Early Explorers Book 1 Researched Information about the Early Explorers from Highlands School’s Fifth Grade 2014 - 2015
Who Am I? ● He was born Trujill, Spain in 1474. ● He conquered Peru in 1533. ● He died June 26, 1541.
Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro was born in Trujill, Spain in 1474. He grew up with a rich family. He served as a soldier in 1513 for Vasco Núñezde de Balboa, in the discovery of the Pacific Ocean.
The first expedition Later on in his life he partnered up with Núñezde de Balboa. Hearing of the new land of Peru, Pizarro sailed to Peru in1526. Taking 30 ships and 2,500 men. That was the biggest amount of that people that had ever sailed at that time. They returned to Spain, to get permission from King Charles V to claim land for Spain and to become governor of any new land he discovers. The second expedition In 1531 Pizarro had an expedition with his three half brothers Gonzalo, Hernando, and Juan. Diego de Almagro was one of the explorers at this time that when on the voyage with him. Pizarro sailed with two sips and 160 men. When they got to Peru they found the Inca in a civil war. The third expedition The third expedition Pizarro had time they came to Peru, Atahaullpa had just won the civil war against his half brother, Huascar. Atahuallpa had invited Pizarro to their celebration feast, thinking that the Spanish were not a threat. Pizarro took hold of this opportunity and ambushed Atahuallpa and killed thousands of his men. Atahuallpa offered a room by 22ft may be filled with gold and silver. Atuallpa was thinking that if he gave Pizarro the gold and silver the men would leave but Pizarro and his men didn’t leave. Pizarro took no chances and kept Ataullpa hostage. However, after Ataullpa turned over the riches to Pizarro, pizarro had Atahulpa Killed. Finally in 1533 Pizarro conquered Peru. Now that Peru was conquered it was easier for Spain conquer the rest of South America. His Death Lots of people were jealous over Pizarro’s power. So on June 26, 1541 Ataullpa’s cousin killed Francisco Pizarro. Follow the link to see an interactive map showing the areas conquered by Pizarro. https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?msa=0&mid=zlY48eTMIq2I.kVdTZau1bSzk
Who Am I? ● He sailed around the world. ● His journey took him 3 years. ● He was born into a rich family.
Ferdinand Magellan Early life As a young boy Ferdinand Magellan studied mapmaking and also studied navigation. In his mid twenties his was navigating the with gigantic fleets and found himself in combat. In 1519, with the help of King Charles V of Spain, Ferdinand went out to circumnavigate the world. ● ●
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Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese sailor. He was born in Portugal in 1480 and died in 1521 in the city of Porto.
He was the first European to sail the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean. He died in the Battle of Mactan. He was 41 when he died. His original goal was to find a western route to Moluccas, a tiny archipelago in Indonesia that was known for for its precious spices like cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg. Accomplishments He was the first person to sail around the world, proving the world was round. It only took him three years Challenges
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The Battle of Mactan.
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Interesting facts They took five ships with 250 men and only one ship with eighteen men came back.
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Casualties During the Battle of Mactan, we do not know how many people died, but we do know there were only 49 men on the Spanish side and 1,500 on the Native’s side.
Who Am I? ● I was born in 1451. ● My first Voyage was in 1492. ● I sailed for Spain because neither Portugal or Italy would fund my Voyage.
Spain
Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy. He became interested in exploration when he was a young boy. He sailed some and loved it. He started to sail to places and explore. Before he became an explorer, he sold and created maps and charts to people who were setting sail across the sea.
