Escola Secundária com 3º Ciclo do E.B. de Montejunto – Cadaval
Trabalho de Inglês – Módulo 6 Nome: André António Martins Rústico Nº1 Turma: 11º1 Eurico António Rosa Romão Nº6 Turma: 11º1 Hugo Daniel Correia Fidalgo Nº9 Turma: 11º1 Daniel Lopes Silva Nº3 Turma: 11º1 Tiago Filipe Trindade Santos Nº16 Turma: 11º1
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Index Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3 Natural Floods: ......................................................................................................................... 4 What are floods?................................................................................................................... 4 Causes of floods: ................................................................................................................... 4 Floods Consequences: ........................................................................................................... 4 Natural Earthquakes: ................................................................................................................ 5 Causes of earthquakes .......................................................................................................... 5 Earthquake fault types: ....................................................................................................... 5
Human origin water pollution: .................................................................................................. 6 Water resource shortage: ..................................................................................................... 7 Human origin soil degradation and food production: ................................................................ 7 Soils retrogression and degradation: ..................................................................................... 7 Global Consequences: ............................................................................................................... 7 Food processing: ................................................................................................................... 8 Renewable energy in Vila Real: ................................................................................................. 9 Renewable and nonrenewable energy: ................................................................................... 10 Renewable energy: ............................................................................................................. 10 Environmental organizations:.................................................................................................. 11 Food for vegetarians: ................................................................... Erro! Marcador n達o definido. Vegetarianism ..................................................................................................................... 12 Urban agriculture .................................................................................................................... 13 Tsunamis ................................................................................................................................ 15 Causes ................................................................................................................................ 16
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Introduction The topics chosen by our group are the natural Earthquakes, Human soil degradation and food production, Renewable energy, Environmental organizations, tsunamis, Urban Farming. The reasons are that these topics are related to the environmental problems and solutions.
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Natural Floods: What are floods? Basically a flood is a when the water level in an area rises where there was normally little or none before. Floods can be dramatic and quick or slow and creeping. Floods are natural phenomena common in many places around the world where either there is river nearby or the local weather can dump large amount s of rain.
Causes of floods: Many floods are directly related to changes in weather. The most common cause of flooding is due to rain falling at extremely high rates or for an unusually long period of time. Additionally, areas that experience a great deal of snow in winter are prone to springtime flooding when the snow and ice melt, especially if the thaw is relatively sudden. Furthermore, rainfall and snowmelt can sometimes combine to cause floods.
Floods Consequences: Flooding accounts for an estimated 40% of all natural disasters. Flash flooding is the leading cause of weather-related mortality in the world, caused through sudden, unexpected and significant rainfall or storm system advancements.
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Natural Earthquakes: Earthquakes are one of the most costly natural hazards faced by the Nation, posing a significant risk to 75 million Americans in 39 States. The risks that earthquakes pose to society, including death, injury, and economic loss, can be greatly reduced by (1) better planning, construction, and mitigation practices before earthquakes happen, and (2) providing critical and timely information to improve response after they occur.
Causes of earthquakes: If seen broadly we can say that earthquakes are caused due to two major reasons. The first reason is the eruption of volcanoes, which are sudden, and as is known volcanoes are seat of inner disturbance and can effect the plates which is the second cause of earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused due to disturbance in the movement of plates, which again can be caused due to various reasons like under crust waves or cracks in the plates.
Earthquake fault types: There are three main types of fault that may cause an earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of dip and movement on them involves a vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended such as a divergent boundary. Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being shortened such as at a convergent boundary. Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip. 5
Human origin water pollution
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater. All water pollution affects organisms and plants that live in these water bodies and in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species and populations but also to the natural biological communities. It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful constituents. Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, i.e. elevated levels of hydrogen ions. It has harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is mostly caused by emissions of compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. However, it can also be caused naturally by the splitting of nitrogen compounds by the energy produced by lightning strikes, or the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere by phenomena of volcano eruptions.
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Water resource shortage: Means the trend that water is becoming less supply than demand due to great increase of human water consumption. Water resource issues include water resource shortage and water pollution. Water pollution means that a large volume of waste or polluted water is discharged to surface drainage system without any treatment causing bad water quality.
Human origin soil degradation and food production: Soils retrogression and degradation: In the French school of pedology are two regressive evolution processes associated with the loss of equilibrium of a stable soil. Retrogression is primarily due to erosion and corresponds to a phenomenon where succession reverts back to pioneer conditions (such as bare ground). Degradation is an evolution, different of natural evolution, related to the locale climate and vegetation. It is due to the replacement of the primitive vegetation (known as climax) by secondary vegetation. This replacement modifies the humus composition and amount, and impacts the formation of the soil. It is directly related to human activity.
Global Consequences: Land use has generally been considered a local environmental issue, but it is 7
becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests, farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity.
Food Industry The food industry is the complex, global collective of diverse businesses that together supply much of the food energy consumed by the world population. Only subsistence farmers, those who survive on what they grow, can be considered outside of the scope of the modern food industry.
Food processing: Food processing is the methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption. Food processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to produce marketable food products. There are several different ways in which food can be produced. One Off Production - This method is used when customers make an order for something to be made to their own specifications, for example a wedding cake. The making of One Off Products could take days depending on how intricate the design is and also the ability of the chef making the product. Batch Production - This method is used when the size of the market for a product is not clear, and where there is a range within a product line. A certain number of the same goods will be produced to make up a batch or run, for example at Gregg’s Bakery they will bake a certain number of chicken bakes. This method involves estimating the amount of customers that will want to buy that product.
