Municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg in 2003.

Denmark, is presented as an example of how a successful collaboration between the coastal engineer and the landscape architect can lead to a sustainable new coastal landscape. It exemplifies process design through the integration of the possibilities provided by the marine environment with the demands of society.

Figure 18 Amager Beach, Copenhagen, Denmark. Moderately exposed site with a protected beach due to a shallow shoreface.

A new beach park was recently built at this location using the principle of making the new beaches exposed by moving them out to deep water. The shelter provided by the shallow shoreface was therefore avoided. The main concept for the new beach park has been to move the beaches seaward beyond the shallow shoreface and thereby providing the highest possible wave exposure, which, however is still moderate. The new beaches have been constructed on an artificial island and a new lagoon (deepened) has been excavated between the island and the old shoreline. 1As the beach park is located near the gorge section of the Sound between Denmark and Sweden, there is always a good gradient on the water surface in the area of the beach park. The Sound is one of the connections between The Baltic Sea and The North Sea, which means that there are good flushing conditions in the area due to the tidal exchange between the two major seas. This situation has been utilized to generate good flushing in the lagoon by making two Figure 19. Modelling wave patterns twoatmain openings, one at of the northern endfrom andthe one the directions southern end. NEThe and wave SE. climate at the site is characterized by having two main directions, i.e. NE and SE, which is due the shelter provided by the island Saltholm located east to southeast of the site. This situation has been utilized to create two sections of beaches separated by a headland, one facing towards the NE and one facing towards the SE. The headland provides shelter at the NE facing beach for waves from the SE and shelter at the SE facing beach for waves from the NE respectively.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

Main elements :

(water area, which met until the elevation +2.5) (zones that can be fulfilled until the elevation +3.5) (access road / path)

Island with terminal structures north and south and a separating headland between northern and southern beaches and lagoon. The headland or middle pier functions as a terminal structure for the two beach sections and as a viewing and bathing facility. The seawall along the southern beach section has multiple functions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; coastal protection, separation between promenade and beach and sitting furniture.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

“ Lapping waves, beach volleyball and life on the esplanade – just minutes from Gi.” Lessons for Tamaki • Morphological processes • Consequences of various activities in the morphodynamic environments • Human interference with coastal morphodynamics • The river mouth is known to be highly dynamic • Understanding of the processes and the quantification of the processes by advanced numerical modeling tools could lead to a successful project

Design Strategy

Fundamentally the Tamaki waterfront design is about four things:

1) 2) 3)

bringing the water to the city,

bringing the city to the water,

i n that seam creating the new heart of Tamaki, and

t o do it in a way that the seam becomes a vessel for culture, for experience and for the vibrancy that the Tamaki community is known for.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

Research suggests that waterfront developments should be designed according to the following principles:

Merging the

• All developments should be proposed with destinations defined and connections planned

it is essential to understand

• Scale of buildings immediately bordering a waterfront should not be towers but a continuous line of 4-8 storey buildings that actively engage the public spaces. Towers where appropriate should be set back from the waterfront and be on platforms • Access to the waterfront should be at 60-115m intervals • Stand-alone destinations

iconic

buildings

need

multi-use

• Ground level uses should be commercial or public institutional uses that support public life • Access to the waterfront is best achieved with esplanades, ramblas and linear parks that draw people down to the water • Parking should be off-site with access being by trams • Major destinations and active areas should have limited to no residential to allow evening activity • Parks should not be at major destinations, except in rare circumstances • Seasonal activities should be integral to each destination

land and the water, that you should not design merely a park or open space along the waterfront. By looking at

waterfront as a series of

destinations

rather than linear space

these places can fit in well with surrounding communities.

