Heather Ward-Walton Thesis by Heather Ward-Walton

TESTING GROUNDS Heather Ward-Walton

TESTING GROUNDS When development gets out of hand, can a housing exhibition catalyse a new approach?

Heather Ward-Walton

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PART

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Thesis Statement

RESEARCH 13 Travel

Literature Review

Exhibitions

Interview with Tom Alves

ARC Centre

Deliberative Development

PART

2 11

PRECEDENTS

Oxford and Peel

Big Yard

Children's Home

Robin Boyd House

Birdport House

Wohnprojekt Wien

Italcementi i.lab

Projects Visited

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PROJECT 47 Site Context

Mid Semester Presentation

Urban Rules

Master Plan

Streets

Existing Conditions

Water Management Plan

Site Division

Landscape Plan

Construction Phases

PART

100

Functional Mix 102 Exhibition Site

104

Image Quality Plan

110

Building Case Study

112

Reuse of existing facility 118 Exhibition Funding

120

Lessons learned

122

References

128

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Acknowledgements

his thesis is the culmination of three months of research, adventure and exploration. A big thank you to Katherine Sunderman, Andy Fergus for giving me the opportunity to study in such a fantastic location and helping me along this journey. All the contributors, in Melbourne and the Netherlands were very helpful and this studio would not have been as rich without them. Finally an important thank you to my friends and family for tolerating me, and James for making sure I eat.

Heather Ward-Walton

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INTRODUCTION The Opportunistic Urbanism studio operates under a brief from Deltametropool Association, a Rotterdam based think tank. The Netherlands is aiming to compete economically with the larger cities of Europe such as London. To achieve this aim they are hoping to attract knowledge workers to the cities creating higher density and activity. In order to woo this demographic there are tax incentives in place, but the real draw is quality of life. The Netherlands population is on the rise and new housing needs to be built quickly to accommodate the influx of migration. In the past the Vinex1 project has been the response to housing shortages. Now the Netherlands needs to add approximately a quarter of a million new homes to meet the growing need and a new type of development is required. The following work shows my approach to meeting this need. Network City: The Randstaad as a collective city Rather than a mono-centric city like Melbourne, South Holland's cities combine in a ring formation to create the Randstaad. A single metropolis similar in size to Melbourne but with a variety of living environments and a green agricultural heart. This offers challenges to attaining critical density in any one area but also opportunities to exploit the network of connections and landscapes. Brief Housing affordability and amenity are the key issues that Daltametropool are investigating to address the new housing requirements. We examined four sites recommended by Deltametropool for further development. The site I have focused on is Hendrik-Ido Ambacht, a small town between Rotterdam and Dordrecht on the Noord River. This town offers quick commutes to the larger cities with lower cost housing giving residents the ability to have better access to natural landscapes and raise their children in a quieter environment. Since the 1990s building up the fringe of the cities through the Vinex prjoect has been the response, and Henrdrik-IdoAmbacht grew exponentially during this time. However the inefficient use of land causes transportation issues and threatens the agricultural heart of the Netherlands. In order to achieve current and future density goals, cities need to be adaptable and diverse. It is imperative to depart from the rigid traditional urban rules in the Netherlands which create monotonous housing and limited typologies to attract the knowledge workers the country needs. Flexibility and experimentation are the key to creating this new approach.

See page 58 for further explanation of Vinex Housing.

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E V I T

C E L OL C E

F A R

E R U T L U C T

PE A SC D LAN

RIM

E P X E

N O I AT T N

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T E S G R O

T I N G U N D S

EEN NIEUW AMBACHT: A HOUSING EXHIBITION FOR HENDRIK-IDO-AMBACHT How to use a housing exhibition as a tool to catalyze a new approach to development.

The cities in the Netherlands, like so many others, face a new challenge to meet housing needs now and moving forward. Affordability is at the heart of this challenge, and the current modus operandi of building the fringe of cities with speculative development is not sustainable or desirable. This approach isolates groups and reduces urban vitality. Inefficient use of land causes transportation issues and threatens the agricultural heart of the Netherlands. The speculative housing market produces homes built as a commodity in a one size fits all approach that leaves residents with lifeless communal spaces and monotonous options. New housing options need to be created in and around urban centres in a way that allows for flexibility and diversity and empowers residents to make the financial decisions. In order to fulfil the Deltametropool brief to create high quality living environments that are attractive to knowledge workers and thereby stimulating the economy, I propose a housing exhibition that will showcase alternative procurement methods of deliberative development. Housing exhibitions have been very successful in dispersing ideas on new technologies, styles and strategies. The proposed exhibition will create a sustainable development approach combining performance based rules, user generated development models, adaptive reuse, and sustainable water management to produce diverse, tailor made living environments. With a focus on experimentation, deliberative development, craft, and landscape the Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht exhibition is a tool to create a replicable template for a new Dutch approach to urban development and economic activation of post industrial sites.

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RESEARCH

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NETHERLANDS TRAVEL A two week intensive travel period allowed us to get first hand experience of the culture, history, and future ambitions of the area.

isiting the Netherlands gave a fantastic insider perspective on the various living environments of Amsterdam , Rotterdam and Dordrecht. While each city had it's own character and amenity there were some overarching factors that emerged which characterize the Dutch Approach. Living with water is serious concern facing every resident of the Netherlands and a common factor in all architecture. Transportation between cities as remarkably fast and efficient. We traveling through Amsterdam and Rotterdam by every mode of transport except cars, showing their place in these cities is diminishing. Amsterdam was an example of a high pressure housing market with limited real estate options causing innovative water based architecture to be developed, such as the floating street being built by Space Matter. Rotterdam was unexpectedly vibrant with its booming economy and growing housing market. Due to the bombing of the city in WWII the city is an example of architectural experimentation and a forward momentum. In comparison smaller cities such as Dordrecht face the issue of losing residents to the larger cities and are striving to find ways to offer higher quality to life and housing affordability to retain their population. Through workshops, site visits, and meeting with various design groups we got an insiders view of Dutch life. Key Lessons >> Tiny Bricks. >>Direct Street access for dwellings. >>Living intimately with water. >>Connection to parks. >>Biking as a way of life.

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DISCOURSE AND LITERATURE REVIEWS

Grand Urban Rules is a collection and explanation of 115 important urban rules. These rules have shaped cities all over the world, while many are universally applicable some are very site specific. Important to the understanding of urban rules is their origins and the intentions of how they will form the city.

A comprehensive look at flexible urbanism using case studies to show how affordable projects can change a city. This book acts as a complete guide to the theme of Opportunistic Urbanism and compulsary reading for the budding urbanist.

This has formed the basis of the rules I have developed for my site and made me think critically about how these rules could be expolited by speculative developers.

