Conflict Analysis: Yatta & South Hebron Hills by Nurhidayah Ab Razak

CONFLICT ANALYSIS: Yatta & South Hebron Hills

P30305 Conflict, Violence & Humanitarianism 13/14

Luiz Sergio Marques Conceicao

Stef HelmGrovas

Anna Nicholls

Hidayah Razak

12082371

13089536

13086324

13022652

CONFLICT ANALYSIS Executive Summary Introduction

Aims & Objectives

This report is a collective effort of four Masters Students of the Development and Emergency Practice, three with an architectural background and the other working in the community field specialising in the welfare of youths. Our task was to engage in the protection issues of the South Hebron Hills of Palestine but this was not possible without studying the complicated and contested history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The ongoing conflict is said to have started since the mid-20th century but can be traced to be related to ancient times. The current situation of the conflict put simply; mainly revolves around the dispute for ownership of land between the two states. Yet this fact continues to affect millions of people; violating their human rights, displaced into being refugees, and forcing people to fight to maintain their livelihoods through violent means of coercion. This complex conflict has also brought on the support and opposition of many powerful forces around the world mainly the US, Arab nations and the EU. This conflict affects a wide range of people who see it from the lens of the media. The future of the conflict balances cautiously according to negotiations made between the state and their adherences to it. Palestinians continue to lose ownership of their land to this day due to weaknesses of approach and exercise of governance. A peaceful future for both sides is imaginable where mutual agreement on a single or twostate solution happens, which does not seem possible looking at the current political climate and their tumultuous past.

We looked specifically into the conflict situated in the South Hebron Hills, which involves the unique social structure of Bedouins, particularly communities of Israeli settlements and the causes/effects of the conflicts in the region. The main conflict affecting this study is the militarisation of the area, onset by the establishment of Firing Zone 918.

Approach, Findings & Proposal Utilising various conflict analysis tools, we analysed the actorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s level of involvement and reports of expulsion. An in-depth cultural and cause analysis formed situational understanding as an external organisation to. We contacted experts through interviews to get real-time and accurate representations. These interviews allowed us to gauge how to form relevant proposals for the conflict, being careful not to antagonise the situation or add internal/external risks. Key factors in formulating a project for the South Hebron Hills is the inability to build permanent structures to address the situation as the conflict is still in the process of mediation, the remoteness of the area, the vulnerability of the people as they face lack of access to basic needs and rights. In response to the conflict analysis, we proposed to build the resistance of the people of South Hebron Hills through access to potable water as they are detrimentally exposed to risk when accessing this resource.

PART 1

Contextual Analysis

CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS Background - Palestine To establish a timeline for the Israeli/Palestinian conflict one would face the difficult decision of when to start. Many events could be seen as the beginning of the hostility between these two groups. As early as the end of the Byzantine rule over Jerusalem conquered by Arab Muslims in 638AD to the Age of Crusades on the 12 century, history is permeated with periods of resentment and reasonable harmony.

a partition plan dividing the British Mandate of Palestine into two states.

1948, May 15: The end of the British mandate immediately

followed by Declaration of Israel as state. Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Lebanon declare war on Israel. Egypt, Jordan and Syria invade Israel.

1949, April: Israel and Arab states agree an armistice. Israel increased in 50% its territory compared to UN partition plan.

Despite the relevance of the early period, for didactic reasons, this work will concentrate on the events starting from the Balfour Declaration in 1917 until the present day.We produced a sizable timeline of events relevant to the Israeli- Palestinian conflict; which can be found annexed at the end of this document. This section will concentrate on the major treaties related to the conflict.We acknowledge the volatile nature of the Israeli/ Palestinian conflict what might cause this work to be out of date by the time of its conclusion.

1967, November 22: UN Security Council passes resolution

1917, November 2: Balfour Declaration. The British foreign

1993, September 13: Oslo declaration of principles. PLO and

secretary Arthur Balfour sent a letter to the president of the Zionist federation, Lord Rothschild. The Rothschild’s family was one of the most respected Jewish families in the United States at the time. The British Government recognized the Rothschild’s as a major actor for the future Israeli State.

1922, July 24: The League of Nations gives Britain a mandate to administer Palestine.

1937, Peel Commission recomends partition of Palestine. 1947, November 29: United Nations General Assembly passes

242, which calls for Israel to remove its forces from all territories occupied since the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.

1978, September 17: Camp David Accord, with Israel agreeing to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula in exchange for peace and a framework for future negotiation over the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Israel recognise each other.

1995, September 28: Interim agreement on the future of Gaza and the West Bank is signed by Israel and the PLO.

2012 November 29: The United Nations General Assembly ap-

proves an upgrade from the Palestinian Authority’s current observer status to that of a non-member state.

2013 August 14: Israelis and Palestinians officially begin peace talks in Jerusalem.

Overall Historical Context 1915

1925

1935

1945

1955

1965 1967: Third Arab-Israeli war (Six-Day War). Israel launches a preemptive attack on Egypt, Syria and Jordan. on Egypt, Syria and Jordan. Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan. 1964: PLO founded in Cairo by the Arab League.

1949: Israel and Arab states agree an armistice. Israel takes about 50 per cent more land than was originally allotted to it by the UN partition plan. 1948: Deir Yassin massacre. Declaration of Israel as the Jewish state. British withdraw from Palestine. Arab-Israeli war. Egypt,Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Lebanon declare war on Israel. Egypt, Jordan and Syria invade Israel. 1947-1949: THE NAKBA. 1947: United Nations General Assembly passes a partition plan dividing the British Mandate of Palestine into two states. 1946: Bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. 1937: Peel Commission recommends partition of Palestine. 1936-39: Arab revolt to protest against Jewish immigration to Palestine. 1929: HEBRON MASSACRE 1929-1939: About 250,000 Jews arrive in Palestine during this period largely because of the rise of fascism in Europe. 1922: The League of Nations gives Britain a mandate to administer Palestine. 1920-1921: Arab anti-jewish riots in Palestine 1917: BALFOUR DECLARATION

Overall Historical Context 1965

2013: Israelis and Palestinians officially begin peace talks in Jerusalem. 2011: Fatah and Hamas sign a reconciliation accord. 2008: Hamas and Israel declare a six-month truce. 2007: Hamas forces take control of Gaza and Fatah remains in control of the larger West Bank territory. 2006: Violence erupts between Fatah and Hamas factions in the Gaza Strip. 2006: Hamas wins majority of seats in Palestine. 2002: Israeli army launches Operation Defensive Shield. 2000: Second intifada begins. 1995: Israel's prime minister, is assassinated. 1995: Interim agreement on the future of Israeli-occupied Gaza and the West Bank is signed by Israel and the PLO. 1994: Baruch Goldstein, an American-Israeli settler, enters Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi (The Cave of the Patriarchs), a religious site in Hebron, and kills 29 Palestinians, injuring another 125. Yasser Arafat led the Palestine 1993: Oslo declaration of principles. Liberation Organisation for 25 1987: First intifada (uprising) starts. years. 1982: Israel invades Lebanon. 1979: Egypt becomes the first Arab country to recognise Israel. 1978: Camp David Accord. 1973: Fourth Arab-Israeli war. 1969: Yasser Arafat is appointed chairman of the PLO. 1967: UN Security Council passes resolution 242, which calls for Ariel Sharon was elected leader of the Likud party on February Israel to withdraw its armed 6, 2001. forces from all territories occupied since the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.

1975

1985

1995

2005

CONTEXTUAL MAP Localising the West Bank & South Hebron Hills

Division of Area Governance

Suba

JERUSALEM

Beit Maqdum Humsa al-Kum Humsa al-Muwarraq Tarusa Tarusa Deir Samit

(source: Temporary International Presence in Hebron)

Iskeik

In the southern West Bank (oPt), in the South Hebron Hills, there exists an area called Masafer Yatta. The area encompasses twelve Palestinian villages and some 1000 inhabitants: Tuba, al-Mufaqarah, Isfey, Maghayir al Abeed, al-Majaz, at-Tabban, al-Fakheit, Halaweh, Mirkez, Jinba, Kharoubeh and Sarura. According to the Oslo peace process, this is Area C, which means that it is under civil and military Israeli Administration. In the early 1970s, Israel declared the area a ‘closed military area’, called ‘Firing Zone 918’. (source: Campaign for abolition of ‘Firing Zone 918’ in South Hebron Hills, Change.org)

Khallet al-'Aqed

al-'Alaqa

South Hebron Hills

Area A Area B Area C Built up Area C

PALESTINE

ISRAEL

(west bank)

Israel

The West Bank

Built up Area A

Wadi al-Kilab

The Dead S

Since the 1993 Oslo Accords, land within the West Bank has been divided into Areas A, B (grey) and C (white). This was supposed to be a temporary measure that would allow a gradual transfer of power from the Israeli Kh. Wadih Civil Administration (ICA) to the Palestinian Beit 'Awwa Authority (PA), but negotiations were frozen in Beit 'Awwa 2002. Area A is under control of the Palestinian & Mitzpe Lachish authorities; Area B is under Palestinian civil Sikka Negohot Kh. Salama Tawas authority with Israeli security measures in Fuqeiqis place; Area C is under total Israeli control and includes Hebron’s H2 area, which is inhabited al-Majd Marah by approximately 30,000 Palestinians Dier and al-'Asal 500 Kh. Abu Hamid al-Baqqar Israeli Settlers. a-Sura

al-'Alaqa a-Tahta

Kurza Abu al-'Asja

Green Line Green Line refers to the demarcation lines set out in the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and its neighbours (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. (source: “Glossary: Israel”, Library of Congress Country Studies)

4 green line (19

9 ar

mis

tice

agreement)

SOUTH MASAFER FIRING HEBRON YATTA ZONE 918 HILLS

CONTEXTUAL MAP Masafer Yatta

Synagogue

?356

LEGEND

HEBRON GOVERNATE

Umm Lasafa

School

Qinan JaberCenter Medical

Khashem ad Daraj

Regional Road Communities at high risk of displacement Communities already displaced and abandoned Palestinian Community Main Road

Um al Kheer

Karmel

Other communities in "Firing Zone 918"

Hebron

Al Jwaya

Local Road

Khashem al Karem

Saadet Tha'lah

Al Karmil

Settlement Outpost Settlement Built-up Area

Khallet Salih

Settlement Outer limit

FZ918

Settlement Municipal Boundary Israeli Closed Military Area

At Tuwani

OSLO AGREEMENT

Ma'on

Ma'in

Area A/B

Ar Rakeez Hill 833

Area C “Wye River” Nature Reserves

! Tuba

Khirbet Sarura

Avigayil

Um Maghayir Fagarah Kharoubeh al Abeed

?316

Qawawis

Suseya North

Mantiqat Shi'b al Butum

Suseya

Khirbet at Tawamin

! Khallet Athaba'

Khirbet al Fakheit !

bat an Nabi

Khirbet Bir al 'Idd

Khirbet al Majaz !