Parks/esplanades/promenades should not serve as the whole purpose of the entire waterfront. Too much passive, onedimensional or structured open space puts a damper on the inherent vibrancy of waterfronts. Research suggests that the best waterfronts use parks as connective tissue, using them to link other high profile destinations. There must also be constraint on commercial and residential use of the waterfront. Too much commercial activity and private housing degrades a waterfronts long-term potential. Waterfronts need to not only draw on a dynamic combination of activity to succeed; they must also become greater than the sum of their uses.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE We can begin by assessing some of the

steering processES

inherent in this project. This will allow us to identify the strongest locations and connections for new waterfront destinations. The first steering process is to combine the political, economical and social aspects of the project by integrating these forces through the design strategy. As previously mentioned, Tamaki is on the cusp of what could be significant investment and fundamental change. The Tamaki Edge Initiative, New Zealand’s biggest urban renewal project, is taking shape in Tamaki. The Tamaki Edge Initiative ensures the coordinated development of amenities, services and lifestyle choices that will attract people to live and invest in the area. This carefully planned transformation, with input from community consultation, is part of Auckland City’s growth management strategy, which will harness population growth to maintain the city’s position as the nation’s economy. Investment totalling more than $3 billion will fuel the economic growth of the area known as the Tamaki Edge.

As part of this initiative Auckland University is turning its 1 Tamaki Campus into a “Knowledge Wave” park with a National Academy of Sport alongside new 2 netball facilities at Ngahue Reserve; 3 Housing New Zealand is pursuing a $28 million housing development in Glen Innes and the council is spending $3 million to improve the 4 Glen Innes and 5 Panmure town centres. Construction of quality homes for up to

6000 people in the 110ha former 6 Mt Wellington quarry site is underway, and the 7 Sylvia Park retail and office precinct is set to become the largest

shopping complex in New Zealand creating up to 9000 jobs when completed. It also includes the 8 9

10 Tamaki Transformation Project, a partnership between

the city council and government agencies to improve living standards in the Glen Innes, Pt England and Panmure areas. There are also plans to improve transport and accessibility to the area with the proposed $700 million 11 eastern highway (AMETI), and new railway stations at Glen

Innes, Panmure,

12 Tamaki and Sylvia Park.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE “ …think less about what the design is, and more about what you do in that place, and then bring it back to how to design that place”

Power of

10 Strategy

• A region needs 10+ major places/destinations • Each city/town/neighbourhood needs 10+ places/destinations • Each place/destination must have 10+ things to do • Triangulate or layer uses to create a synergy among multiple points of interest and diverse activity • Connect places to create a district with 100-1000 things to do

Ultimately, we should aim at creating walkable neighbourhoods along the waterfront, each no more than 300m in diameter should be achieved with access to the waterfront at 60-150 m intervals.

• Merging the seam between land and water • (North to south): continuity/variety/identity • Neighbourhood routes: multi-modal/pedestrian friendly/barrier free/activity loaded • Making the seam the heart of Tamaki

The new waterfront should be designed for multi-sensory experiences and layered levels of engagement of people that is clearly integrated into Gi, Point England and Panmure via a network of connected pathways. As we can see, this network of pathways runs (north to south) along the waterfront. We should create a continuity of intelligible movement along this pathway that gets you from place to place.

Now we can take a look at the connections between the town centre zone along the railway (Gi, Point England and Panmure) and the waterfront, and the links that connect these town centres to the waterfronts. These links are where the ritual of arriving at the waterfront should start.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

At the same time it is important to acknowledge the various neighbourhoods that lie parallel to the waterfront, and their character and different function, and integrate those neighbourhoods into the system as well. We also need to look at how

we go east west into the neighbourhoods and that these routes will connect up into other activities in the existing town centres including events and open spaces not the least what would be transportation modes, so that we have an integrated transportation system. And these routes will have to be multi-modal, barrier free, pedestrian friendly and loaded with activity. Essentially the design will become a vessel for continuous community and civil life.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

ferry coastal

climate natural

elements

quantification

climate natural

elements

quantification seasonal seasonal public flock public downtown downtown

flock

channel appropriate appropriate experience channel

people

experience

people

artificial island artificial island connection

walkingconnection

Nature does what it likes with whatever it likes. With this in mind, the second steering process is working with the prevailing natural processes.