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Mass production - This method is used when there is a mass market for a large number of identical products, for example, chocolate bars, ready meals and canned food. The product passes from one stage of production to another along a production line. Just In Time - This method of production is mainly used in sandwich bars such as Subway, it is when all the components of the product are there and the customer chooses what they want in their product and it is made for them fresh in front of them.
Renewable energy in Vila Real: There are countless energy sources. They can be renewable or nonrenewable. Most of the energy sources are non-renewable, which, unfortunately, are conventional such as coal, natural gas, petrol, nuclear energy. The nonconventional energy sources are alternative energies, which are still in a developing stage. Fall into this category wind and solar energy, biomass and geothermic energy.
In 2001, the Portuguese government launched a new energy policy instrument – the E4 Programme (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous Energies), consisting of a set of multiple, diversified measures aimed at promoting a consistent, integrated approach to energy supply and demand. By promoting energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy (endogenous) sources, the programme seeks to upgrade the competitiveness of the Portuguese economy and to modernize the country’s social fabric, while preserving the environment by reducing gas emissions, especially the carbon dioxide responsible for climate change.
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Renewable and nonrenewable energy:
Energy sources are of two types: nonrenewable and renewable. Energy sources are considered nonrenewable if they cannot be replenished (made again) in a short period of time. On the other hand, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind can be replenished naturally in a short period of time.
Renewable energy: Is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewable, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning and 3% from hydroelectricity. New renewable (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for 2.4% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewable in electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3.4% from new renewable.
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Environmental organizations:
Friends of the Earth International (FOEI) is an international network of environmental organizations in 77 countries. Friends of the Earth International are the world's largest grassroots environmental network and they campaign on today's most urgent environmental and social issues. They challenge the current model of economic and corporate globalization, and promote solutions that will help to create environmentally sustainable and socially just societies. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international nongovernmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in the United States and Canada. It is the world's largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 90 countries, supporting around 1300 conservation and environmental projects around the world. It is a charity, with approximately 60% of its funding coming from voluntary donations by private individuals. 45% of the fund's income comes from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Greenpeace is a non-governmental organization for the protection and conservation of the environment. Greenpeace uses direct action, lobbying and research to achieve its goals. Greenpeace has a worldwide presence with national and regional offices in 46 countries, which are affiliated to the Amsterdam-based Greenpeace International. The global organization receives its income through the individual contributions of an estimated 3 million financial supporters.
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Food for vegetarians:
It’s possible to eat a healthy, balanced diet without meat and fish or without any animal products at all. But if you’re vegetarian or vegan, you need to take a little extra care to make sure you get all the nutrients you need. Nutrition scientist Bridget Aisbitt from the British Nutrition Foundation (see Useful links), gives the answers to some common questions about healthy eating for vegetarians and vegans.
Vegetarianism is the practice of following a diet based on plantbased foods including fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, nuts, and seeds, with or without dairy products and eggs. A vegetarian does not eat meat, game, poultry, fish, crustacea, shellfish, or products of animal slaughter such as animal-derived gelatin and rennet. A vegan diet is a form of vegetarian diet which excludes all 12
animal products, including dairy products, eggs, and honey. A lactovegetarian diet includes dairy products but excludes eggs, an ovovegetarian diet includes eggs but not dairy products, and a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet includes both eggs and dairy products. Vegetarianism may be adopted for ethical, health, environmental, religious, political, cultural, aesthetic, economic, or other reasons.
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Urban agriculture
Is the practice of cultivating, processing and distributing food in, or around (peri-urban), a village, town or city. Urban agriculture in addition can also involve animal husbandry, aquaculture, agro-forestry and horticulture. These activities also occur in periurban areas as well. Urban farming is generally practiced for incomeearning or food-producing activities though in some communities the main impetus is recreation and relaxation Urban agriculture contributes to food security and food safety in two ways: first, it increases the amount of food available to people living in cities, and, second, it allows fresh vegetables and fruits and meat products to be made available to urban consumers. A common and efficient form of urban agriculture is the biointensive method. Because urban agriculture promotes energy-saving local food production, urban and peri-urban agriculture are generally seen as sustainable practice.
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Tsunami A tsunami literally meaning harbor wave is a wave or series of them that occur after abrupt disturbances that move vertically in the water column, such as an earthquake, volcanic activity, sudden displacement of land or ice or due to the impact of a meteorite in or near the sea. There are those who identify with the term "tsunami" However, tsunami refers to an earthquake under the sea, like an earthquake on land and can actually lead to a (the) tsunami. The energy of a tsunami is a function of its scale and speed. Thus, as the wave approaches land, its amplitude (the height of the wave) increases as its speed decreases. Tsunamis can be characterized by waves of hundred feet high, causing great destruction.
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Causes A tsunami can be generated by any disturbance that moves a large mass of water, such as an earthquake (movement within the earth), a shift of the earth, a volcanic eruption or a meteor impact. Tsunamis can be generated whenever the seabed suffers a sudden strain, vertically displacing the mass of water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular type of earthquake that causes a deformation of the crust, where earthquakes occur in areas under water, the body of water located on the area will be deformed away from its equilibrium position. The waves are the result of the action of gravity on the disturbance of the water body. The vertical movements of the crust are very important at the boundaries between lithospheric plates. For example, around the Pacific Ocean there are several places where plates denser oceanic plates slip under continental less dense, a process that is known as subduction. These areas originate easily tsunamis. Underwater landslides, which often accompany large earthquakes and the volcanic collapse of buildings can also disturb the water column, when large volumes of sediment and rock moving and redistributed on the seabed. A violent volcanic explosion can, likewise, raise the water column and generate a tsunami. Large landslides and impacts of cosmic bodies can upset the balance of the ocean, with transfer time. of the sea. The tsunamis generated by these mechanisms dissipate more quickly than previous ones, may affect less significantly the distant shore and so do the tsunami.
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