He was married to Dona Fillipa Perestelllo e Moniz. After she gave birth to their son, Diego, she died on January of 1485. They say she died of illness. After his wife’s death, he started dating Beatriz Enriquez.Then Christopher Columbus and Beatriz had a son named Fernando. He was forty-one when he was going to sail to the Indies to explore there in 1492. The King and Queen of Spain funded his expedition. On the expedition, they took three ships. When they arrived they thought it was the Indies, but really they were in the Bahamas. They were hoping to find to find riches there, but he didn’t. What they did discover though was new land and natives. He named the natives Indians because he thought he was in the Indies. Christopher Columbus didn’t have a very good relationship with the natives because he took some of the natives back to Spain to basically have them as slaves. An effect from that expedition was that he found places that no European knew about. Also on Christopher Columbus’s historic voyage, his crew wrecked the Santa Maria ship. He only brought back natives on that expedition, but on another expedition he brought back small amounts of gold, native birds, native plants, spices, salt, new foods such as pineapples, chillies, sweet peppers. Christopher Columbus also brought back tobacco. The challenges he faced on his journeys were bad weather, diseases, enemies/violent people, and not enough food.
Who Am I? ● I discovered Australia ● I was stranded on the Great Barrier Reef ● I accurately charted the coastline of New Zealand
James Cook
James Cook was born in Yorkshire, England “on” October, 27,1728. He grew up on a farm until he got a job as an apprentice to a shopkeeper in Staithes for 18 months. Later when he was not doing well as a shopkeeper he went to Whitby to be an merchant navy apprentice. ● His first expedition set sail in 1769 it took three years. ● His one ship lost a total of 30 men during the voyage do to malaria. He was sailing to the southern hemisphere to view the transit between venus and the sun but this was only a cover he had secret orders to search for the southern continent modern day Australia. ●
Motivation ● James Cook joined the royal navy to help his country in 1755 where he later became captain. ● His goals where to find the southern continent and view the transit between Venus and the sun. Accomplishments ● Discovered Australia 1770. ● Landed in Kurnell Peninsula Australia. ● Viewed the transit of Venus where venus appears as a small black disc moving across the sun . ● Accurately charted New Zealand's coastline. Relation ● Cook and his crew fought with natives of New Zealand the Maori because the natives thought Cook’ s crew stole from them. Challenges ● James Cook and his crew were stranded on the Great Barrier Reef for 7 weeks because they had to make repairs after hitting the reef.After they made repairs they continued on their journey. Trade ● no trade was made with the natives of Australia. Interesting facts ● When Cook and his crew were stuck on the Great Barrier Reef they saw 300 pound sea turtles. ● James Cook enrolled in school at age 7. ● Cooks ship was called the Endeavour ● The transit of Venus can only be viewed from the southern hemisphere of the earth. ● Cook and his crew took exotic plants from Australia.
Who Am I? ● They live in the north. ● They invented the longship. ● They discovered Greenland and North America.
The Vikings Erik The Red Birth: Rogaland Norway Birth : 950 Death : 1004 When he set sail he was: 32 He set sail in: Iceland, 982 His expedition was from: 982- 985 How many ships he took: 25 Reason of expedition: Olaf, Iceland’s king, sent him on the expedition. DISCOVERIES He discovered Greenland but he also discovered many fjords and islands. In the fjords he found glaciers and some whales and seagulls. THE VOYAGE: Erik sail from Iceland in 982 and brought some colonists with him to Greenland. About 400-500 colonists made it in 14 ships. He landed on the east coast of Greenland. FAST · · · · ·
FACTS There is evidence in the Viking achievement is in legends called sagas. The ‘‘Red’’ means his hair color. His death was because of illness. Erik had a son that was Leif Erikson. He discovered many islands and fjords.
Leif Eriksson Birth date: 1000 Birth place: Iceland Death: we do not know The Voyage: Leif made a really big discovery of America. The king of Norway Olaf sent Leif to Christianize people in Greenland So he set sail and by mistake, he landed in Nova Scotia, which he named Vineland. Eriksson never colonized the land he discovered. Name: Leif Eriksson, Leiv Eriksson den hepne, or Leif Eriksson the lucky
Who Am I? ●
Prince Henry the Navigator Prince Henry the Navigator was a real prince. His father was the king of Portugal. He was from Porto, Portugal. He was born on March 4, 1394. He was very interested in exploration, and when he was twenty-four, he established a school for navigation in Sagres, Portugal. They built ships at the school. The ships his school made are called caravels. They also had map making, math, and science at his school. Prince Henry paid for fourteen expeditions and they used caravel ships for all fourteen expeditions. All of his expeditions were to find a sea route to Asia and to spread Christianity.