advanced identity advanced numericalnumerical modeling modeling pathways amenities walking

identity

pathways

amenities

esplanade esplanade transport Tamaki beach grommet Tamaki beach grommet multiple-use transform multiple-use transform

transport

Morpho Morpho logical logical process process pedestrian pedestrian pier play

transit balance

tidal

pier play

tidal

cultural

activities

green

powergreen

cultural

activities power

facilities

facilities potential flexibility form potential flexibility

equilibrium equilibrium wave orientations wave orientations exposure sustainable

form

sustainable

tides

river

exposure terminal waterfront

waterfront

river

terminal

hydrodynamics hydrodynamics walkway resilient

integration

walkway adaptability resilient adaptability

hierarchy

promenade cyclist mobility

integration

edges hierarchy

promenade cyclist mobility

edges

These process or forces are responsible for creating attractive waterfront, beach and lagoon environments and are the basis for the design of well-functioning artificial coastal and marine elements. Waterfront developments as such are considered to be artificial pieces of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;new natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The artificial beaches and lagoons, however, do not know that they are artificial. Consequently, these landscape elements will follow the natural marine and coastal processes resulting from the characteristics of the hydrodynamic forces on the coastal sediments, flushing and pollution loading to which they are exposed following construction. Therefore, understanding the prevailing natural processes responsible for creating attractive waterfront, beach and lagoon environments as a basis for the design of well-functioning artificial coastal and marine elements is essential.

The art is to perceive the marine forces, such as waves and tides, as external opportunities to be used to maintain high quality artificial beaches and lagoons, contrary to the traditional approach of perceiving these external forces as problem generators, against which protection is required. The Tamaki River experiences weather patterns typical of the Auckland region. Due to the low-lying land separating the Manukau Harbour the area is exposed to the prevailing south-westerly winds. • The distance between West Tamaki Head and Musick Point is about 1.9km, exposing the river to winds from a northerly direction. • For winds from a northerly direction at high tides the calculated significant wave height is 1m with a 3 sec period. In a westerly wind wave heights can be 0.7m with a 2.7 sec period. • The height of the tide varies from 3.2m above chart datum at mean high water springs to 2.8m above chart datum at mean high water neaps. Tidal streams generally follow the direction of the channel at speeds up to 2 knots and increase up to an estimated 4 knots in certain areas.

The exact equilibrium shapes of the artificial island would be established based on modeling of a large number of wave conditions. The equilibrium orientations, i.e. orientations of zero net transport would be calculated in a number of points along the coastlines. Finally, the shapes of the beaches would be fitted to the series of equilibrium orientations.

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

OPEN SPACE

SOLUTION TO OPEN SPACE

PANMURE

Panmure BoardWalk Naima Aroj

Panmure is a 330Ha suburb located 11 kilometers southeast of the city centre. Panmure was known as Mokoi and was the home to the Ngati Hura people, and was the largest Maori community in New Zealand. There are some of the larger industries of the last century in Panmure and have moved out of the area to make way for more commercial and retail activity a considerable number of small and medium manufacturing, commercial and service business enterprises continue to prosper. Schools serving the area include St Patricks, Panmure Bridge, Panmure District, Tamaki and Sommerville Primary, and Tamaki Intermediate. Tamaki College in nearby Point England is the closest Secondary School Vehicle transportation to the CBD is difficult; options are via Tamaki Drive, south via the southern motorway or overland through St Johns. There is a regular bus service to the City. The train departs from the Panmure Rail Station and runs to destinations North and South. The 7820 inhabitants of are primarily of European descent, a secondary population group of Pacific Islanders and smaller populations of Māori and Asian is indicated. Fifty two percent of Panmure residents consider themselves Christian, with twenty three percent having no religious beliefs. The household composition of the area is a mixture of families with children, couples without children and people living alone. Twelve percent of households have more than one family. Development of the case for the specific urban /design intervention: Panmure Waterfront and its Issues are: Population growth put pressure on existing open space. It needs to maximise use of the underutilised water front. The issue with the Panmure and Point England community is that don’t have connection with the water. Also there isn’t any connection to water and any beach around the Panmure suburb. I want to design the Panmure edge for better place to sit around and enjoy the waterfront view. Design values outcome: Socially- permanent River greenway will provide green “breathing space” in park-poor areas, provide opportunities for children to experience nature first-hand, provide opportunities for walking, bicycling, and provide positive benefits to public health. Green the neighbourhoods –Connect neighbourhoods to the River with a network of green streets, sidewalks, and pathways, distinctive River gateways, signs, fishing and artwork. And it can provide an accessible and active River edge. Create value – Encourage River improvements that enhance the quality of life in neighbouring communities by simultaneously improving the environment, and encouraging economic prosperity.