Beit Yatir Checkpoint Imneizil

Nof Nesher A Seefer

Jinba

Halaweh !

G ree

Mirkez

Mezadot Yehuda 1

1 Kilometers

Rojom Eshayeb

Isfey Isfey al Tihta al Fauqa Khirbet Tawil ash Shih

Khirbet at Tabban !

Mitzpe Yair _Magen David

An Najada

e n L in

(

A rm 1 949

i s ti c

Dkaika

A cave is also a home. Maghayir al 窶連beed, January 2010. Photo: Eduardo Soteras

CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS South Hebron Hills Residents of Masafer Yatta were ordered to evacuate, renouncing them of ancient culture, legal status and permanence. They face eviction and limits in working their lands, tending livestock, their homes and educating their children. Yatta’s history date back to when Canaanites settled in Palestine during the early ages. “Masafer” is believed to derive from the Arabic words for “traveling,” in light of the distance needed to travel from Yatta and “Yuta” (‫ )طويه‬meaning “the flat and curved”. Masafer Yatta is part of Area C (Israel has full military and civil control).

Livelihood • • • •

Agricultural and Bedouin lifestyle, phases of few months yearly farming the land Palestinians live in the closed area and natural caves in which for shelter and mantaining livestock Ancestors of the current cave residents dug caves near wells and farmland. Each family has at least one cave for their residence. Cave residents are not as normally perceived, and do not migrate (Ministry of Defense, 1985, p26) • Insecurity has led to a change of lifestyle of cave dwellers; tending livestock during the night and stay in the caves during the day.

Turning Point Decisive action can take place where outcomes are pivotal. Villagers maintain their permanence whereas Security forces, argue that they are non-permanent nomadic people. A. Israeli court calls for mediation between the state and representatives of Firing Zone 918 B. Defence Ministry bid to expel the villagers with commenced evictions and demolitions, and instilling constant fear of being displaced from homes that are their ancestral lands. C. Villagers in the state of waiting on court’s decision to either stay or leave and cannot operate to their full capacity until that decision is made.

CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS Culture of Conflict i. Means of Expulsion Refers to the tactics of coercion by the IDF to pressure flight of the residents and its impacts. Military intimidation and legal battles with unpredictable outcomes causes emotional and psychological impacts. ii. Firing Zone 918 Refers to the impact of militarisation of the area; nothing to return to after demolitions, population at risk, damaging property and causing disturbance to their daily routine. iii. Rise of contested Israeli settlements The state of Israel built four settlements near the closed area, in which some 1,600 persons live: for example Karmel and Ma’on, conscequently displacing people.

Human Righs Violations Abolition of the military zone would be a step towards enabling Palestinians to access theirs rights to: • dignified life; • freedom of movement; • private property; • education; • work; • medical care; • worship.

PART 2

Conflict Analysis

CONFLICT ANALYSIS A. Cause Analysis The following cause analysis aims to focus on current events which we have seen whilst tracking the conflict in the South Hebron Hills (See Appendix D), whilst acknowledging the whole conflict in the West Bank.

Prevention of Palestinian Construction in Area C: Dating back to the 1993 Oslo Accords, the South Hebron Hills Region is in area C, which means that it is under full Israeli control (Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Tselem, 2013). Therefore, the Civil Administration is able to enforce a policy that prevents construction in the majority of Palestinian villages. The is implemented through putting master plans in place that disable the legalization supporting Palestinian constructions as well as impeding any development.

The South Hebron Hills area

Palestinians are unable to obtain permits to build their own housing or even public buildings (for example, schools and medical centres). The Civil Administration even executed demolition orders for cisterns, sheep pens, water holes and tents. This can be seen as a form of harassment towards Palestinian villagers. The Civil Administration has claimed that the British mandatory authorities ratified the master plan in 1942 (Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Tselem, 2013). Whilst this may be valid to a certain extent, it is possible that the instructions have been misinterpreted. Whilst under that master plan it was said that the land was zoned for agriculture with allowance of some construction, the Civil Administration has not permitted any construction at all. Expansion of Israeli Settlements: Expansion of Israeli settlements has led to the expulsion of Palestinians, destruction of infrastructure, restricted movement and increase in violence towards Palestinian farmers. Land ownership is of great importance to farmers in the area allowing them however recently, the expansion of Karmel settlement has prevented local shepherds from accessing a hill used for farming near their village.

Demolition of Houses

Restricted Access to Resources:

Water Tractor

A) Water The restrictions on access to water in the South Hebron Hills is intrinsically linked to the historical, environmental, political, economic and sociocultural context: - Palestinians are vulnerable to attacks from violent settlers, restricting access to both farmland and water cisterns. - Mekorot, the Israeli national water company has put water pipelines in place but despite bypassing the Palestinian Villages the Civil Administration has not hooked most villages up to the water grid. - Palestinians mainly use cisterns to collect rainwater. However the Civil Administration has ordered the demolition of numerous cisterns due to being built with no permit. - Averaging as few as 28 litres per capita per day, levels of water consumption in Palestinian villages are ‘similar to that of humanitarian crisis, such as Darfur, Sudan’ (B’Tselem, 2013). This is caused by the lack of water infrastructure combined with low rainfall. - Once the cisterns dry up or are destroyed, water must be purchased regularly and consequently, Palestinians spend up to a third of their monthly income buying water transported by trucks. - Changes to way of life have affected access to water for both drinking and farming. Palestinians make a living through cultivating agricultural land. The irregularity of the rainfall in areas such as Masafer Yatta has led many families to alternate between different land, in order to ‘exhaust the potentiality of pasture and arable land’ (Comet-ME, 2012). However, expansion of Israeli settlements and movement restrictions has now prevented this from happening. B) Energy Palestinians have no rights to connect to the electric power grids in the South Hebron Hills.

Cisterns

Physical Violence and Destruction: Palestinian villagers are subjected to acts of violence from Israeli Settlers who live in the nearby settlements. Israeli authorities have been known to ignore these incidents and fail to enforce the law on violent settlers. This make it difficult for villagers to carry out everyday activities relating to their culture and livelihoods. From tracking the conflict, we have concluded that recent violent incidents have included: - Attacking and setting dogs on Palestinians as well as, Israeli and international activists who support the villagers, - Burning dwellings, - Disrupting agricultural livelihoods by vandalizing olive trees, burning grain and harming animals,

Bedouin Settlement

- Poisoning cisterns. Restrictions on Freedom of Movement: Expansion of settlements as well as, expansion of a vast area taken over by the Firing zone 918 has impacted on the freedom of movement for Palestinians, which has completely changed their way of life. Settlers also often block road access to villages. Economic Repression: The Israeli Occupation has dramatically impacted the realm of work mainly due to restrictions on access of movement to the town of Yatta.

Destruction of Olive Trees

Concepts linked to these causes: Symbolic Violence: The concept of symbolic violence was coined by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, who regarded it as ‘the misperception of social space – which characterizes both the dominant and the dominated, albeit to the advantage of the latter’ (Weininger, 2002, p. 145). ‘Spaciocide’: ‘Spaciocide’ refers to the destruction of spaces (Piquard in Swenartone, Troiani, Webster, 2007, p.25-35) as well as, to the destruction to way of life.

SOUTH HEBRON HILLS Summary of Causes, Key Triggers and Effects: The Key Causes identified are: - Prevention of Construction - Settlement Expansion - Restricted Access to Resources - Physical and Symbolic Violence - Freedom of Movement - Economic Repression From this, the Key Triggers are: 1. Settlement Expansion (Karmel Settlement) and Firing Zone 918 2. Blocks on access to water 3. Prevention of construction/ destruction of infrastructure The Effects of Key Triggers are: 1. Loss of agricultural land, restrictions on movement and ‘spaciocide’ leading to tensions and violence. 2. Drought, effects on health as well as, fear of attack whilst trying to access cisterns. 3. ‘Spaciocide’, loss of access to opportunities and deterioration of community relationships/ Bedouin way of life.

