HERstory by Helena Berggren

HER story

Written by Alida Helene Buch Hansen Helena Berggren

Supervisor

Svava Riesto

svri@ign.ku.dk

Co-supervisor

Lærke Sophie Keil

lsk@ign.ku.dk

Developed at The university of Copenhagen Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management

Date 31 / 5 - 2022

Title

Her story

Master thesis in landscape architecture and urban design, 30 ects Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management The university of Copenhagen 2022

Thank you to our supervisors Svava Riesto and Lærke Sophie Keil for all their assistance, support and inspiration.

We would additionally like to thank the inhabitants from Haraldsgadekvarteret attending the community involvement workshops, curious residents in the area, volunteers and regulars at Cafeen Skjolds Plads, employees and users at KBH+, the leadership at RYCN, employees and attendees at Osramhuset, and engaged students at Metropol and Impact farm for their stories and feedback.

Lastly, we would like to give a heartful thanks to our loved ones.

4 5

Introduction

Neighbourhood analysis

Sites of interest

Design program Concepts Reflections

6 7 Content

Abstract Introduction Structure Problem Haraldsgadekvarteret and context Feminist approach to urban planning Key findings Method 9 11 13 14 17 23 28

History From an industrial to a residental quarter Skjolds plads Design program Phase plan Conclusion Flow Hardscaped spaces Sifs plads Krakas plads Reflection Frejas plads Litterature Actors The KTK lot Publicness Krakas plads Key findings Corner by Metropol Key findings 33 93 179 187 218 41 107 189 220 203 224 51 119 71 133 83 153 175

Abstract

Gender is an important aspect of society as it influences how people are met in public, and what opportunities people are given. The consequence of ignoring gender relations in planning, results in designs that tend to automatically facilitate a space to be more frequently used by men.

This thesis is situated in Haraldsgadekvarteret in Copenhagen, a complex and diverse neighbourhood. The municipality has started a renewal process in the area, and this thesis will explore how young women use their local urban spaces, what their challenges and needs are.

Through feminist theory, a method for further development has been created, focusing on situated knowledge and subjectivity. An analysis in two scales will define a design program, which finally will be concretized and applied on two sites of intervention.

The thesis highlights the importance of the process rather than the product and defines three main challenges regarding space and spatiality that can be addressed by designers.

1. Regardless of democratic processes, women are forgotten and excluded when gender is overlooked.

2. The monofunctional zoning from modernist planning creates gender segregation

3. Gender relations can affect the feeling of safety

The design program describes six design principles on how to address these challenges and shape spaces for young women in the local context of Haraldsgadekvarteret.

1. Safe connections

2. Connect existing structures

3. Break barriers

4. Connect actors

5. Use meeting points as catalysts for public life

6. Phase plan – secure a feminist approach

A feminist approach can furthermore contribute to a debate and a public awareness of gendered inequality in the urban landscape. It is a problem if the way spaces are shaped, and the ideas behind, consciously, or unconsciously, still reproduce gender inequality. If a place and space can reproduce gender inequality, it must on the contrary also contain the possibility to do the opposite and contribute to change.

8 9

Introduction

“Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody” (Jacobs, 1961, s. 238)

This quote is written by the activist and housewife Jane Jacobs in 1961, where she criticizes modernist city planning and its tendency to overlook people. She argues that modernist developments lack an understanding of existing neighbourhoods and already functioning structures. Many would today agree with Jacobs, her democratic approach, ideas about inclusion, and equal rights in the urban sphere. At the same time, whether a just planning ideal is truly realized should always be a topic for discussion. Are all voices represented? Are urban spaces created for everyone?

Gender is an important aspect of society. It influences how people are met in public, how people act, and to some extent what opportunities people are given. By overlooking gender relations in planning and design processes, societal challenges related to gender are ignored. Gender is nuanced, socially constructed, and it is far from objective. When gender is referred to in this thesis, it is always through the understanding of gender as a socially constructed, dynamic term.

Some would argue that it is not necessary to have a gendered focus in urban planning because of official agreements on gender equality. The consequence of ignoring gender relations in planning, results in designs that tend to automatically facilitate a space to be more frequently used by men. Women do, without doubt, have the same rights to stay and use these spaces, but the space does not necessarily

facilitate the fulfilment of their needs or their participation. Women therefore still use urban spaces less than men do. An unwritten rule is that there is a need for four football fields before women and girls occupy one of them (Kjeldtoft, 2016). A democratic and inclusive urban space should also be an equal urban space regardless of gender. A feminist planning approach would lay its foundation on principles related to gender equality and develop a design that focuses on women, and women’s needs when claiming their public space.

This thesis is situated in Haraldsgadekvarteret, a neighbourhood located in-between Nørrebro, Øster bro, and Bispebjerg in Copenhagen. It is a complex neighbourhood, as it is socially diverse and because of its still visible historical layers. The municipality has started a renewal process in the area, and it will be ongoing from 2021-2026. As the neighbourhood is highly relevant to investigate and understand, this thesis will explore how young women use their local urban spaces, what their challenges and needs are. When referring to young women, the thesis refers to teenagers to women in their late twenties. A feminist approach and method will be developed, which will be implemented when exploring Haralds gadekvarteret, its challenges and potential. The insights will be developed into a design program, which will be concretized and applied on two sites of intervention. The concepts will attempt to turn concretised ideological values into physical design. Hopefully, this thesis can contribute to awareness and inspiration to investigate the social dimension of gender further in urban planning and design.

10 11

Problem

How can Haraldsgadekvarteret, through landscape architecture tools, become more socially sustainably developed with a focus on gender equality? What design can accommodate the needs of young women in their everyday lives, make them feel safe, and create a solid social foundation, grounded in the local community and existing physical structures?

12 13

Structure

The thesis starts with a presentation and reflection around urban feminist theory. The theory has established a foundation and expanded the understanding of the complex theme of feminist urban planning. It has furthermore inspired and created the method used throughout the process of developing Haraldsgade kvarteret and Her Story.

The method is applied in two analyses and stages of the thesis. The first is a large-scale, neighbourhood analysis, that aims to cover the whole neighbourhood. It seeks to understand the large structures, how the area is compounded, what its characteristics are, its overall challenges and what potential remains undiscovered. Through this overall understanding of Haraldsgadekvarteret, some spaces of interest are chosen specifically because of interesting overlaps, transitions, use, and stories described and brought forward in the neighbourhood analysis. These spaces are analysed further in a smaller scale, through five sites of interest, providing a deeper understanding of local challenges and possibilities in the context of Haraldsgadekvarteret. In addition, these studies will highlight how women use public spaces and tell their everyday life stories.

With a thorough understanding of Haraldsgadekvarteret, its chal lenges and potential, a design program has been created to collect requirements when designing with the purpose of shaping spaces for young women. It can be seen as a gathering and concretization of the analysis and the foregoing theory. The design program is then further applied to two design concepts, with physical concretizations. The spaces for intervention are selected with understanding from both analyses and describe important design requirements to secure a development that fulfils the purpose.

The thesis will further provide a reflection based on theory, method, and the concretization of the two. It will reflect the process, future possibilities, possible challenges, and obstacles. The project takes a starting point in a broad, overall understanding of feminist urban planning, narrowing down to concretization and a local scale in Haraldsgadekvarteret.

The process has consisted of several detours, although the thesis is structured through this concretization. Theory has been re-visited, further developing the method, concentrating both analyses, before finalizing the design concepts.

14 15

Haraldsgade kvarteret

A diverse and shifting neighbourhood

16 17

Nørrebrohallen

Haraldsgadekvateret

Haraldsgadekvarteret

Haraldsgadekvarteret at Nørrebro is situated on the edge of three neighbourhoods in Copenhagen: Nørrebro, Østerbro and Bispebjerg. The quarter is severed from the rest of the city as it is framed by larger roads and the local railway network. Internal roads were dimensioned to accommodate heavy industry as factories were built in the late 1800s and the early 1900s. The industrial era has since then left the city, but with industrial remains the area has both infrastructural and social challenges in addition to great potential. Today these over-di mensioned roads form the main characteristic of Haraldsgadekvarteret as they occupy 37% of the total neighbourhood (Teknik og Miljøforvaltningen, 2020). Haraldsgadekvarteret comes across as hard, grey, empty, and incoherent, almost forgotten, but on the contrary, it is inclusive, open, light, and almost hidden in the dirt.

It is a trend that people visit Haraldsgadekvarteret with a purpose before they leave again. Today, there are several important green structures and other easily accessible public spaces surrounding the neighbourhood and this results in many of the young residents travelling out of the quarter. As can be seen in the context map the public spaces close to and inside of Haraldsgadekvarteret are highly programmed with a focus on action. This creates an urban hierarchy, and a purpose is needed to use many of the spaces. The low range of activities and the little flexibility provided in the landscape, can be exclusive as activities dictate how to live the urban life.

Renewal process

The metro station at Skjolds Plads opened in 2019 and has connected Haraldsgadekvarteret to the rest of the city, and the interest in the neighbourhood has increased. The municipality of Copenhagen started a local renewal process in 2021, and the developments will go on until 2026. A quarter plan that describes the goals, challenges, potential and already planned projects has been created. The challenges described are mostly related to social housing being listed on the “ghetto-list” or on the verge of being so. Highlighted potential are the wide streets, and the many attractive plots for potential development. Their vision is that

“Haraldsgadekvarteret shall be an eventful, cohesive, green, and diverse neighbourhood. The residents shall thrive as neighbours in a safe environment and in the quarter’s larger community. The quarter shall connect outwards to Østerbro, Nørrebro and Bispebjerg” (Områdefornyelsen ved Skjolds plads, 2021. P15. Authors’ translation).

Områdefornyelsen is a designated team employed in the municipality and work with facilitating the development. They have described five main goals in reaching their vision. These are:

1. Create a cohesive neighbourhood

2. Create a neighbourhood with strong communities

3. Create a neighbourhood with better education

4. Create a neighbourhood with urban nature with high quality

5. Create a safe neighbourhood. (ibid. P16-17. Authors’ translation).

This is not the first time there has been a renewal process in the neighbourhood. Haraldsgadekvarteret went through another development from 2007 to 2012. Some of their key development goals were to create physical and social connections in the area, increase the number of family houses, reduce social challenges, strengthen integration, focus on public health and the needs of elderly, and create more activity for children, among others. As a result of this development, several roads were made into dead end streets to define new urban spaces. These spaces were all named after gods or creatures from Nordic mythology, giving Haraldsgadekvarteret the nickname, the mythological quarter.

18 19 Bus Kildevældsparken Inter-city train Metro Metro 1:15 000 Context map North arrow - applicable for the whole thesis Korsgadehallen Nuuks plads Bus Inter-city train Assistens kirkegården Nørrebros runddel

SuperkilenNørrebro St. Osramhuset Skjolds plads

Mimersparken Amorparken Fælledparken Vibenshus runddel KBH+ Lersøparken Bispebjerg St. Bispebjerg kirkegård N

Aldersrogade

Boundary

The set boundary of the development plan goes from Vingelodden to Jagtvej and from Tagensvej to Lersø Parkallé, including Nørre Fælled School. The focus area for this thesis does not include Vingelodden, as Rovsingsgade functions as a natural barrier and creates an urban island together with the roads mentioned above. In addition, Vingelodden has a contrasting character compared to the rest of the quarter. It still has an industrial function, the railway passes through, large plots are commercialized, and it includes few residential areas.

A compound neighbourhood

Haraldsgadekvarteret is a compound area and consists of residential enclaves, old industrial buildings, institutions, creative initiatives, and engaged local citizens. The neighbourhood is not only cut off from the city, but it is also fragmented within. Wide, over-dimensioned, worn roads divide the quarter into smaller enclaves or housing groups that are then poorly connected. The enclaves turn their backs on the public and leave the few public spaces empty, and there are no parks or cemeteries in the area. The low flow of vehicles leaves the unwelcoming streets to themselves, many of them end blindly, and Haraldsgadekvarteret seems left behind. This is further experienced through the few public spaces, that feel like a last-minute addition pushed onto the existing, hard, inflexible structure, which remains from Haraldsgadekvateret’s industrial past.

The quarter is also socially fragmented. From the idyllic one family houses in Vibekevang, east towards Lærsø Parkalle, to the social housing close to Krakas Plads and to student dorms, south towards Jagtvej (see overview map). Overall, the quarter is socially diverse, however it is homogeneous within the residential groups. With few logical places to stay, it is easy to leave the area without thinking about it. Hard paving, no colours, no softness send unwelcoming signals and leave the public to itself. At the same time, if you look behind the curtains, there are many initiatives that welcome you if you know about them, including people, organizations, places to stay, and places to explore. Jointly, local initiatives try to weave the social aspect of Haraldsgadekvarteret together. It is a need grounded in the people living, using, and visiting the area. When looking at local affiliation, the area is indeed alive, however, fragmented. Several of these actors

and communities are significant support groups for young women, in a landscape that is at times almost hostile. It is therefore important to understand these supportive structures, how they are connected and what they need when designing for young women in Haraldsgadekvarteret.

There is a higher percentage of residents who feel unsafe in Haraldsgadekvarteret compared to the average resident in Copenhagen (Områdefornyelsen ved Skjolds plads, 2021). This is partly due to the area being important in a gang war that took place in 2017. Urban spaces were encroached on by local gangs, vandalism found place and the streets were used for reckless driving. Sadly, Haraldsgadekvar teret still suffers from violent incidents today. The empty, over-dimensioned streets with little present public life, can therefore be perceived as unsafe, particularly during dark hours. When walking through them, it is easy to feel exposed and alone. Young women and other vulnerable groups are affected by the safety issue, and it limits their use of public space in Haraldsgadekvarteret.

Exploring Haraldsgadekvarteret

A short film of Haraldsgadekvarteret has been created and it can be seen here: It conveys the physicality of the neighbourhood, its characteristics and public life in a chronological order, starting in February and ending in May.

Link to film

20 21 Overview map (Københavns Kommune Teknik- og Miljøforvaltningen, 2021. p.8) Kvarterplan Områdefornyelsen ved Skjolds Plads Københavns Kommune Teknikog Miljøforvaltningen Side 8 Haraldsgade Sigynsgade Vognvænget* Vermundsgade Vermundsgade Sigurdsgade Titangade Rådmandsgade Jagtvej Rovsingsgade Lersø Parkallé Tagensvej Ragnhildgade *De to almene boligafdelinger Den Grønne Trekant og Vognvænget er udpeget som parallelsamfund af staten under navnet Aldersrogade. Den Grønne Trekant* Nøgletal Antal beboere (2020) Antal boliger (2020) % 18-64-årige udenfor arbejdsmarkedet (2019) % 30-59-årige kun grundskole (2018-2019) % med gns. indkomst <55 % af regionsgns. (2018-2019) % ikkevestlig herkomst (2020) Dømte (+15-årige) (2020) Aldersrogade* 2.10382232,2 % 63,7 % 52,4 % 69,6 %2,03 % Kilde: Statens liste over ghettoomåder 2020. *Det udsatte boligområde Aldersrogade består af boligafdelingerne Den Grønne Trekant (Bo-Vita) og Vognvænget (VIBO). Aldersrogade er navnet, som boligområdet har jf. statens udpegning af parallelsamfund (tidl. ghettolisten). Områdefornyelsen ved Skjolds Plads‘ afgrænsning. Metropol Metropol

Skjolds Plads Nørrebro Gymnasie Sifs Plads Krakas Plads

KTK lot

Thesis boundary Nørre Fælled Skole Vingelodden Vibekevang Østerbro Nørrebro Lærsøparken

Feminist urban planning

Develpoing a feminist approach and method

22 23

Introduction - inequality

A democratic neighbourhood should provide spaces for everyone, regardless of sex, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, socioeconomic background and so forth. This includes a just distribution of private and public spaces, where everyone feels included, have equal opportunities, and get their needs fulfilled – needs such as belonging, feeling at home, feeling safe, having a social life and ability to retreat to the private sphere. The city is, for many people, the context for their everyday life as well as the extraordinary life experiences and dictates the ways in which many people live their lives in general.

Landscape and gender are inextricably linked, and according to Dumpelmann (2021), the landscape is gendered. Already, through paintings of the romantic era, the landscape has been portrayed with subtle signs of either masculine or feminine shapes, aesthetics, norms etc. Open, well maintained, and controlled landscapes with an overload of flowers represented the feminine body and mind. Femininity was portrayed as something beautiful, something sexual, something pure and untouched. Something that should be taken care of, as you take care of a Baroque Garden. On the other hand, the dark, dense, and shrubby landscapes with hard angles and shapes were supposed to represent masculine strength and bravery. The representation in these paintings did not relate to the male body, but to the capability the man had, the important responsibility he carried, the strength he had, and how he was in close contact with wild nature. The landscape was already at that time and has ever since been a political question (Dumpelmann, 2021). The hardscaped, hard-angled streetscape of Haraldsgadekvarteret can be associated with a masculine sphere and the roughness of it can be associated with accomplishments and purpose. Expectations as to how to act related to gender are still highly present and these norms are relevant to be aware of when designing a democratic city. Norms and aesthetics do dictate and shape how people, especially vulnerable groups, use and stay in the city. It is therefore important to investigate how people in Haraldsgadekvarteret, based on gender, use the urban landscape. Is this interpreted masculine sphere dominated by men, and how do women use public spaces in Haraldsgadekvarteret?

The city is a physical place consisting of buildings, playgrounds, shops and so on, but it is more than just these structures. It is an emotional place,

consisting of belonging, feeling at home, included and safe, or on the contrary feeling afraid, helpless, alone, excluded, and marginalized (Hudson and Rönnblom, 2008). Even so, cities are traditionally designed and planned by men for men, often shaping spaces with a negative impact on women, and others that differ from the white, male, heterosexual perspective. This can be seen through both physical and social structures.

Structural challenges

Large areal planning and the design of huge vertical buildings have been looked upon as masculine, powerful and as intellectual design (Steiner & Veel, 2020). Despite having this reputation, many of these projects do not consider actual needs of real users nor the local context. Monofunctional zoning between work, shopping, home and so on has histo rically shown to be developed with the stereotypical idea of how men use and move in the city (Hudson and Rönnblom, 2008. P. 76). The landscape became a science that prioritized technicality for technicality’s sake. In this case, the generic masculine school of thought looks and develops with a bird’s-eye view and is planned from the outside-in (Dumpelmann, 2021).

Haraway, feminist historian and professor at the University of California, states that using science in urban planning distracts the project from the real world. Science is used as a reason to state an objective viewpoint that does not exist.

“In any case, social constructionists might maintain that the ideological doctrine of scientific method and all the philosophical verbiage from getting to know the world effectively by practicing the sciences. From this point of view – the real game in town – is rhetoric, a series of efforts to persuade relevant social actors that one’s manufactured knowledge is a route to a desired form of very objective power” (Haraway, 1988. P. 577)

When planning through science and the supposed truth, the actual context, social situations, needs, and deficiency are not considered. Objectivity does not exist, and “feminist objectivity means simply situated knowledges” (Haraway, 1988. 581). It is important to understand the complexity and the local connections to understand the relationships both in physical and in social structures. To understand, represent, and convey a more subjective understanding of Haraldsgadekvarteret, filming has

been a useful tool (Link to film ). Through moving pictures, the viewer has the opportunity to create a personal perception of the site, using several senses. Furthermore, the film has provided a wider perspective of the site and a broader understanding of connections, transitions, and overlaps.