Scale 1:50,000

PANMURE Location

PANMURE

Sand and SLope

PANMURE

Urban spaces environment 324 meter-long meandering bench

PANMURE Case Studies

PANMURE

Kohimarama, Mission Bay and St Heliers Beaches Replenishment

Kohimarama

Mission Bay

St Heliers

Auckland City Council has replenished and revitalised degraded and unprotected beaches along the coastal arterial road, Tamaki Drive. Over the past few years, Kohimarama and St Heliers beach replenishment schemes have been successfully completed. The two beaches have been transformed into high quality coastal destinations that positively contribute to the lifestyle of Aucklandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s communities and elegantly solve the problems of protecting Tamaki Drive from the encroaching sea.

Los Angeles River Revitalization

PANMURE

The Master Plan developed the following goals with recommendations to achieve a long term, phased approach: •Revitalize the River •Green the Neighborhoods •Capture Community Opportunities •Create Value •Develop Community Planning Frameworks based on the River •Create a River Management Framework Revitalizing water quality (1) enhanced flood storage, to slow flow velocities to enable reintroduction of vegetation; (2) enhanced water quality, through regional-scale stormwater treatment at River confluences, and localized “treatment terraces” at storm drain outfalls; (3) enhanced public access within the channel via terraces and ramps, small pocket parks and ponded areas; and (4) a restored riparian ecosystem. These guidelines for stormwater management and sustainable building will advance the City’s “green agenda.” Greening the neighborhoods extend the River’s influence into adjacent neighborhoods, encompassing five goals: (1) creation of a continuous River Greenway that serves as the City’s “green spine;” (2) reconnect neighborhoods to the River through a system of “green streets;” (3) recapture underutilized or brownfield sites in park-poor areas as neighborhood parkland, and incorporating stormwater management practices into all public landscapes; (4) enhance River identity through signature bridges and gateways, and through programmed events; and (5) incorporate public art along the River. Create Value: Making the River green and accessible is expected to transform an undervalued asset into a valued amenity. Estimates of economic benefits accruing to the proposed revitalization concepts for five of the Opportunity Areas (combined, at full build-out) range from $2.7 to $5.4 billion in new development, 11,000 to 18,000 new jobs, and a long-term tax revenue increase ranging from $47 to $81 million annually. Develop community Planning Frameworks based on the River: A new governance structure was proposed and adopted to overcome a highly divided system of river management — a critical precursor to change. Since the completion of the master plan, the Bureau of Engineering established the River Project Office tasked with implementing the Master Plan goals. The city Planning Department implemented the River Improvement Overlay (RIO), district design and environmental guideline requirements for developers with property adjacent to the river. All projects must get approval from the LA RIO prior to obtaining a building permit. Projects are evaluated for their watershed, urban design and mobility factors. This will enable the city to better coordinate land use development along the 32-mile river corridor.

