HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE II UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SARAWAK (UTS) BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE, YEAR 2 SEMESTER 1 MOHD NURHILMI BIN JAIDIE | LECTURER AP AR IAN AIK-SOON NG BSA21030012
Front cover: https://www.davidgillgallery.com/zaha-hadid, accessed 15th May 2022
HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE II UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SARAWAK (UTS) BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE, YEAR 2 SEMESTER 1 MOHD NURHILMI BIN JAIDIE | LECTURER AP AR IAN AIK-SOON NG BSA21030012
A collection of works under: History and Theory of Architecture II School of Built Environment (SBE) Year 2 Semester 1, Studio 3
https://unsplash.com/s/photos/zaha-hadid, accessed 15th May 2022
CONTENTS Foreword ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Pecha Kucha Exercise 1 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Pecha Kucha Exercise 2 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Pecha Kucha Exercise 3 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Pecha Kucha Exercise 3 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Assignment 1.1: Sketches ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Assignment 1.1: Sketches ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Assignment 1.1: Sketches ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Assignment 1.1: Sketches ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Assignment 2.1: Sketches ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Assignment 2.1: Sketches ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Assignment 2.1: Sketches ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Assignment 2.1: Sketches ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Assignment 3: Portrait .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x Epilogue .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................x-x
https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/lecorbusier, accessed 15th May 2022
https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles /filedetails/?id=1461401752, accessed 15th May 2022
Figure 1: A screenshot of our final HTA II class together.
INTRODUCTION This booklet documents all assignments done under the course, History and Theory of Architecture II. We began with Pecha Kucha exercises. These exercises are a product of the activities and discussions that take place in class. Pecha Kucha exercise 1: "What new buildings did architects/designers contribute in response to a disaster?". In this group exercise, we were required to find out the ways in which architects are able to design a building that can withstand disasters. Pecha Kucha exercise 2: "Does art influence architecture, or is it the other way round?". The question arose during our Art Nouveau & the Vienna Secessionist lecture which helps students to think in a deeper manner. Pecha Kucha exercise 3: "Frank Lloyd Wright's Influence in Architecture." We were assigned to find the influences that Frankie has contributed to the industry. These are followed by Assignment 1 to Assignment 3. Assignment 1: "5 Sets of Total 10 Sketches" covers buildings lectured on from Week 1 to Week 5. Assignment 2: "5 Sets of Total 10 Sketches" covers movements lectured from Week 6 onwards. Assignment 3: "Portrait in Timeline" will be learning about the various European art movements of the 19th and 20th century. We were given the option to choose an art movement that we believe best represents the way we view the world—or a way we'd like to attempt to perceive the world since the movement's concept is so unlike to yours.
"WHAT NEW BUILDINGS DID ARCHITECTS/DESIGNERS CONTRIBUTE IN RESPONSE TO A DISASTER?" Pecha Kucha Exercise 1 with Esther, Sze Wei, Andre
Figure 2: Jintai Village Reconstruction / Rural Urban Framework. (https://www.archdaily.com/882714/jintai-village-reconstruction-rural-urbanframework, accessed 9th March 2022)
Figure 2: Jintai Village Reconstruction / Rural Urban Framework. (https://www.archdaily.com/882714/jintai-village-reconstruction-rural-urbanframework, accessed 9th March 2022)
Jintai Village is located in Guangyuan,
However, in July 2011, strong rains and
Sichuan Province, and was one of the most
landslides in the Jintai Village area
impacted areas during the 2008 Wenchuan
damaged several of the freshly repaired
Earthquake. Nearly 5 million people were
homes, as well as those that were in the
displaced as a result of the tragedy, and it is
process of being rebuilt. Despite this
believed that 80 percent of all structures in
horrible tragedy, the residents of the area
the impacted region were destroyed. There
were left without any additional donations
have been significant rebuilding operations.
or assistance.
Figure 3: Sichuan earthquake of 2008. (https://www.britannica.com/event/Sichuan-earthquake-of-2008, accessed 9th March 2022)
This initiative, which has received assistance
A total of twenty-two dwellings, as well as a
from the local government and non-
community centre, were reconstructed. The
governmental organisations, illustrates a
design method proposes four alternative
socially and environmentally viable
dwelling types, each with its own size,
paradigm for earthquake restoration while
purpose, and roof section. These showcase
also studying the numerous intricacies of
innovative uses of local materials, a green
community reconstruction.
stepped-roof, biogas technology, and pig and poultry housing.