“And like the god trick, this eye fucks the world to make techno-monsters” (Haraway, 1988).

Several neighbourhoods still carry this objective “god perspective”, that sees everything from nowhere but still claiming to know everything. It has therefore been important to return to Haraldsgadekvarteret regularly to understand its complex context. The development method seeks to avoid planning from a “god-perspective” with a pervasive understanding of local challenges and potentials. It is furthermore important to understand how the physical structures of Haraldsgadekvarteret meets the needs of users, how people are connected, their wishes and sufficiency.

To avoid planning from above, from nowhere, it is crucial for the understanding of complexity to have a view from a body. Looking is never just masculine, and by seeing the site from several visions, with contradictions and complexity, a more just develop ment will unfold (Haraway, 1988). Returning to site, during various times of the day, different days of the week, and throughout the changing seasons, has been important to grasp the neighbourhood phenomen ologically. By experiencing Haraldsgadekvarteret in eye-height, the complexity, challenges, and needs can be understood further and development from this bodily perspective can unfold. The bodily experience of Haraldsgadekvarteret is further represented in a collection of materials, bringing the tactility of the site together, noticing nuances, main characteristics, transitions, and overlaps.

The feminist inspired approach designs from the inside out with a focus on the user, seeing urban concepts through a critical point of view, and challenging the generic idea of what a city is. (ibid.). Conversations with locals have therefore been a crucial tool during the many re-visits, as the everyday life story is important to consider when planning with a foundation in the local community. When their site-specific knowledge unfolds, local challenges and possibilities can be acknowledged, and a democratic development can take place.

Location

A location is vulnerable as it is an ever-changing and flexible structure. There is no single feminist perspe ctive, as it embraces the complexity and its webbed connection with an honesty that the future might change. A feminist perspective therefore focuses on process and understanding rather than product and the proclaimed truth of science (Dumpelmann, 2021). Structures, both physical and social, are interdepen dent. When developing Haraldsgadekvarteret with the purpose of shaping spaces for young women, the process towards final concepts is crucial for a representative outcome.

Through this multi-vision city perception, care is incorporated into the urban landscape. It is a care for the social structures, how they are connected, and how they can continue to be connected. The structures and context will be made adaptable for changing needs, as well as ensuring a care for the remaining systems that are gently in balance. How these systems are balanced and interwoven is a complex situation that also needs to be understood, respected, and in some cases developed and rebalan ced.

Social challenges

Through empirical studies from Austria, Grimm-Pretner (2012) unveils that girls withdraw from public spaces already in their early teens, and that society still has not achieved equality in the landscape. The same pattern can be seen in Haraldsgadekvarteret, as there is a tendency for young women to stop social outdoor activities once they become teenagers. Opportunities to be a part of the public life is important for a healthy social develop ment and is critical in developing a democratic city (Grimm-Pretner, 2012). Representation, identification, and the possibility to access urban spaces freely are all important aspects in achieving an equal urban society. It is an indirect referral to the private sphere by not prioritizing women in the public sphere, and structural inequality is maintained.

By comparing urban spaces dominated by men versus women, it does appear that the space used by women, is more than three times smaller than the space used by men (ibid.). The space used by women refers to spaces such as public transportation routes, playgrounds, and green spaces, where the space used

24 25

by men on the contrary refers to parking lots, skate park, and hardscaped squares (ibid.). Haraldsgadekvarteret is defined by roads, parking lots and other hardscaped spaces more frequently used by men. This is also in reality how these spaces are used. The urban spaces are, in other words, excluding and do not support gender equality.

Safety

Another aspect of urban inequality is the issue of safety. This is a matter that affects multiple groups in society and there has in later years been an increased focus on urban safety for young women. The issue affects and limits their use of public space as some avoid moving through, staying outside, or act actively to secure their own feeling of safety. Why urban safety issues are related to gender inequality is a complex question. The feeling of vulnerability, acknowledgement of the burden uncomfortable experiences might bring, and rumours these experiences may engender, certainly all contributes to how women use the public spaces. Young women are told how they should move, what to do and what not to do, to secure their own safety. Some actions vulnerable groups perform, to increase the feeling of safety, are for example to walk with keys between their fingers, to cross the street to avoid eye contact and cycling even short distances. Victims of violence or uncomfortable experiences may experience the additional burden of being met with questions and prejudices, at times being blamed for just existing in the space.

Physical design cannot alone solve the problem of inequality in the landscape, but fear has a spatial dimension as women chose to move differently

because of it. The physical environments can there fore reinforce the perception of feeling unsafe in the public sphere. Nonetheless, physicality and design can also strengthen the feeling of safety (Hudson and Rönnblom, 2008). Jacobs (1961) wrote about how “eyes on the street” and public life is crucial for urban safety and connected safety to social control.

“A well-used city street is apt to be a safe street., …., First, there must be a clear demarcation between what is public space and what is private space., …., Second there must be eyes on the street, eyes belonging to those we might call the natural proprietors of the street., …., And third, the sidewalks must have users on it fairly continuously” (Jacobs, 1961. P.35)

She argues that safety is the basis for freedom and that representation and obvious presence of women will invite others. Through design this can be seen through active facades, a mixture of functions, and good street lighting that gives an overview and control of the space (Jacobs, 1961).

When talking about safety, it is important to differ between authorized safety and the feeling of safety. Fear and experienced unsafety are emotional reactions that in many cases do not correspond to the reality. Even though the risk of being exposed to criminal actions statistically is low, the perceived vulnerability can be high. The consequences of being exposed to such actions can differ and be highly individualised. Women might feel more unsafe because they are aware of the burden and social strain a violent action might bring. It is therefore problematic to oversee the feeling of safety even if it is not relevant for the authorized safety in the neighbourhood.

26 27

Key findings

How to understand and develop Haraldsgadekvarteret

Haraldsgadekvarteret has several, both structural and social challenges when it comes to gender equality in the public space. A way to address these spatial challenges is through creating a feminist design and planning approach. People should have equal opportunities and get their needs covered in equal measure. Everyone should be provided with spaces where they feel safe and at home, spaces to interact and retreat to the private sphere. The city is an important context for the everyday life and its structures dictate how many live their lives.

Monofunctional zoning, efficiency, and a landscape made for production has historically been looked upon as intellectual design. These landscapes have been planned through a proclaimed reality, and the supposed truth of science. According to Haraway (1988), this proclaimed truth distracts the project from the real world, using technicality for technicality’s sake, without considering real users. Situated knowledge is therefore important when understanding complex contexts, users, needs and sufficiency. This means that the process must acknowledge subjective viewpoints, understand them, and facilitate designs based on them. When avoiding planning from above, from nowhere, from the “god perspective”, returning to Haraldsgade kvarteret has been crucial. The development method seeks to grasp a thorough understanding of existing structures, both physical and social, and how they are connected. In acquiring this knowledge, it might be possible to understand challenges as well as potential, how to use them actively and design with a foundation in the local community. Conversations have therefore strengthened the understanding of situated knowledge during the many re-visits. With a focus on the everyday life story, the subjective viewpoints, and their site-specific knowledge, local challenges and possibilities can be identified, and a democratic development can take place.

Looking is never just masculine, and it is crucial when understanding the complex context to have a view from a body. The body should be contradictory and provide multi-visions with an acknowledgement of the many viewpoints present in the context (Haraway, 1988). It should experience the site in eye-height together with locals, learn from them, and meet their everyday lives. This phenomeno logical approach has been applied in the process of understanding Haraldsgadekvarteret. Re-visits have, as described, taken place at various times, and the bodily experience of is further represented in a collection of materials. Together they represent the tactility of the site together, its nuances, main characteristics, transitions, and overlaps.

To understand, represent, and convey a more subje ctive understanding of Haraldsgadekvarteret filming has also been a useful tool. Through moving pictures, the viewer has the possibility to create a personal perception of the site, using several senses. The film has furthermore provided a wider perspective of the site and a broader understanding of connections, transitions, and overlaps. With a lens in eye-height, a development from a bodily perspective becomes attainable. Link to film

When developing Haraldsgadekvarteret with the purpose of shaping spaces for young women, the process towards final concepts is crucial for a representative outcome. A location is vulnerable as it is ever-changing, and the feminist approach focuses on the process rather than the product. It acknowledges that the future might change rather than proclaiming a supposed truth, that does not exist.

28 29

Neighbourhood analysis

30 31

History

From an industrial to a residential quarter

32 33

34 35 Timeline * References found on page 226

History

1800s

Before the late 1800s, Haraldsgadekvarteret

consisted of large empty fields used for hunting and recreation. Grundtvigs højskole was opened, on the local farm Marienlyst, to create an accessible school for the people rather than the pretentious Latin institutions found elsewhere in the country (Dam, 2012). At the turn of the century, fields and plots were sold cheaply, factories were built, and the quarter accommodated some of the largest workpla ces in the country (Områdefornyelsen ved Skjolds plads, 2021). The Titan factory (1897-1965) was at that time, the largest producer of electrical machines and provided over 4000 workplaces. Together with the enormous workload expansion, dwellings were built to accommodate the workers and their families.

Like the rest of Nørrebro, Haraldsgadekvarteret was a working-class neighbourhood, inhabited by large families in small apartments. Most of the dwellings were either one or two-room apartments with poor and unhealthy conditions (Boligerne omkring århundredeskiftet, 2022)

Early 1900s

With a rising awareness of the importance of better living conditions, new housing structures were developed in the beginning of the 1900s. Vibekevang (1926) in Haraldsgadekvarteret is an example of this, and the buildings appeared as a picturesque village in the city with colourful facades and private gardens (Områdefornyelsen ved Skjolds plads, 2021).

The workers should be provided with, according to Howard (1902), the qualities of the city and the best things from the countryside. This included larger space, more light, local city functions, a focus on social life and economic situations among other things. The townhouses in Vibekevang are still to be found in Haraldsgadekvarteret and differ drastically from other residential clusters in the area.

General Motors, 1929-1974

The industrial era continued in Haraldsgadekvar teret as General Motors opened in 1929 (Områdefornyelsen ved Skjolds plads, 2021). The factory was sabotaged during the second world war in 1944, as Nazi flight engines were hidden in the storage rooms. Luckily for General Motors, the “private car

era” arrived. Post-war cities, Haraldsgadekvarteret included, were built around efficiency and with the idea that everyone should own a car (National museet, 2022). City functions should be available to everyone, though divided into monofunctional zones. General Motors took advantage of this structural idea and made a brand that focused on the everyday car. When General Motors ended its production in Haraldsgadekvarteret (1974) the factory had produced over 550 000 vehicles (ibid.).

Gender inequality in modernist thoughts

The reality of a landscape built for cars, is also connected to the stereotypical idea of how men use their surroundings (Matrix feminist design collective, 2022). A fragmentation of functions was only possible because of this idea. This created challenges for everyone that did not own a car or did not have the opportunity to use one. Historically, the family car was mainly used by the man (Hudson and Rönnblom, 2008) but is still today a structural issue. Fewer women than men own their own cars, and they are often more dependent on public transportation and cycling (ibid.). This might be rooted in social aspects but may also be the result of unequal economic situations. In other words, in many planning structures, this socio-economic inequality is not adequately reflected upon and the result is again, spaces created primarily for men.

Marienlyst farm (Larsen, 1907)

Kvindehjemmet

The acknowledgement of an unequal society and urban structure is not new. Already in 1902, a group of activists started Kvindehjemmet (women’s home) to support homeless women in a capital with an enormous population growth and bad living condi tions (Kvindehjemmet, 2022). Kvindehjemmet was in 1945 moved to Jagtvej 153 and is still to be found there. Their motto was and is “hjælp til selvhjælp,” (“help to self-help”) and has, throughout the years, served as an urban support institution (ibid.). Its functions have been developed to meet the needs of the challenges of the time. From helping homeless women, giving them the possibility to become independent at the beginning of the 1900s, to serve as a institution for children with sick mothers in the 1930s, to help women in financially challenging post-war times, to become a centre for victims of violence, still with both childcare and private rooms to live temporarily in (ibid.). Kvindehjemmet raises awareness of challenges women face in their everyd ay life, both today and in a historical perspective. It is noticeable, through obvious signs of support, that the social society and the physical structures tend to overlook the needs of women, how they move, use, and stay in the city. The patriarchal city choreographs how to live in the urban setting.

Late 1900s

During the late 1900s the representation and expansion of social housing were prominent in all of Copenhagen, Haraldsgadekvarteret included. The social housing estates were built with an origin in the welfare state’s ideal of an equal society with affordable dwellings for all and were built with characteristic facades in yellow and red bricks.

Renewal process, 2007-2012

In 2007 the municipality started a development of Haraldsgadekvarteret that went on until 2012. Some of their key development goals were to create physical and social connections in the area, establish city functions, increase the number of family houses, reduce social challenges, strengthen integration, focus on public health and the needs of elderly, create more activity for children, among others. As a result of this development, several roads were made into dead end streets to define new urban spaces. These spaces were further developed to meet the municipality’s goals. The university college Metropol was also established as a part of the further devel opment of Haraldsgadekvarteret as six educational institutions were combined (Københavns Kommune, 2007). Today, the institution in Haraldsgadekvarteret provides educations within the health and care sector and accommodates 80% female students.

36 37

Kvindehjemmet Jagtvej 153 (Melchiors, 1952)

Gang war, 2017

Copenhagen suffered from a gang war in 2017, that took place mainly in Nørrebro. Krakas plads, one of the newly made public spaces in Haraldsgadekvar teret, was infested by the gang Loyal to Familia. The war resulted in over 40 shootings, and several people were murdered. Nørrebro became an unpredictable warzone and the situation created undeniable safety issues in Haraldsgadekvarteret (Engelschmidt, 2017).

Nobody but gang members used Krakas plads in this period, there were car races in Sigynsgade, locals were threatened, and vandalism occurred frequently (ibid.). Even if the gang war officially ended later the same year, the reality is completely different. Haraldsgadekvarteret still suffers from gang threats and drug dealing. Though more subtle, it is still present and visible. These rumours affect the local social life and opportunities in the neighbourhood. Safety issues are a challenge that highly affects how women use the city, and fear has a spatial dimension when women choose to move away from spaces where they feel unsafe (Hudson and Rönnblom, 2008).

Ghetto law, 2018

In 2018 the controversial and much-discussed “Ghetto law” was established (Teknik -og Miljøfor valtningen, 2018). The state intensified the effort to prevent so called “parallelsamfund” (parallel commu nities) in vulnerable neighbourhoods. To end up as a “parallelsamfund” and be listed on the Ghetto-list, the neighbourhood must fulfil certain criteria related to income, ethnicity, education etc. One of the most comprehensive consequences from the new law gave the municipality or housing associations the possibility to remove buildings if the neighbourhood were on the Ghetto-list for more than four years. Inside of Haraldsgadekvarteret some residential clusters are on the Ghetto-list, and some are on the verge of becoming so (Teknik -og Miljøforvaltnin gen, 2019). New densification plans are proposed, and many residents are critical of the direction of the new development as it is uncertain what will happen to their homes. Many young people are also met with prejudices and expectations as to how they are or should be when they come from Ghetto-listed areas. This affects their everyday life and is defining their possibilities.

Metro, 2019

Skjolds plads was fenced off in 2009 because of metro construction. After many years behind fences, the metro station finally opened to the public in 2019. Haraldsgadekvarteret was then drastically stronger connected to the rest of Copenhagen and it is, according to locals, clearly visible in the urban landscape. The square-meter cost of dwellings close to metro stations compared to other dwellings is remarkably higher (Andersen, 2014) and does without doubt affect the local community. Both in terms of positive effects for some and negative effects for others.

Pandemic, 2020

When the corona pandemic hit in 2020, a large test centre opened at Vingelodden north of Haralds gadekvarteret. Vingelodden was important in the industrial era as a freight station was located here and the rails are still to found in the area. Today the space accommodates heavily commercialized spaces, such as car sales, but is otherwise left to itself. Through the test centre the city somehow acknow ledged that the area existed. People understood that large unused spaces still exist in Copenhagen and the interest for Vingelodden rose drastically. The flow though Haraldsgadekvarteret also increased, and the otherwise empty, forgotten neighbourhood was suddenly noticed by other people than locals.

Renewal process, 2021-2026

A renewal process of Haraldsgadekvarteret started in 2021 and will go on until 2026. Their vision is that,

Key findings - History

• Historic working-class neighbourhood with small dwellings

• A neighbourhood with an important industrial past

• An urban landscape built around efficiency and separation of functions. Gender inequality is prolonged.

• Expansion of social housing in the late 1900s

• Krakas plads suffered from incidences in the gang war in 2017

• Metro station opened at Skjolds plads in 2019, it has impacted the neighbourhood.

• Ongoing renewal process 2021-2026. Building on an earlier renewal process from 2007-2012

38 39

Demonstration against the Ghetto law and demolishing of social housing (Davali, 2021) Corona test-center at Vingelodden (Renner, 2020)

Flow

Thresholds

Hardscaped spaces

The streets of Haraldsgadekvarteret all have the same characteristics, and they are defining the public realm. Their wide and open structures are a reminder of an industrial past, they are lined with street parking and lack maintenance. The wide roads can also appear to be at a non-human scale, particularly in crossings. They are interpreted this way due to the large asphalt surface continuing in infinity, and because of few elements or functions interfering with them. The street parking takes up space on the pedestrian path, further signalling that soft traffic is downgraded. There are additionally no cycle lanes in Haraldsgadekvarteret, other than along the large surrounding roads (Jagtvej, Tagensvej and Rovsingsgade) and along Haraldsgade. The streetscape can therefore be interpreted as exposed and uncomfortable to move through.

The entrances into the quarter can further provide obstacles as they are often closed off, unwelcoming, and confusing. It is sometimes unclear whether it is possible to walk or cycle, and lack of orientation can disrupt the flow.

Meeting points

During the last renewal process, several roads were made into dead end streets, and junctions were cut off to create public spaces in the neighbourhood. All public spaces in Haraldsgadekvarteret are either defined by roads or created out of old junctions. The car dominated streetscape influences the neighbour hood and defines the main character. Some housing groups are closed around themselves and form what can be experienced as enclaves. With homogenous resident groups within, the enclosure becomes exclusive, and acts as a social barrier with a low flow of people moving through.

Although this character today contains several challenges, it also offers large potential for development and the possibility of creating new spaces for interaction in the area. The street network dominates the public sphere of Haraldsgadekvarteret and can, if used constructively, become an important feature of a liveable neighbourhood.

Parking along all the roads, few cycle paths

Large half-empty parking spaces that diminish the flow of cyclists and pedestrians

Parking lots

Streets with on street parking

Blind roads

Thresholds

Hardscaped spaces

Meeting points

Enclaves

Hardscaped spaces

44 45

Enclaves turn their back towards the public Homogenous resident groups

Flow

Flow is in constant flux as it changes with the season, day of the week, time, and events. The flow can be continuous, repetitive, sporadic or a one-time occurrence.

