Orestad: The New Walled City by Henry Lennon

Ă&#x2DC;restad

The New Walled City

Arch 600 Diaz

Henry Lennon Spring 13

Index The Next Phase

-The Designed City

-City in Design

A Dream Grows in Copenhagen

-A Dream Come True

-All Just a Dream

Copenhagen as My Home, Europe as My Classroom

-8 House

-Fieldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Shopping Centre

37 26

-Tietgenkollegiet

-Copenhagen as my Everything

Works Cited

Mountain Dwellings, PLOT Architects (BIG + JDS) 2008 3

The Next Phase

Residing just south of the great metropolitan area of Copenhagen Denmark lies one of the most innovated rising suburbs in all of Europe. Boasting buildings by architectural greats such as Bjarke Ingels Group, Julian de Smedt and Jean Nouvel this area has been referred to as the “laboratory for the city of the future” and even “the European Dubai.” Developed to help with the cities rising population, this new master planned suburb has received praise from all around the world while simultaneously just as much criticism. Whether it be good or bad, it seems as if everyone has their own opinion of Ørestad, the future of Copenhagen.

VM Houses, PLOT Architects (BIG + JDS) 2005

The Designed City The Danish culture is one embedded with a drive for high quality design. It can been seen in the works of their architects such as Arne Jacobsen who designed his buildings all the way from the overall form to the silverware used inside, you can see it in their restaurants such as NOMA whos unique design and presentation of food earned them a two Michelin star rating and the title of “Best Restaurant in the World” for the past three years, you can even see it in their cities.

The capital city of Copenhagen is one of its grand achievements. Just looking at a map one can clearly see that the layout and development of this city has been just as articulated and thought out as any of their buildings. This design has been one that has been in the making since its creation, with many phases of planned urban development. In the 17th and 18th centuries the quarters of Christianshavn and Frederiksstad were built respectively. Both of these were well thought out and planned developments that helped to successfully expand the once medieval city outside its old fortress walls. From the grand palace to the “lakes” that surround the perimeter of the heart of the city, these developments gave Copenhagen many of its distinctive features that it is still known for today.

Copenhagen 1649 Christianshavn Expansion

Copenhagen 1750 Frederiksstad Expansion 6

In the middle of the 20th century when the city faced a large population growth it once again turned to a master planned development. Regarded highly by many, the Five Finger Plan redefined urban planning and the extent to which it could be taken. By preemptively laying out the city to grow out in dense urban fingers with green spaces in between, Copenhagen has become one of the premiere European cities. The city runs like clockwork, creating not only an efficient and prosperous economic center but also one of the ideal cities to live in, with residences being ranked as some of the happiest in the world. Not only does the radial layout allow for quick an easy access to just about anywhere in the city but the evenly spaced green spaces gives everyone equal access to nature, woodlands, and pastoral landscape while all being equidistant for city center

At the beginning the 21st century Copenhagen once again was looking at a large rise in population. The answer this time? Ă&#x2DC;restad, the next phase.

Copenhagen 1947 â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Five Finger Planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Expansion 7

City in Design Just a few decades ago this area now known as Ørested was nothing but grass, scrub and highway. A 3 mile long narrow piece of land south of the city, this land became instantly valuable with the construction of the 8 km long Øresund Bridge, connecting Denmark to the neighboring country Sweden. All of a sudden this unused marsh land became what many viewed as the future “crossroads of Scandinavia” the perfect place for a city needing to accommodate a growing population to expand its boarders

From the start the city wanted to develop something that was to be more the just another suburb. They stated, “Ørested is to accommodate a wide span of activities, including institutions of higher learning, research institutes, research-based and knowledge-orientated organizations, cultural establishments and city-orientated businesses The new district is to act as a modern equivalent of the old centre of Copenhagen, presenting an urban environment of high artistic value and good environmental qualities. It is to act as a contemporary laboratory for new ideas and, in the future, to testify to the aspirations of urban planning and architecture in Copenhagen towards the end of the twentieth century.”