Figure 4: Jintai Village Reconstruction / Rural Urban Framework. (https://www.archdaily.com/882714/jintai-village-reconstruction-rural-urbanframework, accessed 9th March 2022)
A vertical courtyard allows for more light
This is a study of current rural living
and ventilation while also collecting
conditions. With tens of thousands of new
rainwater. The plan also includes reed beds
planned towns being built in China today,
for waste water treatment and communal
the goal is to design communities that are
animal raising. The hamlet's environmental
true places, with spatial organisation and
responsiveness is increased by linking
physical expression derived directly from
numerous local initiatives to an ecological
their natural surroundings.
cycle, making the village into a model for adjacent places.
Because ground for housing construction is
The village's architecture respects the
scarce, the community blends intense
common good principle while also
urban living with a rural setting. Individual
proposing a reimagining of the current rural
home farming is supported on the rooftops,
landscape.
while open areas on the ground level allow for individual family-owned workshops.
SUBQUESTION: "SHOW A FEW INTERIOR DESIGNS OF THE CORNER ROOM OF THE FLATIRON BUILDING AND COMMENT ON HOW WELL THE UNIQUE SPACE HAS BEEN USED." Pecha Kucha Exercise 1 with Esther, Sze Wei, Andre
Figure 5: The Flatiron Building (https://www.doublestonesteel.com/blog/architecture/the-flatiron-building-originally-the-fuller-building-designed-bydaniel-h-burnham-and-built-in-1902/ accessed 9th March 2022)
When the Flatiron Building was built in 1902, it was panned by critics. However, this curiously shaped structure at the crossroads of 23rd Street, Broadway, and Fifth Avenue quickly captivated the hearts of New Yorkers. The Flatiron remained a treasured emblem of New York in subsequent years, while the surrounding neighbourhood became shabby. The Flatiron Building, designed by Daniel Burnham and completed in 1902, was a leading architectural design at the dawn of steel skyscraper building in the United States. The Flatiron Building, with its unique triangular design at the junction of 5th Avenue and Broadway, has converted an entire region of Manhattan into the Flatiron District.
Figure 6: The Flatiron Building (https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/koc0tb/typical_floor_of_the_flatiron_building_in_1903/ accessed 9th March 2022)
Figure 7: The interior of the Flatiron Building (https://www.archdaily.com/109134/ad-classics-flatironbuilding-daniel-burnham, accessed 9th March 2022)
This is essentially an interior shot of the Flatiron Building's corner room. They have made use of the curved corner area by having the furniture tailored specifically for the curving corner of the room, as standard furniture would not fit.
Figure 8: The interior of the Flatiron Building (https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/330310953928347001/?mt=login, accessed 9th March 2022)
The majority of the window panels, as well as the window skirtings, are curved, which adds to the appeal.
SUBQUESTION: "WHICH SKYSCRAPER USED LOADBEARING CONSTRUCTION, AND IN A PRIMARY WAY OR IN A SMALL WAY." Pecha Kucha Exercise 1
S I N G E R
B U I L D I N G
with Esther, Sze Wei, Andre
Figure 9: Singer Building (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer_Building, accessed 9th March 2022)
The Singer Structure (sometimes known as
The Singer Company's CEO, Frederick
the Singer Tower) was a New York City office
Gilbert Bourne, commissioned the
building and early skyscraper. The Singer
structure, which architect Ernest Flagg
Manufacturing Company's headquarters
created in stages from 1897 to 1908. The
were located on the northwest corner of
architecture of the building included
Liberty Street and Broadway in Lower
aspects of the Beaux-Arts and French
Manhattan's Financial District.
Second Empire styles.
The structure was divided into four pieces. The 10-story Singer Building at 149 Broadway was constructed between 1897 and 1898, and the 14-story Bourne Building on Liberty Street was constructed between 1898 and 1899. The two buildings were combined in the first decade of the twentieth century to form the 14-story base of the Singer Tower, which rose another 27 stories. Brick, stone, and terracotta were used to construct the facade. The tower was crowned with a lantern-topped dome. The tower's foundation was excavated with caissons, while the building's base was built on lesser foundations. Although loadbearing walls initially sustained the original building before renovation, the Singer Building employed a steel skeleton.