Car flow

Haraldsgadekvarteret is surrounded by roads with heavy car traffic, whereas within the neighbourhood the traffic flow is low. Together these factors form an urban island, cutting Haraldsgadekvarteret off from the rest of the city. Through conversations with locals, many complain that the wide streets and lack of traffic have led to some streets being used for car racing. This statement is further recorded by Områdefornyelsen (2021).

Cycle flow

There is also a low flow of cyclists. Low-quality cycling infrastructure is an inhibitor, and this is particularly the case for women, who are less likely to cycle if the cycling infrastructure is of a low quality (Slavin, 2015). Regarding the lack of cycle lanes and poorly maintained streetscape, the infra structure in Haraldsgadekvarteret is not providing sustainable conditions. In Copenhagen, women are more dependent on cycling than men (Christensen et.al. 2007). With the high flow of women visiting Haraldsgadekvarteret, it can be assumed that, by improving the cycle infrastructure, more women would cycle in and out of the neighbourhood. Their everyday transportation routes would become strengthened, and the urban landscape would accommodate an important need, towards equality.

Pedestrian flow

Overall, the pedestrian flow through Haraldsgade kvarteret is low. Certain spaces connected to public transportation routes, city functions, or entrances to the neighbourhood have slightly higher flow, and people tend to move in similar patterns. Time and events further influence how people move, and some streets are more affected than others. In several places, barriers interrupt how people move in Haraldsgadekvarteret, as physical obstacles and poor conditions for soft traffic create disorientation and uncertainty in the urban landscape.

It is important to recognize whose flow is being prevented. Transportation systems are to some extent gendered, as “Men are more likely to travel by car, while women to a larger extent use public transport” and “Studies show that men to a larger extent than women have access to cars in terms of economic capability.” (ibid.). There is a bus route going through Haraldsgadekvarteret that stops on Haraldsgade and Rovsingsgade and a metro station at Skjolds plads. Through observations and conver sations, it has become clear that the public transport network is important to women in Haraldsgadekvar teret. Women are certainly not the only people who use the public transport system and some women do not, so this picture is complex and nuanced.

Key findings - Flow

• Wide, worn roads with low traffic flow and without cycle lanes are reminders of Haraldsgadekvarterets’ industrial past.

• Junctions have been cut off to create public spaces in the neighbourhood.

• The hardscaped public sphere defines Haraldsgadekvarteret.

Flow

Flow is in constant flux as it changes with the season, day of the week, time, and events. The flow can be continuous, repetitive, sporadic or a one-time occurrence.

Car flow

Cycle flow

Pedestrian flow

Key findings - Flow

• Wide, worn roads with low traffic flow and without cycle lanes are reminders of Haraldsgadekvarterets’ industrial past.

• Junctions have been cut off to create public spaces in the neighbourhood.

• The hardscaped public sphere defines Haraldsgadekvarteret.

Heavy trafficked roads surrounding Haraldsgadekvarteret creating an urban island

Public transportationimportant for how women move

Main pedestrian flow

Main cycle flow

Main car flow

Bus stops

48 49

Actors

Finding the everyday stories

50 51

KBH+Copenhagen Muay Thai

Actors

To comprehend all layers of interactions and conne ctions, the actors in Haraldsgadekvarteret must be analysed. The actors are different people, groups, and initiatives that are a part of and have an important impact on the local community. According to Haraway (1988),

“Situated knowledges are about communities, not about isolated individuals.” (Haraway, 1988. P.590)

The actors are therefore key to understanding the local context, as they can untap stories and share knowledge that otherwise would not be told. They can help give a deeper understanding of the existing and previous conditions of Haraldsgadekvarteret. When working with and developing existing structures it is important to tell the everyday story, not only the monumental stories. The experts in these stories are the local community. Listening to them can help uncover challenges and potential, needs and sufficiency (Hayden, 1995).

“Body memory is also difficult to convey as part of books or exhibits. It connects into places because the shared experience of dwelling, public spaces, and workplaces, and the paths travelled between home and work, give body memory its social component, modified by the postures of gender, race, and class” (Hayden, 1995. P.48)

The actors in Haraldsgadekvarteret are especially important to understand when looking at the complexity of the neighbourhood. The actors can give insights to the social inner- and outer connections, how they work together, and what their impact is on the local community. Site specificity is therefore important when working with actors and their knowledge, “we might even say that memory is naturally place-oriented” (Hayden, 1995. P.46). The social life and possibilities in Haraldsgadekvarteret are in many ways defined by the actors. This is especially the case for young women and girls, as several local initiatives relate to them. These signs of support provide safe spaces for their users and indicate that the needs of young women are not currently being met in the public space. Today the initiatives are primarily indoors and do not operate in public except in the case of organized activities, thereby laying little claim to public space.

Outdoor space used by actors

Buildings with actors

RCYN

Community house

Kindergarden

Nørrebro Gymnasie Rørt

Områdefornyelsen Cafeen Skjolds Plads Community house

Kindergarden Copenhagen College UniversityOsramhuset

Copenhagen College University Kindergarden

Kindergarden

Kvindehjemmet

Nørre Fælled school

Metropol

Metropol is part of University College Copenhagen and has 2 campuses in Haraldsgadekvarteret, campus Tagensvej 86 and campus Sigurdsgade. The educa tions are social and health related. They have a rich student life, and at campus Sigurdsgade some of the students have made Impact Farm, a large greenhouse and meeting point. Both campuses lay little claim on public space, closing the facades off, relating inwards.

BoVest - Helhedsplanene I Sigynsgade

Bo-Vest is an administration group for some social housing in Haraldsgadekvarteret. They manage the comprehensive plan for the area (Bo-Vest, 2022) which focuses on creating a sense of security, wellbeing, education, encourage parental responsibility, and prevent crime. It offers activities and support through do-it-yourself workshops, pocket-money jobs, youth education advice, parent café, and other activities. The group has been working together with RCYN to give youth the opportunity to have an active pastime.

Unused outdoor spaces Metropol - Impact farm BoVest - community building with basketball field of roof Connected

Indoor organized activities

Metropol

BoVest - Helhedsplanene I Sigynsgade

Metropol - Campus Tagensvej 86 Metropol - Impact farm

BoVest - community building with basketball field of roof detcennoC

Osramhuset

Osramhuset is a cultural institution in an old electrics factory close to Skjolds plads. Osramhuset offers space for organizations to hire. Osramhuset thereby offers a range of activities for different ages and groups. To access the cultural institution, an access code is needed, and people are not meant to hang out in the building after classes. It lays little claim on public space and its publicness can therefore be discussed.

Caféen Skjolds plads

The café is volunteer-run and was part of the previous area renewal, it is open in the afternoons, it has a laundromat and a children’s corner. The café also hosts music performances and small intimate concerts, both inside and outside. It takes claim of some of Skjolds plads, as it has chairs and tables in front. The volunteers are involved and important to the local community and the café has many regular guests. Their customers are primarily families with young children and elderly people.

Områdefornyelsen

Områdefornyelsen has its offices at Skjolds plads and is an important actor in Haraldsgadekvarteret. Områdefornyelsen has and will organize many community consultations where they gather know ledge from local residents. Områdefornyelsen gets its main input from a closed working group, consisting of engaged residents. The area renewal has a lot of funding, and their vision is that

Områdefornyelsen has a lot of influence on how the neighbourhood will be developed over the coming years. They will both create physical interventions, have the possibility to activate new actors, and will therefore have enormous impact on the future of Haraldsgadekvarteret. There are critiques of area renewals concerning who the renewal is for and whether it accelerates gentrification.

Unused

outdoor spaces Connected

Cafeen Skjold plads - run by volunteers

organized activities

Osramhuset

Caféen Skjolds plads

Områdefornyelsen

60 61

Indoor

C o nnected Osramhuset - public culture house The

office of

områdefornyelsen Skjold plads café - run by volunteers

Nørre Fælled skole

Nørre Fælled school is the local public school for grades 0-9. The school has a big focus on food and fitness. The school is open from 7-17:00 and the students can get free breakfast before school starts. The school is in contact with KBH+ and recruits’ users to the girls’ club.

KBH+

KBH+ is located on the KTK lot, and this area is the main attraction in Haraldsgadekvarteret for younger people. KBH+ is a creative space with a focus on culture, and youth between 14 and 30. They provide a range of activities, such as theatre, visual arts, food, music, a café, yoga, dance, boxing, and different clubs. Some of their initiatives are started and run by volunteers. The café is cheap and open all day, which attracts people both inside and around.

KBH+ also organizes a girls’ club for teenage girls (14-18 years) every weekday till late. The organization works together with AskovsFonden, which is an apolitical NGO that works with vulnerable young people and social inclusion.

Outdoor spaces Connected

Indoor organized activities

Nørre Fælled skole

KBH+

o n n e c et d Nørre Fælled school KBH+

RCYN

RCYN (Ressource Center Ydre Nørrebro) is located just on the other side of Tagensvej, just outside of Haraldsgadekvarteret. It is still an important actor as many of its users live in Haraldsgadekvarteret.

RCYN is a social hub for young people between the ages of 13 and 18. It offers a range of different activities, such as a homework cafe, nail club, kickboxing, 3D animation, boys club, dance lessons, volunteering among other things. It is run by a mix of volunteers and employees; they also work together with other organizations such as Red Barnet. The nail club is run by a member of the girls’ club at KBH+.

Copenhagen Muay Thai

Copenhagen Muay Thai is located on the KTK lot where they have women-only classes every week. The sport association works together with RYCN, and their members can get training lessons.

Nørrebro Gymnasium

Nørrebro high school is located on Titangade in Titanhuset, an old industrial building. It is the local public high school with students both from within and from outside the neighbourhood, aged 17 to 25. The high school has almost no outdoor space connected to it.

Key findings - Actors

• Actors are key to untapping situated knowledge and the everyday stories in Haraldsgadekvarteret.

• Clear signs of support indicate that teenage girls’ and young womens’ needs are not currently being met in the public sphere.

• Most of the social initiatives are indoors and do not operate in public except for organized activities

Unused outdoor spaces

Connected

Indoor organized activities

RCYN

Copenhagen Muay Thai

Copenhagen Muay Thai is located on the KTK lot where they have women-only classes every week. The sport association works together with RYCN, and their members can get training lessons.

Nørrebro Gymnasium

detcennoC

Key findings - Actors

• Actors are key to untapping situated knowledge and the everyday stories in Haraldsgadekvarteret.

• Clear signs of support indicate that teenage girls’ and young womens’ needs are not currently being met in the public sphere.

• Most of the social initiatives are indoors and do not operate in public except for organized activities

RCYN - Ressource Center Ydre Nørrebro Copenhagen Muay Thai Nørrebro Gymnasium

Publicness

A study in access and use

70 71

Publicness

What constitutes a ‘public space’ must be discussed, as it is a complex term with no distinct answer. According to Madanipour (1999) a public space is provided by public authorities, and it takes the people into account. The space must be available for all and used or shared by every member of the community as a multi-layered space with different meanings for different people. It should, in other words, be a mirror of the complex urban society (Madanipour, 1999). The feeling of publicness on the contrary is a different concern. Madanipour states,

“a more accurate definition of public space, however, may be based of the observation that public spaces of cities, almost anywhere and at any time, have been places outside the boundaries of individual or small-group control, mediating between private spaces and used for a variety of often overlapping functional and symbolic purposes” (Madanipour, 1999. P.881)

An official public space might not be available if some members of a community are not willing or able to use the space. The degree of publicness depends on a complex set of rules and conditions but is important in creating a democratic and tolerant city (Madanipour, 1999). Through sepa ration of functions, monofunctional clusters, and transportation based on efficiency, social segregation takes place. To gain high publicness and tolerance in the urban society, interaction and togetherness is important (ibid.).

In this case, it is the feeling of publicness that is relevant when talking about and mapping out the public spaces in Haraldsgadekvarteret. It is a study in access and use, an understanding of social interactions and constellations, and a critical view on official public spaces to grasp their actual role in the neighbourhood. According to Haraway, situated knowledges are important when understanding the relationship between physical and social structures (Haraway, 1988). To understand the complexity and the different nuances of Haraldsgadekvarterets’ publicness, in addition to avoiding planning from above, revisits have been important. Publicness is a dynamic concept that changes throughout the day and season. This is relevant to map out and consider, to ensure planning in eye height together with the local community. Conversations and interactions with users and those who know the spaces well have

therefore been an important method to grasp the actual use of official public spaces and buildings. Filming has been a helpful tool to document changes in the publicness and comparing them. It has furthermore created a multi-vision, which tries to enhance subjectivity rather than represent an objective truth that does not exist.

Street network defining the public sphere

Haraldsgadekvarterets’ main character is the large road network, and in many ways, it defines the public sphere. The wide streets are highly car-focused, which affects the overall publicness. The low flow moves through the landscape, though the condi tions are poor for other than motorized vehicles. As a pedestrian, it is not comfortable to stay in the streetscape for longer than necessary. On the contrary these wide, open roads have the potential to connect the neighbourhood together, creating social interactions and exchange between the otherwise fragmented, residential groups. These spaces have the possibility to gain higher publicness and a more democratic and tolerant local community.

Many of the buildings along the roads have closed facades that relate inwards, and these private front sides also affect the publicness of the street. The connection and transition between either indoor and outdoor, or private and public are missing. This results in little relation between buildings and the streets meeting them. Even buildings with active actors inside do not relate to the public landscape, turning their back towards it, not taking advantage of the potential in outward connection.

In several places, the landscape of Haraldsgadekvar teret is interpreted as out of human scale, leaving the public space with uninviting conditions for people. This is mainly because the road network is over-dimensioned, focusing on motorized traffic that to a considerable extent is not present anymore. The buildings, on the contrary, are primarily built in a human scale. Their heights are readable, several of them have balconies facing the street, entrances and windows are placed along the façade, and they are built in materials with tactility and structure. Connecting the buildings to the streets, converting the streets to a human scale has a great unforeseen potential in gaining publicness in the urban landscape.

Publicness

Spaces used by women

Spaces used by residents

Spaces used by visitors

72 73

Publicness

therefore been an important method to grasp the actual use of official public spaces and buildings.

Filming has been a helpful tool to document changes in the publicness and comparing them. It has furthermore created a multi-vision, which tries to enhance subjectivity rather than represent an objective truth that does not exist.

Street network defining the public sphere

Publicly accessible courtyards strengthen the feeling of publicness

Highly car focused stretscape, lower the feeling of publicness

Low publicness

Medium publicness

Educational institutions

Commercialized buildings and ground floors

Residential buildings

74 75

Public back sides

A characteristic in Haraldsgadekvarteret is that most of the building groups and enclaves have open yards. When the buildings turn their back towards the public, focusing inwards, these open yards are in terpreted as public, creating public back sides. This perception is further strengthened because there are few other public spaces present in Haraldsgade kvarteret. These large open public back sides have potential for connecting locals, and to connect the building groups if they are allowed to weave into the public landscape. On the contrary, the public back sides can also be a challenge. Residential enclaves are reinforced because of this structure and the social life connects inwards focusing on the present actors and their use. When buildings turn their back tow ards the public, relating to themselves, few eyes will be on the street. Jacobs (1961) argues that it is crucial to have eyes on the street to build a safe, inclusive, urban life. The physicality of Haraldsgadekvarteret therefore reinforces the feeling of being unsafe.

Safety challenging publicness

Safety issues are related to the urban inequality and the concept of publicness. When the feeling of safety is challenged, women tend to change their behaviour in the public realm. They avoid eye contact, limit their body language, and move away from people passing by, which when put together can be interpreted as a pattern of submissive behaviour created by gender relations (Hudson and Rönnblom, 2008). This does not mean that women are passive and submissive, they develop strategies actively to negotiate with the city and find alternative routes where they can move with confidence. This adaption shows how the availability to certain public spaces are reduced for women and the concept of public ness is challenged.

Physicality cannot alone solve issues such as fear, but fear has a spatial dimension when women avoid spaces where they feel unsafe (ibid.). Publicness is also affected by the time of the day and the current season. During dark hours, publicness is reduced, especially for women. The physical environment can amplify the feeling of being unsafe, but at the same time also strengthen the feeling of safety (Jacobs, 1961). According to Jacobs is it important with a solid public life to generate an inviting city with both actual safety and the feeling of it. Safety is created through inhabiting the streets, making them public. This is in general done through active facades, diversity in functions that ensures movement throughout the day. When gaining higher publicness in the streetscape, more eyes will be on the street, and the publicness will increase further.

Organized activities strengthen the publicness of a space. Local actors and organizations create natural and safe outdoor meeting points for women, and together they dare to lay claim on public space. It is important to look at the organized public life when understanding the publicness of Haraldsgadekvarteret. It is to a high degree defining the possibilities and giving the opportunity to connect and interact.

Through a bodily experience of the landscape of Haraldsgadekvarteret, it has been possible to explore how the publicness changes when transitioning from one space to another (see sequential views page 78-81). The landscape provides barriers, both physical and social, that interrupt the feeling of publicness. Through a confusing landscape of publicness, a less public sphere is created. This understanding is without doubt intersectional and is dependent on several factors and the subjective interpretation of the space.

Buildings relate inwards, turning their back towards the public

Public back sides

Sequential

78 79 3. Large publicly accessible space, students flowing to and from Metropol. Opportunity for increasing publicness and public life. 4. Hermodsgade is likewise empty, wide, and car focused. There is a high propotion of women studying at Metropol. 1. Public life, public transportation and active ground floors create eyes on the street increasing publicness. 2. Valhalsgade is wide and empty with spaces prioritizing cars leading to low publicness. Medium publicness Low publicness Spaces used by women Metropol Metropol Metropol Cafeen Skjolds plads 1 2 3 4 Valhalsgade Hermodsgade

views Spatial understaning of publicness 5. Large crossing with low publicness, the bodega offers an increased publicness with its life spilling onto the street. 7. Krakas plads has a low level of publicness due to the closed facedes and negative reputation. 6. Closed facade at Haraldsgade with mostly unused parking spaces. 8. Empty dead-end street with private fronts. Medium publicness Low publicness Spaces used by women Krakas plads Bodega 58 7 6

Haraldsgade Haraldsgade Sigynsgade

Publicness

80 81 Key findings -

• Low publicness in public sphere because of traffic prioritisation • Little relation between buildings and streets • Public back sides, potential in connecting locals • The feeling of safety is challenged by the complex publicness • Organized activities strengthen the publicness of a space Medium publicness Low publicness Spaces used by women 9 10 11 12 9. Empty neighbourhood street in housing enclave 11. Wide, empty street. 10. Empty neighbourhood street in housing enclave 12. KTK lot has a medium level of publicness with many attractions creating public life.

The

KTK

lot The KTK lot Hildursgade Hildursgade

Aldersrogade

Haraldsgade The KTK lot

Key findings

Why feminist urban planning in Haraldsgadekvarteret ?