An international architectural competition was held in 1994 to choose a candidate to complete this task. The winner was a Danish-Finnish firm by the name of ARKKI. Their plan was to separate this long narrow piece of land into four smaller districts. By splitting the land into these smaller entities the districts could blossom into tall and dense building mass, something that is unattainable in central Copenhagen because of building codes.

Much like the Five Finger Plan, nature could then be wedged in between these districts, allowing areas for green space. These four districts would all be connected by a new Metro line that would be developed alongside the new suburb. As another form of connectivity north-south canals were to be placed within the development running through all four districts. These would serve as water reservoirs as well as create recreation spaces within the districts. From the very beginning they stated ”It is "Orestad evolution." The Free Library 01 June 1995. 17 May 2013 <http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Orestad evolution.-a017277350>.

the intention to give full artistic freedom concerning architectural form, so that the new city quarter of Ørestad will boast state of the-art within architecture and art during the building years.” The plans was that this adequate infrastructure and access to nature mixed with this high level of innovative modern architecture, Ørestad would become to ideal place for new companies and residents to settle.

Almost 20 years later and the area is still in development . The districts have moved along at their own pace. Ørsted Nord, the district closest to the city center and home to the University of Copenhagen and The Copenhagen Institute of Technology, is almost complete and the other three are well on their way. A few changes have been made here an there to the master plan but the core roots are still there. Ørestad is a city still in the process of coming into its own identity.

Copenhagen 1994 Orestad Expansion "Copenhagen Growing Booklet." Copenhagen Growing Booklet. Orestad, n.d. Web. 17 May 2013. <http://www. z orestad.dk/en/Fakta/Bogen Godt Begyndt.aspx>.

“A Dream Grows in Copenhagen” On March 5th, 2012 in their special report series Smart Cities the New York Times asked the question “How does a city expand and, at the same time, reduce car use and emissions?” Their answer: Ørestad. The feature was an important and shining moment for the still developing city. The Times applauded Ørestad for its push in green building strategies and promotion of a sustainable lifestyle. “The Ørestad development deliberately mixes housing — mainly blocks of flats and compact brick single-family homes with modest backyards — with offices and stores, including the largest mall in Scandinavia. From the automated train that connects Ørestad to Copenhagen’s historic center in about 10 minutes, day and night, the visitor can glimpse the originality of the plan: broad green spaces juxtaposed with dense pockets of housing, office blocks and retailing space, interspersed with sometimes breathtaking standalone buildings.” Though the article recognized that the project was still in development and mentioned how many of these green practices were yet to be seen, the article brought the project into the national spotlight and in a very positive way.

Foster, Nick. “I.H.T. SPECIAL REPORT: SMART CITIES; A Dream Grows in Copenhagen.” The New York Times. The New York Times,...

A Dream Come True The New York Times have been fond of Ørestad for awhile now. In their travel article 36 Hours in Copenhagen there first recommendation was to visit the new development. They say “No neighborhood shows off Copenhagen’s new sheen and ambition more impressively than Ørestad...the district is a futuristic, master-planned community of state-of-the-art architecture. The elevated Metro whisks you past the soaring blue tower of the Cabinn Metro Hotel designed by Daniel Libeskind; the solar-panel-clad Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers; and, perhaps most notable, the Copenhagen Concert Hall.”

The New York Times aren’t the only ones who are recognizing the new development of Orestad. Particularly its new architecture. Its buildings have won numerous world renowned awards and can be seen plastered all over the top design blogs. It has helped bring Danish design once again to the forefront of the architectural world, putting them on the map as one of the leaders for the future of the field.

It is also being praise by many as the new bench mark for cities of the future. Its sustainable feature, particularly the canals with their water management features, are seen as the leaders in new green strategies. Ørestad’s commitment to being a “laboratory” pushing the boundaries and trying the news technologies has been very successful in many peoples eyes. It was even where the United Nations chose to have its Climate Change Conference in 2009 where the worlds nations meet to discuss what steps needed to be made in our cities to help deal with climate change

It is even being said that it has been very beneficial for its mothercity. It has helped Copenhagen to come into the 21st century, allowing a new canvas for the city to grow without having to deal with the restrictions of building within a medieval town. It also provided the metro line the city so desperately needed.