Even though he did not actually go on expeditions to Asia, he is still famous because he paid for the expeditions and was important in moving sailing and sailing techniques forward. He died in 1460.
Who Am I? ● He got lost at sea. ● His ship was named “The Matthew.” ● He was born in Italy, and he sailed for England
John Cabot John Cabot was born in Genoa ,Italy in 1450. He came from a wealthy Venetian family. John Cabot was the son of a spice merchant. He became interested in sailing because of his father and worked as a sailor and a navigator. John worked hard at mapmaking, and he became an experienced navigator. He and his Dad worked together. After he got married, Cabot moved to England in 1490 and had eleven sons. Cabot was inspired by Christopher Columbus, so at the age of 47, Cabot sailed from England on the Matthew in the hope of finding Asia. He dreamed of finding a new and quicker route to the countries in the Far East. Cabot was the first modern European to discover North America on his first voyage but he thought he was in Asia so he sailed back and told everybody he reached Asia. John Cabot and his crew faced bad weather, food shortages, and conflicts with his crew and then were forced to come back on his second voyage. People say he got lost at sea and never returned. No one really knows what happened. Unfortunately he did not meet his original goal but he did discover Canada and claim North America of England. John Cabot was 49 when he died in 1499.
Who Am I? ● This explorer was a failure. ● He set sail in 1540. ● He fought the Zuni Indians.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Coronado was born in Salamanca, Spain in 1510. He was born in a rich family and was the second oldest sibling in the family. Coronado was well educated. He married a daughter of a colonial treasurer who was very rich then had eight kids. Finally after earning money and working in 1540 Coronado set sail looking for the Seven Golden Cities that were claimed to be found by Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca. The Seven Golden Cities was a myth that was thought to be true and he wanted to try and find it. He was thirty when he sailed for Spain and brought three hundred Spaniards and more than one thousand Natives Americans. He also brought animals like horses, pigs, and cattle for food. The name of the ships that they took were called Chebe La Diminioz He left hoping to find riches and the Seven Golden Cities. On the Zuni River they then came across a Zuni indian village and took it over because the Zuni indians would not let them in. Then Coronado and his men confiscated all of their food. That was still not the riches and gold that they wanted. Although he did not discover land, he did go to modern day New Mexico, Santa Fe, Texas, Kansas, and Nueva Galicia. Problems on the ships, they couldn’t find riches, they lost men, and Coronado got wounded in the battle Conquest of CĂbola in Cibola when they fought the Zuni Indians were many soldiers were starving and they demanded to enter He brought nothing back that was good or new. That was the only voyage he took until he died on September 22, 1554 in Mexico City.
Who Am I? ● He died in kochi India ● 2.His father was also an explorer. ● 3.He reached India on may 20th, 1498
Vasco Da Gama Vasco Da Gama was born in the 1460’s in Sines, Portugal. Vasco Da Gama’s dad was the reason he was an explorer. He wanted to follow in his dad’s footsteps. He wanted to find a sea route from Europe to India. He first set sail July 8, 1497, when he was thirtyseven. He sailed for Portugal. Four ships and one hundred seventy men set sail. The expedition took two years. He brought nothing with him but men, food, and four ships. He accomplished his goal and landed on the Indian coast. He discovered that the Calicut outpost had been attacked by someone unknown.