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This book showcases social housing examples from a British perspective, this book contains 24 exemplar case studies. In a response to the current housing affordability crisis in the London area, this addresses issues of supply versus asset value. Through a selection of essays and interviews this book is trying to find fresh thinking and solutions to the issues of social housing. Examining procurement routes and tenures this has offered a number of precedent options for my project.

Spacematrix shows an analytical approach to understanding density and the quality of living environments. This comprehensive study on different density strategies is a guide for designers to compare their theories.

Spontaneous City looks at how to create opportunities for surprise in our cities. Using the economic crisis as a catalyst for change Urhahn Urban Design looks at projects that are enterprising/open/flexible/inventive/dynamic and informal.

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This analysis of the transformation of the Dutch urban Block over 400 years and the crisis they now face as the city densifies, draws a connection between the urban block and the local economy. This book focuses on Amsterdam but the analysis can be applied to many of the old city centres that retain their traditional townhouse typologies. A Dutch urban block is a city of homes, or a huisjesstad. Usually long and shallow this form creates possibilities for adaptation and flexibility. This has been helpful to form typologies for collective living environments.

Vinex housing was a clever response to housing shortages in the 1980s and 1990s in the Netherlands. While the outcomes have issues of monotony and lack of functional mix leading to areas of low intensity or interest. Comparable to a housing exhibition in a way as it could be seen as a demonstration project. This project saw 828,145 new dwellings were built between 1995 and 2005. With 1 to 1.5 parking spots per dwelling, original design wanted to reduce car dependence. However frequently the green spaces have been changed into extra parking. The great achievements and failures of these projects make them a notable precedent for future development methods.

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HOUSING WITHOUT DEBT A flawed economy and what we can do about it. -Alastair Parvin Feb. 16, 2016

THE CURRENT SPECULATIVE DEVELOPER MODEL RESULTING IN HIGH COST HOUSING, COMPARED TO THE POTENTIAL OUTCOMES FOR OCCUPANT DEVELOPED HOMES WITH A VARIATION ON OWNING LAND OR RENTING IT THROUGH A CLT.

lastair Parvin writes extensively on the housing market in Medium, an open platform to voice opinions.

In his manifesto and other articles he calls for a parallel housing market where residents develop their own property to create sustainable affordable housing. The idea is that as the resident is the only one with an interest in the quality and livabilty of the home, it should fall to them to be the one to make the financial decisions. Parvin sees digital infrastructure and open sourcing as an answer to some of these challenges as it would reduce building and design costs. The danger in this is that the homes would lack contextual sensitivity or individual identity.

exisiting owners may not want to reduce the resell value of their land. We also would need to address our lending types. looking at micro-loans and peer to peer funding strategies. it seems to be overlooked that in creating affordable housing we would free up a significant percentage of income for use in the larger economy. "In the 21st century it will be the citizen sector, a huge, distributed, well-regulated economy of small builders, with its own production capacity, its own land supply, even its own financial institutions." While this may be an idealistic and potentially overly simplified approach, it is an interesting jumping off point to pursue a variety of planning measures and financial changes.

Community Land Trusts (CLT) and re zoning for an owner occupier to prevent speculative development. Would have to apply to 'new land' that will be changed to residential use as

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TIME-LINE OF HOUSING EXHIBITIONS Exhibitions have gained popularity as a way to engage with the public and make lasting changes to a city. The legacy of a housing expo can be long lasting and have international effects. Many great innovations of technology and design have been introduced at these events and many important issues addressed.

THE GREAT EXHIBITION, LONDON

WWII

WWI MATHILDENHÃ&#x2013;HE DARMSTADT

18 51

19 01 18 89

19 27

PARIS WORLDS FAIR WEISSENHOFSIEDLUNG DEUTSCHER WERKBUND EXHIBITION, STUTTGART HIGHLY INFLUENTIAL EXPO THAT DISSEMINATED MODERNISM AND LED TO THE FORMATION OF CIAM

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WORLD'S FAIR, MONTREAL

Bo01 MALMO

IBA WEIN

ECOLOGICAL REGENERATION OF POST INDUSTRIAL WATERFRONT

HABITAT 67

ME MO RAN DUM PROGRAMME FOR THE INTERNATIONAL BUILDING EXHIBITION VIENNA 2022 FRAMEWORK STRUCTURE MEMORANDUM

INTERBAU, WEST BERLIN

MELBOURNE HOUSING EXPO

EXPO '74, SPOKANE

MODERN HOME EXHIBITION, MELBOURNE

FAIRS RUN YEARLY IN DIFFERENT TOWNS

19 19 49 57 STALINALLEE, EAST BERLIN

19 67 19 62

WORLD'S FAIR KNOXVILLE

19 19 70 79

20 01

GLASGOW FESTIVAL WORLD EXPOSITION LOUISIANA

LIVING OCEAN AND COAST

20 12

20 10

20 22 IBA BASEL

IBA PARKSTAD IBA HAMBURG IBA SAXONYANHALT

CENTURY 21 EXPOSITION, SEATTLE INTRODUCTION OF THE MONORAIL AND REVOLVING RESTAURANT

1968 HEMIS FAIR, SAN ANTONIO

1979-1987

2010

SCOTLAND’S HOUSING

EXPO

19 52

WORLD EXPO 2012, KOREA

FINNISH HOUSING FAIR

FEATURED ROBIN BOYD’S SMALL HOME SERVICE

INTERNATIONALE BAUAUSSTELLUNG (IBA) BERLIN MAJOR URBAN RENEWAL AND CRITICAL RECONSTRUCTION

EXPO 70, OSAKA

PROGRESS AND HARMONY FOR MANKIND

SCOTLANDS HOUSING EXPO SUSTAINABLE HOUSING PROTOTYPES

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EXHIBITIONS

1927: WEISSENHOFSIEDLUNG 2010: SCOTLAND HOUSING EXPO DEUTSCHER WERKBUND, STUTTGART Affordable Housing Showcasing the International Style

Showcasing Sustainability

21 Buildings

27 Buildings

63 Dwellings

52 Dwellings (plus mixed functions)

2 Hectare site

4 Hectare site

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2001: BO01 MALMO Rejuvenating a Post Industrial Site 70 Buildings 1400 Dwellings (plus mixed functions) 18 Hectare site

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EXHIBITION FAILURES “Nothing dates faster than people’s fantasies about the future,” -Robert Hughes in 1980, on Oscar Niemeyer and Lúcio Costa’s pop-up capital Brasília.1

While all housing exhibitions have dreams for creating future cities and ideal living conditions, not all succeed in even getting off the ground. The biggest hurdle is success initially is funding. The Berlin IBA planned for 2020 has been cancelled as it failed to get the government funding it relied on. Unfortunately this is a common problem as government funding can be uncertain in the face of changing policies after elections. Another issue that faces these events is timing. Not all buildings are finished on time, the first residents move in before there is an active site making it feel isolated and empty. This can also cause issues in planning such a large event if there are still active construction sites.

most of the original buildings have now been demolished. The most worrisome issue that some exhibitions face is the failure to communicate their intentions, or educate the attendees. In this case the entire event has been for naught. Understanding these failures has influenced how I have designed the Housing Exhibition for my site. Conservative time frames combined with a combination of bottom up and top down funding will protect the event from the logistical failures while an emphasis on flexibility and the core values of the event will ensure it's legacy.