Figure 10: Singer Building (https://www.nyc-architecture.com/GON/GON003.htm, accessed 9th March 2022)
"DOES ART INFLUENCE ARCHITECTURE, OR IS IT THE OTHER WAY ROUND?" Pecha Kucha Exercise 2 with Esther, Sze Wei, Andre
Figure 11: A painting during De Stijl era (https://magazine.artland.com/art-movement-de-stijl/, accessed 9th March 2022) Figure 12: The Rietveld Schröder House (https://www.thoughtco.com/modernism-picturedictionary-4065245/, accessed 9th March 2022)
Figure 13: Jugendstil Influence on Architecture (https://www.archdaily.com/972816/5-art-movements-that-influenced-architecture, accessed 9th March 2022)
For decades, there has been debate over
Fusion of art and architecture has the
whether architecture is art, with some
potential to be more than the sum of its
passionately arguing that it is a form of self-
parts, yet it may also go horribly wrong. It
expression and thus an art form, and others
may be argued that striking the perfect
dismissing the notion as egotism that leads
balance is an art form in and of itself. The
to 'starchitect' designs being thrown into
building designer must have the ability and
place without regard for social or
creativity to envision the final product and
geographic context or appropriateness.
how it will be perceived by those who view it.
Buildings and environments have been
So, in basic terms, I believe that art does
modified for thousands of years by the way
influence architecture in a way that art and
art has been employed within them,
architecture have always been interrelated
frequently resulting in a fusion that created
disciplines. Architects drew inspiration from
spaces that were beautiful, awe-inspiring, or
previous art movements' aesthetic
spiritually uplifting, depending on the
approaches, techniques, and concepts, and
client's and architect's aims.
transformed them into large-scale living constructions.
SUBQUESTION: "HOW DID ART INFLUENCE ARCHITECTURE FROM THE TIME OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TO THE PRESENT DAY?"
Figure 14: Merdeka 118 (https://www.dezeen.com/2021/12/13/worlds-second-tallest-skyscraper-merdeka-118-tops-out/, accessed 9th March 2022) Figure 15: A scene of the early days of IR (https://futureofworking.com/8-biggest-pros-and-cons-of-industrial-revolution/, accessed 9th March 2022)
"1800S"
Figure 16: Art painted based on the Crystal Palace (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace, accessed 9th March 2022)
Figure 17: Palacio de Cristal del Retiro (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Cristal_del_Retiro, accessed 9th March 2022)
"1900S" The Lotus Temple is a nine-sided circular edifice made up of twenty-seven "leaves" (marble-clad free-standing concrete slabs) arranged in three groups on each of the temple's nine sides. The building is based on the lotus flower and is one of the most obvious examples of biomimicry in modern architecture.
Figure 18: Conceptual sketch of Lotus Temple (https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/lotus-temple-bahai-house-of-worship/, accessed 9th March 2022) Figure 19: Lotus Temple (https://www.archdaily.com/158522/ad-classics-lotus-temple-fariborz-sahba, accessed 9th March 2022)
"A GREAT EXAMPLE OF HOW ART CAN INFLUENCE ARCHITECTURE." The inside of the building's centrepiece was created to seem like a boat's hull. The architect's vision was to create a space with evocative sculptural shapes of music that would create an intimate connection between the orchestra and the audience.
"2000S"
Figure 20: Walt Disney Concert Hall (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall_2013.jpg, accessed 9th March 2022) Figure 21: Conceptual sketch of Walt Disney Concert Hall (https://www.archdaily.com/441358/ad-classics-walt-disney-concert-hall-frank-gehry, accessed 9th March 2022)
"HOW HAS VAN DE VELDE BLENDED THE ARCHITECTURE OF RIETVELD SCHRÖDER HOUSE WITH THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE NEIGHBOUR(S)?" Pecha Kucha Exercise 3 with Esther, Sze Wei, Andre
Figure 22: Rietveld Schröder House (https://www.facebook.com/benchmarkarchitects/photos/the-rietveld-schr%C3%B6der-house-by-dutch-architectgerrit-rietveld-for-mrs-truus-sch/1654511531356258/, accessed 9th March 2022)
Figure 23: A panoramic view of the Rietveld Schröder House (http://architecturalmoleskine.blogspot.com/2013/05/gerrit-rietveld-schroder-house.html, accessed 9th March 2022)
The house is located at the end of the street,
The building's cubic volume is broken
facing a motorway that runs perpendicular
down, nearly dematerialized, and
to the street (which did not exist when the
reassembled into fundamental parts like
house was built in the 1960s). There was
lines and planes, whose transparency
once a little woodland to which the social
reveals the inside.
area's views were aimed).