PANMURE Readings Reviews

Studio Readings Reviews 9/22/2011 Naima Aroj

Chosen Articles 1Article: McGregor, A. (2007) Valuing Environmental Externalities. From: Topos 60: Challenges. Edt. Schafer, R.: Heuriedweg: Callwey. 2Article: Thayer, R. (1994) New Symbols of Possibilities. From: Grey World Green Heart. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 3Article: Falk, N. and Rudlin, D. (1999) The Eco-Neighbourhood and Urban Building Blocks. From: Building the 21st Century Home â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The Sustainable Urban Neighbourhood: New York: Elsvier Science and Technology. The first article discussed how oil problem is common and the treatment of it. The world is using 27 billion barrels of oil a year and leaving up to 35 years of oil left behind permanently. And this make the Communities to get on leading wide range of planning policies to support flexibility against peak oil and climate change. And the writer says that the world need is carbon trading system that will unlock renewable technologies to compete with coal and oil based generation. At this point oil will become absolute as a fuel. Apocalyptical visions of a post-oil planet call for bold landscape solutions. How can we, as Landscape Architect solve them all through design locally and globally? To reduce the oil effects around the world is to minimize the use of it and especially the use of oil that is left as carbon on the sites like brown field sites. Another way is by using other sources that contains less oil. And give less affect for environments like using hybrid cars rather than fuel cars. This provides better living and better health for the environments surrounding us. On the other hand, the second article talks about, designing large parks or small parks, their purposes, their usage and their design. Ecology and progammatic complexity, bilogical and social culture diversity is our goal and this is leading us through design. The designs for large parks must reflect both ecological design and designer ecology, engaged in a relationship of complexity and diversity. Also this article has discussed the definition of management in the context of sustainable that is the context of managing human activities within the environment, rather than the environment as object. Such project should be small enough to learn from them. Designing large parks can be complex but learning from your mistakes is better than predicting your mistakes. As a designer it is better to design wisely and learn from your mistakes. Learning always comes from by doing something, practical. Article also states that learning by design implies profound changes to our traditions of design, planning, and management, especially in the context of parks. The third article talks about the factors which are taken together to reduce the environmental impact of sustainable neighbourhood. This means that the urban neighbourhood could play an important part in the huge task of greening our cities. Like urban agriculture that have been a traditional part of urban areas. Like if we people grow our own fruit and vegetables at home this will help us environmentally. By doing this people wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t bring their food from overseas which will reduce pollution in the water and air. The article says it is the quality not quantity of large parks which counts. Even small parks make a huge different in urban areas. These articles are very good at making readers think that how the problems can be reduced in order to keeping the world moving on and keep our planet sustainable especially from oil. Like given example in the first article Cradle to cradle built up using recycled and ensuring materials are not down. The new materials for new buildings will be recycled from dismantled abandoned suburban tracts. The new products will be designed not for no-longer in use, but for renewable life period. These articles give me the perspective way of landscape architecture how things can and should be recycled and managed through design. Understanding the oil effects on humans and environments and how its use increasing through everyday life. Oil is a major issue in the world. As a landscape architect makes me think how can oil be recycled? How to reduce the use of oil in our environments? As this article giving awareness sense that how much pollution is coming toward us and how can we treat it through design. There are many Tamaki suburbs which are contaminated sites with oil. It will be best practice to think about it how we can regenerate the sites for better usage. How large parks can help? Some of the Tamaki Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s suburbs are likely to be affected by High concentrations of zinc and copper especially in the Upper Tamaki Estuary are impacting on aquatic life. Auckland Regional Council project leader, Dr Shane Kelly, says animals in the Upper Pakuranga and Middlemore branches of the Tamaki are unhealthy as a result of storm water runoff from roads and industrial areas. Zinc enters the storm water mainly from galvanized roofing, whilst copper comes from materials like motor vehicle brake pads and copper roof cladding. And this challenges me how can I come up with the particular design which can treat such problems here on Tamaki River and elsewhere. This relates to the Tamaki River because Tamaki river has not been treated. The pulluted water goes in the Tamaki River through rain water and streams and then the marin pollution. i guess this is an opportunity to think how my design will encourange residents of Panmure to think what is happening with the Tamaki River and how can they be part of it by re-vegetating the streets and putting porous paving on the roads and also re-vegetating waterfront of Panmure.