Habitat 67, intended as garden living for the middle class, has been described as a failed utopian dream. This building is one of the last remnants of the 1967 Montreal expo, with the Buckminster Fuller’s Geodesic Dome. It was intended to be the prototype of a new apartment typology to be rolled out worldwide but that replication never happened. As the building ages it requires frequent maintenance battling leaks and mould. However it is still a symbol of for the ideals behind of the original expo. Much of the rest of the site is now abandoned including the monorail that was shown at the event. This decay of the original site is not uncommon. The 1927 Weissenhofsiedlung Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition in Stuttgart introduced the International style to the mainstream but

1. Anna Khachiyan, “Object Lessons from the Failed Utopias of Our Radial Past”. Metropolis Magazine. April 26, 2016

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INTERVIEW WITH TOM ALVES

THE MELBOURNE HOUSING EXHIBITION Friday 15 September 2017

Dr Tom Alves Research Fellow at University of Melbourne Melbourne Housing Exposition

Introduction to the Melbourne Housing Expo proposal document.

om Alves met with me to discuss his work on the upcoming Melbourne Housing Expo. Intended to open in 2022 the Melbourne Housing Expo shares many goals with my proposed project. Tom walked me through his work on the expo, history of housing exhibitions, notable success stories, and some of the issues these events face. The Melbourne Housing Expo is hoping to address issues of housing affordability and quality, environmental concerns, and new procurement models to address the growth of the Melbourne housing market.

The goal is to make the general public aware of innovations on these fronts with exemplary architecture and lead to the creation of replicable outcomes with better planning guidelines on a local level. Tom emphasized the importance of creating social housing, and affordable housing in this expo. He is looking to ensure that the housing developed for this event will be of multiple tenure , ownership and ground lease types. By using ideals of the 20 minute city and all that the new apartment guidelines could have been, the housing here will be representative of how

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Pages 26 and 27 of the Melbourne Housing Expo Proposal Document

the future of Melbourne housing should look. The funding of this expo has been a significant hurdle as it has been for many other similar events. The Melbourne Housing Expo is relying on government funding to proceed with stage 1, masterplan design, and stage 2, housing design competition. The buildings themselves will be completed through various forms of procurement from resident funding in a Baugruppen model, social housing, and potentially institutional investment.

will be featured as Associate Professor Tuan Ngo of the University of Melbourne is engaged with the ARC Training Centre for Advanced Manufacturing and Prefabricated Housing and will demonstrate this the innovations in this industry. Creating a legacy to generate change and replicate the successes throughout Melbourne, this expo will influence the future of Melbourne liveability.

Ensuring these apartments are innovative in both sustainability and construction techniques is of equal concern. Melbourne is currently unsustainable and many of the apartments being built have poor environmental performance. Construction techniques such as prefabrication

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CENTRE FOR ADVANCED MANUFACTURING OF PRFABRICATED HOUSING

TIKKU Mirco-Apartment by Marco Casagranda

A training and research centre to advance the prefabricated building industry in Australia.

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The ARC training centre for Advanced Manufacturing of Prefabricated Housing has been established to create collaborative, sustainable, prefabricated research in Australia. This centre aims to foster innovation that will create a market edge for Australia to compete on a global level. Run by the University of Melbourne, and led by Professor Priyan Mendis and Associate Professor Tuan Ngo, this Centre aims to a research four main programs. >> Innovation in design and enhanced end user experience >> Advanced building systems and assembly >>Novel materials and composite structures >>Supply chain and financing innovation Beyond these goals this initiative will hopefully create opportunities like the TIKKU micro apartment that can be installed in a day to create flexible urban environments. It would also be interesting to use such a research centre to create events like the Solar Decathlon to promote excellence in the sustainability and performance of prefabricated housing.

NeighborHub House by Swiss Team for the 2017 Solar Decathalon

The ARC CAMP.H is a template for a similar research and manufacturing centre included in my project I hope to promote a new economy in Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht. This will not only be part of the construction process of the housing exhibition but a lure for knowledge workers to the area, and an ongoing income stream for a post industrial site.

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DELIBERATIVE DEVELOPMENT If conventional speculative development is failing us, what are the alternatives?

The Randstaad and Melbourne share a common issue. New housing is needed in large quantities to meet the growing needs of their respective populations, and the current development models are not sustainable moving forward. While the Netherlands has the Vinex housing model that causes monotonous stamp housing that, while not bad quality, lacks diversity in function and aesthetics and is encroaching on their landscape. Melbourne has the issue of poorly planned urban sprawl and housing designed as a commodity rather than as a home. Moving forward without escalating these problems requires a change of approach. The answer may lie in deliberative rather than speculative development. In a shift of who makes the financial choices of a project the focus is shifted from profit margins to lifestyle. The people involved in deliberative development are generally a self selecting group of people who are willing to work, and live together. This is not an one size fits all approach and not for everyone. As these models do not involve developers, the risks and rewards lie with the residents. However by focusing on these types of development a parallel housing market will emerge to compete with standard development. The result will hopefully be higher quality living environments that focus on the user and not the financial gains.

KEY TERMS

Pros:

COMMUNITY LAND TRUST (CLT) A not for profit community development group that own land and hold it in long term stewardship to maintain affordability. Could be set up as a diverse crowd funded investment or a development syndicate.

COLLECTIVE PRIVATE COMMISSION (CPO)

•

Individual expression

•

Tailor made amenity

•

More affordable high quality housing

•

Built in community as the group is self selecting and familiar by the time they move in.

•

Empowers residents to make economic choices for sustainability

•

Residents stay long term

•

Economy of scale

Cons:

A group that directly commisions an architect to create their shared spaces.

SELF-BAU (SELF-BUILD)

A group of residents that engage seperate architects to build individual homes within a larger shared space. Buiksloterham or Borneo Sporenburg in Amsterdam are good examples of this. This model tends to be more expensive as there is no economy of scale for each project.

•

Collective decision making can be hard to manage

•

Due to collective decisions the time frame for delivering a project can be extensive.

