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Sept 2018 - April 2019
Tutor : YuFeng Wang ( yufeng@post.harvard.edu ; +886 227116623) Two people group work: full involvment in the whole project including finding the site, defining the topic, discussion with tutor, doing the design and share equal distribution in the digital and verbal presentation
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TaiSugar, the owner of this site planned to divide the land randomly for mainly commercial development, ignoring the context of the culture of the site. We criticised on that and intended to emphasize the importance of heritage in our project, valued the potential location and natural conditions and plan for the good of the urban development, public space and industry of PingTung. !
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SPATIALANALYSIS ANALYSIS SPATIAL 1 x 1 km
200 x 200 m Site
Building heights
Green spaces catchment
The neighborhood is evident in spatial segregation. The eastern and western sides are solely residentials typified by small grain size and low building height. Most of these houses have their own front or backyard green spaces.
According to the ‘Open Space Strategy’ of the City of Melbourne (2012), the walking distance to open spaces is suggested to be within 400m. The 400m walking catchment shows that most parts of the inner city are well-served by provision of green spaces.
Green Urbanity BRUNSWICK, MELBOURNE
T a g t
Green Amenities Albion St
However, the central proposed Brunswick Activity Centre (City of Moreland, 2017) comprises of commercial, industrial sites and higher density residential, typified by larger grain size and higher building height, have very limited private green spaces. Many of these flat roofs are potential to be utilized for greening.
However, it is not the case for the inner north city especially in Monee Ponds, Brunswick and Northcote. Areas that are not accessible to green spaces are mostly residential areas, hence should be prioritised areas to be improved.
There is no public space in the site, only one ground level private green space are observed. The ground is highly occupied by surface car park rather. The majority of the trees are planted by private property and almost no street tree is present. However, it is good to see that some new private developments start implementing green roofs and walls.
William St
Florence St
1.
Sydney Road
10 x 10 km
Breese St
VI
Fig 8. Surface carpark ( source: Google Street view )
trees on private land
others 0.90% High density 25.10%
Master of Urban Design - Land Use and Urban Design (elective)
trees on public land
Separate house 34.30%
private green roof garden private green spaces
Medium density 39.30%
Fig 2. Dwelling type in Brunswick ( source: ABS, 2011-2016 )
AUG 2021 - OCT 2021
Fig 3. Roofscape in Brunswick along Sydney Road
West St
green walls
N
( source: Virtual Moreland 3D )
Yarra River
Interfaces Albion St ( data from ABS; VPA, 2020, )
Legends
Tutor : Ha Thai
400 m walking catchment
green spaces
0
500
( data from DELWP, MWC )
Legends
N
1000m
0-4 m
residential
5-8 m
9-12 m
50
100m
public green spaces
New development (unknown interface)
200 x 200m site
Brunswick Activity Centre
The area has very limited direct transparent interface, most shops are concentrated on Sydney Road. High vehicular transition and blank interface has made the street very inactive and unattractive to walk.
N
0
New development (unknown interface)
William St Direct Transparent
A
When overlaying the population desnity, an area in Brunswick (which is the selected site) has relatively high population density than the other inner north area but has very limited open green spaces.
A number of vacant spaces, parking lots and dead-end lanes are observed in the area, especially in the central commercial area at Sydney Road and on the two sides of the train track. Dovey (2016) suggested that car parking spaces in a TOD development areas should be removed to open up opportunities for open spaces.
( data from ABS; VPA, 2020)
Legends green spaces access level
open
population density ( ppl/sqkm)
limited highly limited
500
100000-300000
William St
public green spaces
B
N
0
50
100m
( source: Google Street view )
( source: ABS)
B
Florence St
Green Mobility Although the use of car and public transport for travelling to local shopping area - Sydney Road is not very high. There is still room to increase the use of walking, and especially cycling which only accounts for 6%.
( data from DELWP, PTV, ABS, PSMA)
N
0
500
points of interest
activity center
commercial
1000m
train line
Secondary local road
train stop
3. sp
Car drive 20%
Walking 50% N 1
2
(data from PTV, pedestrian path mapped Google Street View) 0
Legends bus line tram line
train line cycle paths
protected footpaths
bus stop tram stop
50
100m
train stop 200 x 200m site
Fig 6. cycling path in between on-street parking and road ( source: Google Street View )
surface carpark
The northern part of the area is well-serviced by public transport. Footpaths are connected but are very narrow since road spaces are occupied by on-street parking and vehicular uses.