GT ON

WASHIN

NAVA RRE RO AD

NU E

A VE ASH BY

E NT

YP LA CE A

T ST

RE E

AV EN UE

ST ER TO N

LY ND H UR ST

SIL V

D RO A

CRE

AH A

DI NG TO N AD

ND ALE

CHIL TE RN

NK S TREE T

HEAT HER BA

ST RE ET

AD LINE RO

ENUE ELST REE AV

T DALT ON S TREE

Open Space

A RSEN

R OA

AZI R

NUE

EA AV ENUE TAMA T

N GH

BA RD IA RO AD RO AD L

D OA R

S N I KAY

MA TA

RO AD

PAN

ETH S

S CE N T RE

ROA D

MA R

HA NA

RO AD

RIVE RSID E AVE

AVEN UE KAW ITI

AD UPHA M

NT CE

Primary School

HA YR OA D

CAEN ROA D

KING S RO AD

Primary School ALLE NBY ROA D

S QUEEN

IE RV

Primary School

AR MEIN R

Legend Schools HNZC Properties Auckland City Council Open Space

ROAD

SCENT

Produced by Maps & Designs, Citywide Implementation

L UL

AD A I N RO

H CRE

Project : 314-201000 File Name:A3_Prop Own Date Drawn: 20-09-2007 Scale @ A0: 1:4000

H OC

LC NE LA

VI E

LANE RMA

ROA D

Intermediate School

COR A

TE TE

C HURC

Proposed Medium Density Residential

E CR

ST EW AR TA NG VE AR NU D IM E A U R

LANE

IVE

Low Density Residential

RIVE

ROA D

BRUK

S CE RE VIEW

DO M

Business & Residential

STR E TO

OAD

DUN LOP

RO AD

PIRA N GI

SON D

CO U

Schools

ANT

BA S

AD RO ND C LA LE E IR AR Y

HOB

OE R OAD PLEA S

URE HIG HWA Y

ERIM A AVE NUE

ENUE WAD DE

HOLL AND AV

LL AV

EN UE

ROPA TA AV ENUE

PILK INGT ON R OAD HINA KI ST REET

HANNIGAN DR IV E O

IR TA IN U

RSL IE-P ANM

Town Centres

TAMAKI TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME Existing Context

RE E T

O AD

I NG MT WE LL

GRE EN

JELL IC

Produced by Maps & Designs, Citywide Implementation

ENT

AS C E AV EN U

TE R

H OW AR D HU N

DUN N RO AD

FO R ELL E

T OA

RO AD

(still under appeal)

Project Code: 314-400100 File Name: Tamaki Edge Structure Plan 07.mxd Date Drawn: 29 September 2007 Scale @ A1:8000

EPP IN G

OA D R NS JO H

PILKIN

GTON

RA I L WAY

T RU RO AD

JELLIC

Community Centre/Hall

Library

ROA D

MO U N TA

Recreation Centre

Pool

RIKI

AMETI Alignment

NUE

Mixed Use Zones

ROAD

N EI

HI G HW AY

O ER R FRA S

Medium Density Residential

WAIPUNA

AD RO

ST R EET IRI AK TU

ON DRIV L A GO

G LA

Van Dammes Lagoon

RO A

RO KIRK DUN

Railway Station Redevelopment Precincts and 10 minutes Service by 2006

h i i g

ANDE RSON AVE

TO N

Business Zones

Panmure Basin

ET RE ST HA IW N TA

KO TA E

Primary School

ROAD

A AL

St Patricks School

Primary School

Panmure Recreational Precinct

Panmure Bridge School

S RE

OA D

N RI

800 metre (10 minutes) walking distance rom rail station

E M O RIAL DRI IM VE RE A NG

D OA

EN A C

T AR A

IR UN

Panmure Town Centre

Secondary School

LI R

North Island Main Trunk Railway line - Public Transit Services enhanced along it by 2006