82 83

Key findings

The neighbourhood analysis has reviewed the overall structures of Haraldsgadekvarteret, how the area is compounded, what its characteristics are, its overall challenges, and what potential remains undiscove red. Main characteristics have been understood based on observations through re-visits, filming, conversations with residents and local actors, and a phenomenological, bodily experience of the neighbourhood. Through this overall understanding of Haraldsgadekvarteret, five spaces of interest have been designated because of interesting overlaps, transitions, use, and stories described and brought forward in the neighbourhood analysis. The sites of interest are Skjolds plads, Sifs plads, The KTK lot, Krakas plads and Metropol corner. These spaces are further analysed in a smaller scale, based on the same analysis tools and methods as before. The five sites of interest will provide a deeper understanding of local challenges and possibilities in the context of Haraldsgadekvarteret, emphasize how women use public spaces, and tell their everyday life stories. (See diagram on page 87)

Toll of modernist planning

The neighbourhood is characterized by the indu strial heritage and suffers from traces of modernist planning. The toll of modernist planning can be seen in separation of functions, the focus on vehicle transportation and the result of large areal planning (Hudson and Rönnblom, 2008). This is clearly experienced in Haraldsgadekvarteret as the approach has created residential and industrial enclaves, with barriers disconnecting them from each other (see diagram on page 87). Some public spaces have been added in recent years as an afterthought, but these spaces are still defined by surrounding streets. These characteristics have created a fractured landscape centred around function and efficiency, and it clearly suffers from a top-down planning approach. Understanding the landscape as science and as something systematic, indicates a poor understanding of the present urban structures, needs, users and so on. To avoid planning from above, from nowhere, it is important to understand the landscape through a bodily dimension (Harraway, 1988).

“I am arguing for the view from a body, always a complex, contradictory, structuring, and structured body, versus the view from above, from nowhere, from simplicity. Only the god trick is forbidden.” (Harraway, 1988. P.589).

Together with the industrial era and the urbanization that followed, the public spaces were built by men for men. With the enormous expansion need of the city, gender segregation found place in the urban structures. This happened both through physical structures, but also by strengthening the idea that the man was associated with the urban and public life while women were associated with the home and the private life (Jacobs, 1961). Jacobs criticized how modernist planners divided the city into homogenous zones, supporting the idea of the man as the household provider and the woman as its caretaker. She looked to neighbourhoods built in the 50-60s era, where the mixture of use and a diverse population were present. Through this idea she emphasized both the overall quality of the urban life and the frustration of gender separation in the modernist planning.

According to Hudson and Rönnblom, the toll of modernist planning still creates challenges for women in their everyday life, as it is a tendency that women more often than men take responsibility for childcare and household (Hudson and Rönnblom, 2008). As this is a general challenge and issue in society, it is reasonable to assume that it is also a structural problem in Haraldsgadekvarteret.

Hardscaped street network - main character

Haraldsgadekvarteret is characterized with wide, empty, hardscaped streets. Low flow makes the wide streets seem over-dimensioned, out of human scale, and it indicates a lack of the bodily in previous developments. In the public landscape prioritized for cars, pedestrians and cyclists feel exposed, and they do not stay in the space for longer than necessary. Neither does the neighbourhood contain any green spaces, leaving the hardscape as the main essence of the neighbourhood. The hardscapes in Haraldsgadekvarteret occupy 37% of the total public realm with innumerable unused square meters. Most

of the streets are packed with street parking, or more accurately, sidewalk parking. Simple white lines are painted onto the asphalt to mark the parking spaces, that are often empty.

In addition to its many challenges, the streetscape contains immense potential. Its wideness provides the landscape with good sun conditions, which can be rare in Nørrebro in general, and create liveable environments in an otherwise densely built city. As the traffic flow is low and at times almost non-exi stent, the over-dimensioned scale further provides unforeseen potential for the neighbourhood. By developing from the present network, an internal connected landscape can be unfolded, creating better conditions for pedestrians moving through, and for people staying in the area.

Publicness and private fronts

Buildings frame the street, and the empty streetscape makes the structures turn their back to the public, creating private fronts and public backs. Private fronts results in buildings relating to themselves, creating a streetscape the public turns its back towards. This results in an even more empty streetscape with few eyes on the street. Jacobs (1961) argues that to have eyes on the street is crucial for a safe, inclusive, urban life. The physicality of Haralds gadekvarteret therefore reinforces the feeling of being unsafe. Jacobs further argues that the sidewalk is also the most important city feature in creating a safe city. She states,

“The first thing to understand is that the public peace – the sidewalk and street peace – of cities is not kept primarily by the police, …, It is kept primarily by an intrica te, almost unconscious, network of voluntary controls and standards among the people themselves, and enforced by the people themselves”. (Jacobs, 1961. P.32)

Compared to the wideness of the streets, many buildings are built in a relatable, human scale with the possibility to relate outwards. It is important to constructively develop from the local context and structures, as the street network occupies most of the public realm in Haraldsgadekvarteret. By understanding and actively using the streetscape, creating a landscape prioritized for pedestrians and cyclists, a safe interconnection is a possibility.

Actors and public life

With few logical places to stay, it is easy to leave the area without thinking about it, and the local attra ctions are located indoors. Hard paving, no colours, and no softness send unwelcoming signals and leave the public to itself. At the same time, if you look behind the curtains, there are many initiatives that welcome you if you know about them. Including people, organizations, places to stay, and places to explore. Together, local initiatives try to weave the social aspect of Haraldsgadekvarteret together. It is a need grounded in the people living, using, and visiting the area. When looking at local affiliation, the area is indeed alive, however, fragmented

“Situated knowledges are about communities, not about isolated individuals.” (Haraway, 1988. P.590)

Sigurdsgade

Haraldsgadekvarteret is a complex neighbourhood socially, infrastructurally, and historically. The local actors are especially important to understand and acknowledge when looking at the social complexity, as they, through collaborations and interests, define the social life and possibilities in the area. They are also key to understanding the local context, as they can untap stories and share knowledge that otherwise would not be captured. This is especially the case for young women and girls as several local initiatives relate to them. These signs of support provide safe spaces for their users and indicate that the needs of young women are not currently being met in the public space. Today, the initiatives are primarily indoors and do not operate in the public except in the case of organized activities, laying little claim to public space.

If the public landscape encourages local actors to turn their attention towards the public, the streetscape has the possibility to come alive. By facilitating spaces that attract the actors, more young women might lay claim to public spaces.

Haraldsgadekvarteret is a compound neighbourhood and with still-visible industrial layers the area seems almost forgotten. Public spaces are left to themselves, and the wide empty streets are defining the public character. The streets were dimensioned to accommodate heavy industry but are today barely used. The low vehicle flow creates spaces containing large potential but are interpreted as unsafe and over-dimensioned. This creates barriers in the interconnections, both physically and socially. The disconnected social aspects, physical structures and barriers between public and private spaces define the aspect of publicness. With few eyes on the streets, the wide openness creates barriers between buildings and the, on paper, public space. It is as if the buil dings turn their back towards the public, leaving the streetscape even more to itself. Public back sides are created, relating to the nearby budlings, their actors and use.

Sites of interest

Five sites of interest have been selected, based on the neighbourhood analysis, Skjolds plads, Sifs plads, the KTK lot, Krakas plads and Metropol corner. Two of them, Krakas plads and Metropol corner, will then further be developed with a concept for potential development. All sites of interest are public spaces, connected somehow to each other, the neighbourhood, and the local community. They are spaces with interesting transitions and overlaps in their publicness and in the local flow. Some of them have important historical layers that might be important in current and future contexts, and some of them provide spaces for actors, especially important for women. The streetscape of Haraldsgadekvarteret has the potential to become a safe interconnection. It can generate a rich public life and social interactions, if provided with better and more welcoming conditions for people. All the sites of interests are somehow defined by this street network. They are together defining the public character, important meeting points and transitions in Haraldsgadekvar teret.

Together, the sites will provide a deeper understan ding of Haraldsgadekvarteret, its structures, users, challenges, and potentials. It is important to scale the analysis down to grasp the different layers of the neighbourhood, understand them, and learn from them and their surrounding structures. Only important and relevant features are presented in each site, though based on a thorough local understanding.

The boundaries of the different sites of interest are drawn to mark where the edge is today, defined by streets, buildings, level change, or change in materiality. The edge is not an official demarcation of the plot, but a feeling of where the spaces stop or get interrupted. Boundaries are tricky and can shift from within, making them dynamic and ever-changing.

86 87

Sites of interest

Important actors

88 89

Skjolds plads Metropol corner Sifs plads Krakas plads The KTK lot

Sites

of interest

Enclaves

Sites of interest

90 91

Skjolds plads

Skjolds plads Materiality

Skjolds plads is and will further be developed as one of the main entrances to Haraldsgadekvarteret, making it highly relevant to understand (Områdefornyelsen ved Skjolds plads, 2021). The space is created out of an old junction, by closing off several surrounding roads. This is how most of the squares in Haraldsgadekvarteret have originated and is also an important situation to investigate further. Haraldsgadekvarteret is the mythological quarter, therefore Skjolds plads was named accordingly, being situated in the neighbourhood.

Skjolds plads is further an important site of interest as it was built to host the metro station that opened in 2019. The metro has had a significant impact on the area, and the consequences are relevant to investigate. The square is also surrounded by several actors and other important city functions. What their roles are and how they are connected to the larger context of Haraldsgadekvarteret can be relevant to consider when designing with foundation in the local community.

Skjolds plads consists of few and coherent materials such as bricks, concrete tiles, and wooden decking. The concrete bricks are the main material used and they stretch right up to the facades, creating a homogenous appearance, and activating the comple te square. Clay bricks are laid out in front of Skjolds plads Café like a carpet, creating a main area for the square. This main area is pulled away from the metro entrance and the space is divided into two zones. One transportation and metro related, and the other related to the neighbourhood. A stage with wooden decking is placed at the edge of Skjolds plads and in relation to the café. The soft and warm materiality attracts people, and the stage becomes a multifuncti onal element, that functions as a meeting point. The limited number of materials used in the space gives the area a clear, homogenous, and readable character.

Wood decking

Bricks

Asphalt

Concrete tiles

Materials stretches to the edge of the space

94 95

Many facades around Skjolds plads are active, with open ground floors, commerce, and services. Active facades can both make the space more vibrant and increase the local activity. Jacobs outlines how active ground floors bring public life to the street and how the sidewalk is the most important city function. With more active eyes on the street, these factors increase the feeling of safety, (Jacobs, 1961). In addition, the buildings around Skjolds plads are built in relatable scales, giving them a human dimension. This generates a stronger connection between buildings and the landscape, and the feeling of safety is further strengthened.

The commercialized functions around Skjolds plads include, a bakery, a pizzeria, a café, and an ice-cream parlour. Other public functions around the square are one of the campuses of Metropol, the public culture house Osramhuset, and the office of Områdefornyelsen.

Caféen Skjolds plads is a café run by volunteers and was established in 2012 during a previous renewal process. The café and its volunteers form an important meeting point for many living in the area. It is inexpensive and has a steady group of regular visitors.

Some functions, such as the café and the bakery, lay claim on the public space with outdoor seating, plant boxes and signs, that increase the activity in the public space. This can help increase the feeling of publicness, generate more eyes on the street, and therefore secure a safe urban environment. However, this situation can also be excluding as it is primarily focused on commercialized services (Madanipour, 1999).

96 97 Active and inactive facades 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 - Skjolds plads cafe and Ice cream Parlour 2 - Osramhuset - public culture house

99 4

- Residential Bulding and Bakery

5 -

Residential Bulding

andel

3 -

Office of Områdefornyelsen

6 -

Residential Bulding and Pizzaria

- Benches along the edge

8 -

Social housing

Flow

Skjolds plads is easily accessible for cyclists, pedestrian, and those arriving by public transportation, which again strengthens the level of publicness. The metro provides a trickle of people in and out of Haraldsgadekvarteret. It is particularly well used in the mornings and in the afternoons by students studying at Metropol. When the metro development started in 2009, streets going through the square were blocked, making dead-end roads.

The designated cycling path when arriving to Skjolds plads from Tagensvej, one of the main entrances to Haraldsgadekvarteret, is hardly observed as the path is confusing and chaotic. Cyclists often cross through Skjolds plads in either direction, regardless of path.

The many city functions and good sun conditions make people stay in the area, and a functional public life is present. Having a steady flow of people around can also help increase the feeling of safety by having eyes on the streets at times when there may be fewer people in the streets.

Haraldsgade

Valkyriegade Sigurdsgade

FafnersgadeValhalsgade

100

Cycle path on Haraldsgade, confusing ans chaotic Cyclists Cars Pedestrians Metro station established in 2019 Sigurdsgade Square defined by closed off roads

Programming and actors

Skjolds plads has a low level of programming, only containing traditional benches and the stage. The stage is primarily used to play and as a seating element and has good sun conditions. The stage is also used for organized activities such as dance classes and concerts. There are benches placed in the centremost part of the space. These benches are rarely used, compared to those placed along the walls or in connection to the stage.

The metro has led to an increased interest in the area, and this is clearly visible through the city functions around Skjolds plads. The bakery and the ice-cream parlour are newly established functions, which has been noticed because of the many re-visits to Haralds gadekvarteret. They are both high-end and their prices then follow. These shops cater to a medium-high economic group and are the face of the gentrification process that is clearly taking place in the area. Through conversations with volunteers and regulars at Skjolds plads café, an awareness of the changing clientele has been established. They believe this change is closely related to the metro development, and people are both positive and negative about these consequences.

There has been a change in customers that visit Cafeen Skjolds plads after the metro station opened. Now people from all over Copenhagen drop by. A new bakery and a Scillian ice cream parlour have recently opened up. There is finally lots of public life on Skjolds plads.

Outside Cafeen Skjolds plads, Saturday afternoon. From film: Link to film

Key findings - Skjolds plads

• Materiality stretched to the edges, gathering the space

• Soft materiality, attractive place to stay

• Seating up against the wall is more popular than exposed seating

• Active ground floors generates public life

102 103

Stage Benches Metro Cafeen Skjolds plads

Programming and actors

Outside Cafeen Skjolds plads, Saturday afternoon. From film: Link to film

Key findings - Skjolds plads

• Materiality stretched to the edges, gathering the space

• Soft materiality, attractive place to stay

• Seating up against the wall is more popular than exposed seating

• Active ground floors generates public life

104 105

Stage Benches Metro Cafeen Skjolds plads

Sifs plads

Sifs plads

Sifs plads is an old junction and is defined by the street network of Haraldsgadekvarteret. The junction is closed off, but the space is still surrounded by wide, empty, hardscaped roads, meant to accommodate heavy industry. The space is additionally categorized as being an important entrance to Haraldsgadekvarteret and connects the neighbourhood outwards (Områdefornyelsen ved Skjolds plads, 2021). It is thought of as part of a larger green transition with Fælledparken on its southern side. This transition is highlighted as especially important because of the few green spaces internally in Haraldsgadekvarteret.

1 - Bodega, entrance to Vibekevang

Sifs plads was created as a part of the renewal process between 2007-2012. The vision at that time was to create physical and social connections in the area and establish city functions with focus on public health and the needs for women, children, and the elderly. It is therefore important to understand how Sifs plads works today, and what the consequences from the previous development have been. This can give insight into social structures and help understanding future possibilities, needs and wishes.

108 109

Active and inactive facades

Several ground floors at Sifs plads are active and the premises contain a kiosk, a take-away restaurant, a community room, and a bodega. The bodega is particularly important for Sifs plads as its activity lays claim to the public space with outdoor service. Although it commercializes a corner of the space, it adds public life to the space, that is otherwise relatively empty, as it attracts people and hosts events. It has furthermore been observed that people tend to bring their own drinks and hang out at Sifs plads. The bodega has not privatized the space to the extent that people feel uncomfortable bringing their own drinks and not buying anything from them.

110 111

1 2 3

4 5

- The universitey collage gymnastic rings Bodega Active ground floors 2 - Active ground floors 4 - The university collage and their friday bar 5 - Industrial remains

Programming

When Sifs plads was designed in 2008, the vision was to activate women and elderly people. René Kural, architect, and PhD states,

“We were focused on activating children and young people when we designed the space in 2008. The classical health focus. Everyone should get outside and get their heartrate up, particularly overweight children, vulnerable people, immigrants, you know. Later we tried to include women and elderly, but it turned out to be far more difficult.” (Kjeldtoft, 2016. Authors’ translation)

This vision resulted in a large space being covered in fitness equipment, consisting of numerous gymnastic rings and a countless number of the same equipment with ambiguous purpose. During the many re-visits to Haraldsgadekvarteret, when returning on different days of the week and at various times of the day, the sport area at Sifs plads was observed to be unused. As it is one of few green surfaces in the neighbourhood, it has only been observed as a space people use when walking dogs. Kural, and the team responsible for the previous vision and design, criticize the outcome and their original ideas. Students from the school of architecture in Copenhagen have, throughout a year, mapped out who uses Sifs plads compared to their initial ideas. The comprehensive observations include mappings of gender, age, activity, and where people tend to stay in the public space. “The short answer to who uses the space is: men, men, men...” (Kjeldtoft, 2016). Kural is not only criticizing the results at Sifs plads, but he also states that the city needs a paradigm shift where design is targeted at young women. He states,

“This is, as I see it, the largest challenge in Copenhagen right now. We know well how to activate the boys. We have built so many skate- and parkour parks, that we are about to vomit. Let us now focus on the seniors and girls!” (Kjeldtoft, 2016. Authors’ translation)

The multi-vision perspective throughout the process has been important to grasp this understanding. Through re-visits and conversations, a more comprehensive foundation has been established with the purpose of designing for young women.

Sifs plads’ other half is designed with vegetated terrain and a large swing placed in-between the slopes. The vegetated slopes are framed by a concrete edge with wooden seating, and these few features have shown to be highly successful. People, and especially young women, hang out on the grassy slopes, in and around the swing, and on the benches framing the green surface. The seating is placed in the centremost part of Sifs plads, but the terrain shields the back and creates small enclosures. The vegetation is kept low, and a good visual overview is ensured. It is therefore possible to be both shielded and still secure visual connection. This might strengthen the feeling of safety.

The terrain also influences how the commercialized space around the bodega is perceived. It creates enough of a visual barrier to ensure and create several enclosed spaces. It is therefore possible to bring your own drinks and stay close to the public life without feeling obligated to buy anything.

Space around gymnastic rings used for walking dogs. Link to film

112 113

Terrain slopes and swing, popular hang out spot among young women Gymnastic rings Unknown fitness equipment Terrain hills Seating along edge Seating along edge

René Kural, 2016

Programming

When Sifs plads was designed in 2008, the vision was to activate women and elderly people. René Kural, architect, and PhD states,

Gymnastic rings

Unknown fitness equipment

Terrain slopes and swing, popular hang out spot among young women

114 115

Terrain hills Seating along edge Seating along edge Space around gymnastic rings used for walking dogs. Tuesday afternoon, from film: Link to film

Flow and sound

The high traffic flow and the road structure along Lersø Parkallé and Jagtvej creates edges of the urban island, Haraldsgadekvarteret. Sifs plads is clearly an ending point and does not relate outward. The space was created by closing an old junction, making Rådmandsgade a dead-end road. Pedestrians and cyclists still pass through and, like many spaces in the neighbourhood, Sifs plads is characterized by being a thoroughfare space, not a destination. The main cycle flow moves around the space, going along Lersø Parkallé, and a crossing cycle path provides the secondary flow. Having a cycle path framing the space could give a feeling of staying in a roundabout. This is prevented, partly due to the low flow present, and because of the vegetated terrain. The terrain also prevents noise from the main roads impacting the space creating a visual barrier.