The home contrasts with its surroundings in
Balconies, terraces, and metal columns
terms of shape, proportions, and materials,
interconnect in an attempt to underline the
and the neighbouring brick houses'
volume's immateriality.
massiveness shows the lightness and transparency of this concrete, steel, and glass structure.
Figure 24: Surrounding building of the Rietveld Schröder House (http://architecturalmoleskine.blogspot.com/2013/05/gerrit-rietveld-schroderhouse.html, accessed 9th March 2022)
Figure 25: Floor plan of Rietveld Schröder House (http://architecturalmoleskine.blogspot.com/2013/05/gerrit-rietveld-schroderhouse.html, accessed 9th March 2022)
The home is a layering of painted planes
These two floor designs, closed (left) and
with big openings, including windows and
open (right), demonstrate the top level's
doors, instead of the usual brick walls with
flexibility (right). The three sections off the
windows like its neighbours. Lines drawn in
hall may be combined into a single open
primary colours against the planes include
area.
columns, railings, nonstructural posts, and even window frames. The two-story house has a convertible
It's easy to understand why built-in
kitchen/dining/living area, studio space, and
furniture was so significant in this aspect;
reading room on the ground floor, and
since walls no longer serve to define space,
bedrooms and storage space on the second
it takes on an increasingly utilitarian role.
floor, which are only separated by moveable walls.
"CONSTRUCTING FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT'S INFLUENCE IN ARCHITECTURE." Pecha Kucha Exercise 4 with Esther, Sze Wei, Andre
Figure 26: Frank Lloyd Wright's Buildings (https://franklloydwright.org/work/, accessed 9th March 2022)
FALLING WATER
CHARACTERISTICS
Figure 27: Falling Water (https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/industry/frank-lloyd-wright-tribute/, accessed 9th March 2022)
Waterfall: Fallingwater's crown jewel—a flowing waterfall that's part of Bear Run—must be seen on any architectural tour. The house is built on top of a waterfall, and the sound of rushing water can be heard throughout the house, especially in the spring when the river is filled with melting snow. Horizontal and vertical lines: Fallingwater is known for its straight, perpendicular lines. The horizontal lines are apparent in the various cantilevers that extend forth from the residence and reach into nature, while the vertical lines reflect the rising trees that sprout up around the home. Waxed stone floors: Wright waxed the stone that will become the floor with locally obtained materials. The fireplace hearth's more rough usage of discovered rocks contrasted the smoothness of the stone flooring, but each referred to the materials found just beyond the home's walls. Small bedrooms: Fallingwater's bedrooms are functional rather than opulent. Guests and residents were encouraged to explore the bigger places, whether it was the nature outside or the larger, open-plan areas within, such as terraces and the living area, because the bedrooms were smaller and the ceilings were lower.
GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM
Figure 28: Guggenheim Museum (https://www.npr.org/2019/07/07/739359081/unesco-adds-8-frank-lloyd-wright-buildings-to-its-list-of-world-heritagesites, accessed 9th March 2022)
CHARACTERISTICS
Figure 29: Guggenheim Museum (https://www.dwell.com/article/frank-lloyd-wright-buildings-9780591d, accessed 9th March 2022)
Rotunda: The Guggenheim's round, horizontal, and sculpted exterior contrasts with the remainder of Fifth Avenue's buildings, which are rectangular, vertical, and ornamented with pieces of adornment. Small Rotunda: The small rotunda, which is exactly half the size of the larger rotunda— 48 feet wide by 48 feet high—was part of Wright's original concept. This facility was previously utilised as administrative offices, but it is now open to the public as galleries and a café. White Paint: The white paint on the inner walls makes the artwork shine out, yet the requirement to maintain such a light tone in such a bustling metropolis as Manhattan mandates that the building's outside be painted on a regular basis. Between 2005 and 2008, they had to remove eleven layers of paint that had been applied to the outer façade in order to repaint on a firm surface that would ensure the new paint's adherence.