He established a new trading post and brought back spices, different silks, and gold. One hundred fifteen men died of scurvy, and heavy winds brought down one boat. On his way he also saw some native people in lower India and wanted to trade with them but they forced him to leave. So, three years later he came back with thirty armed ships and killed all of the natives in India all because they wouldn’t trade with them. Although they made it, the trip was three years long and very expensive. His second expedition consisted of twenty armed ships, just to be sure he wouldn’t run into trouble. In 1524 after an expedition, Vasco Da Gama was very ill and died.
Who Am I? ● I am Chinese ● I sailed in huge treasure ships ● I went on seven long voyages
Zheng He ((Pronounciation)- Chung- Ha) Zheng He was born in Kunyang, a city in southeast China in the year of 1371. When he was born his name was Ma He. He was the second oldest son of a poor family. He sailed for China and he was thirty-four when his first expedition set sail. This expedition departed in 1405. It took two years. He brought a fleet of 62 Chinese treasure junks which are Chinese treasure ships. He sailed to Vietnam and Indonesia on his first voyage. There were seven voyages in all. Zheng He was a war hero and was ordered to lead a fleet of ships to the western sea (now known as Southeast Asia). On his voyage he wanted to promote trade and collect praise to China from lesser powers across the western seas. He traded with anyone he came across on his voyages. He also wanted to find land and goods. He made his original goal. He landed in Saudi Arabia. He also sailed to America and found land, riches, and goods. But it is unclear which explorer actually got to America first. He also traded to get pearls, spices, and other goods. Zheng He met Natives, was very nice to them, and shared a ritual dance with them in the Bahamas on one of his voyages. The effect of his expedition was that he showed off great wealth and power of the Ming Dynasty by showing how much money they had. He did that by going to other countries and showing off. Another effect from Zheng He’s voyage was that he influenced maritime trade and ports in Asia by getting more things to trade with other countries. He brought back many goods from his voyage such as pearls, spices, animals, and building materials. He also brought silk, porcelain, and lacquer to the new land to trade for other things in other countries. One challenge that Zheng He and his crew faced was that they were attacked by pirates! The pirates wanted to steal Zheng He’s treasure, but Zheng He and his men won the battle, killing more than 5,000 pirates on his first voyage. They also took back the pirate captain and two of his best men back to China to be beheaded. The pirate captain’s name was Chen Zuyi. Another challenge was that they ran into a storm, but luckily they found their way out. Later he died from chronic illness in Nanjing, China in the month of April in 1433.
Zheng He: Interesting Information · The ships Zheng He used were called junks which are Chinese treasure ships · When he died he was buried at sea and his shoes were buried in China · He got different animals as gifts from East Africa that China hadn’t seen before such as lions, leopards, ostriches, and a giraffe · His given name was Ma He · He brought over 2,800 men on his first journey · Two translations of his name are Cheng Ho and San Bao · He was born as the second son of a poor Muslim family · He helped Zhu Yuanzhang defeat the Yuan Dynasty and was rewarded with an official post in the government . Then Zhu died and the new Xuande Emperor made Zheng He the leader of the great seven voyages because of his loyalty towards the Emperor. · He sailed to Southeast Asia, India, and Africa to explore and trade · He was captured by the Ming Dynasty forces around 1381 A.D. . The Ming Dynasty(Empire of the great Ming) was the ruling dynasty of China after the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty · Zheng He explored half a century before Europeans did . Zheng He lived during the Ming Dynasty
Who Am I? ● He did not meet his father until he was 15. ● He traveled on the Silk Road. ● He meet the emperor of China
Marco Polo Basic information Marco Polo was born in Venice, Italy in September 15, 1254. He traveled for Italy. The king and queen did not pay for his expedition. Marco Polo did not meet his father until he was 15 years old. His first expedition began in 1271 and he traveled across land to China, when he was only seventeen years old. He returned home in 1275 He traveled along the Silk Road where trading post were located. He became interested in exploring by expeditions of other explorers and his dad and uncle. It took him three years to travel to China. The Silk Road is passageway on land to get to China. The countries that the Silk Road goes through are regions of China and India. Marco Polo and his father went on a journey together to China for the second time with his uncle. He was hoping to find gold, spices,and wealth. He did not make his original goal, to find gold and silk, but he did find spices in India. He discovered the central part of Asia. He brought back stories that there was gold, spices, and wealth. He also brought back silk. He faced a lot of challenges in the desert. They faced bandits and sandstorms. The bandits took everything,There was not enough food for anybody. He did not have a many men or supplies. He had a good relationship with the emperor of China. The emperor liked him so much that he put him on the Chinese court for three years. Interesting information: China took 14 ships back over to Italy; they think that the ships that they sailed home were called galleys. Marco Polo’s dad was a wealthy merchant from going to Japan and India. He was the first European to travel to central Asia. He was not the first one to go to China someone did it 20 years before Marco Polo. He died of illness on January 8, 1324.