Cyclists

Key findings - Sifs plads

• Exposed programming is excluding and barely used

• Vegetated terrain is popular among young women as an alternative hangout spot

• Wooden seating along terrain creates small enclosures with secure visual connections

116 117

Cars Pedestrians Crossing cycle path Monday afternoon, from film: Link to film Terrain used as a hangout spot, shields the space from the main road Wide empty streets framing Sifs plads

KTK lot

The KTK lot

The KTK lot is owned by the municipality of Copenhagen and the old industrial buildings have previously contained a smithy and been storage rooms for building materials. Today the buildings host a blooming creative community with concert and event venues, meeting points for teenagers, yoga classes and much more. It is significant for the neighbourhood as it is the main attraction in Haraldsgadekvarteret, particularly for young people. The space is important as it hosts many local actors, some also employed in the municipality. Situated knowledge is, according to Haraway, about commu nities, not about isolated individuals (Haraway, 1988). It is therefore important to understand these actors to further understand Haraldsgadekvarteret, and to be able to develop with a foundation in the local community. Several actors at the KTK lot are significant support groups for young women, and the social life and possibilities are in many ways defined by them. It is highly relevant to investigate their needs and wishes and to understand how they use local urban spaces.

The KTK lot is unusual compared to the rest of Haraldsgadekvarteret, as it is defined by buildings not by streets. An understanding of what challenges and potential this structure brings might be relevant when developing and connecting Haraldsgadekvarteret internally. The KTK lot furthermore inhabits a complex publicness which is important to under stand. It is affected by actors, time, and flow, making the KTK lot an interesting site of interest.

Materiality

The KTK lot is one of few spaces in Copenhagen where graffiti is permitted, and the whole area is covered in it. The graffiti on the brick walls of the old storage buildings is visually stimulating and colourful. The arts bring tactility to the space, making it palpable. It somehow becomes alive.

The same paintings can, on the contrary, also be interpreted as rough, especially in relation to the poorly maintained outdoor areas. The representation of women is poor in the art of graffiti (Iversen, 2022) and most painters at the KTK lot are also men.

When painting an area, people provide the space with their personality and a feeling of ownership might occur. If some have stronger connections to the space with viewpoints on how it should be manufactured, its publicness can be challenged.

It is uncertain if this is the case at the KTK lot in Haraldsgadekvarteret, but it might be or become a challenge with the compound and complex public ness in the area.

120 121

Active facades

Most buildings at the KTK lot have closed, inactive facades. Some actors, such as the café at KBH+ and the bicycle workshop Buddha Bikes, lay claim to public space during their open hours. The level of public activity then increases, connecting buildings and landscape. All buildings are in a human scale, as they only contain two stories. They become both relatable and readable, with visual contact between the upper floor and the street.

122 123

1 - KBH+ and Askov fonden 1 4 2 3 5 2 - Mayhem

- Buddha bikes

Copenhagen

Muay

Thai

Bolsjefabrikken

Programming and local actors

The outdoor area at the KTK lot is not highly programmed, as the only assigned activities are skating and parkour with equipment around the southern entrance. Through empirical studies from Austria, Grimm-Pretner (2012) reveals that girls withdraw from public spaces already in their early teens, and this trend is seen at the KTK lot. L.O.W Academy have skateboarding classes, both for children, teenagers, and adults. Local actors from KBH+ have noticed that several girls attend these classes but stop when they reach a certain age.

Inside the buildings at the KTK lot, the social life is undoubtedly alive. KBH+ provides a variety of activities, such as the girl club, theatre groups, dance classes, a project academy and many more. The girl club provides space for teenagers between the ages of 14-18, after school hours until late. This is a signifi cant support group for young women in Haraldsga dekvarteret and provides both social and educational opportunities. Bolsjefabrikken is an event venue that also arranges communal dinners and yoga classes. Mayhem is an established and important concert venue in Copenhagen and collaborates with Bolsje fabrikken creating larger events. Buddha Bikes is a bicycle workshop that collects abandoned bicycles, repairs them, and sells them again. They also provide an educational program for those who have difficulty finding apprenticeships elsewhere (Buddha Bikes, 2022). Although this creative and inclusive public life is alive and important for the neighbourhood, the actors remain indoors.

The only time actors lay claim on public space is during organized activities. These organized events can increase the feeling of publicness and thereby the feeling of safety, particularly at night. During events at either Bolsjefabrikken or Mayhem, there are many eyes on the street, resulting in a rich public life. However, the publicness is otherwise noticeably low during dark hours. This is especially the case for young women as they avoid passing through the area. The police sometimes contact the employees at the girl club, telling them that the girls must go directly home and not linger around outside when they close. This happens because of criminal activities present in the neighbourhood. It is on the other hand uncertain if they are told to go home due to lack of police presence in the streets or because of increased criminal actions.

The activity level also alters with the season. During the summer months, KBH+ opens their large gate connecting the ground floor and the surrounding landscape. A flexible urban space, with the possibility for organized activities, is in other words important when looking at how women lay claim on public space. The support of being in a larger group is clearly relevant.

Parkour and skate park

Popular

124 125

seating element outside KBH+

“You have to send the girls directly home this evening”

Programming and local actors

Parkour and skate park

126 127

Popular seating element outside KBH+

Flow

The flow at the KTK lot is low, but people tend to stay here longer than elsewhere in Haraldsgade kvarteret as it is a popular space in daytime. People frequently use the skate- and parkour park, hang out in front of the café at KBH+ or use the bicycle shop, Buddha Bikes. The range of actors and activities offered relates to a multitude of different people and the publicness is high. This is further strengthened by the many eyes on the street as both indoor and outdoor spaces are used regularly. People mainly arrive on foot, bicycle or by public transportation. The bus stops right outside the lot and Haraldsgade is an important connection vein to the metro. The KTK lot attracts people from all over the city, and Skjolds plads is therefore important for many of its users. Inside the yard, the KTK lot is almost car-free, and the only cars permitted are the ones that deliver goods.

Sightlines

The sightlines at the KTK lot are poor, mostly blocked by buildings. Bad sightlines can be part of creating a feeling of being unsafe, particularly at night. This affects the feeling of publicness, as safety is important for the public life in the area.

Key findings - The KTK lot

• Many important actors that offer a range of activities

• Organized activities by the actors brings public life to the area and eyes on the street

• Complicated publicness can inhibit public life especially for women

Gadepige

Publicness

Daytime

Time

Organized activites, concerts, events, etc.

During a conversation with an employee at the girl club, it was casually mentioned that the girls did not want to be known as a gadepige (street girl). This is a label they can get if hanging out in the urban space and was mentioned as if that was self-evident. Gadepige is a complex term where politics, culture, and several other factors are culpable for it being used and for impacting the girls’ use of public space.

128 129

Cyclists Cars Pedestrians

KTK

at night time

Flow

Sightlines

Key findings - The KTK lot

• Many important actors that offer a range of activities

• Organized activities by the actors brings public life to the area and eyes on the street

• Complicated publicness can inhibit public life especially for women

Gadepige

130 131

Cyclists Cars Pedestrians KTK at night time

Krakas plads

Krakas plads

Krakas plads is the very centre of Haraldsgadekvarte ret, and several larger roads emerge from this space. The road network is, as previously mentioned, the most important characteristic of the neighbourhood and has the possibility to create strong interconne ctions. Krakas plads is created from an old junction and is still defined by the surrounding streets. It is therefore important to understand Krakas plads as a meeting point in this connection network, how it works today and what its challenges are. In addition to being a physical crossing point, the space is today also a social crossing point as it is surrounded by homogeneous residential groups and enclaves. These structures turn their back to the public, to each other and therefore also to Krakas plads, creating a distinct transition and social barrier. The on-paper public space becomes a private front with difficulties and confusion in its publicness. When designing further, it is important to understand these challenges, structures, and divided diversity.

Krakas plads suffers from being an important hub in the gang war that took place at Nørrebro in 2017. How this affects the space today, how local users are affected and how to develop from here is further important to understand and acknowledge, both when looking at the local scale and in the larger context of Haraldsgadekvarteret. The space is currently highly relevant, as the first project in Haraldsgadekvarteret’s renewal process will be situated here.

134 135

Active and inactive facades

The buildings around Krakas plads turn their back towards the space and relate inwards. This strengthens the feeling of closed enclaves with little public relation. Today the publicness at Krakas plads is confusing, and the concept is challenged both by inactive facades with private fronts and several other factors. At Skjolds plads in comparison, the buil dings relate outwards, creating a space with eyes on the street and with local actors present in the urban landscape. This is further strengthened by the whole space being used as its materiality is stretched out to all edges. Krakas plads as a roundabout therefore separates itself from the surrounding buildings, creating an even more exposed space with an unclear publicness.

136 137

B E D C A A. Ministry for education and research B. Bodega at Vibekevang

138

D. Residential housing C. Gate to housing units Link to film E. Residential housing

Flow

Krakas plads is defined by streets and consists of an old junction that still affects the local flow. Remains and structures from this junction are still to be found and leave the space as a small island surrounded by asphalt. Sigynsgade became a dead-end street when Krakas plads was established during the last renewal process, but the bicycle flow still passes through. This flow is both located on the traditional cycle paths in the southern part of the space and on the closed-off pedestrian path on the northern side. Krakas plads is furthermore barely used, as people tend to move quickly through it. The space is in other words left as a highly exposed roundabout. On the other hand, the local bus stops at Haraldsgade and Krakas plads is connected to the public transportation network.

Women often try to avoid exposed spaces, especially when staying in and using the space. It is a tendency that women often seek spaces where they can shield

their back, though still ensure good eye height visibility. As seen at Sifs plads the seating in small enclosures creates alternative hang out spots that especially attract young women.

There is a strong cultural diversity around Krakas plads, although the enclaves themselves are homo geneous. Vibekevang and den Grønne Trekant form enclaves with residents that differ in their socio-economic background. There is little flow between the two enclaves other than students moving through the area on their way to Nørre Fælled School.

According to Madanipour (1999), social interaction and exchange are key factors in gaining tolerance and generating a sense of togetherness, which furthermore strengthen the concept of publicness. The diversity around Krakas plads therefore posses ses great unrealised potential and the opportunity to create a strong public sphere.

Parking and sound

There is street parking along all roads surrounding Krakas plads. This limits sightlines, fences the space off, and they act as both physical and visual barriers.

The noise from Vermundsgade and Haraldsgade is prominent when staying at Krakas plads, and the feeling of being in a roundabout is strengthened. This is the main traffic route after Haraldsgade was closed off by Skjolds plads. Using film as an analytic tool, has unfolded other aspects and a comprehensive understanding of Haraldsgade kvarteret. As little happens in the empty streetscape and on the few public spaces, the sounds became noticeable. At Krakas plads seagulls are heard even if the space is far from the ocean. This gives an impression of a dirty space, with limited mainten ance. It feels like a space that is not cared for, almost forgotten.

Krakas plads sound. From film:

(Link to film) Link to film

P P P

140

Bus stop Social enclave Vibekevang Social enclaveDen grønne trekant Closed residental group

Surveillance

Krakas plads still suffers from a bad reputation after the 2017 gang war where gang members occupied the space. Through conversations with actors at the KTK lot it was revealed that Krakas plads was used comparatively more before the gang war than it is today. Although it was never particularly popular the bad reputation still has a damming effect. The bad reputation of Krakas plads affects the feeling of safety which decreases the level of publicness.

Krakas plads is plastered in surveillance cameras and there are signs informing visitors that they are under surveillance. Together these factors maintain the bad reputation, and Krakas plads continues to have a low level of publicness. It can further be discussed whose safety the cameras are for and what kind of safety they truly create. When Krakas plads was discussed with representatives from Områdefornyelsen, several were surprised to hear that the cameras did not necessarily increase the feeling of safety. Certainly, a design should not make a space comfortable for criminal activity, but part of the outcome of having visible surveillance people with lawful intentions are scared away too. The cameras introduce concerns regarding a person’s own safety and privacy.

142 143

* References found on page 224

Surveillance

144 145

* References found on page 226

Sightlines

Krakas plads has a lack of overview due to the many objects and equipment crowding the site. Having an overview of a space is an important aspect when creating a feeling of safety. Because of the negative reputation, good visibility is especially important at Krakas plads. The inactive facades that do not provi de eyes on the street and having them as barriers for sightlines can further decrease the feeling of safety.

Programming

Krakas plads is highly programmed with a focus on fitness and designated activities through half a basketball court, fitness equipment, swings and parkour structures. The small space attempts to do all at once, it is almost overwhelming. The overprogrammed space is not inclusive, as its structures are static, monofunctional, and exposed. As seen at Sifs plads the exposed fitness related programming is excluding young women.

The swings are highlighted as a social meeting point, both as Sifs plads and at Krakas plads. Kural states that,

“We have observed that there are actually many teenage girls who use the swings or sit in front of the swings. Our studies show that they are more social than the boys. They almost sit and have a picnic while looking over at the boys on the fitness frame. When the boys then leave, the girls run over and climb for a few minutes, but then they hurry back to the base over by the swings. This tells me that the girls value the feeling of safety and social activities highly. They do not wish to be exposed in the physical space.” (Kjeldtoft, 2016. Authors’ translation)

These observations were made in 2016 before the gang war, which has led to fewer people using Krakas plads. During the many revisits there, teenage girls using the swings were not observed. From conversations, it can be understood that this is not the space they would choose to stay in today.

Krakas plads fitness programming. From film:

Swings at Krakas plads Link to film

146

Materiality

The materiality at Krakas plads is chaotic as there is no coherency in it and the materials are in blocks with hard transitions. The chaotic materiality is then further affected by the lack of maintenance and vandalism. There is always lots of rubbish all over the space and the protection surface underneath the programming is worn and destroyed. There are signs of vandalism as plastic on the fitness frame has been melted; it looks like someone has tried to burn it. The lack of maintenance and vandalism shows a lack of care for the space.

149

Grass Colourful rubber Asphalt Painting on closed asphalt street Grass lawn Lack of maintenance Vandalised climbing structure Concrete plant beds Materials left on site Worn safety mat under the swings

Key findings - Krakas plads

150 151

• Centremost location in the quarter, potential for connecting internally • Leftover space defined by streets • Connected to the public transportation network • Surrounded by closed facades and homogenous enclaves • Negative reputation • Potential for breaching the enclaves and creating a strong social sphere • Exposed programming with a lack of maintenance Collage of main elements

Metropol corner

Metropol corner

Metropol consists of two campuses, one located at Tagensvej 86 and the other at Sigurdsgade. These two have large outdoor spaces chiefly consisting of often empty parking spaces. They are both accessible to the public through small entrances but are barely used. The corner of Rådmandsgade and Titangade is relevant to get a fuller understanding of as it is situated in between these two campuses and their open public spaces. The corner relates outwards and provides several transitions and overlaps in publicness. This is interesting as it can give an understanding of the site, its users, how they use it, why they use it or on the contrary why they do not use it.

Several barriers, both physical and visual, define the spaces in and around Metropol. To understand their role in Haraldsgadekvarteret and their effect on local public life, this corner is again important to understand and investigate. Because of its location the corner has numerous actors in the two campuses of Metropol. There is already a rich student life, and acknowledgements of their needs are crucial for a healthy development.

Metropol was built in 2008 as a part of the previous renewal process of Haraldsgadekvarteret. The educations at Campus Tagensvej 86 and Campus Sigurdsgade are social and health-related studies and around 80% of the students are women. How this has affected the neighbourhood in general and the local structures will also be relevant to understand when planning and designing further.

The corner is furthermore defined by surrounding roads. This is Haraldsgadekvarteret’s main chara cteristic, making the corner representative in the understanding of hierarchal processes and structures in the neighbourhood.

154 155

Campus Sigurdsgade Campus Tagensvej 186

Active and inactive facades

The buildings around Metropol corner relate inwards and have relatively closed facades. There are some entrances facing the street, but the public corner is otherwise left to itself. The squared building, east of the space is a gym hall with a glass façade. Although this façade does not have any entrances, the relation between outdoor and indoor is noticeable. The large open room facing the corner brings life to the space during organized activities, and it is clearly visible when lit-up after dark. This relation ensures some eyes on the street, and through activation of the ground floor the streetscape is perceived as safe (Jacobs, 1961).

Other buildings facing the corner are all in relatable scales. Their height and tactility refer to a human scale and do not create barriers towards the public.

D E F

BC

A

156 157

G A. Metropol gym hall B. Metropol, Campus Sigurdsgade C. Social housing - Titanparken

158 159

E. Gate D. Studio G. Temporary art workshops. Industrial remains, to be demolished F. DK4 Nye Media offices. Vegetated corner estabished by the municipality during the last months

Programming

The programming at Metropol corner is low, and the equipment provided are mainly sport-related or cycle parking. The equipment is highly focused on one activity, and even if the space is connected to a gym hall, the equipment is rarely used. Through observations it has been noticed that the space is used for organized fitness activities, but the equip ment has never been used. As seen at Sifs plads, the fitness related programming is especially excluding to young women.

In addition to the sport related programming, the corner is also provided with a steel pavilion. It is unclear what its assigned function is, it seems strangely placed and it does not provide shelter. Its colour on the contrary is striking. The blue theme seems to bind the space together, creating a site-specific character. The pavilion becomes more of a featuring characteristic than an element with a purpose for use. The characteristic blue colour is also a part of a larger wayfinding network, Copenhagen science city, connecting several educational campu ses at Nørrebro.

The student life at Metropol is bustling, with many different associations and societies. Nevertheless, the students take up little space in the outdoor areas. Only Impact farm, an organization which has made a greenhouse with a small connected outdoor space in the public back side of Metropol Sigurdsgade. It is used as a hangout space both inside and outside.

Materiality

The overall featuring material at Metropol corner is asphalt. There are well-established trees around the space that bring life and softness to the otherwise hard materiality. Without them the materiality would be hard and the asphalt dominating, as can be experienced in the southern part of the space. The metal street furniture and metal fitness elements are all painted in the same blue colour. Although there is a range of materials, the space is not perceived as chaotic.

161

Blue pavillion and running lanes Blue pavillion Seating Blue trainning element Blue trainning element Running track lines Asphalt with painted blue stripes Asphalt Blue stripes Grass Unused Green structures Stepping blocks

Flow

There is a flow from Metropol to the metro at Skjolds plads, and many arrive by bicycle. The students tend to leave after classes, and they do not use the local structures or the neighbourhood in general.

There has been an attempt to connect the two campuses by creating Metropolstien, which is built as a transition that passes a nursery and the social housing Titanparken. It has not been particularly successful, as it is rarely used. The attempt to connect the campuses via Metropolstien can be seen as a need expressed by the institution for strengthening the campuses both socially and physically, thereby enhancing the study environment. Metropolstien crosses through Metropol corner, making it an important transition zone.

The edges along Metropol corner are lined with street parking. Although they are mostly unused, they do create a barrier and an edge to the public space. They result in a confusing and chaotic transition to Metropolstien. Over the last months the municipality has rearranged the traffic, narrowed the road, and created a new vegetated corner. This observation has only been possible because of the many re-visits to Haraldsgadekvarteret. Because of this rearrangement, traffic is slowed down, making the space more comfortable for pedestrians.