A
4
B
Fig 10. Road layout on Breese St and Florence St ( source: Google Street view )
West St
Fig 5. Transport mode to Sydney Road shopping area ( source: Munro, 2016)
Protected footpahts are only seen around the large block (mostly larger than 200m) edge which reveals low permeability (Pafka, LUUD Lecture 4, 2021). Also, laneways within the block are not well-designed for easy and safe access (Fig 7.).
N
tram stop
Dead-end local road
A
Cycling 6% Public transport 24%
Only the central area is better served with public transport and cycling network. Majority of the streets have prioritised vehicular uses where cycle paths are shared and narrow (Fig 6.).
Hence, there is an opportunity to enhance green transport in the chosen neighborhood being a location of interest.
tram line
C Fig 4. Vacant spaces in the nieghborhood
200 x 200m site
Similar to the provision of green spaces, the inner north city is not well-served by publilc transport and cycling network compared to the inner city.
green spaces
Primary local road
bus stop (mapped with Google Map)
The chosen 1 to 1 km neighborhood is considered as area of interest as it itself comprises of the Brunswick Activity Centre in local scale and is located next to the key Coburg Activity Centre.
train line cycle paths
footpaths
1
A green environment does not only focus on green spaces but also green transport mode.
bus line
Arterial road
A
Transport and locations of interest
Legends
Streets
Fig 1. Change in estimated resident population
The main task of this assessment is to re-imagine possible futures for the chosen site in inner-north of Melbourne. With the application of urban design theories and knowledge, urban design practice is critically reflected and urban codes are used as tools to guide high quality urban development.
( source: Google Street view )
N
10000-50000
closed
The project first involves a multi-scalar analysis to identify opportunities and constraints of the chosen site, vision and goals are then set in respond to the site character and issues. Urban codes are subsequently set to guide the design of desired quality of public spaces. Lastly, three scenarios with different degrees of application of codes are tested.
Fig 9. Street frontages images
West St
2
vacant spaces, parking lots and dead-ends 50000-100000
Pedestrian Transition
Impermeable / Blank
B
1000m
5000-10000
Vehicular Transition
Albion St
Legends
0-5000
2.
Direct Opaque
C
3
N
0
Florence St
Sydney Road
percentage change (%)
The change in resident population in Brunswick also has a positive trend and a larger change than the Greater Melbourne over the period 2017-2020 (Figure. 1). This population growth further urges a greener environment for the area.
Brunswick Market
Sydney Road
The different access level of green spaces shows that the large publicly open green spaces are mostly located around the inner city while those in the inner north city are limited and in much smaller scale.
Segregation is also seen in the tree coverage pattern. The commercial strip has created a huge gap within the green patch of the area with very limited amount of trees. Besides, very few green roofs had been observed. This reveals the significant need to increase public green spaces and enhance planting of street trees especially in the cetntral area.
Breese St
Population density & access of green spaces
Breese St
Individual work
Vacant spaces & Tree Canopy
Fig 7. narrow laneways
( source: Google Street View )
Summary Main issues
Main opportunities a few new developments attempt to implement vertical greening which could be expanded
Anstey train station
streets prioritise vehicular uses, not pedestrian friendly
excessive amount of vacant spaces that could be utilized
insufficient provisions of green spaces, both public and private very limited greenery on street, poor contact with nature for residents inactive streets with limited active shop frontages
Tram stop
car park
Located within the activity centre and proximal to transit corridors increases the potential for more functional mix to activate the area and encourage sustainable modes of transport (Dovey et al., 2018; Dovey 2016).
Referenc
City of M City of M Dovey, K. Dovey, K. Jacob, J. ( Marshall, health pe
414
ION & GOALS VISION VISION
VISION
The Brunswick neighborhood will embrace a balanced green and built runswick neighborhood willthe embrace a balanced environment with provision of sufficientgreen greenery, green spaces, and uilt environment with provision of sufficient walkable andthe attractive streets, supportinggreenery, the sustainable growth of the spaces, and walkable and attractive streets, supporting neighborhood. ustainable growth of the neighrbhood.
Strategic Goals Strategic Goals 1. Enhance walking experience
hance walking experience Walking experience can be enhanced by having
streets safe, comfortable and attractive. king experience canthat be are enhanced by Through the provisions of green infrastructure and ing streets which are safe, comfotable street furniture on footpaths, attractive. Through the provisions of it allows people to meetand andstreet connect with nature. en infrastructure furnitures on Passive surveillance canpeople also enhance the sense tpaths, it allows to meet and of safety on streets (Jacob, 1961),surveillance it can be achieved by ensuring more nect with nature. Passive the street. also enhanceeyes the on sense of safety on
ets (Jacob, 1961), it can be achieved ough ensuring more eyes on street.