All in all on paper the city seems to be developing better the accepted. Sherwood, Seth. “36 Hours in Copenhagen.” The New York Times. The New York Times,... Jensen, Marina Bergen. “Ørestad – the Blue and Green Economic Driver in Copenhagen.” EcoInnovation....

Bella Sky Hotel , 3XN Architects, 2011 13

All Just A Dream Ørestad is unquestionable meeting many of the goals it set out to do. Its pushing the boundaries in technological, sustainable, and architectural fields, has helped to finance the cities new Metro, has provided the needed space for the population growth, has attracted businesses with around 12,00 working there today and an accepted 80,000 when all is said and done, is home to two of the cities largest universities and most notably has given Copenhagen its new identity, making it a leader in the 21st century. Yet even with all of these praises and benefits, one most take a look at the basic core of what Ørestad is and ask themselves, does Orested work as a city? Their are few who could better answer that question then Danish urban designer Jan Gahl, and he says in the facet Ørestad has failed.

The founder of Gehl architects, Jan is one of the leaders in revitalizing urban life into cities. His books Life Between Buildings and Public Spaces, Public Life are still referred to to this day and his consulting directly influenced the recent revitalization of street life in cities such as London and New York. He believes Ørestad lacks to street life that is vital for any city to prosper. He felt the area was in desperate need for places where residents are encouraged to linger, like shops with merchandise on view outside and cafes with outdoor seating. He says “..when they designed Ørestad the spaces between the buildings was not an area of concern. The district could also have benefited from softer edges.... It’s the two lower stories that are the key,” Mr. Gehl said. “We see at our eye level, not much upwards or downwards......Ørestad was built from the top-down, rather than from the bottom-up. Plus, there was an idea that if you got enough ‘starchitects’ on board, then things would be fine.”

He believes Ørestad is too focused on the bigger picture, what it does for the city and its national identity, and not enough on the residents and those who will actually live there. He is not alone in this opinion either. Many have criticized the development for its lack of human scale and street life. Another Danish architect Jacob Kamp resided in the development for only a few moths before having to move away. As he put it, “Everything is in the same scale, and that scale has been adapted to cars... here has been too much focus on the architecture of individual buildings, but not enough thought has Foster, Nick. “I.H.T. SPECIAL REPORT: SMART CITIES; A Dream Grows in Copenhagen.” The New York Times. The New York Times,... Steinvall, Anders. “2020cities: An Urban Showcase Lacking Street Life.” 2020cities: An Urban Showcase Lacking Street Life. ...

been given to the urban space as a whole.”

To be fair though it is still a city in development, the final product has yet to be seen. It had the unfortunate luck of starting construction right before the economic crisis in 2008, which caused development to slow. The neighborhood’s promised amenities did not come. There was no retail, no restaurants and no nightlife. Real estate hit a low dropping 15 percent. Of the projected 20,000 who would be living there at this point, there are only 7,445. These are understandable setbacks that were unavoidable and unpredictable. However they are still large issues that need to be dealt with. Helle Søholt who works at Gehl Architects has stated, “Sometimes people living in Ørestad call us and asks us to do something, but it doesn’t work that way. I don’t think Ørestad will turn into a ghetto, but it must absolutely be improved.”

Still there are some who believe that Ørestad was doomed from the start, that economic crisis or not

Lundsgaard-Hansen, Caspar. “Orestad: Laboratory for the City of The Future?” Places. N.p., 29 Aug. 2011. Web. 17 May 2013. ... Grabar, Henry. “Why Has Scandinavia’s Biggest Development Project Abandoned Its Master Plan?” The Atlantic Cities: Place Matters...