Photograph taken form inside the Firing Zone 918

PART 3 Project Proposal

PROJECT OVERVIEW

h2ma

water management in south hebron hills

BACKGROUND &CONTEXT There is limited access to water in Masafer Yatta as the people depend on cisterns and wells. These are often seen as illegal structures and are a violation to the Israeli law. Water is transported from Yatta town and sold to the villagers.

FEATURE PROJECT Water harvesting billboard, uses the humidity of the atmosphere, to extract and collect potable water for the Palestinians living in the South Hebron Hills

PARTNERSHIPS Comet-ME is an Israeli-Palestinian non-profit organization providing sustainable energy and clean water services to off-grid communities. They facilitate social and economic empowerment of some of the most marginalized communities in the West Bank through the construction of wind and solar systems, water solutions, capacity building and maintenance

EDUCATION Teaching locals how to save and manage water resources, methods of drainage. The programme aims to spread information about the situation, possible solutions and environmental effects of obtaining water.

PROJECT PROPOSAL Project Proposal

PROJECT PROPOSAL Project Framework

Community Participation

Drawing on the conflict analysis, our project was established with the aim of promoting and educating Palestinian communities about water conservation and management in the South Hebron Hills. In this way we hope to offer protection from blocks on water, which are partly due to the risk of violent settler attacks and harassment. As a small-scale NGO we decided not to aim to solve the root causes of the conflict, but to focus on one particular problem in order to find a way to normalise the ‘culture of conflict’ from a ‘bottom-up’ approach. Aims: - To increase resilience to the conflict in the Masafer Yatta region, - To assist the Palestinian people from blocks on water using an alternative means, - To overcome the barriers of the conflict through working with both Palestinian villagers and Israeli Settlers together. Implementation and timeframe: We intend to work through engaging with community participation in the implementation of the project in order to enhance ownership and empowerment. The feature project of rainwater harvesting billboards will be an installation to create resilience amongst the Palestinian villagers. It will therefore be a pilot project that could be extended at a later point. The implementation of water conservation and management will be carried out with the intension of the scheme being handed over to the local people in the long-term. The desired impacts of the project will therefore make improvements environmentally, socially and psychologically. Key Beneficiaries: The Palestinian villagers/ Bedouins. Key Stakeholders: Israeli Settlers, Palestinian villagers/ Bedouins, IDF, CometME, H2MA. To Note: We acknowledge that Comet-ME has been known to bring high technology that Palestinians cannot maintain or duplicate without the input of outside aid. On the other hand, it can also be seen that the area has the same right to infrastructure as developed countries. Although the infrastructure provided by this project may need to be maintained by development agencies, sustainability in this context could also be seen as an aim of long-term improvement to sustainable livelihoods of people in the area.

Rainwater Harvesting Billboard Prototype

PROJECT PROPOSAL Limitations & Mitigations Best & Worst Case Scenarios

This section will explore the project limitations and its correspondent mitigating actions

Limitation Political instability on the area. Community displacement.

Violent confrontation.

Depredation.

Lack of adequate funding.

Mitigation To make the project official through the existing channels. To restructure the project location to assist the displaced community.

Action To contact Israeli and Palestinian authorities to register the project. To evaluate the possibility and need to move the project to a different location.

Desired outcome Worse case scenario. To have a legal mandate to If not possible to obtain the execute the project. official permit the project would be unfeasible. To continue the project in The community might be moved a new location where the to a location where the project is community was moved to. not relevant. In this case the project would be unfeasible. To pause the project in Evacuate project workers To pause the project If the situation deteriorate to an order to safeguard to a safe location. temporary and continue it extreme level the project would workers and return when after violent confrontation. be unfeasible. reasonable safety is restored. To establish a line of To connect with Israeli To cease depredation. If depredation continues and if it communication with representatives form puts project workers and Israeli settlers and IDF settlers and IDF and community in risk the project to avoid future damage to establish trust and would be unfeasible. material. cooperation. To secure additional To connect with donors Acquire suitable funding. If the project does not acquire the funding. and obtain adequate adequate funding it would be funding. unfeasible

Goal: Improved access to water in Yatta, South Hebron.

PROJECT PROPOSAL Logical Framework

Purpose: To provide alternative source of water through condensation and improve knowledge in water management. Outputs: 1. Installation of condensation systems. 2. Maintenance and operation of condensation systems course. 3. Training program in water management in progress. 4. Partnership with local NGOs established. Activities: 1.1 Identify elements willing to be part of the project. 1.2 Instruct local population on use of the condensation system. 1.3 Secure Funds, set budget. 1.4 Install condensation system. 2.1 Survey of suitable participants for the training of water management. 2.2 PRA workshop / community consultation. 2.3 Implement water management course. 3.1 Survey possible partners from local NGOs. 3.2 Sign partnership with local NGO’s.

OVIs - Objectively verifiable indicators  Increase of access to potable water.  Improvement of management of water resources.  Cooperation of local NGOs with the project.  X number of condensation systems installed and working.  X number of workshops on maintenance and operation of condensation systems.  X number of workshops in water management.  X number of partnerships established with local NGOs.  Register local families willing to have condensation system installed.  X number of training sessions on condensation system use.  Fortnightly workshops run.  X number of NGO’s partners identified.  X number of partnerships established.  X% of fundraising target met.

MOVs - Means of verification   

   

      

Baseline surveys. Interview/ feedback from local community. Interview with key NGO workers. Photographic report. Analysis of Documentation. Baseline surveys. Attendance records.

PRA workshop reports and attendance records. Attendance records. Workshop reports from trainers. Photographic report. Analysis of Documentation. Minutes of meetings. MOUs.

Important Assumptions/ Risks  Suitable partner not identified.  NGO’s not willing to participate.  Lack of adequate funding.    

Lack of community engagement. Political change/ community displacement. Violent confrontation. Depredation.

Lack of community engagement.  Political change/ community displacement.  Violent confrontation. Depredation.  Lack of adequate funding. 

PART 4 Process Analysis

PROCESS ANALYSIS Roles and Competencies Luiz Sergio Marques Conceicao Luiz used his specialist knowledge to assist the group in developing a proposal framework. His invaluable work experience in community work, tremendous moral support and positive attitude encouraged us to work beyond our normal capabilities. He was a key source of knowledge for supplementary sources such as documentaries, films and books on the conflict.

Anna Nicholls Anna conducted significant research in the areas of realtime material from people on-the-ground. This access to first-hand material contributed immensely to our roles as external agents. She conducted interviews and took on the role of monitor-evaluator in managing the vast amount of resources we had concerning the complex conflict. Using a critical approach, Anna was able to provide the group with thoroughly developed data through diagrams.

Stephanie Helm Grovas Stephanieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hands-on attitude and took the lead in representing our ideas especially in the course of mapping group thoughts in a cohesive manner during our meetings. She dealt with technical details and was skilled with empirical data, significant to our credibility for a high-tech solution. Her creative, imaginative and unorthodox proficiencies enabled us to solve difficult problems, especially in tackling our ambitious project proposal.

Nurhidayah Ab Razak Ida formulated the layout for a concise and structured report, managing the inputs and outputs of discussions and organising them. She adopted a coherent and clear graphic design style for group reference; utilising varied compositions and logo scheme. She is responsible for the in-depth research of the specificity of the South Hebron Hills and contributed as a reliable, conservative, practical and efficient member of the team.

PROCESS ANALYSIS Process analysis Forming phase Our group is very diverse with people from different backgrounds. The initial part of our work was concentrated in getting to know each other’s perceptions and knowledge about the Israeli- Palestinian conflict. As early as our first meeting it was established the neutral character our organization. However, it was important to clarify the individual ideas concerning the conflict. After acknowledging this our group decided to have a week of reading before stating individual points of view. We all watched the documentary entitled “Occupation 101” which helped to expand our knowledge on the issue. After a week of individual research and reflection it was clear that despite the neutral character of our organization we all empathise with the Palestinian suffering under Israeli occupation. It is important to stress that regardless our personal views our group is committed to the principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence. Communication methods Our group established different methods of communication as described below: 

Google drive Google drive was very instrumental for the process of sharing information and editing each other’s writings. Google drive enabled us to share large documents and also cooperate in writing remotely when not physically together. The ability to immediately see someone’s document was of great value to our work coordination.



Facebook As early as the first week we set up a Facebook group work, “Conflict/ Hebron”. With continuous access to Facebook through computer or mobile phones it was very efficient to exchange ideas, arrange meetings and also to encourage each other.



Mobile phones We also made use of mobile phones a way of communication. Numbers were exchanged on our first meeting and constant phone calls and text messages were a considerably major part of our interaction.

Weekly meetings. After the week given for individual reflection our group decided to establish a pattern of regular meetings.