•

Financial risk is on the resident group (clear planning controls can limit this risk)

•

Moderating privacy

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HOW CO-HOUSING WORKS The Baugruppen, or building group, is a type of co-housing which consists of an intentional group of residents that mixed shared and private spaces with a focus on creating community. The projects are funded and managed by residents removing the developer from the equation saving money and creating individual expression. This model creates tailor made housing that caters to the needs and interests of those involved. Projects start with a group of like minded individuals that share a core value for their ideal home, this could be anything from having a big collective yard1 or an interest in boating. This group pools their money and gets group financing for the project. An architect is contracted to run the project and manage the collective decision making process. It is important that the architect is able to balance the input of individuals with the common good of the project in order to be able to deliver it in a timely and affordable way. These projects are generally about 25% cheaper than standard developments as the margin for profit has been removed. There are also economies of scale as higher cost items that increase building performance can be split between the residents offering cheaper utility costs. In Europe there are also cheap financing options green loans to create high performing sustainable building. This could be easily replicated in Australia as well. Baugruppen started in Berlin due to housing shortages but is now a popular model in many European cities. These projects are generally near cities and transport options to limit car dependency. Contracts have been created with precedents for most issues such as withdrawal or sale of a unit. The long waiting lists to participate in baugruppen proves the success of this model and now 10% of new homes in Berlin are co-housing models like baugruppen. 1 See page 36 for the Big yard Project in Berlin.

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PRECEDENTS

22 Peel Street Apartments by JCB Architects.

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HOUSING PRECEDENTS Examples of the way we should be developing housing.

The following housing projects are exemplars in the various strategies I strive to include in my work.

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OXFORD AND PEEL ARCHITECTS: JCB ARCHITECTS LOCATION: MELBOURNE AREA: 4850 M2 (566 DWELLINGS) YEAR: 2016

Oxford and Peel is an example of apartments designed for an ethical developer, in this case Small Giants. This building ties into its environment by mimicking materials and heights of surrounding buildings. The form appears to be broken into 3 buildings through the use of materiality change and height variation across the building, this provides the street interface with higher diversity. By using outdoor corridors, passive ventilation can be used to increase sustainability.

Indoor residence Retail

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BIGYARD BAUGRUPPEN ARCHITECTS: ZANDERROTH ARCHITEKTEN LOCATION: BERLIN, GERMANY

The Big Yard project is an icon of the baugruppen model. Known for the eponymous shared yard this project is comprised of a site specific configuration of 45 units. •

Town houses: 23 (4 storey)

AREA: 9100 M2, 45 UNITS

•

Garden Houses: 10 (3 storey)

YEAR: 2010

•

JOINT VENTURE

Penthouses: 12 on top of garden houses (3 storey)

The amenities offered in this project make it an enviable home. The main yard is 1,300 M2 of beautiful landscaped garden, which is not divided into individual gardens, that blurs the lines of public and private life on its fringes. In addition there is a 250 m2 common roof terrace with views of Berlin and cooking facilities, a sauna and four guest apartments for visitors. The town houses have a dual aspect of the street and the communal yard. Each one has shop windows in one room allowing the residents to run a business from their home. The building was designed by the architect in coordination with the group but all interiors were left to the residents to design as they wished. This gives an overall cohesion to the project but still allows each resident to have their own unique space.

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PENTHOUSE

TOWNHOUSE

GARDEN HOUSE

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CHILDREN’S HOME ARCHITECTS: CEBRA LOCATION: STRANDGÅRDS ALLE, DENMARK AREA: 1500.0 M2 YEAR: 2014 This children's home offers an interesting idea of what a large co-housing building could be. Designed as an institutional group home this captures the archetypical forms of the traditional house and offers mitigation strategies for combining public and private functions.

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WALSH STREET HOUSE ARCHITECTS: ROBIN BOYD LOCATION: MELBOURNE AREA: ~100 M2, SINGLE HOME YEAR: 1957

The iconic Robin Boyd House is an example of a flexible detached family home. Split into two areas with a shared courtyard, this home offers layers of group and private life. While this home is a specific response to the steep landscape and views the flexible floor plan and shared spaces in this house could be replicated allowing for expansion into the open spaces if required.

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BIRDPORT

The Melbourne terrace house is a defining typology for our city and shares characteristics with the town houses in the Netherlands. The Melbourne version is slightly wider offering the ability to create side gardens that open the space and bring in more light. This renovation shows how a heritage building can be made more flexible.

ARCHITECTS: MATT GIBSON LOCATION: MELBOURNE AREA: ~150 M2 YEAR: 2015

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WOHNPROJEKT WIEN ARCHITECTS: EINSZUEINS LOCATION: AUSTRIA AREA: 39 UNITS, MIXED USE YEAR: 2013 The Wohnprojekt is a co-housing project that provides multiple types of collective and commercial space. Described as a vertical village this was organised by an association for sustainable living. This building offers many urban and architectural lessons for our cities.

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ITALCEMENTI I.LAB ARCHITECTS: RICHARD MEIER ARCHITECTS LOCATION: ITALY AREA: ~23,000 , (7,500 SQM LABRATORY) YEAR: 2013 The Italcementi factory produces concrete and is an example of a large modern factory and research centre. I have referenced this building in the scale for my own ARC CAMP.H based in Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht.

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Borneo Sporenburg, Amsterdam. Masrerplan by West 8.

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PROJECTS VISITED

While in the Netherlands these projects impacted the way I perceived Dutch life, and the future of housing in the area. The townhouse is a common typology with many different iterations from historic to modern. Most were in more dense areas, so I turn to alternatives for a low density site like Hendrik-IdoAmbacht. Their lessons of street wall, expression and versatility carry through my work.

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Cityplot

De Ceuvel

A master plan that promotes housing and functional diversity through a mix of plot sizes and interfaces

A temporary artist community comprised of disused housboats placed on toxic post industrial land. This project both cleans and activates the site

Schoonschip

Buiksloterham

A floating community of houses that use a post industrial river edge. The housing is affordable becasue the water site is cheaper than land.

A community of self build townhouses in the pressurized Amsterdam housing market offering individual expression and open front yards.

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PROJECT

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SITE CONTEXT

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LOCATION

Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht

Rotterdam

Hendrik -IdoAmbacht

Dordrecht

~30,000 Low to middle income

Rotterdam to Site: 35 min 55 min 45 min 20 min

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NETWORK OF INDUSTRY

Along the rivers of the Netherlands there are many sites that also feature industrial or post industrial river fronts. Those around Rotterdam have mostly already been converted to housing and other functions creating modern docklands. These show that while Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht has it's how character and history the concepts for development here can be exported to many other locations. Other international cities in Europe and Australia face similar struggles as we move away from the industries that once occupied our waterfronts. Geelong in particular will face a need to redefine itself as large industries move away.

