WHITE MARBLE ARTIFACTS
WHITE MARBLE ARTIFACTS A book by Himali Lalwani
Niyati Matta
Ritika Tiwari
All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the authors. First Edition: 2015 INR 2,480
Author’s Note Being in the world of Fashion and Lifestyle, one very often comes across innumerable crafts and techniques of places known and unknown. We came across White Marble Artifacts during one of our ď€ eld trips and we could not stop ourselves from exploring the craft soon. Bharti Delhi Emporium, located in Connaught Place, fed our curiosity with their collection of White Marble Artifacts and that is what we have focussed on in this book. The types of work on White Marble we have discussed in the book are Meenakari work and Inlay work. Both of these works are masterpieces in themselves. We would like to offer our sincerest gratitude to Bharti Delhi Emporium for providing us with the opportunity of working with them and learning under their expert guidance. We hope that by reading this book, you will attain just enough knowledge to discover the art by yourself.
Preface White Marble Artifacts have for long been an elegant way to bring a touch of royalty to the home décor. It takes several days and several skilled artisans to bring about one masterpiece on marble with several intricate patterns and work done together. The focus of this book is on Inlay work and Meenakari work. As a mentor to the authors of the book, I nd this book very informative, detailed and apt to know anything and everything about the artistic use of White Marble. The book beautifully explains the types and processes involved in the making of these artifacts. The products showcased in this book are all part of our collection of White Marble Artifacts. Each piece has been crafted with utmost care and perfection. And this book brings all of them together. I, therefore, highly recommend this book to anyone who nds this craft beautiful and would want to know more about it. Girish Nigam Bharti Delhi Emporium
TABLE OF 8 About the Emporium 9 White Marble 12 Inlay Work 18 Taj Mahal 19 Table Tops 20 Decorative Plates
22 23 25 26
Elephant Statues Boxes Coasters Pen holders
CONTENTS 27 Meenakari Work 32 Hookah 34 Vases 36 Decorative Plates 38 Surahi 39 Tables 40 Wine Sets
41 Elephant Statues 43 Jewellery boxes 44 Watches 45 Tortoise Statue 46 Lanterns 47 Frames 48 Pen Holders 49 Coaster Sets 50 Marble Trays with Containers 52 God Figures and Puja Plates
“Bharti Delhi Emporium” The Delhi Emporium 'Bharti', established in 1975 in Connaught Place, has been consistent in providing opportunity to the 'grass-root' artisans & master craftsmen as well as national and state level awardees to demonstrate their products. It has been vigorously pursuing a policy aimed at providing assistance and protection to the products manufactured by them. The Delhi State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (DSIIDC) has been entrusted with the operation and maintenance of the prestigious Delhi Emporium 'Bharti' – a treasure house of exquisite art and craft. The emporium offers a wide variety of saris, fabrics, carpets, shawls, brassware, handloom products, leather items, paintings, wood carving, Zardozi, garments, marble artifacts, white metal and other handicraft products to national and international tourists. It displays and sells 19 categories of products across three levels of an aesthetically developed emporium. “Bharti” a showcase of the creations of Indian craftsmen, weavers and folk artists has inspired trends, aroused curiosity, enchanted tourists and left an impression on the minds of everybody who has visited it. India has been an enigma to many across the globe. India's vast cultural and ethnic diversity is reected through easily accessible and consumer friendly concept of exhibit and sale of products. The 'One-Shop' emporium is a treasure-trove of a mesmerizing range of art forms and conventional crafts, each inimitable in style, theme, concept, structure and expression. A rare fusion of tradition & modernity the emporium provides wide array of quality products catering to the needs of people from all walks of life.
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“White Marble” India is a land of different cultures and exotic art, Crafts items of this country greatly reect the same. Among various famous Indian craft items, Marble Handicrafts are the one which are highly demanded in the global market for their unique designs, beautiful carving and nishing. Marble Handicrafts are used as decorative items in interiors and landscapes such as homes, ofces, gardens, museums and many other places. The making of beautiful regional as well as international marble art and craft products requires great dexterity and skill. Marble Handicrafts always remain in ever increasing demand in the international markets. Marble crafts are supplied and retailed to wholesalers and a large number of companies for export as well as import purposes. It is now a cultural symbol of elegant life style and rened taste. White Marble can be of different varieties from different sources all through the world. The marble stones come in several variations and colours in the layer patterns, strength, composition and structure. There are a great many attractive patterns and natural colours. Jaipur, Alwar, Ajmer, Jaisalmer in Rajasthan are famous for their creative and intricate marble work. The idol images of Hindu and Jain pantheon or assorted sizes are the main creation in marble stone. These images are made mainly in white marble and are painted with rich, bright colours, especially the attire.
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Marble and Stone From Agra Uttar Pradesh is one of the leading producers of stone, which is carved both for utilitarian and decorative purposes. Agra, which currently accounts for the bulk of Indian production provides employment to about 1000 artisans. The Taj Mahal in miniature, tables and handing lamps are chiselled out of soft marble and white Italian alabaster. Table tops, Plates, Dishes, Elephant are carved out of hard and durable, ď€ ne grained white Makrana Marble and artistically inlaid with a traditional variety of semi-precious stones. Pen stand, Card holder, Photo frame, Tray, Ashtray are fashioned from the soft streaked Goraheri stone in many shades and are frequently inlaid with simple motif. Makrana Marble, table tops and other wave, particularly when inlaid with semi-precious stones dominate the market
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Marble Handicrafts Items are available in different and attractive designs in various cities in India, but handicrafts in Jaipur are rich, cultural and honed through generations of family skills. Jaipur is royal city of Rajasthan and is famous for various art and crafts. Superď€ ne quality of marble artifacts with intricate carving and handmade marble painting work are produced. All marble handicrafts items are crafted by skilled craftsmen using simple tools by hand carvings on high grade Makrana marbles with Meenakari and Kundan work. Therefore it is used as home decoration and gifting purposes. Nothing epitomizes best the ethos of Varanasi and Agra than their stone carvings. From intricate architectural masterpieces, perfectly chiselled stoneware to classy table tops with Inlay and Meenakari work, every item is a piece of exclusive artwork.