It was decided we were going to meet weekly in three different settings. The first set of meetings was held after the conflict lectures. After having lunch together we spent the afternoon at the library using the group study rooms when available. The meeting after the lectures had a fixed time to finish; it was established that 5pm as the end of the meetings.  The second type of meetings was short meetings over lunch when having a full day of conflict lectures. These short meetings were very useful the check the progress being made, to clarify and resolve any issues and also to confirm next meetings.  The third pattern of meetings was composed of full days on alternated weeks when we did not have the conflict lectures.  The longer meetings were very helpful to bond as a group and also to have productive and continuous work sessions. We also had two extraordinary meetings immediately before the presentation and two meetings after the presentation to finalize this report. Below follows the minutes recorded in these meetings: 

Date October 1st

Type Lunch together

October 15th

Lunch together

Description As our first meeting we decided to have a time to read about the Israeli- Palestinian conflict and also to watch supplementary documentaries and films that the group shared such as “Occupation 101”, BBC’s Panorama: Price Tag Wars and 5 Broken Cameras. At this stage we did not yet knew each other’s position about the conflict. The next meeting date and place was agreed. After the time of research and reflection we met over lunch to state our personal position concerning the conflict. Individually we shared our impressions from the readings and also discussed the documentary “Occupation 101”. We all agreed that we did not know enough about the conflict and also how useful this time of research was. It was also important to state we all empathize with the Palestinian suffering and how unfair the Israeli occupation is. We also decided that regardless our personal convictions our group

Observations All were present and we acknowledge the need to get to know each other. Luiz is doing the course part-time but as conflict is his only module this semester he would concentrate all his efforts on this project. All were present at this meeting. It was import to agree in our individual perception of the conflict. As our group is culturally diverse a strong antagonist position would cause inevitable distress. Particularly relating to the IsraeliPalestinian conflict strong opposing opinions are very common, which could result in internal disagreement within

October 17th October 22nd

½ day of work full day of work

should maintain its neutrality, impartiality and independence. the group. It was also decided this issue should be constantly monitored to avoid a biased outcome. The next meeting date and place was agreed. Meeting cancelled due the lecture cancellation.

Our group met and decided to discuss the methods to be used to share information and general communication. A Google Drive was set up and all the group members added. A FaceBook group was set up and all the members added. Mobile phone numbers were exchanged. It was also established in case of any disagreement within the group all the affected part should openly and cordially express their feelings and the issues should be resolved as soon as possible. The second part of the group meeting composed of a “brainstorm” about the conflict actors. On a white board Steph wrote all the group ideas concerning the actors. The preliminary list of the actor is as follows: A. Israel Government Military Civilians B. Palestine Authority National Organisations/Militants? (Fatah, Hamas) Civilians C. Outside Actors Non-state NGOs and Aid groups Refugees Media Organisations? (Hezbollah)

All were present at this meeting. The digital methods of communication were very useful. Particularly Google Drive. Documents could be produced remotely and instantly visualised by all the group members. FaceBook was also very effective as a method of instant contact, as all the group members had access to it. It was also very cost effective.

Novemb er 5th

Lunch together

Novemb er 7th

½ day of work

Diplomatic Actors European Union (EU) United Nations (UN) Arab League Russia United States of America, (USA) Quartet on the Middle East (USA, Russia, UN, EU) Steph was responsible to transcript this list into a file and share it on Google Drive. The next meeting date and place was agreed. Between the conflict lectures our group met for lunch. During this meeting we discussed the group’s progress and also monitored the group’s impartiality, neutrality and independence. It was also decided we were not to discuss ideas for the project until further on the process in order not to compromise the conflict analysis. The group decided to send out questionnaires for NGO workers working on Palestine. The questionnaire was designed and Anna was in charge of sending it. The next meeting date and place was agreed. Anna was responsible to book a meeting room for the next meeting. One of the difficulties encountered was the limited time we had access to meeting rooms. The meeting rooms were available for only two hours at the time. We discussed the preliminary list of actors and decided that more research should be conducted. We also divided the different sections to be worked on as follows: PART 1 - CONFLICT ANALYSIS - Historical (LUIZ) - Timeline (LUIZ/ ANNA) - Geography & Demographics (IDA) - Economy and Industry (LUIZ) - Culture (IDA)

All were present at this meeting. These lunch meeting were very valuable to improve the group bonding.

All were present at this meeting. The group meeting room was an excellent tool as it provided a private space. The resources available like white board and the computer with a bigger screen were also appreciated. The group decided that a wider range of responsibility would increase productivity. Different sections were distributed and individual work was carried out and shared on Google Drive.

- Religion (IDA) - Education (IDA) - Environment (ANNA) - Water and Sanitation (ANNA) - Waste Management (ANNA)

Novemb er 12th Novemb er 19th

full day of work full day of work

Novemb er 26th

Lunch together

Decemb er 8th

full day of work

CONFLICT DYNAMICS - Actor Diagrams (STEPH) - Onion Diagram (ANNA) - Conflict Map (ANNA) The remaining sections are to be a joint product or divided in future meetings. The next meeting date and place was agreed. Anna was responsible to book a meeting room for the next meeting. Meeting cancelled due various assignments deadlines. The group meeting started with the review of the conflict actors and a final list was agreed. Luiz shared his research on the historical background and also a draft of the timeline. Anna volunteered to change the timeline into a better design. The next meeting date and place was agreed. The group met between the sessions on Oxfam. We found very helpful the insight given on conflict scenario by Oxfam staff. The meeting was not very productive due the limited time available. We agreed to think and research about possible projects. Ideas were to be shared on Google Drive. The next meeting date and place was agreed. The group met for a full day of work and compiled all the ideas exchanged through different communication methods. A project based on Water resources was chosen and the project proposal was divided as follows:

All were present at this meeting. We found that full days of work gave a sense of continuity and were also very productive. All were present at this meeting. Two extraordinary meetings were th th arranged for the 8 and 9 of December.

All were present at this meeting. The main work was done in designing the project and its different areas. The rest of day was spent formatting the

Decemb er 9th

full day of work + evening

Decemb er 16th

full day of work

Decemb er 17th

full day of work

PROJECT - Overview (IDA) - Water (ANNA) - Project Framework (STEPH) - LOG Framework (LUIZ) The structure of the presentation was discussed and the graphic design chosen. The group chose Prezi as a method of presentation being more dynamic than PowerPoint and more practical than InDesign. Reading and correcting was to be carried out thoroughly until the next meeting. The next meeting date and place was agreed. The group met and finished the outstanding areas of the presentation and report. A rehearsal of the presentation was executed and limited time was raised as a major issue. The next meeting date and place was agreed. After the presentation the group discussed the comments made by the external consultants and by the lecturer. The group identified some changes to be made on the report and divided the activities. The group established December 17th as its internal deadline to conclude the report. December 17th was chosen as the last group meeting and place and time was agreed.

The group met for the last time before submitting the work. A general read was carried out and corrections were made. The bibliography was concluded. The group decided to meet again after the work is marked by the lecturer to review its performance.

presentation. As practice of our group every member read and commented on each otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work.

All were present at this meeting.

All were present at this meeting. The group felt discouraged by some of the comments made by the external consultants. The group had a time to encourage each other and also a time to acknowledge individual contributions for the work. As a group we decided to implement the considerations made by the external consultants and also modifications suggested by the lecturer. All were present at this meeting On the final meeting we discussed if anyone had any unresolved issues and nothing was raised. No conflicts emerged from working as a group and we were all happy to work with each other.

Bibliography

Books & Web Sources

Anon., 2013. Comet-ME, SUSTAINABLE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION. [Online] Available at: http://comet-me.org/about/ [Accessed 29 November 2013]. Anon., 2013. Council on Foreign Relations. [Online] Available at: http://www.cfr.org/israel/crisis-guide-israeli-palestinian-conflict/p13850 [Accessed 30 November 2013]. Brooman, J., 1989. Conflict in Palestine: Jews, Arabs and the Middle East since 1900. Harlow: Longman . B'Tselem, 2012. B'Tselem. [Online] Available at: http://www.btselem.org/south_hebron_hills [Accessed 28 November 2013]. Chalabi, M., 2013. How does Palestine's economy work? Its legal status is contested, its land is divided and thousands of its citizens emigrate every year - so how does Palestine's economy function?. The Guardian, 14 October. Council on Foreign Relations, 2008. Crisis Guide: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. [Online] Available at: http://www.cfr.org/publication/CGME_transcript.html [Accessed 2 December 2013]. Howard, G. & Bartram, J., 2003. Domestic Water Quality, Service Level and Health Executive summary.. s.l.:World Heath Organisation.. International Labour Office, 2013. The situation of workers of the occupied Arab territories, Geneva: International Labour Office. Piquard, B. & Swenarton, M., 2011. Learning from Architecture and Conflict.. The Journal of Architecture, 16(1), pp. 1-13. Riordon, M., 2011. Our way to fight: peace work under siege in Israel-Palestine. London: Pluto. Swenartone, M., Troiani, I. & Webster, H., 2007. The Politics of Making. Oxon: Routledge.. Taghdisi-Rad, S., 2011. The political economy of aid in Palestine: relief from conflict or development delayed?. Abingdon: Routledge. Weininger, E., 2002. Pierre Bourdieu on Social Class and Symbolic Violence. In: Wright, E.. s.l.:Alternative Foundations of Class Analysis. World Bank, 2013. West Bank and Gaza, Area C and the future of the Palestinian economy., s.l.: World Bank.

Bibliography Air O Water. airowater.com/ (2011). [Online] http://www.airowater.com/technology [Accessed 9 December 2013]. Anon., 2013. Comet-ME, SUSTAINABLE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION. [Online] Available at: http://comet-me.org/about/ [Accessed 29 November 2013]. Anon., 2013. Council on Foreign Relations. [Online] Available at: http://www.cfr.org/israel/crisis-guide-israeli-palestinian-conflict/p13850 [Accessed 30 November 2013]. Ajl, Max. (2010). Film review: Pastoral resistance in "This Palestinian Life". [Online] Available: http://electronicintifada.net/content/filmreview-pastoral-resistance-palestinian-life/3578.

[Accessed 20 Nov 2013]. B'Tselem, 2012. B'Tselem. [Online] Available at: http://www.btselem.org/south_hebron_hills [Accessed 28 November 2013]. B'Tselem - The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. (2005). Means of Expulsion. Online] Available: http://www.btselem.org/download/200507_south_mount_hebron_eng.pdf.