Emil Holms Kanal 15

the development was not set up for a prosperous future, that Copenhagen had bitten off more then it could chew. The a new development the size of 3.1 million square meters is quite large for a city the size of Copenhagen. Maybe they were too optimistic. Maybe they tried to do a little too much a little too fast. These thoughts and feelings are what have made some give it the nickname “the European Dubai”

Also when separated into the property plots, the city planners took no creative freedom. The blocked the site off into large rectangular plots. Areas of this size and shape allow for too much openness and does not promote the urban density that one would find in the heart of a great European city such as Copenhagen. Even famed architect Bjarke Ingles, whos work is featured throughout Ørestad, has had a problem with these plot sizes since the developments beginning. It was the focus of his thesis project at the Danish Royal Academy and was what guided the design of his Ørestad housing complexes. In his book Yes is More he talk about how these are “boring” and a “straightjacket” that would make all designs “wedge into the same mold.” Though he himself was able to break from this mold, not all architects who have developed there can say the same.

Ingels, Bjarke. Yes Is More: An Archicomic on Architectural Evolution. Köln: Evergreen, 2010. Print.

Yes Is More: An Archicomic on Architectural Evolution, Bjarke Ingels Group, 2009

Copenha Europe

agen as My Home as My Classroom In the Fall of 2012 I had the wonderful opportunity to spend four months abroad studying in Copenhagen. One of the best decisions of my life, I got to learn and experience so much about life, the world, and myself. The teacher I learned the most from while there was probably the city of Copenhagen itself. From the efficiency of the Five Finger Plan to the effectiveness of its promoted bike culture, It was quite amazing to experience first hand one of the most well laid out and progressive European cities each and every day.

Being an architecture student I was well aware of the Ă&#x2DC;restad development before my arrival. I had studied its many buildings and had heard of its progressive sustainable attributes. I was quite excited to go an see this modern day marvel myself, and find out what all the fuss was about. However once classes had started I was suprised to find a large majority of my architecture professors speaking badly of it, as if they were almost ashamed to call it Danish. Before I had arrived I had only read good things about it and was unaware of some of the criticism it was recieving. It wasnt long before I got to find out for myself, as it was to be the site for my first studio project. Out first class we took the metro out to the new development to go and visit out site. Coming out of the metro stop I was quit excited, Spiral Tower of the Church of Our Saviour, Copenhagen Denamrk

expecting to find myself emerging into the hustle and bustle of young college students who were lucky enough to go to school in one of Europe’s premiere new developments. However what I found was quite the contrary. We walked out of the metro stop and it was almost as if we had walked into a ghost town, a deserted metropolis. My classmates and I were really some of the only ones outside. We felt like intruders, like we weren’t supposed to be there. The buildings towered over us like giants, the man made canal sat eerily still, the only sound we could really hear was the electric hum of the metro zooming by. Even on a nice summer day like the day we went, the green spaces that I had read so much about were isolated. It was like I was on another planet. The only thing that did live up to my expectations was the architecture itself. It was just as fantasPhotos from site visit

tic as the pictures.

The main idea for my studio project ended up being based around my negative reaction to that visit. Were were to design a row house for a family, and that environment was no place were I personally would want to live or raise a family. I ended up putting a large perforated screen in front of my building, creating a small exterior courtyard where the family could be outside while still getting some privacy in an environment more appropriate for the human scale. I rejected my site while at the same time embracing it, and I was quite pleased with my results. So were the professors who praised it as being an appropriate and well thought out solution to the challenging site.

However I was still left with this unanswered question. What was wrong with Ørestad? What was the cause of this apparent blemish on the Danes almost perfect record? How could something which had the minds of Europe’s best urban planners behind it, with buildings by world class architects, in the same country that developed the Five Finger Plan, seem to not be working? At first I thought maybe the whole idea of the master planned new urban city was flawed. I was familiar with Dubai, and the troubles it had been experiencing. Yet as I continued my studies I saw many examples such as of master planned communities that worked phenomenally. For example the Stockholm suburb of Ham20

Board for my first studio project

marby Sjostad was a newly planned architecture marvel, with a very strong sense of community and street life. What was it that made Orestad different?