Tamaki Primary School

EA YM NN SU

Primary School

PT EN GLAN D

TR IPO

P KA

D RIVE

Key

ROAD

Panmure District School

LA IS

UE WAY

ENT

MAYB URY STRE ET

RIN MOR

EN AV HIGH

PANMURE STATION & PARK & RIDE & BUS TRANSFER

EVA

A TO

RO AD

LINE

N Stanhope Road School

EAD

AD RO E LL EG

River

Tamaki Intermediate School

A R OAD

E AC

IZ ABETH EL

A PL

N LU

Tamaki

HO ME ST

PROPOSED TAMAKI RAIL STATION

D OO W RN FE

Pt England School

Ruapotaka School

Point England Reserve

ND R OAD

T EE

X O

Lunn Avenue Quarry Redevelopment

T EE TR

WOOD S TR

AC PL

Tamaki Campus

TAMAKI INNOVATION PRECINCT

RR I

NO KIA

PT E NGLA

AC E

Tamaki College

Netball Development

Remuera Golf Course

MAR U

Talbot Park Community Renewal

OA D

Primary EW NT DG CE School RI ES CR E T P E AN R E L EY O E ST R BO TH U R NE I R CL E LIN C

CENT CRES

Tamaki Campus Master Plan

Ngahue Recreational Precinct

STREE T

Secondary School

E NU

Tennis Centre

N RO AD

TS TIPPET

N RO AD

TANIW H

OVE RLE AR

EDON

Glen Innes Town Centre GLEN INNES STATION & PARK & RIDE

C ES

Intermediate School FA

U L A NE OMAR MAYFAIR PLA CE

NE USE LA

RO AD

MER TO

MERT O

Primary School

RO AD

HA RL O

FARMHO

E CR

ST RE ET

BRIDG

ET S TR E

L USH AVEN UE

VE NA GO

IM W

RE ET

Primary School

N DO NG

NS TO N

TV IE W

A AR

M E RFIELD STRE ET

E NU

TO N

Glenbrae School

Glen Innes Intermediate School (closed)

T ON S T UL

WEY

E AV

CO T SW AI

Glen Innes School

NG STREET STRO

A M PLA

WEST TAMAKI ROAD

JOHNS

EA S RA H

H AT

St Pius X School

Primary School

NU E

Sacred Heart College

TAMA K

NG STREET

WES T

AV EN ROA

i Glen Taylor School

AV E

ME LL I

AP IR

AP IR AN A

RS L IE

EET

PANMURE

E NU VE

Y BA

D OA

E R SON STR

ROA

Glendowie College

School

Selwyn College

RO A

PO TI K

CRE SC

AM A St Thomas

MA R

JE FF

CE LA

EL L

NE AI NT LI

DI N E

RIDD

SI M KI N

RO RS BAY ST HELIE

TLE

St Heliers School

TAMAKI TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME Property Ownership / Open Space

PANMURE West Tamaki Road and the railway line form a northern and western edge to the Tamaki area. West Tamaki Road is both a ridgeline and a de-facto boundary between Glen Innes and the wealthier suburb of Glendowie to the north. The railway line is a barrier to east-west movement.

Facing town centre mixed-use development onto open space creating new town centre focus

Mixed-use expansion to west of railway tracks between Glen Innes town centre and Tamaki Campus

Tamaki College

Glen Innes

Point England Reserve

Reserve developed to City Park quality, adding an attraction to the coastal edge.

Tamaki Campus

Improve connections across railway line between Tamaki Campus, Glen Innes town centre and mixed-use expansion

The Tamaki area has significant reserve land stretching northsouth along the coastal edge and east-west from the coast back into residential areas. With the exception of the coastal open space, a majority of the reserve land is poorly configured with limited street access and situated at the back of lots.

Proposed Tamaki Rail Station

Improve access to open space by extending existing street grid to reserve

Reconfigure â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;finger reservesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to improve accessibility by means including bringing reserves to a street edge and ensuring the built form overlooks the open space.