[Accessed 20 Nov 2013]. Council on Foreign Relations, 2008. Crisis Guide: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. [Online] Available at: http://www.cfr.org/publication/CGME_transcript.html [Accessed 2 December 2013]. Hoyle, Charlie. (2013). Water restrictions in Area C threaten to displace villages. [Online] Available: http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=576309.

[Accessed 20 Nov 2013]. Nieuwhof, Adri. electronicintifada.net. (2013). [Online] http://electronicintifada.net/blogs/adri-nieuwhof/israeli-settlers-use-six-times-more-water-palestinians-new-report [Accessed 12 December 2013]. nofiringzone918. (2011). Petition. [Online] Available: http://nofiringzone918.org/2012/12/11/petition/. [Accessed 20 Nov 2013]. South Hebron Hills: Firing Zone 918(2013). [Online] Available: http://www.btselem.org/south_hebron_hills/firing_zone_918. [Accessed 20 Nov 2013]. Zareva, Teodora. bigthink.com. (2013). [Online] http://bigthink.com/design-for-good/the-first-billboard-in-the-world-to-make-drinkingwater-out-of-thin-ai [Accessed December 9 2013].

Bibliography Images Cover - http://nofiringzone918.org/ Index - http://mondoweiss.net/2010/12/israeli-occupation-contributes-to-the-water-crisis-in-the-south-hebron-hills.html Part 1 - http://jfjfp.com/?p=49931 Part 1, Pg. 7 - http://en.wordpress.com/tag/masafer-yatta/#jp-carousel-739 Part 1, Pg. 6 - http://johanintheholyland.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/soldatene-stenger-av.jpg Part 2 - http://palestine972.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/img_0163.jpg Part 2, Pg. 7 - http://comet-me.org/galleries/community/?nggpage=3 Part 2, Pg. 9 - Image 1 http://hebronresources.org/?p=105 Part 2, Pg. 9 - Image 2 http://www.blog.standforisrael.org/?attachment_id=38393 Part 2 Pg. 10 - Image 1 http://www.sizedoesntmatter.com/initiatives/raw/page/4/ Part 2 Pg. 10 - Image 2 http://imeu.net/news/documents-development.shtml Part 2 Pg. 11 - http://imeu.net/news/documents-development.shtml Part 3 - http://comet-me.org/galleries/water/ Part 3, Pg. 3 - http://www.adweek.com/adfreak/billboard-generates-drinking-water-out-thin-air-desert-peru-147531

Films Occupation 101: Voice of the Silenced Majority. 2006 . [Film] Directed by Sufyan Omeish and Abdallah Omeish. s.l.: s.n. [online] Avaliable at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ycqATLDRow Portable Water Generator. 2012. [Film] s.l.: UTEC. [online] Avaliable at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35yeVwigQcc

APPENDIX A

Supplementary Research CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

Education

• • •

Schools are in Yatta Distance and the restrictions on movement to and from the closed area, spend the school year with relatives from their extended family No physical infrastructure/paved roads, and the harsh topography: travel by foot, on horse/donkey, by tractor or off-road vehicles.

Some obstacles that they face: • They must walk along fences that the IDF have built and exposed to rain and dangerous training activities • Army training around the area include; fighting, bombing and they interrogate passer-bys even children on the way to school. • Children are allowed to study non-permanent structures sauch as tents, and not in permanent buildings, which make for unconducive environments of learning. • School is more than a place of learning, as the realm between home and school is an unwelcome and unsafe place for leisure The educational sector in Yatta town is suffering from the following problems: · ·

Lack of classroom The existence of evening education

Health »» Rely on Yatta for medical services »» A clinic is being built in nearby Khirbet a-Tuwani that will provide basic medical services to residents of the closed area »» Takes 30mins - 4hrs to get to Yatta, depending on the location of the village and the means of transportation »» Life-threatening situations when they require urgent medical care. »» Most of the childbirths take place in the caves, under poor sanitary conditions, without licensed midwives, and without appropriate medical equipment.

Agriculture • Restriction of movement. The majority of the cultivable land in the West Bank is in the Area C. It is estimated that around USD 704 million would be added to the Palestinian economy if all the fertile land in the West Bank was cultivated. • Lack of Water. • Symbolic violence

APPENDIX A Supplementary Research Contextual Analysis: Demographics

Misfera

Nomadic subsidiary villages close to the small town of Yatta, which are agricultural lands of their residents. Shepherds and farmers move and stay between one area and another, according to the seasons of the year and the residues of vegetation, making optimal use of available pasture.

Khirbeh A small village or hamlet. This is the term applied to the small subsidiary villages of Yatta. Ruins are also found within the misfera. A khirbeh might be located near such ruins.

Family A family usually includes a husband, a wife or wives, and the extended portion of their married sons, sonsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; wives and offspring, and any unmarried sons and daughters.

Hamoula A clan or group of families with a common ancestor, with various degrees of kinship ties between them.

Community a group of families, sometimes comprising a single hamoula and sometimes from several hamoulat, living in the same khirbeh/hamlet, with each having its own agricultural land nearby.

Domestic & Family Space Consists of various structures and the space between them. The home is not limited to one structure, but rather the whole domestic space is considered the family house. Its various rooms are located at a distance from one another and some are underground. The herd is thought of and described as a part of the domestic space.

APPENDIX A Supplementary Research Contextual Analysis: Economy Economic growth in Palestine has been extremely instable since 1994. The political instability and the constant uncertainty have hindered significantly economic prosperity in the region • Decline of International Aid. The Palestinian Authority received in the first month of 2012 only 60% the required to development expenditures. ($446m) • • •

Lack of access to natural resources. Building restrictions. Movement restriction.

According to the World Bank if those restrictions in area C were alleviated it estimated a potential increase in USD 3.4 billion - or 35 percent of Palestinian GDP. (2013) • •

Reduction of international aid. Higher than expected expenditure.

Public recurrent deficit is 32% above the budgeted target, amounting to $632m. •

Eretz Yisrael

Lower than forecasted revenue.

Withheld taxes collected by Israel. (VAT, customs and income tax from Palestinians working in Israel and the Israeli settlements) Around $125m month. Two thirds of the PA’s total revenues.

Territories referred to in religious texts in Judaism as the land promised to the Jewish people by God (Lichtman, 2006) and means “Land of Israel” in Hebrew. Twice in official state documents, David Ben-Gurion announced that the Israeli state was created ‘in only a portion of the Land of Israel’ (Badi, 1963) and conscequently based their land policies on this Biblical narrative.

APPENDIX A Supplementary Research Legal Issue of Expulsion Timeline In the southern West Bank of Masafer Yatta, close to one thousand Palestinians live in caves and earn a livelihood from farming 1970s Israel declared 3,000 hectares of Masafer Yatta area a “closed military area” Relying on this declaration, Israel has been attempting to expel the cave resident 1999 November: Israeli military forces, accompanied by Civil Administration officials: - Expelled the cave residents - Confiscated their few possessions: tents, produce, clothes, and other personal property - Sealed caves & destroyed wells and outhouses - Prohibited the residents from returning to the area. 2000 The cave residents petitioned the High Court of Justice against their expulsion. The High Court issued a temporary injunction, returning the residents to the area The petitions are still pending. 29th March: the villages won a partial, temporary victory, when the Israeli High Court ruled that residents who had signed on to the lawsuit in the Israeli High Court could return to their cave homes and land, pending a decision of the case. 2012 April: Israeli Court resumed their deliberation of the case. 19th July: the state, following Ministry of Defense instructions, declared the petitioners are not “permanent residents” 7th August: the Court decided that the state’s announcement constituted “a change in the normative situation” and as a consequence the specific petitions “were no longer relevant” and so dismissed. 2013 16 January: The High Court forbids the Israeli military to forcibly evict the petitioners and their families. March: Israel submitted a preliminary response that addressed only the organizational aspect of the planning, it is reviewing its position and will decide by June.

2 September: the three judges (Grunis, Melcer and Barak-Erez) proposed that the sides enter into mediation, reach an agreement acceptable to both the residents and the State.

October 21: Agreement to enter mediation on the fate of 8 communities in Firing Zone 918

The time expected for mediation will be four months, that may be extended.

APPENDIX A Supplementary Research Actor Analysis: Further Commentary

Israel Actors Government The Balfour Declaration in 1917 for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland and would mark an official start to creation of the state of Israel. Later, Israel would gain full independence in 1948 with the departure of the British forces. The government is led by the Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu who was elected for a third term in the 2013 Israeli elections. He had served as prime minister in 1996–1999 and described to have been strenuously resisting U.S. efforts to move forward on Israeli– Palestinian peace talks (p. 44, Quandt, 2011). The government is accountable to the military of which with its occupational approach creates context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Israeli prime minister is reluctant the halt of building settlements in the West Bank and east Jerusalem but finally in late 2009 Netanyahu gave a partial concession. Many of the peace processes forwarded by the Israeli government on the basis that they are with direct negotiations with the Palestinian Authority but a two-state solution is not a clear vision of the state. Military Israel Defense Forces are the military forces of the State of Israel. They consist of the ground forces, air force, and navy. While originally the IDF operated on three fronts, against Lebanon and Syria in the north, Jordan and Iraq in the east, and Egypt in the south, after the 1979 Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty, it has concentrated its activities in southern Lebanon and the Palestinian Territories, including the First and the Second Intifada. In the South Hebron Hills, the military have taken a position of creation and expansion of Firing Zone 918. This area is closed for military training purposes.

