Photo: Jaro Hollan/Statsbygg
Surface problems – underground solutions
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Photo: Byggeindustrien
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Competence Competence and andexperience experience
High and tough climate with Highmountains, mountains,long longfjords fjordsand andsteep steepvalleys. valleys.AAdemanding demandinglandscape landscape and tough climate with abundant is is a severe challenge. abundantprecipitation precipitationmeaning meaninginfrastructure infrastructureconstruction constructionininNorway Norway a severe challenge. This sea links that were thethe Thisbecame becameallallthe themore moreclear clearasasroad roadand andrailrailstarted startedtotoreplace replacethe the sea links that were most also holds gremostimportant importantcommunications communicationsininthe theprevious previouscenturies. centuries.Yet Yetthe thelandscape landscape also holds great opportunity. Many hydroelectric projects in the second half of the 20th century formed the at opportunity. Many hydroelectric projects in the second half of the 20th century formed the industrialized industrializedNorway. Norway. Nature industry Natureand andculture culturecombined combinedtotoinspire inspireinnovative innovative industry The challenges of the topography have inspired Norwegian The challenges of the topography have inspired Norwegian tunnelling tunnellingengineers engineerstotobecome becomepioneers pioneersininmanagement managementofof projects projectsthat thatdemand demandcarefully carefullytailored tailoredsolutions. solutions.Norwegian Norwegian tunnelling engineers have continuously looked for new tunnelling engineers have continuously looked for newmethods, methods, improved working procedures, new machinery and equipment improved working procedures, new machinery and equipment and learned from colleagues within both the national and the and learned from colleagues within both the national and the international tunnelling community. international tunnelling community.
Short command lines, decision making on on sitesite andand an an adventuShort command lines, decision making adventurous spirit have resulted in new methods and ground-breaking rous spirit have resulted in new methods and ground-breaking projects, at at thethe time they where build. Road andand rail rail tunnels link link projects, time they where build. Road tunnels Norway together. Norway together. The construction sector is among Norway’s largest industries. The construction sector is among Norway’s largest industries.
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Norwegian Tunnelling Technology
Internationally Norway is recognized for its use of the underground for a variety of purposes. The Norwegian Tunnelling Technology exploits the rock as a construction material in an industrialised work cycle making optimal use of man, machine and technology. Central to the process are the systematic pre-investigations at face, combined with geological engineering decisions on rock quality, -classification and support measures. Conventional drill and blast Drill and blast tunnelling was the main method when constructing the many hydroelectric projects in the 20th century, remaining the common way of tunnel excavation in Norway. Experienced tunnellers assess how to support the tunnel in consultation with engineering geologists at face. Computer aided drilling jumbos, uses a digitally defined drilling pattern, and the drill log is often analysed using measure while drilling. Geological mapping, measuring leakage rates, permeability and rock quality all help determine whether pre-grouting of the rock is required. TBM-tunneling TBMs have assisted in Norway’s extensive Hydro Power Projects, where international manufacturers were challenged to develop
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suitable machines for the hard and abrasive Norwegian rock. About 260km of hydro electric power tunnels have been excavated with TBM. Within the next few years, TBM will be used for both railway and hydropower projects. Efficient management structure Efficient management with short decision lines from top management to on-site workers, are typical for tunnelling teams in Norway. This team work encourages dialogue, sharing of experience, and promotes a general understanding throughout the project organisation. Engineers will be found at the face more than in the office, and many decisions are taken on site.
Photo: Byggeindustrien Photo: Byggeindustrien
Thesubsea subsearoad roadtunnel tunnel The connectingKarmøy Karmøywith with the the connecting mainlandininTysvær Tysværisis8.9 8.9 mainland kilometreslong. long. kilometres
Safety, a natural mind-set Safety, a natural mind-set Strict standards of safety governs all activities. Strict standards of safety governs all activities. Health, safety and environment are in the natural Health, safety environment are project. in the natural mind-set for and all parties in a tunnel Stanmind-set all parties in a tunnel project. Standards offortunnel non-permeability and structural dards of tunnel and structural integrity have non-permeability nurtured a grout injection technintegrity havesafety nurtured a groutthat injection technology and philosophy is world-class. ology safety world-class. Theand result is a philosophy time-savingthat andiscost-effective The result isoperation. a time-saving and cost-effective tunnelling tunnelling operation.