Titangade

Rådmandsgade

80% of the students at Metropol are women, and their flow in and out of Haraldsgadekvarteret is high.

Today, they do not stay in the area unless they have a purpose. There is a significant need of public outdoor spaces accommodate young women.

162 163

Metropolstien Metropolstien Entrance to Campus Sigurdsagde

Flow

Metropolstien

Titangade

Rådmandsgade

164 165

Entrance to Campus Sigurdsagde

Edges and Barriers

Along Metropolstien there are many barriers, both visual and physical. When moving along Metropol stien, visitors encounter yellow signs on which are written:

“Stay prohibited for unauthorised persons. All travel and loitering by unauthorised persons are prohibited. Violation will result in removal from the department’s area by police action, including charges for violation of section 26 of the Criminal Code.” (Authors’ translation of sign found on Metropolsti en)

The signs do not specify who is authorised and who is prohibited to stay and use the area. As the signs are placed in the area between Metropol, a nursery and the social housing Titanparken it is difficult to comprehend who the sign is from. The agenda of these signs is to discourage people from staying or moving through the area, which does not align with the intentions of Metropolstien. The signs challenge the publicness of the space as it is confusing who is welcomed.

Large concrete elements creating a distinct edge to Metropol corner and act as a visual barrier

Edges and barriers when moving into the public backside of Metropol Sigurdsgade

Materials creating edges

Terrain forming an edge, creates smaller spaces and enclosures

166 167

Cars parked along the street are a visual barrier and it is difficult for pedestrians to cross the road

Walls act as visual barriers along Metropolstien, confusing publicness

Metropolstien is marked with worn pink paint, barely noticeable

Concrete elements create an edge and visual barrier to Metropol corner

Edges and barriers when moving along Metropolstien

Street with low flow, but reckless driving is recorded. Physical barrier

Physical barriers with unwelcoming signs

Barbwire acts as a visual barrier

Warning signs creating a confusing publicness

Space with a basketball field, appears as a leftover space which can feel unsafe

168 169

Narrrow entrance to the parking at Campus Tagensvej

Parking and sound

There is street parking all around the corner, which partly results in limited visibility. The street parking serves as a barrier, both visible and physical, and becomes an obstacle when entering Metropolstien. The corner receives some noise coming from Titangade and the crossing with Rådmandsgade, but it is less than before, after the new corner was established.

Street parking along Rådmandsgade

Light

There are lights around Metropol corner lighting up the streets at night. The concrete columns are also illuminated, making the rest of the space a dark hole. Several of the light poles in the centre of the space are not working or have been vandalised. A lack of lighting is a factor in decreased sense of publicness at night-time.

170 171 17

The concrete structures lit up From film: Metropol corner in the evenning From film: Link to film Link to film

Key findings - Metropol corner

• Metropolstien tries to bind the two campuses together

• The two campuses have large public backsides and a rich student life, 80% of their students are women

• Exposed programming, barely used even for organized groups

• Blue street furniture gives the corner a characteristic appearance

• Many visual and physical barriers along Metropolstien and at Metropol corner

172 173

Collage of main elements

Key findings

174 175

Key findings

The five sites of interest, Skjolds plads, the KTK lot, Sifs plads, Krakas plads, and Metropol corner, have created a thorough understanding of how public spaces in Haraldsgadekvarteret function, what roles they have in the local everyday life, and how women use urban structures. The findings have been important when developing a design program for the neighbourhood, that can shape urban spaces grounded in a feminist perspective and facilitate spaces for young women.

Haraldsgadekvarteret is defined by over-dimensioned, empty, and worn streets and the public spaces in the neighbourhood emerge from this network. This network has today, as previously described several challenges regarding publicness, safety, and hierarchal structures. It becomes more of a barrier, both socially, visually, and physically, and a forgotten feature than an active part of the urban landscape.

When designing spaces for young women, it is important to create urban spaces where people wish to stay, and the feeling of safety is the prerequisite for comfort. Creating safe urban spaces are not necessarily about preventing criminal actions, but about creating spaces to thrive. This situation is clearly visible at Krakas plads. There are almost no criminal incidents here today, but the space is still barely used. When comparing the five sites of interest it becomes clear that well maintained spaces, pleasant street lighting, social meeting points for encounters, and a hierarchal traffic solution with a low flow of cars, strengthen the feeling of safety, creating a more welcoming environment. A relatable human scale is also highlighted as beneficial when designing spaces for women. Intimate spatiality conveys a readable environment to a larger degree than over-dimensioned emptiness and high-rise buildings. The buildings in Haraldsgadekvarteret are mainly in this relatable scale, but the streetscape is disconnected.

The neighbourhood contains a range of different barriers. Physical barriers can be seen around the Metropol corner as fences, traffic barriers or privatization signs that challenge the publicness, and people tend to avoid using the public sphere. Social barriers on the other hand can be seen at Karakas

plads. Its reputation as a hub for the gang war in 2017 still affects the use of the space, and the many surveillance cameras maintain this social barrier. Lastly, visual barriers can be experienced in the streetscape. Its wideness, numerous street parking and emptiness can be interpreted as uncomfortable and unsafe.

A confusing transition in publicness creates barriers, complicates the informal social control, and challenges the feeling of safety and belonging. A more functional transition between ground floors and facades, private and public, on the other hand, creates an additional zone for social control and people feel welcomed as the feeling of safety is strengthened. It is important to understand and acknowledge that the concept of publicness is complex, as it is subjective and in constant flux. Creating spaces that encourage social encounters and a comprehensive publicness is important when designing public space for locals as well as visitors.

Street lighting has also proven to be a relevant tool when designing safe spaces with a comprehensive publicness. It can strengthen the social control by providing visibility and making the streetscape attractive to move through, also by night. It is uncertain if street lighting has any effect preventing criminal actions, but it has undoubtedly an effect for the locals, making them thrive, feel at home, and feel safe. More eyes will be on the street, and a strong communal feeling is generated.

The spatial dimension is also important when designing safe spaces for women. When observing how people use urban spaces, men tend to stay in the most exposed parts to a higher degree than women. It seems like men have fewer qualms about being watched, while women are more careful of the risk of being objectified in public. Large, empty, exposed spaces are perceived as unsafe and uncomfortable to use for vulnerable groups. They tend to place them self along the edges and with something shielding their back. At Skjolds plads for example, the benches placed in the centremost part of the square are rarely used compared to the ones placed either connected to city functions, or along the walls. Small spaces on the contrary, can be both exciting, comfortable, and

thriving, but their publicness is challenged when it gets dark. At the KTK lot for example, many young women are attracted to the space during daylight hours but leave and avoid it after dark. Women tend to be attracted to smaller enclosed spaces, that still ensures good visibility, and provides social encounters. When looking at Sifs plads, the alternative hang-out spots between the vegetated terrain is popular among young women. The low maintained vegetation provides a soft, comfortable expression and ensures a complete overview of the space. The reason for this situation is undoubtedly extremely complex, but gender relations do create diverse needs when designing.

Functions, activities and how the urban space is programmed are also key factors in how the city is perceived. One of the largest challenges in Copenhagen is, according to Kural, to activate women and elderly. Through observations at Sifs plads he further argues that fitness related programming mainly attracts men. All public spaces in Haraldsgadekvar teret today, except Skjolds plads, are programmed with fitness equipment. To accommodate women a new paradigm is required. Multifunctional urban spaces are both highly requested and frequently used by women. They should be intricate, with subtle separations, and inspire creativity instead of being excluding, static, with no form for interpretation.

It is further observed that spaces with several surrounding functions attract people. Many local actors in Haraldsgadekvarteret are important support groups for young women, but they are mainly indoors. If the landscape facilitates an urban structure that accommodates needs and wishes, the actors have the possibility to generate an urban public life for young women. Organized activities have shown to be important in how women lay claim to public space, and incorporated flexibility is crucial for these arrangements. A mixture of functi ons can in other words provide for urban needs and create a liveable environment.

The urban landscape of Haraldsgadekvarteret has an enormous potential. If its wideness is used constructively and the low traffic flow is considered, the streetscape could become the main attraction,

connecting the neighbourhood internally. Meeting points or public spaces have the possibility of becoming catalysts for public life, with social encounters and logical transitions. The many actors present can help facilitate a development grounded in the local community if the landscape provides spaces for them and accommodates their needs. In the coming development it is desirable to focus on aspects such as solidarity, inclusion, identification, and an overall focus on care which are aspects highly rated among women.

Design program

Based on the analysis done on the five sites of interest, a design program with a feminist perspective and the purpose of shaping spaces for young women has been developed. It can be seen as a gathering and concretization of the analysis and the foregoing theory. It contains six overall criteria:

1. Safe inner and outer connections

2. Connect existing enclaves and structures

3. Break barriers

4. Connect actors

5. Use meeting points as catalysts for public life 6. Phase plan – secure a feminist approach in Haraldsgadekvarteret

The criteria are further supported with several design requirements, that will create a foundation for the physical design. The design program is then applied to two design concepts one at Krakas plads and one at the Metropol corner. The spaces for intervention are selected with understanding from both neighbourhood analysis and the analysis done on the sites of interest. They will be developed with physical concretizations and describe important design requirements to secure a development that fulfils the purpose.

176 177

Design program

178 179

Design program

Safe inner and outer connections

Visible entrances

Visibility – focus on light/sight

Focus on pedestrians, cyclists, and public transportation

Make public – human scale, soft materiality

2. Connect existing enclaves and structures

Use meeting points to connect enclaves and bind them together

Connect private fronts to the street

Dependent on 1. safe inner and outer connections

Flexibility in urban space to accommodate social activities

3. Break barriers (physical/social/visual)

• Connect private fronts to the street

Focus on pedestrians, cyclists, and public transportation

Break visual barriers

Meeting points as a part of the larger connection network

Use meeting points to connect enclaves and bind them together

Strengthening actors presents in the urban space

4. Connect actors

Dependent on 1. safe inner and outer connections

Break barriers

Strengthening actors presents in the urban space

Flexibility in urban space to accommodate social activities

180 181 1.

•

182 183 5. Use meeting points as catalysts for public life • Visibility – focus on light/sight • Multifunctional elements • Smaller spaces for social interaction • Connect private fronts to the street • Attractions • Meeting points as a part of the larger connection network • Active naming in the context of Haraldsgadekvarteret 6. Phase Plan - secure a feminist approach in the development of Haraldsgadekvarteret • Recomended process • Requirements for further developments • Involvement of actors

Concept

184 185

Phase plan

To ensure a healthy process and development of Haraldsgadekvarteret, a phase plan is created, giving Områdefornyelsen recommendations on how to continue a feminist approach in their work. The feminist planning approach highlights the importance of the process rather than the product. A thorough local understanding is therefore crucial for a well-functioning development and the result. The design concepts for Krakas plads and Metropol corner are the first of several concept developments. They are to be read as sketches for the next phase and to be used as bases for discussions with locals and other professionals.

After the handover, there is a recommended process to ensure a development through a feminist appro ach, grounded in the local community, and to make sure that the local actors are involved. Receiving comments from residents and relevant actors on the concepts and designs can raise questions and issues that were previously not known. An interdisciplinary team should be created, giving other professionals the opportunity to comment on the drawings. New knowledge can then be transferred into the next design concepts. It is important to continue revisiting the area to gain further insights into the challenges and possibilities. During revisits, issues relating to the design concepts can also be understood further.

The first part of the development has further established seven requirements to ensure a feminist development with a focus on the everyday life. These requirements should be kept and incorporated in the final design. New requirements should be established after coming phases, based on the knowledge gained in the process. This is done to ensure that the most crucial elements are incorporated and developed into the final design.

After concept one, the work will be handed over to Områdefornyelsen giving them knowledge and a direction on how to shape spaces for young women in Haraldsgadekvarteret. The handover to Områ defornyelsen relies on certain criteria being carried forward. The requirements after the first concepts are:

Flexible spaces

Green structures

Bicycle paths

Safe public transportation routes

Ensure good lighting

Small spaces for social encounters

Involve actors

186 187

Krakas plads

Krakas plads

Krakas plads is selected as a space for intervention as it can be a significant urban space in Haraldsgade kvarteret and its local community. The space lies in the centremost part of the neighbourhood and is a meeting point for many important interconnections. There is little public life at Krakas plads today, and it is the dead heart that does not beat.

Because of its location and the many internal transitions, Krakas plads can serve a significant role in the larger connection network of Haraldsgade kvarteret. This network is important to develop as it is the main local character and dominates the public realm. The wide streets are prioritizing cars and it is not pleasant to move through when walking or cycling. By making them more attractive, less car focused, and better for both pedestrians and cyclists the publicness of the streets can be increased. Being in the centre, Krakas plads can have reverberations into the rest of the neighbourhood and through solid implementations, the space can succeed in providing spaces for young women.

In addition to being a physical crossing point, Krakas plads is today a social crossing point as it is surrounded by homogeneous residential groups and enclaves. There are also several important local actors at the KTK lot close to Krakas plads, but their social activities are mainly indoor. The local importance of the actors at the KTK lot provides immense potential if the landscape facilitates attractive spaces they want to use and lay claim to.

Today, social and physical structures turn their back to the public, to each other and therefore also to Krakas plads, creating a distinct transition and social barrier. This situation inhabits immense potential and Krakas plads has the possibility to connect the local environment if actors and residents are used actively in the process. The aim is to make Krakas plads a destination, not a leftover space like it is today.

190 191

Collage from Krakas plads analysis

program -

Krakas plads as a part of the larger connection network

The KTK lot

Visible bus stop with good lighting

Den Grønne Trekant

Visible entrance

Visible entrance with clear publicness

Krakas plads

Visible entrance

Visible bus stop with good lighting

Internal connection network improved with added cycle paths and green structures with a cohesive character

Vibekevang

Narrowed roads giving space for connective green structures and bike lanes Narrowed roads giving space for connective green structures

urban

meeting

Internal connection network

Krakas plads is the centre of the neighbourhood, with many important streets passing by or emerging from it. It is therefore a natural and important space to serve as a foundation when developing an internal connection network that is perceived as safe and attractive. The wideness and lack of human scale in the dominating streetscape of Haraldsgadekvarteret makes it possible to develop a strong and solid interconnection, generating a liveable environment. A green street network is created as the road is narrowed, and cycle lanes are established along all streets that currently do not have any. The network breaks up the monotonous hardscape with a softer materiality in organic shapes. Plant beds and small spaces for social encounters are implemented,

breaking up the asphalt. By narrowing the stre etscape creating a softer and more welcoming urban landscape, a human scale is applied, traffic speed is reduced, making the streetscape safer for pedestrians and cyclists. Through street trees the speed is even further reduced (Speed Reduction Mechanisms, 2022). The green network is furthermore creating a visual and physical connection to the rest of the neighbourhood, as a cohesive local character is developed.

192 193 1. Safe inner and outer connections 2. Connect existing enclaves and structures 3. Break barriers (physical/social/visual) 4. Connect actors • Visible entrances • Visibility – focus on light/sight • Focus on pedestrians, cyclists, and public transportation • Make public – human scale, soft materiality • Use meeting points to connect enclaves and bind them together • Dependent on 1. safe inner and outer connections • Flexibility in urban space to accommodate social activities • Focus on pedestrians, cyclists, and public transportation • Break visual and social barriers • Meeting points as a part of the larger connection network • Use meeting points to connect enclaves and bind them together • Strengthening actors presents in the urban space • Dependent on 1. safe inner and outer connections • Break barriers • Strengthening actors presents in the urban space • Flexibility in

space to accommodate social activities 5. Use

points as catalysts for public life • Visibility – focus on light/sight • Multifunctional elements • Smaller spaces for social interaction • Attractions • Meeting points as a part of the larger connection network 6. Phase Plan - secure a feminist approach in the development of Haraldsgadekvarteret • Recomended process • Requirements for further developments • Involvement of actors Design

Krakas plads Concept 1

The streetscape in Haraldsgadekvarteret is defining the main urban character, and is a natural starting point when connecting internally, generating a more welcoming neighbourhood. The aim is to give the street more life, generate more eyes on the street, and increase the feeling of safety. Jacobs (1961) high lights the importance of the sidewalk and its role in creating a safe urban environment. To increase the feeling of safety in Haraldsgadekvarteret, it is in this case important to focus on creating attractive and well-functioning urban structures in relation to the public life.

Public transportation

The public transportation network in Haraldsga dekvarteret is connected to Krakas plads and its surroundings. Public transportation is, as previously described, important to women, their mobility in the city, and their feeling of safety (Christensen et.al., 2007). The local bus stops at Haraldsgade in both directions, but the bus-stops can be hard to recognize and find. With challenged wayfinding the feeling of safety can be decreased after dark. This concept aims to create visible bus-stops that are comfortable to stand by. The bus-stops are encircled by the green connection network, clear sightlines are ensured, and the space is provided with good lighting conditions. To strengthen the feeling of safety further the bus stops are provided with digital signs with information about when the bus arrives (Perez, 2019).

Green pocket

Today, Haraldsgadekvarteret is dominated by hardscaped spaces, and the neighbourhood needs larger green meeting points. After conversations with actors and residents, it was uncovered that green meeting points are missed and desirable in future developments.

The streetscape is in this concept naturally prolonged into Krakas plads as the space is made green, creating an extended pocked in the internal connection network. To ensure good visibility, the established vegetation is either tall trees or low and maintained, to express a feeling of care. The green pocket is established to attract people, generating a meeting point and a beating heart in the neighbourhood.

Break the roundabout feeling

The many asphalted streets and paths passing around Krakas plads make the space feel like a roundabout when staying for a longer time. To combat the roundabout feeling and give Krakas plads a real presence in Haraldsgadekvarteret, the northern asphalt path is replaced with vegetation. The full space is exploited, and the grass is stretched all the way up to the building. A less exposed space is created when the coherent surface is extended to the edges of the space. As seen at Skjolds plads, this is an attractive situation that ensures good overview, without the feeling of being watched. Rather than being a busy roundabout and a forgotten leftover space, Krakas plads is made into a destination.

Visible entrances

Visible entrances are established to ensure safe interconnections and to make Krakas plads into an extended part of the connection network. They are marked with greenery and cycle racks on an accessible paved surface. Vegetation is established with good visibility and sightlines. The readable landscape aims to generate a welcoming space with a clear publicness.

Spaces for social encounter at entrances

Narrowed roads giving space for connective green structures

Ensure good sightlines

1:250: Internal connection network, new streetscape at Haraldsgade

Haraldsgade

Existing bike lane

Existing parking

New trees Existing trees

194 195

Strengthen local actors and residents’ presence at Krakas plads across enclaves

The KTK lot

Connect actors

Den Grønne Trekant

Reused structures and elements

Multifunctional spaces and units

Space with evening sun

Flexible space

Multifunctional spaces and units

space

Connect Enclaves

Spaces for social encounter

VibekevangBodega provided more outdoor space creating public life, eyes on the street, and strengthening the feeling of safety

Connect enclaves

Krakas plads has several issues as the space is, unused, and carries a bad reputation. Because the space is currently avoided, it feels like a leftover space, with confusing structures, and is perceived as overprogrammed. Private fronts surround the space, and it has become an in-between space in the middle of two enclaves. To improve this situation, Krakas plads must attract the locals, making the enclaves relate outwards to the public. Binding Krakas plads together with the rest of Haraldsgadekvarteret, making the space a key part of the larger internal connection network is additionally important for this concept.