Settlers Civilians can refer to the Israeli nationals that are not engaged in military, policing and belligerent activities. Most of the civil population in this situation refers to the settlers, others may refer to the Israelis that living in the state of Israel of which some have a stronger sense of nationalism which tresspases into a metaphysical ownership of inheritance to the land.

APPENDIX A Supplementary Research Actor Analysis: Further Commentary

APPENDIX A Supplementary Research Actor Analysis: Further Commentary PALESTINIAN ACTORS: Palestinian National Authority (PNA): The PNA is the official governing body of the Palestinian people but only has restricted authority towards parts of the West Bank (Area A and B). Initially designed to govern security and civilian issues in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, it was created at the time of the 1993 Oslo Accords in the hope of beginning to work towards a resolution to the conflict. However, the PNA has failed to become ‘the stable negotiating partner’ (CFR, 2008) its creators had anticipated due to instability and corruption. After the death of Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat (2004) and the following electoral successes of the militant Hamas movement, the continuation of the PNA was significantly under threat. After the subsequent Gaza conflict between the Fatah and Hamas parties its authority only extends only as far as the West Bank, whilst the Gaza Strip is under the political leadership of Hamas. The PNA is currently led by President Mahmoud Abbas of the Fatah faction. The elected legislative bodyof the PNA is the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC). Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO): Created in 1964 at the meeting of the Arab League, the PLO was distinguished as an observer entity by the UN in 1974. It has served a variety of purposes having been a terrorist group, a partner in negotiations and an ideological organisation. Whilst the PLO was recognised as the sole representative of the Palestinian people by the UN in 1974, it has been ‘truncated’ to the PNA who just represent the Palestinians of the West Bank. The PNA is therefore the main actor of the two involved in the Hebron Hills conflict. PLO has a legislative body - the Palestinian National Council. Fatah: Fatah is the largest political faction of the PLO and currently holds control of the PNA governing the West Bank (although with limited authority). It was founded by the late Yasser Arafat in the 1950s and is a secular movement (unlike Hamas). Although Fatah has been considered to maintain a military wing that has made retaliatory attacks in the conflict, the faction has actively made efforts towards the peace process. Hamas: Apparently thought of as a terrorist organisation by the U.S. government, Hamas is the Sunni Islamic group founded by Palestinian spiritual leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassin in 1987 (CFR, 2008). Hamas can be seen as a violent organisation and is in conflict with Fatah as parties both see themselves as the true representatives of the Palestinian people. In June 2007 Hamas ejected Fatah from Gaza and whilst reconciliation attempts between the two parties have been made in recent years, limited progress has been made. Palestinian Villagers/ Bedouins: The Palestinian community has reacted with uprisings to the Israeli occupation, which in some cases has resulted in violent conflicts. The Palestinian villagers/ Bedouins in the South Hebron Hills live under full Israeli control in Area C of the West Bank. Inhabiting traditional villages comprising of huts, caves and tents, they survive on non-mechanized agriculture as farmers and shepherds. Since the 1980s, the Palestinian communities adjacent to Israeli settlements have been the focus of various types of harassment, demolitions of infrastructure and violence from Israeli settlers and authorities.

APPENDIX B Interviews In order to inform this study with more in depth background knowledge, we conducted various conversations with those who work or have worked in the West Bank and South Hebron Hills: Emma Playfair (Former Executive Director, INTERIGHTS and former MENA Representative, Ford Foundation) Emma Playfair is a personal contact who we engaged in conversation with regarding the West Bank, however we did not conduct a formal inyterview with her. She is a British human rights lawyer who has spent ten years working on human rights in the Middle East. Amongst other accomplishments, she has conducted work as a researcher with the first Palestinian human rights organization in the West Bank, Al-Haq.

Camilla Maksoud We were recommended to contact Camilla Maksoud as she is currently based in the South Hebron Hills area. We conversed with her through email and she has answered our questionnaire. Camilla currently works with the Building Sumud Project located in Hebron as well as, various other local and international organisations in the area. Hamed Qawasmeh We were also recommended to contact Hamed Qawasmeh as he is currently works in the South Hebron Hills. Hamed is associated with HIRN (Hebron International resources centre). He has also answered our questionnaire thorugh emails.

Interview Questions: As a group we put together the following questions, which were subsequently emailed to our contacts: 1.

In what capacity you were/are in Palestine?

How would you describe the situation in Palestine?

What are the main issues?

If you could change anything in Palestine what would it be?

5. In your opinion what are the main coping mechanisms developed by the local population? 6.

Do you know any initiatives to improve resilience in the region?

Interview Answers - Camilla Maksoud:

Interview Answers - Hamed Qawasmeh:

1) I am currently working with different associations local and international as well as with the Building Sumud Project set up in Hebron. 2) Situation in Palestine in a few key words: terrible, unfair, this is a real colonial racist system growing and taking more and more properties among Palestinians. I would define it as apartheid system. 3) Main issues: colonisation with settlements, land and natural ressources stealing as well as Palestinian expropriations from their houses. Mains issue with prisoners and problem with bedouin populations (see Prawer plan for bedouins from the Neguev). The 3 zones ABC which divide the Palestinian populations, the space fragmentation. Decrease of the living conditions especially natural ressources for living and for agriculture. Settlers violence. The wall, checkpoints and all difficulties related to space. The israeli judiciary system not trustfull. In SHH: roads, water, settlers violence (often cut trees), small villages like Al mufaqarah or Soussya isolated. 4) Occupation army should be removed as well as settlements, the PA should change its politics, internationale donations should be better controlled as it is a real problem here. 5) popular resistance: it was proven that the people who demonstrate are stronger and face less fears than those who stay home as defense mechanism against the oppressor. 6) http://www.buildingsumud.org/

1) I am a Palestinian from the West Bank city of Hebron. My professional career includes working for the Hebron Governor Office (as the Director of the Public Relations) between 2003 and 2006. I then worked as a Humanitarian Affairs Officer for the UN’s Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) between 2006 and 2010. Currently, I work as a Human Rights Officer with the UN’s Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). In both UN jobs, I used to cover relevant issues in both Hebron and Bethlehem Governorates. I also work as the director for the Hebron International Resources Network (HIRN), located in the city of Hebron. 2) The situation in Palestine is dire and only expected to get worse unless a major change of Israeli policy is to take place. Sorry to say that this is highly unlikely. 3) The main issues are settlement expansion, settler violence, forced transfer (through house demolitions and Fire Zones), Jerusalem and the siege around Gaza. 4) On the political level, I would dissolve the Palestinian Authority and declare the political process dead. This would obligate Israel to face up to its responsibility as an Occupation Power and forces the international community to look at the Palestinian question as a political (rather than a humanitarian) issue. 5) There are a number of coping mechanisms developed by the population including reverting to lawyers when Stop Work Orders are issued by the Israeli authorities, getting to know international aid organizations, resistance through existence, changing some of their daily life routines to avoid interacting with the Israeli forces, becoming more vocal about their needs, getting engaged in grassroots initiatives, among others. 6) In Massafer Yatta (Fire Zone 918) an international organization has sphere headed a project to construct 20+ water cisterns in the FZ. Another organization is providing funding for kindergartens as well as solar panels for some of the most vurlnable communities in the area of South Hebron Hills. Another organization is providing legal aid against house demolitions, settler land grab and against forced transfer. Water, fodder and seeds are distributed as to improve the livelihood of the affected population while Oxford Brookes University is part of an initiative to support the resilience and sumud of the Palestinians living in the Old City of Hebron.

Other Information: Camilla talked about how the South Hebron Hills is currently is a ‘hot spot’ in Palestine in the context of the occupation for land appropriation by the army and by the settlers and is therefore currently a very topical case study. She also recommended us various website links where we could find maps, reports and daily news about whatis happening in Palestine. We used information found on these websites to inform the conext, conflict analysis of this report and in drawing conclusions on the situation.

Remarks from Presentation Feedback

 Actor analysis, well done as you identified the other side of the conflict in your analysis  Spaciocide is worth doing some development  Amazing, actor dynamics but you missed:  PLO is superbly corrupted, part of the problem  more about the private sector  Coping strategy is useful

APPENDIX C Feedback & General Advice

Remarks from Brigitte’s Email

 Do not rewrite too much or change too much, adding a page or two in the end on the comments done during the presentation and how it can be taken into consideration  Explain positive and negative impacts that the project may have

Action

Action by

-Word count to get equilibrate between P1/P2/P3 -Set word limit for each section to P1=1000, P2=1000, P3=1000, P4=2000

Ida

-best/worst case scenario

Luiz

Date

13/12

 Stakeholder analysis: make clear the difference between PLO and PNA.

 Also the term 'civil society' should be avoided

and you should add the different key actors within the civil society  Background information really long  Make sure of equilibrateness in the final report  Keep the billboard but being maybe less certain that it is the right technology. maybe put something like, this should be investigated further and explaining the constrains that will exist in Palestine and not in Peru  As installation and not permanent, lack of electricity or sources of energy (do they need energy?)  the fact that water control is not only a water issue but a source of political harassment, the fact that bringing material in will be complicated  Comet me is criticised in Palestine for bringing high technology that Palestinians cannot maintain or reproduce. But Comet me partisans would say that this is not normal that developing countries do not have the right to get the best and most developed infrastructure, the fracture then between the most developed countries and the rest is than maintained by the development strategies. maybe a couple of lines on this interesting debate on what does 'sustainability' mean in this case. But please feel confident about the work you have done. Your group has been doing well and this is clear that there is a huge amount of work behind what has been produced so far.