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Historical highlights World’s very first hydroelectric plant in Senja.
1882
Bergen Railway connects eastern Norway with the west coast through 182 tunnels.
1909 1953
Norway was among the first to use and develop the wet-mix sprayed concrete.
1965
Year
1623 1974
Royal silver mines in Kongsberg, once Norway’s largest enterprise, with more than 1000 km of mine shafts.
NGI’s Q-System of rock classification developed at Norwegian Geotechnical Institute. Lyse Hydro Electric Power plant, the first in Norway to use an unlined shaft.
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Vardø Tunnel, Norway’s first subsea road tunnel,2890 metres long. The Troll shore approch Tunnels with piercing at 175 metres below sea-level, for export/import of oil and gas.
1995 1994
New Tyin Hydro Electric Power plant breaks 1000 m height limit for an unlined headrace.
2007
2008
1982
Gjøvik Olympic Mountain Hall, world’s largest cavern span of 61 metres.
Eikesund, the world’s deepest undersea road tunnel at 287 metres, and 7765 m long. Surface problems – underground solutions 7
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Rapid population growth, increased urbanisation and climate change in the decades ahead will require major infrastructure investments and wide use of underground solutions. Urbanisation encourage underground solutions For the first time in history, more than half of the world’s population live in cities. The lack of new urban space means that infrastructure must be planned underground. Accordingly, the use of the underground needs to be carefully and coherently engineered with sustainability in mind. New infrastructure must take into account, that future tunnels and underground facilities must be employed to protect critical infrastructure from the forces of nature and human interference. Strategic assets for oil and gas, information technology and communications,
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and civil defence are increasingly being housed in extremely secure locations, such as large rock caverns. This ensures their operability even when disaster strikes. More renewables necessary Climate mitigation may be important, but climate solutions are even more so. Norway is even today a major supplier in the renewable energy network thanks to the high number of Hydro Electric Power plants. The demand for more green energy is sought-after all over the world and Norway have this expertise.
Illustration: Jernbaneverket - The Norwegian Agency for Railway Services.
The Station is is being Thenew newHolmestrand HolmestrandRailway Railway Station being excavated as a rock cavern 250 metres long, 3535 excavated as a rock cavern 250 metres long, metres tall. metreswide wideand and1515metres metres tall. Surface problems – underground solutions 9 Surface problems – underground solutions 9
Future Pioneering projects First
Stad Ship Tunnel - the world’s first ship tunnel may commence in 2018. With a section of 1620 m2 and length of 1.7 km, it will offer safe passage through a notoriously exposed piece of coast with many shipwrecks.
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Longest
Solbakk Tunnel - as a part of the Ryfast connection - the world’s longest subsea road tunnel will be 14.3 km long when completed in 2018.
Deepest
The Helgeland Tunnel, the world’s deepest road tunnel is being planned to descend 396 m.b.s, more than 100 metres below any other road tunnel in the world today.
The Follo double-tube Railway tunnel will be Norway’s longest rail tunnel when completed in 2021. Most of the 20 km tunnels will be excavated by TBMs.
Longest and deepest
Norway’s longest rail tunnel
Rogfast Road Link in Rogaland, when it opens for traffic in 2023, will then be the world’s longest sub-sea road tunnel at 27 km, and among the world’s deepest at 390 metres.
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Photo: Norwegian Public Road Administration
Facts about Norwegian tunnels • Number of road tunnels: approx 1100 • Number of rail tunnels: approx 700 • Number of subsea tunnels: approx 40 • Deepest subsea tunnel: Eikesund Tunnel at 287 metres below, 7.7 km long • Longest subsea tunnel: Bømlafjord Tunnel, 7.8 km long.