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SHIP BREAKING Ship breaking has a long history in Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht and was one of the first industries in the area. This was a booming industry as ships have a lifespan of 25-30 years before they are no longer profitable to operate and the cost of insuring them mean that dismantling and recycling them is the most cost effective option. This is a dangerous and toxic industry that is now heavily controlled in most countries. The regulation of the industry means that ships may now only be dismantled at approved site in Europe. The Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht site is not on the list of approved European recycling sites and likely went out of business due to competition from a nearby site south of Dordrecht that is currently operational, a site in Rotterdam, and third world competition. Unfortunately unregulated sites in Bangladesh, India and China do most of the world's Ship breaking in dangerous and toxic conditions.

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SHIP BUILDING On sites around Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht there are shipbuilding yards that produce luxury yachts. Oceanco is just north of the Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht bridge from the site. Here the craft of shipbuilding is still very active and bringing recognition to the area. The continuation of maritime craft is important to the character of the area but focusing on sustainable shipbuilding practices is key to prevent adding to the issues of ship recycling in third world countries.

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ROOM FOR A RIVER

Aerial photo of Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht approach to room for a river.

Room for a river is the plan instituted by the Dutch government for flood prevention. This includes regional strategies and landscape planning to mitigate the inevitable flooding due to climate change.

Like much of the Netherlands Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht lies mostly at or below the water level of the river. This site has suffered severe flooding in the past and is now working to prevent damage in the future. This area just North of HendrikIdo-Ambacht bridge was once agricultural land. The dikes have been broken to allow flooding, thereby diverting water from the built areas in times of high water. This area is approximately 25 hectares, adding Sophiapolder which is approximately 60 hectares creates a large amount of water catchment in case of flooding. As part of the Room for a river policy this area floods under used land to protect the built areas.

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Room for a River plan can be seen at https://www. ruimtevoorderivier.nl/english/

esting Grounds Approach. This site will add to this existing strategy by flooding a signifcant section of land, but will also soften the river edge. By softening the edge condition it not only makes the interface more human friendly , but also slows the rise of water in case of fast moving flood from a cloud burst. This will give the water more time to enter the intended flood plains of Sofiapolder before it endangers the building. All buildings added to the area will also be designed to live with inundation of water. Foundations will be raised, materials will be easily cleaned, such as concrete, tile, or brick, and valuables will be stored on upper levels where possible. Floating houses and flood lifting structures can help prevent damage to homes.

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SOPHIAPOLDER Sophiapolder was once a large area of farmland just South of Hendrik-ido-ambacht on a island polder. As part of the Room for a River plan the polder's dikes have been broken and the area has been allowed to flood. This is now a nature reserve promoting biodiversity in the area. Walking paths and information placards have been added to educate the community about the importance of the reserve to the environment and flood prevention. This area is a great amenity to Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht as it offers a large natural landscape within a short boat ride across the river.

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VINEX HOUSING

EXPERIMENTATION

2005

1990

Vinex housing was a government initiated housing project based on a spatial planning report in the Netherlands to meet a growing housing need. Growth over time. Taking over the area with low density, low intensity housing. No mix of use and little connection to the ferry or any other public transport causing car dependency. Due to a shortage of housing in the Netherlands in the 1990s the national government incentivised the development of 455 thousand new homes. From 1995 to 2005 these homes were quickly built across the country. These homes were required to be near existing towns and cities in order to preserve the countryside, be near transport and have 1.5 car spots per household to reduce car traffics. In all this was a very successful project and delivered some interesting housing typologies. This program provided lessons in sustainable development initiatives and government /private sector collaboration. However these are known as stamp houses as large swathes of land were filled with the same type of house. Most vinex developments are mono functional and not flexible for future change.

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Map of building ages from The Waag Society: http://code.waag.org/buildings/

Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht grew exponentially during this time. It has become a commuter town to the larger cities and a hub for commercial distribution centres. While Vinex was a good response to the need for more housing at the time, a new flexible approach is needed to prevent further monotonous spread. A central node of more intense and diverse functions would create an environment that would draw creative workers and allow for further innovation.

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MID SEMESTER

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EEN NIEUW AMBACHT: A HOUSING EXHIBITION IN HENDRIK-IDO-AMBACHT

Mid-Semester presented to Deltametropool on Thursday 7 September, 2017

he mid-semester presentations were held at the offices of Deltametropool and panelled by a variety of guests who gave great feedback to our presentations. My project creates a housing expo in HendrikIdo-Ambacht that will be a catalyst for development and focus on flexible density strategies. This will allow for experimentation in typologies and funding approaches to prevent the suburban sprawl which currently defines the area. This project will provide medium to lowdensity housing that connects residents to natural recreation zones and creates a village environment which is a draw to this region. I am creating a node of transit oriented development based on ferry use, this site will connect with the old town and De Schoof shopping centre to create a town centre creating a strong identity that grows from the maritime craft culture of the area. I will introduce a community centre that brings new education possibilities to residents giving them up-skilling opportunities as the local industries become defunct.

By developing this are of the site I am creating a node of intensity to stop the suburban sprawl of the Vinnix housing that is prominent here. Building up the agricultural land causes transportation issues and threatens the agricultural heart of the Netherlands. This proposal is countering the current development plans of building on agricultural land and the river front south of Ambacht. A current masterplan idea for the area proposed 1200 new dwellings along the river front but by allowing this area to become a natural recreation area and focusing the density to a smaller site, better intensity can be formed limiting sprawl while maintaining the amenity that draws residents to the area In order to achieve current and future density goals, cities need to be adaptable and diverse. By implementing a flexible combination of top down and bottom up urban approaches, new housing can be created offering diversity and amenity.

Creating a new industry will help the area contribute to a national goal to compete globally with cities such as London. This area will attract knowledge workers with housing amenity, lifestyle, while providing the opportunity to increase density in the future as individual expression in housing becomes more difficult in larger urban centres.

Collage dipicting site and project intention

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Exhibition Goals

Experimentation Exploring new typologies and implementing interventions

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Craft New skills must be taught as older industries fade. A centre for making will tie the community together.

Connection to Nature Protecting the green spaces on the river edge will maintain the amenities of the area.

Funding Models Self build, Baugruppe, CLT and traditional development models combined to create affordable options.

Flexible Growth Allowing for staged development and expansion over time prevents this model from reverting to sprawl.

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Rotterdam

Hendrik-IdoAmbacht

Dordrecht

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Past 1990: Mainly farm land and marine use.

Present 2016: housing sprawl has covered the area with plans to occupy the last remaining fields near the town.

Opportunity: 2035: A housing expo to catalyze denser development in the town centre to stop sprawl.

To Vinex Housing

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CONNECTIONS: NEW URBAN STRUCTURE >>Move ferry terminal North to previous position to create a corridor to De Schoof Shopping centre. >>Improve bike network to connect residents to old town and green spaces safely >>Define a new corridor for residents from ferry to town centre

Sophia Polder

>>Create green space to add to the tidal river park network.

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PRIORITIES

These images represent the ideals and environments that this project should contain.