Make clear that the main actor here has to be the PNA Reduce drastically cultural context to 1000 (Add Executive Summary)

-explore mitigations and limitations of the overall project and the billboard feature -needs electricity, uses solar panels, check compatibility of comet me solar panels

Anna

Ida

Stef

15/12

17/12

-stress the connection between conflict analysis<>security issues<>formulation of proposal

       

Graphics, good as a whole Complicated to: Be particular as external organisation Try not to antagonise risk internally or externally Nuances are impractical Aim for an analysis that don’t get people reacting to it straight away Numbers look unnuanced Data/Graphs need analysis/history

Negatives:  There is no mention of the Arab world  Formation of the Arab would around the conflict (historical)  There are many Israeli activists that are supporting the Palestinian cause too  Your presentation has many grey areas around that issue  30% of water lost in the pipes, show statistics in relative to others as number do not mean anything in isolation Pros and Cons of having a high-tech solution  Things are stretched and squeezed, elaborate more on the project  How to look at the internal conflict & local actors

 Too long on the cultural analysis

-integrate this comment into limitations of the proposal -debate on ‘sustainability’

Stay confident

Anna/ Ida

Everyone

15/12

20/12

More analysis: 1. Israel actors 2. Conflict  Mistakes: PLO and PNA, differences and involvements  Settlers and civilians are not the same – make the difference! Project: 1. Idea is interesting 2. Lack of mobility 3. Build installation architecture 4. Think of a way it can be locally built 5. Also build on local capacities 6. Must have them mobile, as there is no way you can get them in, and there is no way it is not going to be destroyed

Action Keep actor analysis of Israeli actors. Add supplementary research done of actors to Appendices

Add weaknesses of the Palestinians in governance – Actor analysis/introduction Keep analysis of NGOs Project needs more:  Needs in-depth framework  Mitigations & Limitations  Best/Worst Case Scenario

Action by

Date

Ida Stef, Anna, Ida

12/12 Stef, Anna, Ida

Anna Luiz 17/12

 Edit graphs/data, put in appendices if nuanced  Carefully reference and support empirical evidence

- Highlight/elaborate key relationships from conflict mapping diagram - Stress the impartiality of Comet-me, more partnerships with Israeli NGOs

Stef

Anna

- Remove nuanced statistics

Stef

- Pros/Cons in Log Framework

Luiz

- Word count to get equilibrate between P1/P2/P3

Ida

- Add interviews to Appendices

Anna

Word count to get equilibrate between P1/P2/P3

  

Conflict Analysis to be refined Edit PLO to differentiate Edit Israeli Civilians/ Settlers Onion

Change to a prototype solution. Start with installation for future prospects Refer to Comet-me for local labour methodology Explain how it builds local capacities

13/12

18/12

Ida 14/12 Anna

Stef

18/12

APPENDIX D Conflict Tracking

Nov 1999 August 2013 th

14-15 th

?356 Umm Lasafa

Al Jwaya

At Tuwani

Ma'on

Ar Rakeez Hill 833

Um Maghayir Fagarah Kharoubeh al Abeed

?316

Qawawis

Suseya North

Mantiqat Shi'b al Butum

Suseya

Khirbet at Tawamin

! Khallet Athaba'

Khirbet al Fakheit ! Khirbet Bir al 'Idd

Khirbet al Majaz !

Beit Yatir Checkpoint Imneizil

Nof Nesher A Seefer

Jinba

9 (1 94 L in e n e G re

Halaweh ! Mirkez

Mezadot Yehuda 1

Isfey Isfey al Tihta al Fauqa

Khirbet T ash Sh

Khirbet at Tabban !

Mitzpe Yair _Magen David

! Tuba

Khirbet Sarura

Avigayil

BIR AL IDD • settlers poisoned a well • blocked the villages only road access with tires and stones, 6 hours isolation UMM AL KHEER Haribat an Nabi • settlers planted olive trees on site • 2 inhabitants of the Bedouin village detained and accused of illegal building near the settlement fence

Saadet Tha'lah

Al Karmil

TUBA • settler shot towards 2 shepherds to scare them away • settler stalked to village, • shot 1 man Ancient Synagogue TUWANI • 6 olive trees damaged • shot from Havat Ma’on outpost when Palestinians were nearby • 3 shepherds later attacked with stones

Um al Kheer

Karmel

• Israeli military expelled 700 villagers • confiscated cisterns • destroyed property

1 Kilometers

A rm

is t

APPENDIX D Conflict Tracking This portion of the research is to understand the frequency of offences, its variations of methodology, and implementation and what the communities at risk too have done to address or retaliate. Date 24 September 2012.

9 December 2012 January 2013

14 January 2013

Event The department won’t let us dig new cisterns to collect rainwater, and if we do, it doesn’t hesitate to demolish them. It makes us feel as if our very existence is illegal, temporary and insecure. Water shortage is also a result of the nearly arid climate. There is very little rainfall here, and grain can’t grow properly. In addition, there’s no water infrastructure near any village in the area. This keeps us from optimal utilization of the farmland and from cultivating trees and vegetables. If we had more water, it could change our whole way of life here, leading to stability and increasing the number of residents. The road to Yatta is long and to get there, we travel with donkeys and tractors until we get to the road. Then we hitch a ride with a passing vehicle. The military often detains the cars on the road, claiming that they are smuggling workers into Israel. When someone is sick or when a woman is in labor and needs to get to the hospital, it is very hard to get out Villagers received eviction order and left without resisting; only returning after 48 hours. Almost all of their 90 buildings, including shelters for their animals, were demolished in 2010, local rights groups said. Israeli troops prevented outsiders, including journalists, from accessing the area saying it was a “closed military zone”. Al-Majaz is one of the larger villages in the greater Yatta area. It’s in an area that the Israelis say is an active firing zone. About 40 families live in the village, and there’s no easy access to it. The military won’t allow us to pave a road to the village, and when we try to, they close the road, claiming that it is used by workers trying to infiltrate Israel. The military considers the area a closed zone. The military won’t let us construct permanent housing of cement, so we are forced to live in shelters and tents that don’t protect us from the winter cold, wind and rain. Last week, the strong winds damaged our tents. In 2000, the military destroyed the village, the water cisterns and the caves, and expelled us to the village of Khirbet Ma’in, near the city of Yatta. We returned to the village at night and hid until, twenty days later, the court decided to let us return. In 2004, the Israeli military destroyed some of our structures: two hothouses, two tents and three sheep pens. We rebuilt the tents and the shelters. The military won’t let us alone and watches every attempt we make to put up a new tent or dig a cistern. We suffer from a shortage of water, mainly in the summer. After the water we collect in the winter runs out, we have no choice but to buy water from the Bedouin village of Hameydah. We pay over 20 shekels [approximately 5.5 USD] for one cubic meter of water.

Type Resources Restriction (Testimonial)

Location

Movement Restriction (Testimonial)

Khirbet al-Markez

Eviction Notice/ Disturbance

Wadi alMaleh

Movement Restriction (Testimonial)

Khirbet al-Majaz

Destruction/ Aid/Expulsion Notice (Testimonial)

Khirbet a-Taban

Khirbet al-Majaz

Date 14 January 2013

May 2013

7 May 2013

6-8 May 2013

9 May 2013

Recently, we got solar panels for electricity and this has made our lives a bit easier. We can now use a television, and for the first time in our lives, we have a refrigerator and a washing machine. A few months ago, the Israeli government announced its plan to evacuate our village and other nearby villages, arguing that the area is a military training and firing zone. Since hearing the announcement, I’ve been worried. I’m afraid that the military will implement this decision. Event However, we do now have electricity that is produced by solar panels, and that has changed our lives a little: I’ve been able to watch television for a year now. I also use an electric butter churn instead of the manual one I used to use. We also have a refrigerator. Twelve years ago, military bulldozers came upon us by surprise and demolished everything in the village. They destroyed our cave, which had room for 500 sheep, as well as shelters and four water cisterns. They also confiscated our personal property and drove us out of the area. But three of my children and I didn’t leave. Troops held an exercise in the middle of the village of. In another case three months ago, during Ramadan, the army held a training exercise at Tel Rumeida in Hebron while a family there was eating breakfast in their yard. According to a report by family members, about 15 soldiers broke into their yard without permission, scattered throughout both floors of the home, and practiced breaking into a home using special equipment — all while family members were inside. Israel evicts entire Palestinian village for army exercise: Israeli soldiers evicted several hundred Bedouins from a village in the occupied West Bank today after the army declared the area a live-fire training zone. The residents of Wadi al-Maleh, a village mostly inhabited by shepherds in the arid area bordering Jordan, had almost all left their homes by an evening curfew and retreated to neighbouring villages, Aref Daraghmeh, a local leader said. The displacement coincided with several demolitions of Arab properties in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, which come as the United States is trying to revive stalled peace. IDF helicopters train for three days in the close proximity of the Palestinian village of AlFakheit’s primary school. According to the headmaster of Al-Fakheit primary school on May the 6th in the morning two helicopters landed close to the school where the children were having lesson. The same episode occurred on 7th and 8th at different times. At about 12:30 a.m. Israeli soldiers on four army hummers confiscated in Jinba two vehicles owned by the Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture and detained seven Palestinians who were inside the jeeps. Around 2 p.m. the vehicles were escorted to the military base close to Yattir checkpoint next to Metzadot Yehuda settlement. At about 3 p.m. the Palestinians were released but the vehicles remained in the military base and later were led to Gush Etzion police station

Type Demolition/ Expulsion (Testimonial)