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Tunnels that bind Norway together
Every year tens of kilometres of tunnels are completed in Norway. Those with most traffic handle almost 100,000 vehicles a day, those with least less than 100. Sea routes were for thousands of years the standard means of travel in Norway. The first road tunnel was built in 1884. Frejus, St.Gothard and Arlberg where among projects that inspired the international tunneling community. For Norway the great breakthrough came with the construction of the Bergen Railway in 1909. The 182 tunnels were constructed as part of this first rail connection between east and west of Norway. The construction cost equalled one entire national budget. More than 1800 tunnels cover more than 1000 kilometres Today Norway has more than 1800 road and rail tunnels whose total length is well over 1000 kilometres.
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Travelling through the Lærdal Tunnel, the world’s longest road tunnel at 24.5 kilometres, takes some 20 minutes. Avoiding accidents is given top priority, and the tunnel features comfortable lighting, driving variation and good ventilation. It is on the USA Today list of the ”World’s coolest tunnels”. Norway’s longest rail tunnel, Romeriksporten, is 13.3 kilometres double track, and was built for the shuttle service to Oslo’s international airport at Gardermoen in 1999.
Ref: http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/10/15/worlds-coolest-tunnels/2914539/
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From mining to data server storage
Rock and stone have played a major role in Norwegian industry and rising affluence - from the ancient extractive industries, via the oil age, to the digital age. Norwegian tunnelling owes its origins to the 17th century mining. For centuries the mining industries formed the backbone of the Norwegian economy. Skills and experience gained in these mines with their cavernous spaces and complex geometry were important qualifications for Norway’s many Hydro Power developments in the 20th century. The result was affordable electricity for the establishment of a viable mainland industry. A common feature of Norwegian Hydro Power is the large excavations in rock to establish powerhouse complexes. Today some 6000 km of tunnels serve the 200 Hydro Power houses underground. Rock caverns gaining popularity During the cold war, Norway established a number of underground shelters for the population. Many where built with dual purposes like sports halls, car-parking etc.
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Other caverns were excavated for the defence forces and civil aviation. One of the most recent uses for an underground facility, is at Rennesøy, where energy-neutral data servers storing vital information for some of Norway’s largest companies. Key partner to oil industry Besides its reputation as a mountainous country, Norway is also well known as an oil- and gas-exporter. Safe storage of the black gold is therefore imperative, and few arrangements are safer than underground rock caverns. Many technical advanced facilities have been built, some pressurized and some refrigerated. The tunnelling industry has also supported Norway’s oil production by building landfall tunnels and export tunnels for both oil and gas, and with the construction of industrial sites for the refining of petroleum, as at Mongstad, Sture, Kårstø, and Aukra.
Photo: Byggeindustrien Photo: Byggeindustrien
Entrance hall opened in in 1993 asas Entrancearea areaofofthe theGjøvik GjøvikOlympic OlympicMountain MountainHall. Hall.The The hall opened 1993 the a total capacity of of 5600 theworld’s world’slargest largestunderground undergroundcavern cavernforforcivil civiluse usewith with a total capacity 5600 spectators. Surface problems – underground solutions 15 spectators. Surface problems – underground solutions 15
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Photo: Knut Opeide, Norwegian Public Roads Administration.
About NFF
In 1963 the Norwegian Tunnelling Society (NFF) was established to bring together and strengthen the professional environments which embody mining disciplines and rock technology. NFF’s vision is to be the central knowledge arena for rock engineering technology. The membership of more than 1100 individuals spans the entire scope of the profession - from project owners, to contractors, consulting engineers, equipment suppliers and research centres.
NFF works to promote the interests and profile of underground solutions. NFF is organised into a range of members committees who perform their missions on a voluntary basis.