Rules for Developement >>Access to private and public green space >>Diversity of housing types >>Shared living spaces >>Low to medium rise >>Car free living >>User led development >>Self build >>Temporary urbanism >>Craft culture >>Increased intensity over time

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Existing site conditions

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Boat Building

Community Centre 72

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Phase 1 Site Activation

>>Clean up land and create a makers space (De Ceuvel) >>Run community engagement programs in building. >>Pop up events and functions. >>Shared low costs work spaces. >>Engage landscape and create rood garden.

Community Garden

Creative workspaces 73

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Phase 2 Construction >>Housing Expo: construction of experimental housing typologies. >Apartments >Town Houses >Row Houses >Boat Houses >>Rule based design principals inform typologies.

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Phase 3 Expansion and Export >>Expansion when needed through vertical expansion and plot division preventing sprawling development. >>New economy stimulated by using workshops for prefabrication.

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LESSONS LEARNED From the feedback given at mid semester and my own reflections on my project I have come to the following conclusions about the site and my proposal. These issues have been carried into the final project iterations. •

Precedent research must focus on low density, garden typology as the town-houses of Buiksloterham and Borneo Sporenborg are typical of urban areas such as Amsterdam or Rotterdam where the housing market is under much more pressure. Smaller towns such as Henrdik-Ido-Ambacht need their own typologies to differentiate the lifestyle offering as an alternative to the city.

•

As this is an area that is completely overlooked by the majority of the Dutch population, why would we want to expand the housing offering here other than because it has been targeted by Deltametropool? I think that the site offers an alternative lifestyle and a cultural authenticity that is diminishing in the cities. Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht gives the opportunity to modern and diverse residents to engage in new ways with the maritime traditions of the Netherlands and be connected to lush landscapes of Sophiapolder and Biesbosch National Park. All while being closely connected to major cities. Young creative could afford a nice home here and still go into Rotterdam for a night out.

•

The interface between the commercial/industrial prefabrication research centre and factory and the public is critical to the success of the project. The conflicts that arise between the multiple uses of the forecourt waterfront area will give the area it's true character.

• •

•

Living with water is a defining characteristic of Dutch life. The dangers and opportunities need to be considered at every scale of the project from materiality, structure, orientation, connection, landscape and regional schemes. Site toxicity may be a serious concern for this area. As it is a European ship breaking site it has been under very strict regulation that would prevent most of the damage that third world sites would experience. However it is still possible that there is soil pollution here. Taking lessons from De Cuevel on how to naturally clean the land is a key part of my landscape strategy.

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PROJECT

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URBAN RULES

rban design rules illustrate a city's values. The intention behind this list of rules is to create a community of diverse housing that is performative and flexible.

This list reflects the lessons from rule based projects such as the city of Almere, Borneo Sporenburg, and the City Plot project and Alex Lehnerer's Grand Urban Rules.

Short Blocks: No block should have an uninterrupted length of more than 75 meters Pedestrian Streets: All smaller capillary neighbourhood streets must prioritize the pedestrian over the car. All buildings must enhance the quality of theses streets. Multi Functional Streets: A street or block will hold more than a single function Façade Transparency: 50% of street façade must be transparent Retail Frontage Continuity: Retail uses shall form strips that extend beyond a singe building. Ground Floor Flexibility: Ground floor street fronts and any garages must be flexible spaces with ceiling heights of 3-4 M minimum. Ground Floor Materiality: All materials up to 3 meters above the NAP (Normaal Amsterdam Peil or standard water level) will be flood resistant and easily cleaned such as concrete, tiles, marine finished timbers, and similar. Shop front Diversity: All shop fronts must be varied from the adjacent property with urban interaction such as bench seating. No shop can have a frontage longer than 2 times the neighbouring shops. Signage: Only 30% of storefront windows can be signage Lot Assembly Limitations: No development will combine more than 3 lots to protect the fine grain lot distribution of the area. Height Limit: No building may be taller than the Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht Prefabrication Research Centre.

Taper down to shore: Building heights will taper to the Noord river shoreline. Max height of two levels at the river edge. Difference Max: Building should be varied in materiality, setback, height, and style. Height Difference Max: Building heights should be varied by a minimum of 500 mm to the adjacent property, but nor more than 50% higher than the neighbouring building. Transfer of Development (Air) Rights: Transfer of air rights is possible under special application, with a max height of 25m (Height of Prefabrication Centre) Perimeter Block Height: In the case of a perimeter block being constructed the maximum height is 20m 2 Hour Shadow: No building shall cast a shadow that lasts more than 2 hours over their neighbour’s house Distance Between Buildings: Buildings are to be at least 4 meters apart. Lot Coverage: New buildings will cover a maximum of 75% of their lot. Common Law of Nuisance: All residents have a right to enjoy their property and no one has the right to prevent others from doing so. Robustness Hierarchy: As streets are more permanent than buildings they take precedents over the needs of the building. Affordable Housing Agreements: All housing is to be constructed to be as affordable as possible with 25% of affordable housing guaranteed in speculative development projects.

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Performative Roofs: All roofs will perform a function towards the sustainability of the property. This may be solar roofs, green roofs or wind turbines. Solar access: Those properties with solar panels will enjoy unimpeded rights to sunshine on roofs. Soil Depth: All yards will have adequately deep soil to allow for mature trees

Naturally Lit Office Depth: No office shall exceed a depth of natural light illumination. Overlay Zone: All mixed use buildings will be organized with residential functions above commercial. Special Districts: Special consideration is given to the following districts to support the preservation of local culture and economy. â&#x20AC;˘ Boat buildings

Front Yard Depth: Front yards will have a minimum depth of 2 meters. Rear Yard Depth: Rear yards will have a minimum depth of 6 meters. Side yard width: Side yards are to be minimum of 2 meters wide Yard Maintenance: Plants and installations in private gardens must not interfere with neighbours property. Rubbish and items may not be dumped in yards. Hedge Height: Hedges may be no higher than 1.5m Landscape Screening: In protected landscape zones buildings will be screened with vegetation to protect critical views. Compensating Open Space: Projects may get allowances for leaving a certain amount of the site undeveloped. Opposition Drawing: Opponents to a building project must provide opposition drawings which explain the deficiencies of the project. Contextual Response: All projects will demonstrate a sensitivity to the core values of the masterplan and show a site specific response in their design.

â&#x20AC;˘ Prefab/building technology Backdrop Preservation: Views to the HendrikIdo-Ambacht Bridge from the public square in front of the Prefabrication Centre are to be preserved. Parking Structures: All Parking structures must at least twice as many bike parking spots as car spots. All parking structures must be design with ceiling height and structural grids that allow flexibility of use over time. Parking Allowance: Properties will have a maximum allowance of 1 carpark per household. Preference will be given to projects that do not allow for any parking. Curb Cut Spacing: Any cuts in the curb must be spaced at least 5 meters apart. Construction Time Frame: House must be completed within 2 years of ownership in order for all residences to be complete before the housing expo and to prevent a constant construction site. Late delivery of projects will incur a fine. Style Rules: All buildings will conform to the Image Quality Plan.