Who Am I? ● He was born in 1492 in Extremadura, Spain. ● He left on a royal expedition from Spain in 1527. ● In 1536 he was appointed Mexican territorial governor.
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca His life before the journey Alvar was born in 1492 in Extremadura, Spain. He worked in the military. The journey In early 1527 he left on a royal expedition from Spain. He was not the leader. He was one of the 250-300 (number of ships unknown) crewmembers. He was their treasurer. Their goal was to claim land from Florida to what is now Texas. After they got caught in a hurricane off the coast of Cuba, they secured a new boat and departed for Florida. When they landed in Florida they claimed the land for Spain. Lots of hurricanes and fights with natives killed many men and the pilot of the ship sailed to Mexico by himself to get to the Spanish territory in Mexico. The men had no ship in which to sail to Mexico. They needed to get to a Spanish settlement. Then the men made five rafts hoping to reach Mexico. Three rafts sank, but two rafts carrying 80 men landed in what is now Texas. Sadly, Narvaez (their leader) did not survive. After a cold winter, there were only fifteen men. In the springtime, they left on foot heading west, following the Colorado River. Soon there were only four men left, and Alvar was one of them. The men were enslaved some times and helped some times by Natives, but eventually they made it to Mexico!! His life after the journey In 1536 Alvar was appointed Mexican territorial governor. He returned to Spain in 1537. Later, he became the governor of the Spanish settlement now called Paraguay. He wrote a book of his travels and it inspired Hernando de Soto and Coronado to take their own travels. Later the people of Paraguay threw him out of office because he was cheating the Spanish. He was put on trial and found guilty. He died in 1557 of old age in Sevilla, Spain in prison.
Who Am I? ● I’m a Spanish explorer sent in the 1500s to discover and colonize the new world. ● I have a cave system named after me. ● The first letter in my name is H the last letter is O.
Hernando De Soto Hernando De Soto’s exact date of birth is unknown but is presumed to be in the year of 1500 in the city of Jerez de los Caballeros, Spain. De Soto left home at the age of fourteen on a voyage to the Indies in 1514 which is how he began to like sailing. Later on he created an expedition to La Florida (modern day Florida). It set sail on May 18, 1539. This expedition was supported by the Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. The expedition was created to colonize the New World. He had trouble in the New World with hostile natives. He had a very bad relationship with most of the natives because he forced them to give his men all of their riches (gold, silver, spices, and etc.) and supplies (food, spices, etc.). He had a few battles with natives throughout his expedition. During his entire expedition he traveled through seven states (Florida, Georgia,South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana). De Soto didn’t meet his original goal of colonizing the New World, but he did find the Mississippi River which opened new opportunities for trade routes later on. He died of fever at the age of only 42 while on the expedition on the date May 1, 1542. The expedition was in Louisiana at that time. De Soto lost pigs and horses while in battles which resulted in us having wild boars and horses today in the US. He made the natives angry by stealing their resources and riches for himself this caused trouble for future explorers and white people. Other Interesting Facts 1-De Soto was presumably buried on the banks of the Mississippi River.