Community of disciplines Members of NFF have a range of professions and technical backgrounds. What we share is the culture to discuss and exchange our experience, arranging courses, conferences and membership meetings.
NFF is actively involved in the international aspects of the profession, and contributed to the formation of the International Tunnelling Association (ITA) in 1974.
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Facts FactsofofNorway Norway
Norway is well known forforthe Norway is well known themountains, mountains,steep steepvalleys valleysand andbeautiful beautifulfjords. fjords.The Thesame same landscape that has renderedNorway Norwaya amagnet magnettotoadventurous adventuroustourists, tourists,has hasproduced produced aa landscape that has rendered tunnelling community globalstanding. standing. tunnelling community ofof global Northern Lights, Midnight Sun, stunning fjords, snow-capped TheThe Northern Lights, Midnight Sun, stunning fjords, snow-capped peaks, world-class seafood and painted timber houses. There peaks, world-class seafood and painted timber houses. There areare many reasons people drawn to Norway. Some may even hope many reasons whywhy people areare drawn to Norway. Some may even hope to see polar bears walking the streets and may be disappointed to learn to see polar bears walking the streets and may be disappointed to learn bears Svalbard, mainland. thatthat the the bears onlyonly livelive on on Svalbard, notnot thethe mainland.
Thestarting startingpoint pointtotosee seethe theWest WestCountry Countryfjords fjordsmust mustbe beBergen, Bergen, The a city that sits between seven mountains known for its timber a city that sits between seven mountains - known for its timber wharves,beautiful beautifulsetting settingand anddecorative decorativeseafront. seafront.The The seafront seafront wharves, wharves are also on the UNESCO World Heritage list. wharves are also on the UNESCO World Heritage list.
Norwayis isdefinitely definitelydifferent, different,ininan anage agewhen whenmany manyhave have seen seen aa Norway Definitely different great deal, Norway offers visitors a chance to see something entirely Definitely different great deal, Norway offers visitors a chance to see something entirely Norway is the perfect destination anyone wanting commune unique. unique. Norway is the perfect destination for for anyone wanting to to commune with nature and enjoy the Nordic culture, and sample town and with nature and enjoy the Nordic culture, and sample town and country on the same Lonely Planet, reputedly largest travel country on the same trip.trip. Lonely Planet, reputedly thethe largest travel guide in the world, recently described Norway as ”one of the world’s guide in the world, recently described Norway as ”one of the world’s 2 most exciting destinations”. Reputable National Geographic Traveler most exciting destinations”.2 Reputable National Geographic Traveler Magazine voted the fjords of West Norway the best-preserved Magazine voted the fjords of West Norway the best-preserved attraction on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 2009. attraction on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 2009.
18 Surface problems – underground solutions 2 http://reise.aftenposten.no/reise/--Norge-er-et-av-verdens-mest-spennende-reisemal-51358.html#.UyrQW615PF0 18 Surface problems – underground solutions 2 http://reise.aftenposten.no/reise/--Norge-er-et-av-verdens-mest-spennende-reisemal-51358.html#.UyrQW615PF0
Photo: Colourbox Photo: Colourbox
Facts Norway Factsabout about Norway • •Population: 5,100,000 Population: 5,100,000 • •Capital: Oslo Capital: Oslo
Trolltunga, the Tongue of the Troll, is one of Trolltunga,many the Tongue of thedestinations Troll, is onewhich of Norway’s spectacular Norway’s many entice visitors to spectacular this country. destinations which entice visitors to this country.
• Area: 385,186 km2 2 • Area: 385,186 km • Length: 1790 km • Length: 1790 km • Overall rank doing business: 15 (Source: Bloomberg, 2014) • Overall rank doing business: 15 (Source: Bloomberg, 2014) • Human development index, rank: 1 (Source: UNDP, 2013) • Human development index, rank: 1 (Source: UNDP, 2013) Surface problems – underground solutions 19 Surface problems – underground solutions 19
Photo: Jaro Hollan/Statsbygg