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MASTER PLAN Development of the master plan for Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht

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EXISTING CONDITIONS The site is currently divided into two zones, the residential and the commercial. The residential offers fine grain, low density housing while the commercial zone struggles with vacancy and inefficient use of space. A summer and winter dike protect the areas inland from the river, but flooding is still an issue here.

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EXISTING CONNECTIONS This area is considered an auto zone by Deltametropool and is heavily car dependant. The ferry is the main form of public transportation, but most resident use their cars to get to the ferry. There is a major disconnect between the river and the residents of the area. There are no public areas except the ferry stop and few access points.

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EXISTING STREETS The current road network of the site defines it's character. Cars are the main form of transport and large roads act as barriers on the site blocking residents from wandering over to the river. This examination of the street interfaces illustrates how small changes could improve the area and offer greater connectivity and flexibility to the site. Changing the hierarchy of the road network will promote the use of the ferry and bike use instead.

Major Auto: Nijverheidsweg major commercial strip with large buildings and few trees. Wide lanes and parking interfaces make this an inhospitable environment for pedestrians. This is the main route through the commercial district of Hendrick-Ido-Ambacht.

Minor Auto: Noordeinde is a secondary commercial street that is outside the protection of the dike. This is an access road to all the waterfront properties and the current ferry location. Many of the buildings on this road are vacant or underused with more under construction.

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Key Plan

2 1

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Key Plan

3 4

On the residential side of the dike there are more intimate street interfaces. While these are still very much intended for car use the hierarchy becomes blurred. I am taking some of these elements and extending them across the site to allow for increased connectivity between the neighbourhoods and the river. Creating more attractive streets with better cyclist and pedestrian interfaces will attract a more diverse type of business to the area, specifically targeting knowledge workers and start-ups. Creating centralised parking garages that are flexible in design reduces the influence on cars in the area and leaves more room to create a green boulevard. Creating a boulevard here also increases the flexibility to infill the commercial space with residential uses in the future. Slowing traffic with intersections, creating woonerfs to transition from auto to pedestrian roads and breaking up the streets with pocket parks are all strategies I have employed to engage with the area's road network.

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NEW STREETS

3.8

1 1.5

3.8

1.5

2.5

New Major Auto

3.7

2.5

1.5

2.5

New Minor Auto

3.5

Shared Street

6.5

River Walk

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SITE BOUNDARIES The master plan area is shown here in pink. Currently the majority of these buildings are vacant or for sale making it an ideal site for redevelopment. The square indicates the main part of the site that this project will focus on. This map shows the local amenities that give this site the potential to be a high quality living environment.

1 Old Village

De Schoof Shopping Centre

Old Steel Factory (to be redeveloped)

Sophiapolder

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SITE BARRIERS The master plan area is shown here in pink. Currently the majority of these buildings are vacant or for sale making it an ideal site for redevelopment. The square indicates the main part of the site that this project will focus on. This map shows the local amenities that give this site the potential to be a high quality living environment.

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WATER MANAGEMENT In line with the regional Room for a River Plan, the northern part of the site has been opened and allowed to flood creating additional water catchment areas. This section is also protected by flood gates where it meets the river to protect from inundation. Other flood mitigation techniques include water catchment gardens along streets, permeable materials to prevent storm water surges, and green roofs for water catchment. This plan also engages the river to make it more accessible to the residents. This is done by making the hard edges more user friendly with steps and new jettys for boats. Some river edges are softened to allow for better biodiversity. A river walk is included on the southern part of the site that includes follies placed along the water to offer functional public spaces. By flooding the northern part of the site there is also the opportunity to employ floating houses here which are safe from rising water levels. The ferry stop is being moved the to centre of the site in an effort to create better connectivity. This was the original ferry location until it was moved in order to expand the parking capacity.

Existing river edge condition

River Steps

Soft Edges

Floating houses

River Walk

Follies

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PRECINCTS The master plan has been divided into districts that reflect the character and use of the area. The boaters area is where the floating houses, yacht club, and boat yard are located designed for residents who are looking for an intimate connection to the water. The innovation precinct is a mixed use area with a focus on prefabrication, research and craft. Large warehouse are given over to creative workers to create a makers industry here. The central area of the site is the main focus of the exhibition with an emphasis on mixed use co-housing and the main public open space. The southern section is designed for those who want to live in a central location but also be surrounded by lush landscape.

MARITIME ENTHUSIASTS

LIVING IN THE LANDSCAPE

INNOVATION PRECINCT

FLEXIBLE COMMERCIAL

COLLECTIVES

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NEW CONNECTIONS The new road systems create a grid network of small blocks that connects the existing pedestrian network with the waterfront. These are all small pedestrian focused streets with minimal parking. This network is designed to get pedestrians and bikes through the site and to the ferry or across the dikes and to the existing residential areas.

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Open Park

Waterfront Promenade

Communal yards

Private Yards

Natural landscape

Public plazas

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LANDSCAPE PLAN As a post industrial site it is important to clean the area of any toxicity before people move in. Using De Cuevel as a template for naturally cleaning the site through phytormediation. This is a long term process but combined with soil removal the site can be cleaned in time to build homes for the housing expo. While ship breaking can be a toxic industry European restrictions should have prevented the site from being overly polluted. Landscaping is the first step both to clean the post industrial areas and ensure that trees are mature by the time the residents move in and the exhibition is open.

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STAGE 1 CONSTRUCTION COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

MAKER SHEDS: NDSM

SAILING CLUB

COMMUNITY CENTRE

100

PREFAB RESEARCH CENTRE

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STAGE 2 CONSTRUCTION FINAL CONSTRUCTION

The final parts of the master plan are the phases of construction. The first phase engages with the community. The prefabrication factory is established to provide the manufacturing for the construction of surrounding buildings. This limits transportation costs keeping construction costs low. Phase one also includes the adaptive reuse of part of the main factory site as a community centre, providing large maker sheds to creatives, and creating a sailing club where residents can build their own boats. Phase 2 is the construction of the homes and shops. There is a two year time limit on the construction of each site to ensure the area is prepared for the housing expo.

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FUNCTIONAL MIX

102

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Residential Dense Residential Retail and Hospitality Creative Spaces Offices/Research Factory Public Transport Parking Public park Public Square Community Facility

Many buildings offer multiple functions and flexible floor plans to allow for a variety of use. All ground floor have 3.5-4 meter ceiling heights, and all garages are designed to be flexible spaces. This allows people to have the freedom to have a home office or business, divide living spaces to rent out or any number of other options. This also gives the streets a variety of interactions. The main intensity of function are grouped together at the centre of the site so that the pedestrian flows will support the various businesses and all for the critical density required to support small business.