Social encounters

Spaces for social encounters are incorporated in the connection network and are crucial to activate the local public life. Haraldsgade is an important connection to the metro at Skjolds plads and is one of the busiest streets in the quarter. It is a part of the green connection and is equipped with small spaces and meeting points along the facades located by the entrances. The enclosures are placed in the greenery, making the streetscape an important attractor and comfortable to move through. Recognition of people and social exchange can strengthen the communal feeling in the neighbourhood and generate a feeling of belonging and co-existing. The feeling of safety is thereby increased.

1:250 Connecting actors

Multifunctional element creating an alternative hangout spot

Visible bus stop with good lighting

Larger flexible space with room for organized activities

Ensure good sightlines

Bodega provided more outdoor space creating public life, eyes on the street, and strengthening the feeling of safety

Vegetated terrain shielding from traffic

Spaces used by women

196 197 Concept 2

Flexible

The KTK lot

Transitions

Krakas plads and the green connection network have the potential to create spaces for social encounters, and thereby strengthen the feeling of publicness. The parking lot outside the office building of the Education and Research Ministry is converted into an urban space that connects Krakas plads to both Viebekvang, the KTK lot, and to the connection network. This parking lot is rarely used because the ministry has additional parking inside its yard.

Bring important social life outside

Local actors and residents are involved in the development of Krakas plads, and the space becomes activated by them for the local community. Through involvement processes, a feeling of belonging can be generated. It becomes possible to create social exchange across residential groups, and thereby break social barriers. To create spaces for the locals, their everyday life story and situated knowledge must be considered. The phase plan therefore describes a recommended process with re-visits and conversations with locals, to acknowledge their viewpoint on the first concept. As described, local actors at the KTK lot close to Krakas plads are especially important for young women in Haralds gadekvarteret, and their social life. By activating them, bringing their voices and participation to the surface, a more equal landscape can unfold. When creating a sense of personal belonging and invest ment in the local community, care for the space will be generated.

Reuse

As many existing structures as possible are reused. The swing set is placed differently, to support the new spatiality. The fitness equipment and fences are developed with new purposes. They can be turned into benches and other flexible units created together with locals and professionals. By keeping and reusing structures the overall characteristics of the space will be preserved.

Flexibility

To attract people and particularly young women, a less programmed and a more flexible space is suggested for Krakas plads. As previously described, women tend to be attracted to enclosed spaces that ensures good visibility and provides the space with alternative hangout spots. In addition, organized activities are important to women in Haraldsga dekvarteret as they together claim and make use of public spaces. Krakas plads will therefore be programmed with both small, enclosed spaces in addition to larger, flexible spaces with room for activities or events.

A larger asphalt space is kept as it offers a range of possibilities and provides space for activities that require a paved surface. The surface is connected to the path crossing Krakas plads and ensures accessi bility for everyone. The concrete plant beds are kept as a part of this hardscaped flexible area and are developed into units with multiple options for use.

Beside the flexible hardscaped space, an open lawn is established to accommodate other diverse activities. The lawn is surrounded by taller vegetation, and terrain slopes to frame the space and make it less exposed.

Multifunctional units

Multifunctional units can be used as a place to stay, exercise and play, and through their various purposes they encourage creativity and do not dictate how to use the urban space. They will thereby function as more inclusive elements. The units are placed differently to accommodate multiple needs, and in consideration of different degrees of exposure, enclosure, sun conditions, sightlines, and entrances.

The terrain slopes are inspired by the landscape at Sifs plads, where the terrain creates alternative hangout spots that particularly attract women. The low maintained vegetation ensures good visibility, provides the space with soft materiality, and creates a green pocket in the streetscape of Haraldsgade kvarteret.

198 199

1:250 Krakas plads Multifunctional spaces and units Flexible space Reused structures and elements Multifunctional element creating an alternative hangout spot Ensure good sightlines

New cycle lanes

Seating unit with evening sun

Narrowed roads giving space for connective green structures and bike lanes

New cycle lanes

swings

Multifunctional units reusing materials

Visible entrance with clear publicness

Ministry for education and research

Larger green pocket with tarrain slopes, flexible spaces, and multifunctional elements

Visible bus stop with good lighting

New crossing connecting The KTK lot and Vibekevang

Terrain slopes

spaces

Multifunctional units reusing materials

Multifunctional unit

Large flexible space for organized activities

Visible bus stop with good lighting

Narrowed road

Large flexible space for organized activities

Exsisting raised planting bed reused

Visible entrance with clear publicness

Bodega provided more outdoor space creating public life, eyes on the street, and strengthening the feeling of safety

Vibekevang

Spaces for social encounter

Green pockets with terrain slopes, seating, cycle parking and other city functions

Narrowed roads giving space for connective green structures and bike lanes

New cycle lanes

200 201

enclosed

Reused

Den Grønne Trekant Kiosk Pizzaria Skate park

KTK

lot

Frejas plads

Frejas plads

The corner by Rådmandsgade and Titangade is selected as a space for intervention as it can be significant in the larger public connection network of Haraldsgadekvarteret and connect the partly public back sides of Metropol. These public back sides are today large open spaces, packed with parking spaces that are relatively empty. The areas are highlighted as possible spaces for interaction, and they are valuable to the neighbourhood if developed. The corner can act as a catalyst, start the process of generating public life, and provide awareness of the potential that lies unrealised. As the space relates outwards, it has the possibility to connect the public life and Metropol, making an entrance and a transition between private and public.

The corner has the potential to strengthen the connection between the campus at Sigurdsgade and the campus at Tagensvej. There has already been an attempt to connect the two campuses by creating Metropolstien. The project has only been partly successful and is rarely used. Either way, the attempt can be seen as a need for strengthening the campuses socially and physically, and further enhancing the study environment. There is a rich student life at Metropol, and the corner has the potential to spur activity and involvement by giving space and support to the many actors. Informal conversations have led to a fuller understanding of the site and its actors, their use, needs, and sufficiency.

The educations at both campuses are social and health-related studies and around 80% of the students are women (Nøgletal om studerende, 2022). There is a need for better meeting places and outdo or areas, as the social life is either located indoors or moved away from Haraldsgadekvarteret when

students leave after classes. It is, in other words, relevant to create spaces targeted at young women, making them feel welcome, safe, and comfortable.

There are also other interests in the corner. Over the last months the municipality has rearranged the traffic, narrowed the street, and created a new vegetated corner. This observation has only been possible because of the many re-visits to Haraldsga dekvarteret. Evidently is a highly relevant space and its potential is acknowledged by many.

Naming

Today the Metropol corner does not have a name and giving the corner a name can put the space on the map. It can additionally create a space seen as a destination, not only as a transitional in-between space, as it currently is. Haraldsgadekvarteret is also known as the mythological quarter as streets and spaces are named after creatures, gods, and goddesses from Nordic mythology. Metropol corner will therefore be named Frejas plads after the goddess of fertility. The name refers both to its situated context, and simultaneously to its more accurate location and Metropol – as the surrounding campus provides educations to become midwives and nurses. Additionally, a female character is selected considering that the representation of spaces named after women is low.

The corner will from here be referred to as Frejas plads, but the suggestion should be reviewed by locals, giving them the opportunity to propose something else.

204 205

Collage from Metropol corner analysis

Design program - Frejas plads

1 Use Frejas plads as a catalyst for public life to connect existing structures and actors

Narrowed roads giving space for connective green structures and bike lanes

Phase 2: site with potential for further development

Catalyst for public life

Frejas plads has the potential to activate the public back sides at Campus Sigurdsgade and Campus Tagensvej and can act as a catalyst for public life. The two public back sides are proposed as possible intervention points in the next development phase of Haraldsgadekvarteret. Voices and everyday life stories from the students and local actors should be heard, and they should be involved in the develop ment process. The location of Frejas plads contains a higher degree of publicness compared to the outdoor spaces connected to the two campuses, and it relates outwards to the public realm. It is further directly connected to the streetscape, and by making Frejas plads as an extended part of the connection network, it has the potential of becoming an important meeting point in the neighbourhood, and a catalyst for future phases.

Visible entrance with clear publicness

Spaces for social encounters are established at the entrances along Titangade as the street is narrowed, giving space for the local green connection network. Small spaces and enclosures are placed in the greenery, making the streetscape an important attractor. Narrowing the roads will also help slow down car traffic. Some streets have suffered from reckless driving, and the feeling of safety is strengthened by preventing this.

Spaces for social encounter Space for social encounter 206 207 1. Safe inner and outer connections 2. Connect existing enclaves and structures 3. Break barriers (physical/social/visual) 4. Connect actors • Visible entrances • Visibility – focus on light/sight • Focus on pedestrians, cyclists, and public transportation • Make public – human scale, soft materiality • Use meeting points to connect existing structures • Connect private fronts to the street • Dependent on 1. safe inner and outer connections • Flexibility in urban space to accommodate social activities • Connect private fronts to the street • Focus on pedestrians, cyclists, and public transportation • Break visual barriers • Meeting points as a part of the larger connection network • Use meeting points to connect existing structures • Strengthening actors presents in the urban space • Dependent on 1. safe inner and outer connections • Break barriers • Strengthening actors presents in the urban space • Flexibility in urban space to accommodate social activities 5. Use meeting points as catalysts for public life • Visibility – focus on light/sight • Multifunctional elements • Smaller spaces for social interaction • Connect private fronts to the street • Meeting points as a part of the larger connection network • Active naming in the context of Haraldsgadekvarteret 6. Phase Plan - secure a feminist approach in the development of Haraldsgadekvarteret • Recomended process • Requirements for further developments • Involvement of actors

Concept

Phase 2: site with potential for further development New cycle lanes Frejas plads as a catalyst for public life Connect through Metropolstien

CampusTagensvej

Better cycling conditions

There are no bicycle lanes that connect with Frejas plads today, but they would be a vast improvement for the cycling infrastructure in the area. By narrow ing the wide roads, bicycle lanes are established on every street. Poor bicycle infrastructure can inhibit cycling, and as previously described, this is especially the case for women, as they consider safety to a higher degree and generally cycle more than men (Slavin, 2015). Bicycle lanes would therefore create better and safer access in the neighbourhood.

Connect through Metropolstien

Metropolstien crosses Frejas plads and it is crucial when creating a stronger connection between the two campuses. The many barriers along the path are removed and replaced with a green connection. Where Metropolstien crosses Titangade, a crossing for pedestrians is created and the street is narrowed further. Low vegetation is established in the car lane, making it possible for only one car to pass at a time. Connecting the two campuses is beneficial for the local actors as it provides them with social and educational opportunities. The greenery is also established to create a logical transition between the public sphere and the residential housing group Titanparken.

Visible entrances

Frejas plads is proposed with visible entrances connecting it further to the local and larger context of Haraldsgadekvarteret. Street-parking around the space is removed to create better crossings and a more visible connection to Metropolstien. The entrances are further emphasized with green accents, that link to the green connection network.

Both Frejas plads and Metropolstien are provided with lighting, as they should be safe and attractive throughout the day.

Wayfinding

The connection is enhanced by using the distinctive blue colour that currently characterizes Frejas plads, through wayfinding elements along the path. The blue colour elements are kept as they are a part of a larger wayfinding network in Copenhagen Science City, connecting Metropol and the northern campus of Copenhagen university.

208

Wayfinding along Metropolstien New blue lightpoles Exsisting sign Reuse pavillion Blue seating elements Phase 2 Metropol Campus Sigurdsgade Phase 2 Metropol Campus Tagensvej New crossing connecting Metropolstien to Frejas plads Titanparken Titangade narrowed to create cycle lanes New blue light poles providing access at night and is a part of the wayfinding system MetropolstienExisting parking devided with green structures

1:250

Metropolstien Green pockets with tarrain slopes, flexible spaces, and wayfinding elements

Concept

Flexibility in the urban space grounded in the local context

Connect actors

Remove fence and connect Metropolstien to the campus

Flexible space

Multifunctional spaces and units

Break barriers along Metropolstien

Accomodate the needs of local actors

Flexibility - Programming

Connect existing structures

Multifunctional spaces and units

Flexible space

The public life at Frejas plads is today almost non-existent, which can indicate a lack of site specificity in the previous development process. Today, the little programming at Frejas plads is static and provides rarely used fitness equipment. As described earlier, women tend to avoid using exposed equipment, and with a noticeable gender differentiation at Metropol, the space is often left to itself. However, it is observed that there is sometimes organized fitness taking place next to the equipment as Metropol gym faces Frejas plads. The space must therefore be flexible and provide room for organized fitness or other activities. Organized activities are important in how young women lay

claim on public space in Haraldsgadekvarteret, and Frejas plads should accommodate spaces for several and diverse activities. Therefore, flexible space is provided, which is large enough to accommodate different activities.

Multifunctionality – alternative hang out spots

To create flexibility in the urban space grounded in the local context, the space must offer more than large, exposed flexible spaces. Enclosed spaces, that ensure good sightlines and functions as alternative hangout spots are therefore prioritised in this concept. The enclosed spaces are either created through vegetated terrain slopes or with flexible seating units and create spaces that give shelter at the back with a good complete overview.

Titangade

Two enclosed flexible spaces, connected to accommodate organized activities

Ensure good sightlines

Blue lightpoles as a part of the larger wayfinding network

Alternative hangout spots

Rådmandsgade

Narrowed roads giving space for connective green structures and bike lanes

New crossings creating easy access to Frejas plads

210

Metropol gym hall Vegetated terrain slopes creating enclosed spaces with good sightlines Reused and reimagined pavilion Multifunctional seating element built around the gyn hall inviting people into Frejas plads Visible entrance, leading visitors into Frejas plads

1:250

Frejas plads

The flexible seating units can be used as a place to stay, exercise and play, and through their multifunctionality they encourage creativity and do not dictate how to use the urban space. They will thereby function as more inclusive elements than the static fitness equipment. The most important flexible element is the one placed against Metropol gym, going around the corner to Rådmandsgade. By connecting to the street, it invites people into Frejas plads, with visible entrances and a high degree of publicness. It is located on the spot with the best sun conditions and provides both enclosure and exposure depending on where and how it is used. All the flexible units are painted in the distinct blue colour relating to Copenhagen Science City and local context.

The terrain slopes are inspired by the landscape at Sifs plads where the terrain and alternative hangout spots particularly attract women. The low main tained vegetation ensures good visibility, provides the space with soft materiality, and creates a green pocket in the streetscape of Haraldsgadekvarteret.

Reuse and involvement

The characteristic although unused blue pavilion is developed to create a sheltered space in relation to the place and its users. The pavilion is important in creating a space that is attractive also during the winter months. It will it additionally provide shade during the summer months and create another important alternative hang out spot. Reusing existing elements is sustainable but is also important when preserving the character of Frejas plads by keeping and extending the use of blue elements. The pavilion will further be incorporated with light, giving the space a welcoming impression, and increasing the feeling of safety during dark hours. The pavilion can be a part of the involvement process and be co-produced by students and resi dents at Titanparken.

212 213

1:250 Titangade, narrowed road and new cycle lanes Terrain slopes enclosed spaces Ensure good sightlines Existing trees are kept

Spaces for social encounter

New cycle lanes

Narrowed roads giving space for connective green structures and bike lanes

Metropol Campus Sigurdsgade

Phase 2: site with potential for further development

Industrikollegiet

Blue elements as a part of the larger wayfinding network

Visible entrance, leading visitors into Frejas plads

Multifunctional spaces and units

Reused and reimagined pavilion

Multifunctional seating element built around the gyn hall inviting people into Frejas plads

Narrowed roads giving space for connective green structures and bike lanes

Flexible space

Alternative hangout spots

Visible entrance with clear publicness

New crossings creating easy access to Frejas plads

Spaces for social encounter

214 215

Further reflections

216 217

Conclusion

This thesis has explored how Haraldsgadekvarteret, through landscape architectural tools, can become more socially sustainably developed with a focus on gender equality. It has further investigated and developed an understanding of how to accommodate the needs of young women, how to make them feel safe, and how to create a social foundation, groun ded in the local community and existing physical structures.

The project started with establishing a feminist urban planning approach, development concept and method. The city is, through a feminist understan ding, a flexible structure that is in constant flux, and is dependent on its context, with both social and physical components. With persistent gender inequality in urban spaces, feminism is still relevant to consider when designing a democratic city or neighbourhood. In particular, the thesis highlights three challenges regarding space and spatiality that can be addressed by designers and planners.

1. Regardless of democratic principles related to participation and inclusion, an unequal gender division still exists in the use of urban spaces. Women are excluded and forgotten when gender is ignored in urban planning. It is an indirect reference to the private sphere, and structural gender inequality is perpetuated.

2. The monofunctional zoning from modernist planning creates gender segregation, where women are related to the private and men to the public sphere. Traditional gender roles are thereby maintained, and the urban life of women limited. Many cities are still built around the idea of efficiency and production, and gender relations still affects how people use urban spaces, where people move, and what opportunities people are provided.

3. Gender relations can affect the feeling of safety in the urban space. The feeling of safety has a spatial dimension as spaces are avoided by vulnerable groups. This is a challenge of inequality, as it limits the way women use the city. Physical design can strengthen the feeling of safety and provide social control.

The feminist planning approach highlights the importance of the process rather than the product. A thorough local understanding is therefore crucial for a well-functioning development and the result. It has therefore been important, when establishing Her story, to understand Haraldsgadekvarteret on different scales, through phenomenological experi ences, and through the eyes of the people using the local urban spaces.

The method has been applied on two different scales. The first overall neighbourhood analysis has provided the process with knowledge about the large structures in the neighbourhood, how the area is compounded, what its characteristics are, its overall challenges, and potential. Through this overall understanding of Haraldsgadekvarteret, five sites of interest were selected due to interesting overlaps,

transitions, and use. These sites have further provi ded a deeper understanding of local challenges and possibilities in the context of Haraldsgadekvarteret. Together, the analyses have created a foundation for the developed design program, with design principles on how to shape spaces for young women in the local context.

1. Safe inner and outer connections

2. Connect existing enclaves and structures

3. Break barriers (physical/social/visual)

4. Connect actors

5. Use meeting points as catalysts for public life

6. Phase plan – secure a feminist approach in Haraldsgadekvarteret

The design program has then been applied on two concepts that concretize the principles into physical structures. The concepts are seen as a part of a larger development process, and as drafts for further interpretation and maturing. A phase plan has therefore been established, with recommendations to Områdefornyelsen, outlining how to sustainably continue the feminist approach in Haraldsgadekvarteret.

A feminist approach can furthermore contribute to a debate and a public awareness of gendered inequality in the urban landscape. Not only can it create spaces that accommodate the needs of young women, but also help the field move forward, highlight challenges, and generate a more equal society. If the city is created by everybody, a democratic city can be unfolded, creating liveable environments, and inclusive spaces for all.

218 219

Reflections

Feminism is a complex term, and how to develop a feminist approach does not have a singular answer.