2. Enhance street-life intensity Diverse and active shop frontages at street level
hance street-life intensity play a major role in defining street activities in
the neighborhood. It can be effective in rse and active shop frontages at street attracting people to walk along the street. plays a major role in defining street ities in the neighborhood. It can be tive in attracting people to walk along As a result of goals 1 and 2, safe and attractive streets can encourage treet. people to prioritize walking as the primary mode of transport which promotes health and sustainable benefits to the neighborhood (Marshall Julian D. et al., 2009). result of goal 1 and 2, safe and attractive streets can enage people prioritizing walking as the primary mode of sport which promotes health and sustainable benefits to neighborhood (Marshall Julian D. et la., 2009). 3. Provide accessible Public & Private green spaces Equitable access to public green spaces within
ovide accessible Public & Private green walking distance of catchment will be ensured to es the neighborhood. In addition, private green
spaces will also be provided within the table access to public green spacesdevelopments. establishment of private in walking distance catchment will nsured to the neighborhood. In adon, private green spaces will also be vided within the establishment of ate developments. 4. Mitigate urban heat
Greening on the impervious surfaces in the densely built urban environment helps in tigate urban heat mitigating climate change effects and reducing urban heat island effect. ening on impervious surface in the The neighborhood will be ensured with a and sustainable sely built urban envrionment more helpsresilient in growth within the earth’s ecological limit. gating climate change effects and re-
ing urban heat island effect. The neighhood will be ensured with a more resiland sustainable grwoth within the h’s ecological limit. References:
City of Melbourne (2012). Open Space Strategy. Technical Report City of Moreland (2017). Brunswick Activity Centre Place Action Plan 2017 Dovey, K. (2016). Urban design thinking: a conceptual toolkit. Bloomsbury Publishing Dovey, K. Pafka, E., Ristic, M. (2018). Mapping Urbanities: Morphologies, Flows, Possibilities. Routledge. Jacob, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. e (2012). Open Space Strategy. Technical References: Koch, K., Ysebaert, T., Denys, S., & Report Samson, R. (2020). Urban heat stress mitigation potential of green walls: A review. Urban Forestry & Urban (2017). Brunswick Activity Centre Place Action Plan 2017 Greening, 126843. Marshall, J. D.,aBrauer, M., & Frank, L. D. (2009). Healthy neighborhoods: walkability and air pollution. Environmental health perspectives, Urban design thinking: conceptual toolkit. Bloomsbury Publishing 117(11), 1752-1759. ., Ristic, M. (2018). Mapping Urbanities: Morphologies, Flows, Possibilities. Routledge. MCPC. (2015). Green Sustainable Parking Guide. Montgomery County Planning Commission. e Death and Life of Great American Cities. Mladenović, E., Lakićević, M., Pavlović, L., Hiel, K., & Padejčev, J. (2017). Opportunities and benefits of green balconies and terraces in urban uer, M., & Frank, L. D.Contemporary (2009). Healthy neighborhoods: walkability and air pollution. Environmental conditions. Agriculture, 66(3-4), 38-45. Sadik-Khan, J. (2012). Urban street design guide. New York: NACTO. es, 117(11), 1752-1759.
CODES Code 1 On-street Green Infrastructure & Footpaths Strategic objective
Guidelines
An effective increase in the tree canopy, ensuring more contact with nature on street level and enhancing a more walkable pedestrian environment.
-All on-street parking must be removed -Two options for road layout after on-street parking is removed: 1. Keep the exact existing road layout, parking spaces converted to raingardens 2. Maintain the existing number of lanes and rearrange road layout, an area reclaimed will be contributed to the wider footpath.