FREDERICK C. ROBIE HOUSE
Figure 30: Frederick C. Robie House (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robie_House, accessed 9th March 2022)
CHARACTERISTICS
Figure 31: Frederick C. Robie House (https://www.flickr.com/photos/h_ssan/49539496622, accessed 9th March 2022)
Horizontality: It has dramatic cantilevered rooflines that stretch over outdoor areas, continuous walls that protect the bottom level, and bands of windows and doors that break up the wall plane's firmness.
Entrance: Wright hid the house's main entrance behind the prowlike porch and living room area that runs perpendicular to Chicago's Woodlawn Avenue, opting for a journey of discovery rather a typical plain entry.
Chimney: The chimney above the centre fireplace, which divides the living and dining spaces, was perforated by Wright so that the room seems to be one continuous space, surrounded on all sides by stained-glass windows and doors. These are abstractions of varied plant shapes with geometric patterns, a riot of dynamic angles, and sharp polygons of colour.
ASSIGNMENT 1:
5 SETS OF TOTAL 10 SKETCHES Analysis of architectural periods and theories
Figure 32: A portrait of the Father of the Arts & Crafts movement, William Morris (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris, accessed 9th March 2022)
Figure 33:
Figure 34:
Figure 35:
Figure 36:
Figure 37:
Figure 38:
Figure 39:
Figure 40:
Figure 41:
Figure 42:
ASSIGNMENT 2:
5 SETS OF TOTAL 10 SKETCHES Analysis of architectural periods and theories
Figure 43: Frank Lloyd Wright (https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/coming-around-to-frank-lloyd-wright_o, accessed 9th March 2022)
Figure 44:
Figure 45:
Figure 46:
Figure 47:
Figure 48:
Figure 49:
Figure 50:
Figure 51:
Figure 52:
Figure 51:
Figure 53:
ASSIGNMENT 3:
PORTRAIT IN TIMELINE Identifying learned theories to the timeline of Charles Jencks
Figure 54: Charles Jencks Timeline (https://designarchitects.art/charles-jencks-architecture/, accessed 9th March 2022)
ASSIGNMENT 3A
Figure 55:
JAPANESE GRUNGE The art movement that I have selected for this portrait drawing is the Japanese Grunge art movement. Stylistically, grunge arts can be both abstract or figurative. When we consider the term "grunge" in terms of its musical roots, the band Nirvana comes to my mind. Its musci is the absolute definition of grunge as a legendary band. Isolation, indifference, and the longing for independence were all represented in the nihilistic, angst-filled lyrics in which reflects me in a sense. Grunge painting usually emphasise the idea of freedom and of breaking the rules by following one's inner voice.
Figure 56: Kurt Cobain (https://www.kosmo.com.my/2021/05/24/rambut-kurt-cobain-dilelong/, accessed 9th March 2022)
ASSIGNMENT 3B
PORTRAIT IN TIMELINE Identifying learned theories to the timeline of Charles Jencks
Figure 57:
Figure 58:
STUDIO 3
FINAL PANELS Overview of the final project of Design Studio 3
Figure 59:
PANEL 1
Figure 60:
PANEL 2
Figure 61:
PANEL 3
Figure 60:
PANEL 4
Figure 61:
Figure 62: A screenshot of our final HTA II class together.
EPILOGUE We dig out vestiges of bygone forms to dissect and analyse, to resurrect and pay tribute to those existed. Architecture is both a cultural artifact and a modern subject. With our grasp of the present day and its frenzy of advancements, we also want to investigate new kinds of architectural style; we want to know where architecture may live and thrive. What surface will it choose as its new home? We
are
always
reinventing,
and
remembering, above
all,
always
cherishing.
Architecture is intrinsically an archive - a reflection of the past, an exercise of the present, and a pursuit of the future. The beauty of architecture stems not only from the attention on things as they have been or as they are, but also from the promise of what things
may
become;
the
unseen
and
mundane are permitted to become priceless.
Figure 63: One of the collection of Serge Lutens' photographs (https://site.douban.com/204109/widget/notes/13843176/note/281847499/, accessed 9th March 2022)