“Feminism is about the sciences of the multiple subject with (at least) double vision. Feminism is about a critical vision consequent upon a critical positioning in unhomo geneous gendered social space. Translation is always interpretative, critical, and partial.” (Haraway,1988. p. 589)

In this case, it is relevant to understand gender relations as something that can change, something cultural, and something political. Gender relations are also relevant in relation to landscape architectu re, as the architect and mediator shape spaces, and the spaces further shape people. It is a problem if the way spaces are shaped, and the underlying ideas, consciously or unconsciously still reproduce gender inequality. If a place and space can reproduce gender inequality, it must on the contrary also contain the possibility to do the opposite and contribute to change. It is therefore undoubtedly relevant to reflect upon how spaces are shaped and what perceptions and ideas the design is based on. By taking gender relations into account when designing, it is possible to contribute to a more equal and just urban landscape.

By using a feminist approach, it can be interpreted that women should be given special consideration and care, making them victims and more vulnerable. This is not the point. The purpose is to understand urban gender relations that at times are not possible to explain. Gender inequality still exists in the landscape to the disfavour of women, and their needs must be addressed.

Method

The method developed to understand and design Haraldsgadekvarteret through a feminist approach, with the purpose of shaping spaces for young women, can undoubtably be evaluated. Through re-visits, observations, and conversations, the thesis has explored how to grasp and understand Haralds gadekvarteret with the belief that,

“Feminist objectivity is about limited location and situated knowledge, not about transcendence and splitting of subject and object. It allows us to become answerable for what we learn how to see.” (Haraway, 1988. P, 583)

The thesis aims to avoid planning from above, from nowhere, and from the supposed truth of science that does not exist. The process has attempted to include as many viewpoints as possible, though it is difficult to cover all ideas, needs, wishes, challenges, potential, and so on. The conversations previously described are brought forward from engaged locals and important actors in Haraldsgadekvarteret. These loud voices are not conveying an incorrect picture of the neighbourhood, but there are still many untold everyday life stories, and a great amount of situated knowledge still to be uncovered. Out of the conver sations, key findings and main topics have been mapped out, but through an interpretation. The goal and purpose of the project is hard to disregard, and a subjective understanding and significance might have occurred. This is in general a challenge when developing projects based on community consultati ons and interviews. How silent voices are brough to the surface and how to ensure that present voices are interpreted correctly, is difficult but important to understand and ensure.

When designing a democratic neighbourhood that ensures social sustainability, it is important to consider the diverse context. This development process has focused on gender inequality and structural challenges related to the urban needs of women. At the same time, it is relevant to highlight that there are other vulnerable groups still in need of being understood, also in Haraldsgadekvarteret. Their needs might be different, or in some cases like the aforementioned. They must, in any case, be understood through their situated knowledge and though their perspectives (Haraway, 1988). To comprehend a fully equal urban landscape, coming phases should hypothetically include investigation and understanding of how other groups are exposed, convey their needs, and tell their stories.

“But here there also lies a serious danger of romanticizing and/or appropriating the vision of the less powerful while claiming to see from their positions” (Haraway, 1988. P, 584)

As a designer it is important to remember not to use others point of view to propose the desirable results. The voices, both loud and silent, must be interpreted constructively and used actively. Have the locals really been listened to? According to Kural, designers and planners have forgotten to learn how to design for women, while still claiming to design from their perspective (Kjeldtoft, 2016). This can be because designers have claimed a viewpoint and developed it with a lack of situated knowledge and incorrect interpretation.

The method used for understanding Haraldsgade kvarteret further has some external challenges, that cannot be altered, but might affect the results and design. To fully understand Haraldsgadekvarteret, its structures, fluxes, challenges, and potential, it would be relevant to understand the site throughout a full year, maybe several full years. During the last few months, it has been possible to grasp some parts of the neighbourhood, but a location is in constant development and change. A mapping over time would provide a more solid foundation for the interpretation of conversations and observations. It would further be crucial to create an interdisciplina ry team or consult other professionals, as landscape architects developing this process. To explore Haraldsgadekvarteret through another profession and with other purposes than shaping physical spaces would be highly instructive and strengthen the applied method.

Method – Design program – Concepts

As explained, Haraldsgadekvarteret is complex in several aspects of its structure. The neighbourhood is socially diverse, however fragmented. The physicality is complex, and contains historical layers and infrastructural challenges, but with immense potential. In such contexts, it can be discussed if and how it is possible to accommodate the needs of everyone. This project focuses on a specific user group, and tries to accommodate to their needs, but their needs do differ. In Haraldsgadekvarteret, young women are also a diverse group, carrying unique needs and wishes. How can a design cover everyone? This thesis seeks to accommodate as many needs as possible, through its proposed concepts. At the same time, it is honest and understands that there are still many silent voices, that the concepts are affected by personal interpretation, and that the neighbourhood contains a diverse user group, even with the delimi ted focus.

When designing with an understanding of a boundary as something moveable and something ever-changing, it is important to acknowledge that boundaries are tricky (Haraway, 1988. P, 595). How are the boundaries created, and how can they be challenged or changed? The project creates a super ficial boundary as the project draws a line around Haraldsgadekvarteret. The neighbourhood is conne cted to the larger context of Nørrebro and Copenhagen, and the residents are dependent on functions and public life elsewhere. The urban island does not exist, though it can be interpreted as enclosed and cut off from the rest of the city. The design concepts attempt to create logical, internal transitions and thresholds, by breaking some of the existing barriers in Haraldsgadekvarteret. Barriers are at the same time relative, as they are something abstract and in many cases a feeling. If a boundary can shift from within (Haraway, 1988), new transitions can generate new barriers, both physical and social.

It is hard to predict what will happen in the local context when things change. It is proven that dwellings around newly built metro-stations in Copenhagen rise drastically in price. The metro does undoubtedly connect the city, across neigh bourhoods and social barriers, but it can also be excluding in a more local context. It is a question of who the city is designed for. With this knowledge, the method of understanding the local community and their interests becomes even more crucial.

220 221

Co-producing can be a relevant tool to ensure this process. This can be seen both through consultations and physical involvement, and the contributors might generate feelings of affiliation and belonging, and thereby a stronger feeling of publicness. This tool can ensure the locals interests, but for how long? Every landscape needs a gardener, that maintains the landscape socially as well as physically. This is also the case for the future of Haraldsgadekvarteret. Its engaged local actors can be or become the gardener if they do not end their work or connectivity.

It is still hard to predict what the development will cause, even if the landscape is well maintained socially. Do the new concepts create a completely new narrative? For the case at Krakas plads, with its criminal reputation, a new narrative might be a helpful part in gaining publicness. But for who? Is it possible as a designer to create, design, and decide what the good life is and how people should exist in their everyday life? Many things will happen in Haraldsgadekvarteret in the coming years. Not only will the designs affect the local context, as the neighbourhood is connected to the greater context of the city that will be impacted in its turn. It is not desirable to encourage fruitless activity, but it is important to remember the responsibility it is to design and develop homes, bodily experiences, and stories.

Gender normative

It is easy to critique designs when developing something physical, something concrete, and not something for relativism. This might especially be the case when scratching the surface of highly discussed and relevant themes, such as feminism and gender. This thesis and the applied methods can be critiqued for being gender normative. The project focuses on young women, but what categorizes a woman, and does every woman have the same needs? Gender is nuanced, socially constructed, and is far from objective. The norms and characteristics defining gender, are dependent on numerus different factors. Furthermore, it can be discussed whether the landscape is gendered, or if social values, norms, and politics alone dictate, and construct gendered urban spaces.

When gender is referred to in this thesis, it is always through the understanding of gender as a socially constructed term. Even so, the project tends to generalize and place every woman in the same box, providing them with the same needs and wishes. This is not the reality. Every human being is different, and gender should not be used as a recipe to reach a given purpose.

Through a differentiation of gender, some would argue that the project works against its own purpose with an old-fashioned mindset. It can therefore be discussed if projects like this maintain traditional gender roles and relations. This is not the intention. The purpose is to develop a design for the present reality, where gender inequality still occurs in the urban landscape. It is therefore necessary to understand structures and develop a design targeted at young women. In utopia, this differentiation of gender would not be needed, but this is not utopia. Young women are often forgotten and overlooked in renewal and design processes, and many face issues related to their gender daily.

There are few projects targeted at young women, but this thesis carries the belief that it is important to dare to talk about these issues. It is necessary to dare to state general problems, to highlight challenges based on inequality and to develop a more just design process. This is a method that will be constantly in flux and continue to develop. A healthy process would be to constructively listen to critique and use it wisely in the next development for young women.

The concepts at Krakas and Frejas plads are attempts at bringing physicality to the surface. It is complex and difficult to develop a feminist approach, and it might end up generalizing, romanticizing, and maybe failing its purpose. On the other hand, it might also support, succeed, and make a difference for the personal everyday life stories experienced in Haraldsgadekvarteret.

222 223

References

Andersen, Z. K. S. (2014). Boligpriseffekten af Den Københavnske Metro Sammenhængen mellem afstand til nærmeste metrostation og boligpris. Master thesis. University of Copenhagen

Boligerne omkring århundredeskiftet (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.arbejdermuseet.dk/viden-samlinger/arbejderhistorien/plads-til-os-alle/baggaard-beton-boligbevaegelsen/boligerne-omkring-aarhundrede skiftet/ (14.04.22)

Bo-Vest (2022). Helhedsplan Signysgade. Retrived from: https://www.bo-vest.dk/boligsocial/helhedsplan-si gynsgade/ (10.04.22)

Buddha Bikes (2022). About us. Retrieved from: https://www.buddhabikes.dk/om-os?lang=en (10.05.22)

Christensen, H.R., Poulsen, H., Oldrup, H.H., Malthesen, T., Breengaard, M.H., Holmen, M. (2007). Gender Mainstreaming European Transport Research and Policies - Building the Knowledge Base and Mapping Good Practices. Copenhagen: The university of Copenhagen.

Dam, P. (2012). Grundtvigs Højskole. Retrieved from: https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Grundtvigs_H%C3%B8j skole (14.04.22)

Davali, P. (2021). Beboerne og boligområderne er taberne i balladen om ghettoloven. Retrieved from: https:// www.altinget.dk/by/artikel/phd-beboerne-og-boligomraaderne-er-taberne-i-balladen-om-ghettoloven (28.05.22)

Dumpelmann, S. (2021). ‘Landscape is gendered’ (Lecture). 5456-21-05-32. Architecture, Landscape and Gender: Rethinking Theory, Methodology and Practice. University of Copenhagen. 17.10.21

Engelschmidt, M. (2017). Berygtet bande skaber utryghed omkring Krakas Plads. Retrieved from: https:// www.tv2lorry.dk/bandekonflikt/berygtet-bande-skaber-utryghed-omkring-krakas-plads (15.04.22)

Grimm-Pretner, D. (2012) Engendered Spaces, i Mozingo, L. A, & Jewell, L. (red.) Women in Landscape Architecture. North Carolina: McFarland, s. 174-180.

Haraway, D. (1988). Situated knowledge: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist studies 14, no3.

Hayden, D. (1995). Place memory and urban preservation, from The power of place: urban landscapes as public history. MIT Press, pp 44-78.

Howard, E. (1902). ‘Author’s introduction and the town-country magnet’, from Garden cities of tomorrow, MIT press 1965, p. 41-57

Hudson, C. & Rönnblom, M. (2008) The Woman Made City – Feminist Utopia or Practical Possibility, Denefle, S. (red.) Utopies féministes et expérimentations urbaines. Rennes: Presses Universitares de Renne.

Iversen, C. (2022). Women Street Artists Explain Why Street Art Is So Male Dominated. Retrieved from: https://thesocietypages.org/feminist/2016/01/14/filler-writing-gender-on-the-walls-women-and-graffiti-art/ (04.05.22)

Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York: Vintage books

Kjeldtoft, S.S. (2016). Dårlig byplanlægning: København er ikke designet til kvinder og ældre. Information. Retrieved from: https://www.information.dk/indland/2016/07/daarlig-byplanlaegning-koebenhavn-desig net-kvinder-aeldre (02.02.22)

Kvindehjemmet, (2022). Fra filantropisk idé til moderne institution i velfærdsstaten. Retrieved from: https:// kvindehjemmet.dk/om-kvindehjemmet/ (15.04.22)

Københavns kommune (2007). Haraldsgadekvarterets Områdeløft. Retrieved from: https://www.kk.dk/sites/ default/files/agenda/ccf693cc3d17e54caca9e06d2f4f9e06695184bf/10-bilag-2.pdf (14.03.22)

Larsen, E.N. (1907), Haraldsgade, Grundvigs højskole. Retrieved from: https://kbhbilleder.dk/kbh-muse um/50719 (07.03.22)

Madanipour, A. (1999). Why are the design and development of public spaces significant for cities?. Enviorn ment and planning B: planning and design 26(6), pp. 878-891

Matrix feminist design collective (2022). Matrix feminist design collective. Retrieved from: https://www.ncl. ac.uk/apl/alumni/graduates/matrix/ (15.04.22)

Melchiors, B. (1952), 1940’erne. Retrieved from: https://kvindehjemmet.dk/om-kvindehjemmet/ (07.03.22) Nationalmuseet, Frihedsmuseet (2022). Sabotage mod General Motors International A/S (“Nordværk”), 29.01.1944. Retrieved from: https://historiskatlas.dk/@55.7042420,12.5528490,17z (14.04.22)

Nøgletal om studerende (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.kp.dk/om-koebenhavns-professionshoejskole/ tal-og-fakta/noegletal-om-studerende/ (11.05.22)

Områdefornyelsen ved Skjolds plads (2021). Kvarterplan. København: Teknik og Miljøforvaltningen, Køben havns kommune

Perez, C.C., (2019). Invisible women - Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men. New York: Random House.

Slavin, T. (2015). ‘If there aren’t as many women cycling as men … you need better infrastructure’. The guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jul/09/women-cycling-infrastructure-cyclists-killed-female (21.04.2022)

Speed Reduction Mechanisms (2022). Retrieved from: https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-designguide/design-controls/design-speed/speed-reduction-mechanisms/ (10.05.22)

Steiner, H., Veel, K. (2020). Tower to tower - Gigantism in Architecture and Digital Culture. Cambridge: MIT Press

Teknik og Miljøforvaltningen (2019). Hvad karakteriserer beboerne i de syv udsatte boligområder på statens ghettoliste?. Retrieved from: https://www.kk.dk/sites/default/files/agenda/462b32a2-957e-486c-a210-bde 950fe1eec/be215398-9004-4546-9542-e65a5db1ebbe-bilag-1.pdf (15.04.22)

Teknik og Miljøforvaltningen (2020). Aldersrogade – kommende områdefornyelse, kvarteranalyse. København: Københvans kommune

224 225

*Timeline references

1. Højkantkort 1840-1899, (2022). Historisk atlas.dk. Retrieved from: https://historiskatlas.dk/@55.7029415,1 2.5596046,15z?sm!55 (25.05.22)

2. VISDA (2022). Marielyst. Retrieved from: https://kbhbilleder.dk/kbh-museum/159 (26.02.22)

3. VISDA (2022). Hjørnet af Jagtvej og Tagensvej. Retrieved from: https://kbhbilleder.dk/kbh-museum/566 (26.02.22)

4. Hansen, E. (1949). Tagensvej 30. Retrieved from: https://kbhbilleder.dk/kbh-museum/171297 (26.02.22)

5. Lund-Hansen, H. (1930-1945). Børn. Retrieved from https://kbhbilleder.dk/kbh-museum/82215 (26.02.22)

6. VISDA (1975). Vibekegade 5. Retrieved from: https://kbhbilleder.dk/kbh-museum/32662 (26.02.22)

7. VISDA (1983). Vermundsgade. Retrieved from: https://kbhbilleder.dk/kbh-museum/26933 (26.02.22)

8. Elfelt, P., (1923). Heimdalsgade 42. Retrieved from: https://kbhbilleder.dk/kbh-museum/16699 (26.02.22)

9. Nationalmuseet, Frihedsmuseet (2022). Sabotage mod General Motors International A/S (“Nordværk”), 29.01.1944. Retrieved from: https://historiskatlas.dk/@55.7042420,12.5528490,17z (14.04.22)

10. Melchiors, B. (1952), 1940’erne. Retrieved from: https://kvindehjemmet.dk/om-kvindehjemmet/ (07.03.22)

11. Falk-Sørensen, M. (2022). Sigurdsgade. Retrieved from: https://kbhbilleder.dk/kbh-arkiv/93413 (26.02.22)

12. Bo-Vest (2022). Det boligsociale arbejde i BO-VEST. Retrieved from: https://www.bo-vest.dk/boligsocial/ (26.02.22)

13. Nørrebro lokaludvalg (2022). HVAD OPLEVEDE DU UNDER SKYBRUDDET I 2011?. Retrieved from: https://noerrebrolokaludvalg.kk.dk/hvad-oplevede-du-under-skybruddet-i-2011/ (25.05.22)

14. Renner, M., (2020). Hovedstaden rammer hidtil højeste covid-19 risikoniveau. Retrieved from: https:// politiken.dk/indland/art8022720/Hovedstaden-rammer-hidtil-h%C3%B8jeste-covid-19-risikoniveau (01.03.22)

*Newspaper references

1. Graversen, M. Gottschalck, A. (2017) ‘En gade under belejring’, Berlignske, [Online]. Available at: https:// www.berlingske.dk/samfund/en-gade-under-belejring [14.05.22]

2. Rebensdorff, J. (2017) ‘Signysgade er ikke Det Vilde Vesten, men der er risiko for, at den bliver det’, Berlignske, [Online]. Available at: https://www.berlingske.dk/samfund/sigynsgade-er-ikke-det-vildevesten-men-der-er-risiko-for-at-den-bliver-det [14.05.22]

3. Stougaard, J. (2018) ‘Vi er i bandernes nåde’, ØsterbroLIV [Online]. Available at: https://ugeavisen.dk/ oesterbro/artikel/vi-er-i-bandernes-n%C3%A5de [14.05.22]

4. Gottschalck, A. Graversen, M. (2017) ‘Beboer slår alarm: Bande har belejret os’, BT [Online]. Available at: https://www.bt.dk/krimi/beboere-slaar-alarm-bande-har-belejret-os-0 [14.05.22]

5. Rasmussen, K. (2017) ‘Bandefrygt: Min søn må ikke være ude om aftenen’, ExtraBladet [Online]. Available at: https://ekstrabladet.dk/krimi/bandefrygt-min-soen-maa-ikke-vaere-ude-om-aftenen/6746987 [14.05.22]

6. Østebø, S. (2017) ‘Bande indtager hel gade: - Det er utrygt at være her’, TV2 [Online]. Available at: https://nyheder.tv2.dk/krimi/2017-07-22-bande-indtager-hel-gade-det-er-utrygt-at-vaere-her [14.05.22]

7. Engelschmidt, M. (2017) ‘Berygtet bande skaber utryghed omkring Krakas Plads’, TV2 [Online]. Available at: https://www.tv2lorry.dk/bandekonflikt/berygtet-bande-skaber-utryghed-omkring-krakas-plads [14.05.22]

226 227

Thank you

228 229

230