Expected outcomes -The increase of greenery will contribute to mitigating UHIE, providing shading, cooling, contact for pedestrians -The improved quality of footpaths will encourage more walking than driving in the neighborhood. -Driveway still maintains its existing width and the addition of new pavement in the secondary local streets will put pressure on driving speed which further enhances the safety of pedestrians.
raingarden
In both cases: -footpaths >=3m wide must provide street trees in every 20m -footpaths <3m wide must provide planter boxes on side close to driveway in every 4m. -for the arterial road (>=10m), the reclaimed spaces should be converted to at least 2m of cycling path in first priority, raingarden in second priority. -Native species are encouraged and should refer to Moreland Tree Planting Manual for Residential Zone (2014). planter boxes dimension:
2m
2m
4m
2m
2m
3m
3m
3m
3m
Shared street
not exceed 20% of width of foorpath
height (including plants)
Shared Street in Madison, USA (source: CBC News)
20m
80 cm maximum
width
Case Study:
4m
Raised planter sizing length
Roadside raingarden in Portland, Oregon (source: nacto)
Option2
Option1
50-90 cm
-dead-end local roads must be converted to shared street -must ensure a 20% of tree coverage of the whole street -other green infrastructures such as edible farming boxes and planter boxes are encouraged and can be decided by residents. -20% of the street area must be provided with street furniture such as benches and tables. -20% of the restaurant’s outdoor dining area must be provided with planter boxes by the business.
4m
<=3m >=2m
2.5m
1.5m
4m
>=2m <=3m
1.5m 2.5m
Code 2 vertical & roof landscaping Strategic objective
Guidelines
To enhance contact with nature for people within their living spaces, especially for those in higher density residential buildings.
Expected outcomes -The neighborhood will be cooler with the reduction of impervious surfaces, effectively mitigating the urban heat island effect. -High level of greenery in all dimensions contributes to the aesthetic values of the city. -Rooftop garden and private balconies will provide residents with proximal green and recreational spaces. -Passive surveillance is enhanced through the activation of facades. -Green balconies and terrace plants could be very effective in buffering noise and dust according to Mladenovic et al. (2017).
Extensive green roofs can reduce stormwater runoff by up to 65%, reduce urban temperature by up to 18 °C
Green walls can reduce the urban temperature by up to 11.6 °C (source:tr.qld.gov.au; Koch et al., 2020)
Green Setback
Green roof
-building setback must provide at least 80% of green vegetation -building setbacks requirements should refer to building and works overlay
-Rooftop garden must be provided and made accessible to residents -At least 50% of rooftop area must be covered with green vegetation -At least 20% of the rooftop area should provide recreational spaces for residents. -Edible gardens are encouraged
Green Walls / Facades
-Private balconies sized 10% of the residential dwelling area should be provided. -At least 30% of the balconies should include greenery, it can be in the form of climbers, urban farming units or large and small potted plants.
-At least 25% of each detached facade should be incorporated with greenery -Green walls or facades should be distributed in different floor levels except for the ground floor. -A variety of species with extensive and different flowering times, textures and colors should be included. -Aesthetic planting patterns should be considered with respect to street and neighborhood context.
Short Lane in Surry Hills, Australia (source:Trevor Mein, n.d.)
Code 4 Active Frontages
Strategic objective
Strategic objective
-Essential parking spaces also contribute to cooling the neighborhood by reducing impervious surfaces, effectively mitigating the urban heat island effect. -The evenly distributed vegetation can ensure a better contact with nature for people. -Helps with water drainage in the area and enhances the blue landscape contributing to greater biodiversity.
bioretention area2-5m
compact gravel base
Guidelines
Expected outcomes
Yerrabingin Indigenous Rooftop Farm in South Eveleigh, Sydney (source: yerrabingin.com.au)
To enhance streetlife intensity and attractiveness of street. grass blocks sand
-At least 20% of the site area must provide green coverage -Planting areas location is not restricted but must be distributed throughout the site to ensure all people’s contact with nature -bioswales system must be incorporated into the planting area -Native species must be considered and layered landscaping consisting of trees, shrubs and grass is encouraged. -Use one of the permeable pavements: grass paving blocks(a), interlocking system(b) or porous asphalt & concrete system(c).
Illura Apartments in West Melbourne (source: Fytogreen Australia, n.d.)
Green Balcony
Code 3 Greening Carpark To reduce the impact of impervious surface area in the neighborhood and regulate provisions of greenery in carpark.