Then it hit me. I realized what it was that I found wrong with Ørestad, and it was sitting in front of me the whole time. The problem was actually the “solution” I had come up with for my own project. I had built a wall. I had chosen to cut myself form the failing surrounding community of Ørestad and instead created my own internal community within my design. Though a good idea for my project and those inside, It was actually harmful for the larger community of Ørestad. It was only helping to further the problem then trying to fix it. Now in a studio project this is ok, these only exist in our make belie world. However, as it turns out my idea wasn’t as original as I had thought. Once I started to really look into it, it turned out that many of the actual projects in Ørestad, some good some bad, chose this same thought process to deal with being located in Ørestad. They cut themselves off. They created their own internal community. They built a wall.

To help explain my point, well will look at two of Ørestad’s best and worst “walled” fortresses, as well as one that goes against the wall idea all together. 21

8 House BIG 2010

The third housing development design by Bjarke Ingels Group in the Ørestad region, many considered the 8 House to be one of Ingels crowning achievements. The winner of the Housing Building of the Year at the 2011 World Architecture Festival, the projects is 60,000 sqm with 10,000 of that being devoted to retail and offices on the ground floors. Instead of designing the traditional housing block he has continually shunned, the 8 House separates all the factors of a lively urban neighborhood and stacks them into horizontal layers of typologies connected by a continuous promenade and cycling path up to the 10th floor. These layers bow-tie around two intimate interior courtyards. The intended end result is a new aged three-dimensional urban neighborhood where the calm suburban life merges with the energy of a city, where business and housing co-exist. “8 House / BIG” 20 Oct 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 17 May 2013. <http://www.archdaily.com/83307>

The cornerstone of the underdeveloped district of Ørestad South, the 8 House was one of the first major project completed there, setting the tone and context for future buildings to relate to. A difficult task but Bjarke Ingels is not one to shy away from a challenge. One of the premiere young designers not just in Copenhagen but in the world, Ingels designs always have an innovative and simple approach that connects with the surrounding context and community in original and unique ways. However with this project he really had nothing to connect to. He had an empty field to the south which he very gracefully sloped his building towards, and a work of public art whos connection cutting through the complex is one of the driving forces behind the “8” form. However thats it, the was really all he had to relate to. So Ingels, who strives to have a community to relate to, decided to use the community of the building itself.

With its central courtyards, pathway that runs throughout the entire building, and commercial aspects on the lower level Ingels is able to make a community within a community, almost a miniature city. The building can function on its own, not needing to borrow from any surrounding context. Though this is quite the achievement and the praised it received for pushing the the boundaries for multi family living is well deserved, one must ask is this really what Ørestad South needed? How does a new building relate to this? How will it help to create community when all of the activities are internally located? Yes if the design functions as intended the residence will interact with one another but not with those on the outside. It is the modern day equivalent of the walled fortress.

“8 House / BIG” 20 Oct 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 17 May 2013. <http://www.archdaily.com/83307>

Field’s Shopping Centre C . F. M ø l l e r A r c h i t e c t s 2004 With over 150 retailers taking up a whopping 115,000 m², Field’s is the largest shopping centers in all of Scandinavia. Located right next to the metro stop in the district of Ørestad City, Field’s dominates the surrounding landscape. A large box stretching over several city blocks, the building itself is probably the most literal “wall” in all of Ørestad, with entrances only on the end. Designed by famed Danish firm C. F. Møller the building itself isnt actually all that unappealing. A large focus was put on ringing natural light into the interiors. With its many skylights and glass exterior walls, the interiors are flooded with natural light. One almost feels as if they are on a modern version of Copenhagen’s famed outdoor pedestrian walking street Strøget.

http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/shopping/fields/382

However Field’s is often pointed to as the one of the main contributors to what is wrong with Ørestad. It takes all of the shops and restaurants that should have been spread out at street level to create urban life and gathers them all under one roof, hiding them and keeping them contained within its walls. And when I say “all” the shops and restaurants, I literally mean all. When construction had to slow with the economic crisis, hardly any little supplementary shops or retailers where built. Residents of the Northern or Southern districts have to come all the way to Fields to get their basic necessities.