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HOUSING EXHIBITION SITE

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EXISTING

DEMOLITION

105

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NEW ROADS

LANDSCAPE

106

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STAGE 1

STAGE 2

107

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EVENT USE

108

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PRODUCTION USE

109

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IMAGE QUALITY PLAN These images represent the materiality intended for the different housing projects. Materials are chosen that reflect the industrial past but have a modern finish. The small bricks that are a common feature in the Netherlands have been paired with other low cost, durable materials.

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BUILDING CASE STUDY: WATERFRONT BAUGRUPPEN

Comprised of 21 mixed use town houses, this building defines the character of the waterfront with a brick colonnade of shops. The town houses above are all at least dual aspect with views onto a large shared yard. The yard contains storage sheds, a garden plot per residence, a playground, and a fenced in yard for dogs. The site steps up to prevent flooding of the homes. This level change means every home on the west side has a street stoop and those on the east have a continuous step that creates seating along the yard. Each town house features high ceilings, performative roofs, and split levels to manage privacy. While the East face is uniform in materiality and form, the west face and all west townhouses allow for individual expression.

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10 M

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WATERFRONT SHOPPING STREET

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HOMES

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PREFABRICATION CENTRE In collaboration with the ARC CAMP.H in Melbourne, a European Prefabrication Research Centre will be established on the site. This will provide a new active economy for the site as well as provide on site fabrication technology for the exhibition. This will be a major draw for creative workers who require access to fabrication technology and large scale manufacturing facilities. This centre will be established through the adaptive reuse of the existing ship breaking yard. Already and ideal size with existing cranes it will only take small changes to modernize and adapt it to purpose. This research centre will promote the use of sustainable building technologies. The housing exhibition will be also showcase their research and production. Using both volumetric and panellized responses, the centre will create an exportable product for Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht.

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2018

SPATIAL FRAMEWORK

2019

2020

INNOVATION

2021

ENABLING

The Municipality will dedicate The Municipality will hand Performative urban rules funds to run the design over some sites at low rent to dictate the architecture. competition and completion makers and others in the form Quality criteria will be of the master plan. of Community Land Trusts prioritized over profit to (CLT) to engage the site. create the best possible The government will then showcase of affordable fund the infrastructure The city will work with collective housing. and landscaping with value financial institutions acting capture assured in the as a broker to get collective Social impact investment will contracts. financing for Baugruppe and also be employed to make Co-Housing groups. up any difference in funding for the community centre The Prefabrication Research and other civic engagement Centre will be a Public Private projects. Partnership 120

022

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2023

CONSTRUCTION

2024

2025

EXHIBITION

The municipality will fund Various client groups will self the organization and running fund their homes in Self-Build, of the housing exhibition. A Baugruppe and co-housing return on this investment will forms. come from ticket sales Simultaneously other buildings will be constructed to create a diverse mix of building typologies and uses on the site.

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2026

EXPORTATION As the exhibition comes to a close, the Prefabrication Research Centre will export homes to other areas continuing the economic growth of the area.

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CONCLUSION Through this research I conclude that a housing exhibition would bring the attention and innovation required to make a lasting impact on this site. Through the use of the key elements of Experimentation, Landscape, Craft, and collective living a new approach to urbanism can be forged that is both site specific and replicable. With this new approach a parallel housing market can be sustained that offers a higher quality of life and choice than the speculative market. This is the Niew Ambacht, the new craft.

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REFERENCES

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REFERENCES A+T Research Group, Aurora Fernandez Per, Javier Mozas, Alex S. Ollero. 10 Stories of Collective Housing: Graphical Analysis of Inspiring Masterpieces. Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain: A+T Architecture Publishers, 2013 ACTAR. Total Housing: Alternatives to Urban Sprawl. New York: Actarbirkauser, 2012 Batchelor, Abigail and Paul Karakusevic. Social Housing, Definitions & Design Exemplars. Newcastle: Riba Publishing, 2017 Berghauser Pont, Meta, and Per Haupt. Spacematrix : space, density and urban form. n.p.: Rotterdam : NAI, 2010 Boeijenga, Jelte, and Jeroen Mensink. Vinex atlas. n.p.: Rotterdam : 010 Publishers, 2008 Community Land trust UK, http://www.communitylandtrusts.org.uk/ Cityplot, http://www.cityplot-buiksloterham.nl/ Failed Architecture, https://www.failedarchitecture.com/whats-an-architecture-biennale-good-for-anyway/

Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/may/12/expo-2015-what-does-milan-gain-by-hosting-this-bloated-global-extravaganza Urhan Urban Design. The Spontaneous City. BIS Publishers, 2010 Komossa, Susanne. The Dutch Urban Block and the Public Realm: Models, Rules and Ideals. Rotterdam: Vantilt Publishers, 2010 Lehnerer, Alex. Grand Urban Rules. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2009 MIT University. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Density Atlasâ&#x20AC;?. http://densityatlas.org/casestudies/profile.php?id=139 Parvin, A (2016) Housing without Debt, https://medium.com/@AlastairParvin/housingwithout-debt-5ae430b5606a Parvin, A (2015) An Open Manifesto for Housing https://medium.com/@AlastairParvin/anopen-manifesto-for-housing-a56cf4eed2a1 Parvin, A (2016) A Right to Regenerate, https://medium.com/@AlastairParvin/a-righttoregenerate-f93969d84c8d

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IMAGE CREDITS Page 2: Aerial Photo of the site. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/8c/1c/66/8c1c66d7f4bb66b427aa 504fd958f49d.jpg accessed 14 Sept. 2017 Rotterdam Aerial Photo: http://airfactsjournal.com/2016/01/friday-photo-twilight-rotterdam/ accessed 14 Sept. 2017 TIKKI Mircro Apartment https://www.archdaily.com/881462/tikku-micro-apartment-marcocasagrande NeighborHub by Swiss Team Solar Decathalon 2017 https://archinect.com/news/bustler/6037/ all Baugruppe diagram http://www.designcurial.com/news/if-you-build-it-4177863 Ships

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/05/shipbreakers/gwin-text http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/ships/pdf/list_ship_recycling_facilities.pdf Midsemester Presentation Images used: Map of Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht 1990 Vinex-Locatie De Volgerlanden Oost in de Gemeente Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, R.A. Lelivelt Yanweizhow Park, Turenscape Landscape Architecture Canada Square, Lake Ontario All icons from the Noun project Experiment Icon, IYIKON from Noun Project Financial Icon by Shashank Singh from Noun Project Robotic Icons by iconcheese from Noun Project Tree Icons by Marina Rico from Noun Project Cyclist Icon by mikicon from the Noun Project

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Opportunistic Urbanism Design Thesis for the completion of Master of Architecture University of Melbourne 2017