Case Study:
shop frontages
Guidelines
soil mix
rainwater filtration
Ground floor uses & setbacks :
tree (a) shrub grass (b) layered landscaping
Case Study:
(c)
-All development over 500 sqm must provide commercial uses on the ground floor facing the street, occupying at least 80% of the development boundary. -Height of the commercial floor must be 4-6m. -Ground floor commercial frontages must have a minimum setback of 2m. -The width of each premise frontage must be between 5-10m. Facade character facing the street: -All ground floor shops must have a translucency of at least 60%; garage must have at least 50% permeability -All uses above the ground floor must have a translucency of at least 30%
4-6m
ground floor setback
1.5m
>=30% >=30% >=60%
Commercial
5-10m
Commercial
garage entrance permeability
>=50%
5-10m
Expected outcomes Bioswales in carpark in Millcreek Township, US (source: ywcacmlive)
Grass locking pavement in Baltimore Annapolis, US (source: monash.vic.gov.au)
-Passive surveillance is enhanced by having more eyes on the street through the highly translucent facade and the greater street life intensity enhanced by the shop frontages. -Commercial frontages will attract more people to walk in the street instead of driving, connecting people from the train station to the Sydney Road commercial strip. -The fine-grained shop frontages are respectful of local character.
604 Swanston St in Carlton, Melbourne (source: Google Streetview)
15 5
SCENARIOS Scenario 1 Intensification & Car Dependency
Scenario 2 Urban Forest
Scenario 3 Balanced Natural and Built Environment
Building density has been dramatically intensified in this scenario in order to accommodate the unexpected population increase. Large blocks dominate the area and it experiences high gentrification which pushes low-income people out of the area.
The building density has increased from existing to meet the expected population growth in Brunswick. A relatively higher density is located near the train and tram station to support the TOD development. The capacity for urban intensification has been constrained and only low to medium density are allowed, which preserves the fine grain character of the neighborhood.
The scenario has a medium density to fit in the expected population growth and distribute in a way to support the TOD development. The neighborhood demographics have become more diverse where the demand for green spaces varies, hence the public and private sectors have some fair efforts in implementing the green urbanity codes. New developments have considered both good land value and the contributions to better public realm and greenery. They have a relatively higher building coverage but good amount of green spaces provided within some buildings. Public sectors have also increased the provisions of on-street green infrastructure and public green spaces to some extents.
Anstey train station
1
2
3
With the provision of highly attractive and safe streets and the accessibility to high-quality green spaces, residents prioritise walking as the primary mode of transport. Conclusively, it has seen great improvement in cooling the city.
some developments provide excessive green spaces than required
Anstey train station
1
4
2
3
With the provision of attractive and safe streets, and the accessibility to green spaces, some residents choose walking as the primary mode of transport. Conclusively, it has seen some improvements in cooling the city. use of codes
use of codes
The area has an increase in impervious compared to existing which worsens the urban heat island effect.
There are equally high contributions from the public and private in implementing the green urbanity codes. Residents in the area care about quality of living, green spaces and communal activities. Private developments and council have considered their demand and provided green spaces at both building and public levels.
use of codes
Neither the public nor private sectors have implemented the innovative green urbanity codes. Developers tend to build with the maximum building heights to maximise land value and they do not consider the provision of green spaces within buildings. Public green spaces are also absent in the area. The limited functional mix, inactive and unsafe streets have discouraged people’s desire to walk to destinations and as a result, a greater dependency on vehicular uses.
Anstey train station
1
4
2
3
4
all new developments provide vertical landscaping while only some of the exsiting developments are willing to (code2)
green roofs and walls maximised (code 2)
few shop frontages in local streets
on-street parking and surface carpark remained
All large and some medium developments provide active shop frontages (code 4)
on-street parking turned into cycling paths on Sydney Road (code 1)
very narrow footpaths
no on-street green Limited greenery on private infrastructure but balconies have contributed to carpark vertical landscaping (code 2)
Only existing developments have green roofs /walls
on-street parking turned into cycling paths on Sydney Road (code 1) council has turned one of the carpark to public green spaces
all on-street parkings are removed and footpaths are widen (code 1)
more eyes on streets raingardens replacing on-street parking areas and are reachable through windows and balconies (code 4) to pedestrians (code1)
Only some of the large developments provide active shop frontages (partially applying code 4)
residents enjoy their gardening life and have fine-grained actively contributed active shop frontages (code 4) greenery in their private balconies
on-street parkings are removed and footpaths are widen (code 1)
some of the on-street parking areas replaced by raingardents and are reachable to pedestrians (partially applying code1)
shared street (code1)
more eyes on streets through windows and balconies (code 4)
shared street (code1)
green roofs and walls maximised (code 2)
few shop frontages (code 4) & inactive streets
carparks provide some degree of greenery (code 3)
interfaces dominated Large area of blank by vehicular interfaces transition
council has negotiated with private development for turning surface car-park to public green sapce
some street frontages still remain for garage access
carpark implemented permeable paving and greenery as required in code 3
616