Location

Physical Violence/ Expulsion

Amatin

Eviction/ Military Disturbance/ Annexing/ Demolitions

Wadi alMaleh

Military Disturbance

Al-Fakheit

Confiscation of Vehicles/ Movement Restriction

Jinba, Yattir, Gush Etzion

Khirbet al-Fakhit

Date 4 July 2013

8 July 2013 14 July 2013

15-18 September 2013

20 October 2013

23-25 October 2013 18 November 2013

Event During the night between July 3 and 4, thirty soldiers with five military jeeps broke in. The soldiers arrived from the Israeli outpost of Mitzpe Yair, accusing Palestinians of stolen one of their sheep. Soldiers broke into, ransacked several Palestinian houses breaking metal doors; they threw stun greÂŹnades, among which one was thrown into a house and directly hit a man. Four boys were beaten by soldiers with their guns. Three men were detained into the Israeli outpost of Mitzpe Yair for several hours Army helicopters fly very low on the village of Al Fakheit Omar Ahmad Gebren Hosheia, age 28 from Al Mirkez, was attacked by three masked settlers while grazing his sheep near the Mitzpe Yair outpost. The settlers stoned Omar on his head and face. Because of his serious injuries, Omar was taken by ambulance to Hebronâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Alia Hospital, where he remains hospitalised. Large group of Israeli soldiers and heard an artillery training activity. They also witnessed two helicopter flyovers as children studied and played at the school in Al Fakheit. They heard several others helicopters flying nearby during the night. On the morning of September 16, bomb detonation and machine gun fire. Later in the morning, when they visited the village of Jinba, residents confirmed that the Israeli military had conducted infantry training exercises nearby from about 6 to 8 AM that morning. More than 300 soldiers arrived at the Israeli military base closed to the villages of Jinba and Mirkez. Some of them invaded fields between the two Palestinian villages and camped there. They did square-bashing in the area, also invading the Palestinian villages. During the drills, soldiers broke into the village of Jinba, entering in private properties, preventing some Palestinian shepherds to graze their sheep on Palestinian fields, intimidating and scaring the inhabitants, as the Palestinian eyewitness declared. Soldiers trained around the Palestinian village of Halaweh. On the night of 23, the soldiers entered in the houses of the Palestinian village of Al Mirkez, ransacking homes. Eight Israeli soldiers stopped and detained the Palestinian who drives the school transport jeep around Masafer Yatta for the Palestinian Ministry of Education. Every day he accompanies the elementary schoolchildren on their way from several remote villages to their school in Al Fakheit village. The soldiers forced the driver to got out from the car, then they questioned him. Moreover the soldiers insulted him shouting and beat on his abdomen, face and back. Later, forced the Palestinian driver to get in the car and drive on the nails used during army checkpoints in order to drill the tires.

Type Home invasion /Severe Physical Violence

Location

Disturbance

Al Fakheit

Physical Violence

Mitze Yair Outpost

Military/ Disturbance

Al Fakheit, Jinba

Military harassment/ Expulsion/ Physical Violence

Jinba And Mirkez

Home invasion

Halaweh Al-Mirkez

Physical Violence/ Movement Restriction

South Hebron Hills area

Jinba

APPENDIX E Empirical Data Proposal for Water Program for South Hebron Hills

APPENDIX F Full Timeline The following full timeline was initially put together in an attempt to better understand the complexity of the conflict in the West Bank in an impartial manner. This information has been condensed into a timeline, which is represented graphically in the context analysis of the conflict: 1929, summer: Arguments between Muslims and Jews over access to the Western Wall. More than 130 Jews are killed and 339 wounded and 116 Arabs killed and 232 wounded during clashes involving British forces. 1929, August 23: Hebron massacre: After hearing rumours of killings of Arabs in Jerusalem, rioters kill 67 Jews in Hebron. Many Jews survive by sheltering with Arab neighbours, and after the riots, the remainder of the Jewish population is evacuated by the British. 1936-39: Arab revolt to protest against Jewish immigration to Palestine led by Haj Amin al-Husseini. More than 5,000 Arabs are killed, mostly by the British. Several hundred Jews are killed by Arabs. 1937, Peel Commission recomends partition of Palestine. 1946, July 22: Bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, which housed the British civil, military and police command in Palestine, by the Irgun, a Zionist organisation. A total of 91 people are killed: 28 British, 41 Arab, 17 Jewish and five from other countries. 1947, November 29: United Nations General Assembly passes a partition plan dividing the British Mandate of Palestine into two states. 1947-1949: The Nakba, meaning “disaster” or “cataclysm” in Arabic. Up to 900,000 Palestinians flee or are expelled from their homes in the part of the land that becomes the state of Israel. 1948, April 9, 11: Deir Yassin massacre. Between 100 and 254 Palestinian villagers, mainly women, old people and children are killed during and after an attack on the village of Deir Yassin near Jerusalem by Irgun members. 1948, May 15: Declaration of Israel as the Jewish state. British withdraw from Palestine. Arab-Israeli war. Egypt,Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Lebanon declare war on Israel. Egypt, Jordan and Syria invade Israel. 1949, April: Israel and Arab states agree an armistice. Israel takes about 50 per cent more land than was originally allotted to it by the UN partition plan. 1964, May: The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) is founded in Cairo by the Arab League. 1967, June: Third Arab-Israeli war (Six-Day War). Israel launches a pre-emptive attack on Egypt, Syria and Jordan. Israel captures Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt, the Golan Heights from Syria and the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan. 1967, November 22: UN Security Council passes resolution 242, which calls for Israel to withdraw its armed forces from all territories occupied since the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. 1969, February 2: Yasser Arafat is appointed chairman of the PLO.

1972, September 5: Eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team are killed by Palestinian group Black September at the Munich Olympics. 1973, October 6: Fourth Arab-Israeli war (October war). 1978, September 17: Camp David Accord, with Israel agreeing to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula in exchange for peace and a framework for future negotiation over the West Bank and Gaza Strip. 1979, March 26: Egypt becomes the first Arab country to recognise Israel. Yasser Arafat led the Palestine Liberation Organisation for 25 years 1979: Arab League suspends Egypt’s membership of the Arab league. 1982, June 6: Israel invades Lebanon to remove PLO fighters who it claims are threatening its border. 1987, December 8: First intifada (uprising) starts. Sheikh Ahmed Yassin creates Hamas from the Gaza wing of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. 1993, September 13: Oslo declaration of principles. PLO and Israel agree to recognise each other. 1994, February 25: Baruch Goldstein, an American-Israeli settler, enters Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi (The Cave of the Patriarchs), a religious site in Hebron, and kills 29 Palestinians, injuring another 125. 1995, September 28: Interim agreement on the future of Israeli-occupied Gaza and the West Bank is signed by Israel and the PLO. The agreement recognises the formation of a Palestinian Interim Self-Government Authority - an elected council. 1995, November 4: Yitzhak Rabin, Israel’s prime minister, is assassinated by Yigal Amir, an Israeli orthodox Jewish. 2000, July: The Camp David summit between Ehud Barak, Yasser Arafat, and President Bill Clinton. 2000, September: Palestinians riot after Ariel Sharon, of the Likud party in Israel, visits the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Second intifada begins. 2001, February 6: Sharon is elected the leader of Likud and refuses to continue negotiations with Arafat. 2001, June 1: A Hamas suicide bomber attacks an Israeli nightclub. 2001, October 17: Rehavam Zeevi, is shot dead in Jerusalem by members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. 2001, December: Sharon sends troops into Ramallah, shelling and surrounding the Palestinian government’s West Bank headquarters. 2002, March: Israeli army launches Operation Defensive Shield. 2002: Israel begins construction of separation barrier between the West Bank and Israel. 2002, June 24: President George W Bush, outlines his ‘road map’ to peace.

2004, March 22: Sheikh Yassin, co-founder and leader of Hamas, is assassinated by an Israeli helicopter gunship. 2004, April 17: Abd al-Aziz al-Rantissi, co-founder of Hamas and successor to Yassin, is assassinated by the Israeli military. 2004, November 11: Arafat dies in France. 2005, January 9: Mahmoud Abbas is elected president of the Palestinian National Authority. 2006, January 25: Hamas wins majority of seats in Palestine. 2006, June 25: Palestinians cross the border and capture Corporal Gilad Shalit. 2006, June: Israeli army forces enter and release Shalit. 2006, September: Violence erupts between Fatah and Hamas factions in the Gaza Strip. 2007, July: Hamas forces take control of Gaza and Fatah remains in control of the larger West Bank territory. 2008 June 19: Hamas and Israel declare a six-month truce. 2009 February 10: Benjamin Netanyahu is elected prime minister of Israel. 2011 May 4: Fatah and Hamas sign a reconciliation accord. 2011 May 19: President Obama declares that the borders demarcated before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war should be the basis of a Mideast peace deal between Israel and Palestine. 2011 September 23: Mahmoud Abbas officially requests a bid for statehood at the UN Security Council. 2012 November 14: Gaza fire rockets into Israel with increasing frequency. Israel responds on November 14 with one of its biggest attacks on Gaza since the 2008 invasion. 2012 November 29: The United Nations General Assembly approves an upgrade from the Palestinian Authorityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current observer status to that of a non-member state. 2013 July 30: Israeli and Palestinian negotiators agree to new peace talks with the goal of reaching an agreement within nine months. 2013 August 14: Israelis and Palestinians officially begin peace talks in Jerusalem.

APPENDIX G Groupwork OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

Initial Actor relationships brainstorming This was later developed into a more comprehensive diagram.

Outside Actors Brainstorming

Development of Actor Relationships

DECEMBER