Once again, this enclosed city of sorts, is not ideal for a growing city such as Ørestad. Though not bad in many situations in different contexts, it seems as if here the money could have been spent else where, or the design modified, to try and incorporate the surround area, not shut it off.

Tietgenkollegiet

Lundgaard & Tranberg 2006 Student housing for those attending the nearby university, Tietgenkollegiet is often regarded to as the best building located within Ă&#x2DC;restad. Personally it is one of my favorite buildings I have ever visited and a true testament to architecture pushing the boundaries of design. I find it actually to be one of the few projects of Ă&#x2DC;restad that does not create this walled city, taking very careful steps to insure this does not happen

The building is a kollegium, which is similar to an American dormitory. However it differs in the fact that residents share all of the common spaces. They each get a bedroom, but the kitchen and living rooms are shared. The intended purpose is to promote community with in the space. Often housing students who are studying from other parts of the world and from different cultures, the kollegium is intended to promote interaction between its residents and create a sense of community

When the initial design process began they looked at their surrounding site. They were to be located right between the two major universities and would serve as the middle ground between them. The didnt want to design a large rectangular box like their neighbors for they feared this would create a barricade, separating interacting between them. Instead they decided to go with the polar opposite. They created a circle. By doing so they actually promoted interaction around the site, and connected the two universities. This circle would be sliced into five different sectors, allowing for openings all around the structure, creating entrances from all directions and never really blocking one out. On the outside of this ring, the firm chose to put all of the individual rooms. Each room got its own balcony space that looked out over Ă&#x2DC;restad, and provided a lively and energized face to the building. In the center of the ring the placed all of the common areas, and had them all facing in on a central courtyard. By having the common spaces facing in on one another a stronge sense of community was created. Students could see what others where doing on the other side of the building and were encouraged to go and join. During the day the doors to this courtyard were always kept open, so residents and visitors alike were encouraged to use the common green space. To further this encouragement the entire bottom level was composed of common community spaces with glass walls. That way even from the outside a person would feel connected to what was happening with in the kollegium.

It is one of the few places in all of Ă&#x2DC;restad where you will actually find people hanging outside and interacting with one another. It has a urban life. It has culture. Lundgaard & Tranberg are my personal favorite Danish firm, and I find this project shows how they truly understand the Danish culture and lifestyle. This project gives me hope that Orestad can still grow into the new modern suburb of Copenhagen it was initially planned to be.

"TIETGENKOLLEGIET." DAC&LIFE. Danish Architecture Centre, n.d. Web. 17 May 2013. <http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/copenhagen-x-gallery/realized-projects/ tietgenkollegiet/>.

Copenhagen as My Home. Copenhagen as My Classroom, Copenhagen as My Everything The Danish Institute of Study Abroad has a motto, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Copenhagen as your home, Europe as you classroom.â&#x20AC;? Though a little cheesy I felt that it was the perfect way to describe the way in which we were taught. Every other week we were taking to trips to other countries, going on field trips around Copenhagen, and learning first hand what we were being taught. The way they viewed it, we came to Europe to be in Europe, not to sit in a classroom and look at slides all day. The longer my stay went, the more I realized that this was not just a mindset for teaching kids abroad, but really the mindset for living in a European city. To the Danish people there was really hardly any separation between their homes and their city. The city was their home. Parks and museums were their living room, the farmers market was their kitchen, the harbor was their bath. Yes they had a house where they could keep their belongings and sleep for a few hours, but that was the extent to which they would be used.

Kastrup Sea Bath, White arkitekter AB, 2004 34

This lifestyle is one that is ingrained in the Danish culture. The city of Copenhagen defines those who reside inside it as much as they define the city. They are one of each other. Returning back to America I remember this being one of the aspects of European life that I missed the most. The embracing of the city. As soon as I landed back on American soil my parents picked me up from the airport in their car. We then stopped at a large warehouse story where we were able to pick up all of the groceries we could ever need plus some. Then returned to the nice confines of our home, never once stepping into a realm that wasn’t almost entirely “ours.” There were no opportunities for us to mingle, to explore, to find something out of the ordinary. Not once was I aware of our surroundings effecting our experience. I could have been in any state in the country and the experience would have been the same. We were trapped within walls of our own making, the walls of the American lifestyle.