Proposed Tamaki Rail Station

Mt Wellington

Tamaki Intermediate

Newly acessible open space provides opportunities for adjacent higher density housing. The coastal edge, in addition, has undervalued high amenity conducive to higher density housing.

Tamaki Primary

Increased community focus around the resources offered by Tamaki Primary, Intermediate and College.

Panmure

Schools

Open Space

Activity Centres

AMETI Alignment

Views

Edges

Open Space Links

Major Roads

18 October 07

Rail Corridor

TAMAKI TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME Legibility Analysis

Open Space Activity Node

Activity Centres

AMETI Alignment

Higher density housing

Water Transport

Improved connections

Community focus

Open Space Links

Reconfigured reserve space

Employment

Early development opportunities (possibly via joint ventures)

18 October 07

TAMAKI TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME Opportunities Analysis

PANMURE

1996 and 1959 Panmure

PANMURE

Panmure 2011

PANMURE

PANMURE A ND H ISL NORT

A ND H ISL NORT

ยน

MAIN

ยน

K TRUN

KEY

cadastrial002 PARCEL_INT DCDB 02

1:15,000

FSIM HYDR RLWY

KEY Rail Road

ROAD Rail Road 1:15,000

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Urban Parkland/ Open Space Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Mangrove

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

ยน

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Built-up Area

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Built-up Area Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Built-up Area Urban Parkland/ Open Space Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Surface Mine

Manuka and or Kanuka

TRU

Indigenous Forest

AIN

Built-up Area

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Oxidic Brown Soils

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

NO RTH

Indigenous Forest

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Built-up Area

ISL AN

Indigenous Forest

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Estuarine Open Water

Urban Parkland/ Open Space Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods

Estuarine Open Water

Urban Parkland/ Open Space Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods

Ultic Soils

ยน

Urban Parkland/ Open Space Mangrove

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Built-up Area

Urban Parkland/ Open Space Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Ultic Soils

PANMURE

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

KEY Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods Built-up Area Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods

Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods

Estuarine Open Water

Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods

Flaxland High Producing Exotic Grassland Estuarine Open Water Indigenous Forest

Estuarine Open Water Built-up Area Estuarine Open Water Built-up Area

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Mangrove

Built-up Area

Urban Parkland/ Open SpaceAllophanic Soils

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Built-up Area

Estuarine Open Water

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Mixed Exotic Shrubland Mangrove

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Manuka and or Kanuka

Built-up Area

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Mangrove

Built-up Area Estuarine Open Water Built-up Area

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Other Exotic Forest SurfaceOpen MineSpace Urban Parkland/ Transport Infrastructure KEYParkland/ Open Space Urban

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

1:15,000

Urban Parkland/ Open Space

Rail Road Rail Road KEY Urban Parkland/ Open Space

1:15,000

PANMURE New Zealand Tamaki River Chart

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PANMURE

My analysis shows one the Panmure map â&#x20AC;&#x153;Be Active in Panmureâ&#x20AC;? from city council shows how Panmure people are active within Panmure suburb but u might also notice that the walkways and cyclist path is only up to Dunkirk Drive. This was the one of the opportunity that pushes my thinking having contineous walkways. And the rest idea was through analysing the site and working within the existing topography.

Early drwaings and thinking proccess of the site design.

PANMURE

Site design

Platform

Boardwalk at coastal level

Coastal upper walking path

Platform

Another Sitting steps Stair access Another platform looking acrooss Pakuranga Sitting steps

PANMURE Cross section

Cross section

Scale 1:100

Cross section

Scale 1:100

PANMURE Cross sections

PANMURE Cross sections BB

Cross section

Scale 1:100

PANMURE Perspectives

D I B G

H A

PANMURE A

PANMURE B

PANMURE C

PANMURE D

PANMURE

PANMURE F

PANMURE G

PANMURE H

PANMURE I

PANMURE Planting plan

Planting plan Scale 1:200 on A1 page