Sadly with Ørestad I see a part of Copenhagen that is missing what defines it, the city itself. Yes the buildings which populate it are fantastic and allow for amazing experiences within their boundaries, but nothing about those experiences is unique to the location. These buildings could be placed just about anywhere in the world and the experience would be just the same. This is due to the extreme focus on the internal activity and lack so of on the street life. Walking around the streets its as if one is caught in no mans land, surrounded by these towering fortresses. I know that I am not the only one to see this, and I hope that changes can be made before it is too late.

When I was living there I had friends come and visit me. They asked me what they should visit and what they should see while there. I found the question quit difficult to answer, because to me Copenhagen is not so much a place to go and sightsee, as a place to go and experience. Their culture is their greatest asset, their drive for good design and how this finds its way into every nick and cranny of life. Walking the streets of Copenhagen you can literally feel the culture in the air, not in the fake makeshift kind of way used in some cities to attract tourist, here it is the real thing. Ørestad needs to go back to its roots, find its culture, before it turns into one of these soulless tourist traps. It needs to become a part of Copenhagen once more.

Works Cited “8 House / BIG” 20 Oct 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 17 May 2013. <http://www.archdaily. com/83307> "Copenhagen Growing Booklet." Copenhagen Growing Booklet. Orestad, n.d. Web. 17 May 2013. <http://www. z orestad.dk/en/Fakta/Bogen Godt Begyndt.aspx>. Foster, Nick. “I.H.T. SPECIAL REPORT: SMART CITIES; A Dream Grows in Copenhagen.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 06 Mar. 2012. Web. 17 May 2013. <http://www.nytimes. com/2012/03/06/business/energy-environment/in-new-copenhagen-suburbs-aim-is-sustainable-living.html?pagewanted=all>. Grabar, Henry. “Why Has Scandinavia’s Biggest Development Project Abandoned Its Master Plan?” The Atlantic Cities: Place Matters. N.p., 30 Aug. 2012. Web. 17 May 2013. <http://www. theatlanticcities.com/design/2012/08/why-has-scandinavias-biggest-development-project-abandoned-its-master-plan/3120/>. Ingels, Bjarke. Yes Is More: An Archicomic on Architectural Evolution. Köln: Evergreen, 2010. Print. Jensen, Marina Bergen. “Ørestad – the Blue and Green Economic Driver in Copenhagen.” EcoInnovation. Danish Ministry of the Environment, n.d. Web. 18 May 2013. <http://www. ecoinnovation.dk/NR/rdonlyres/7DE5E0F1-2CEC-4589-9FA5-4DFEA772182D/0/CASE_oerestad_artikel.pdf>. Lundsgaard-Hansen, Caspar. “Orestad: Laboratory for the City of The Future?” Places. N.p., 29 Aug. 2011. Web. 17 May 2013. <http://blog.inpolis.com/2011/08/29/orestad-laboratory-for-thecity-of-the-future/>. “Orestad evolution.” The Free Library 01 June 1995. 17 May 2013 <http://www.thefreelibrary. com/Orestad evolution.-a017277350>. Sherwood, Seth. “36 Hours in Copenhagen.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 7 July 2010. Web. 16 May 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/11/travel/11hours.html>. Steinvall, Anders. “2020cities: An Urban Showcase Lacking Street Life.” 2020cities: An Urban Showcase Lacking Street Life. 2020 Cities, 29 Jan. 2010. Web. 17 May 2013. <http://2020cities. blogspot.com/2010/01/urban-showcase-lacking-street-life.html>. “TIETGENKOLLEGIET.” DAC&LIFE. Danish Architecture Centre, n.d. Web. 17 May 2013. <http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/copenhagen-x-gallery/realized-projects/tietgenkollegiet/>. Ørestad Gymnasium, 3XN Architects, 2005 37