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“Inlay Work” One of the most attractive works of art that come from marble is 'Marble Inlay' work. It is the same work that adorns Taj Mahal and other Mughal monuments. Inlay is a decorative technique of inserting pieces of contrasting, often coloured materials into depressions in a base object to form pattern or pictures that normally are ush with the matrix. This art work done on marble is mainly carried out in two places in India namely Rajasthan and Agra in Uttar Pradesh where the former is noted for its inlay work on table tops, ooring, and wall decorative and the latter is known for its Parchin Kari work. The Parchin Kari art involves very minute and precise inlay work and is quite expensive and very graceful with intricate labour. Marble Inlay work of India is similar to that of the Pietra Dura of Italy. However, the former varies by not having a three dimensional structure and is more at. The Pietra Dura had more of European birds Inlay work whereas the Mughals had more of Indian Kingsher, Myna, and redbreasted Parakeet. The present day craftsmen are all believed to be the descendants of those who came from Persia to decorate Taj Mahal, and who excelled in ne art of setting gems and semiprecious stones in marble. The long and detailed process requires great artistry, patience and precision. Therefore, only experienced masters of the art are able to produce high quality pieces.
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History Inlay work on delicate precious stones began in the workshops of Florence in Italy around the end of the 16th century. This was known as Pietra Dura (Pietra = Stone, Dura = Hard). The Italians had created a classic artistic form and held a monopoly over it. From 1630 onwards, Pietra Dura appeared on moveable, small objects as decorative panels, with bird and ower motifs, suitable for cabinet fronts and table tops. Some of these soon reached the Mughals in the form of presents. Of all the Mughal Emperors, Shah Jahan was the greatest patron of architecture in India. For him no amount of money or time was too much to create enduring, everlasting architectural beauty and through it be remembered always. It is in his buildings that one feels most compelled to make the connection between Mughal art and Pietra Dura. Taj Mahal, the cenotaphs of the Emperor and his wife, the main oor and the surrounding marble railings bear very close resemblances to the Pietra Dura form.
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Bases There are two types of bases, White Marble and Black Stone (Kadappa or Sandstone). Other coloured bases, such as Green Marble, can also be used as per buyer's requirement. Inlay on White Marble gives a royal touch where as Black Stone gives a very attractive look. Stones There are nearly 30 types of coloured stones present in the market for the inlay process. • White Jasper • Chocolate Stone • Green Marble • Sang-a- Mariam • Tiger Stone • Red Jasper • Lapis • Green Aventurine • Brown Bidasar • Black Onyx • Yellow Aventurine • Green Bidasar • Yellow Bidasar • Cobra Stone • Malachite • Ruby • Jaiselmer Red (Heated) • Dark Green Bidasar • Creama Marble • Jaiselmer Yellow • Alikantak • Green Laventure • Torques (Firoza) • Amethyst Some stones have the property of taking heat treatment which results in giving shading effect like the yellow Jaisalmer stone which when heated results in red colour.
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Process The starting point are thin s h e e t s o f v a r i o u s (semiprecious) stones, from which the artisan creates delicate shapes, some only a few millimetres in size. Only a (human-powered) grindstone is used, and the craftsman will inevitably also abrade the skin on his ď€ ngers during this process.
Each shape is ground individually a n d m u s t ď€ t precisely without any gaps. Once a perfect ď€ t has been achieved, the marble plate, into which the ornamental pattern will be integrated, is covered with a layer of henna paint.
The single pieces that make the inlay pattern are laid out on the marble plate and their outlines scratched into the surface. The orange colour serves as an orientation when carving out the individual grooves, into which the semiprecious stone pieces will be glued.
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Not much has changed in the 363 years since the completion of the Taj Mahal: the glue in use is still a paste made from sugar cane, bees wax, honey, lemon juice, marble dust and lentils. A grind stone shard is used to smoothen the surface after the inlays have been inserted. The henna paint is also removed during this smoothening process.
The inlay piece is now properly integrated into the marble plate, and gets a ď€ nal ď€ nish with a layer of wax. The more skilled the artisan, the more precise and detailed the ornaments he creates.
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Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal, one of the most splendid master pieces in the world, located in the city of Agra, is known for its exceptional inlay work and architecture. The marble inlay work done on Taj Mahal is very extensive and exquisite. It is a real symbol of Great Emperor Shah Jahan's feelings for her wife. The decorative Taj Mahal is the exact replica or miniature of actual Taj Mahal and brings home the beauty of the Great Mughal era. Made up of 100% original white marble by renowned craftsmen working in this eld from generations to protect the cultural heritage of India, these replicas are known for their ne carving work and excellent design. Extremely ne hand painting by water color has been done over the nely crafted stone to give it a beautiful look.
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Table Tops
Inlay work is popularly used in making beautiful white marble inlay Table tops. These handcrafted beautiful marble inlaid Table tops are used as dining tables or coffee tables or for decoration at homes, in ofces or hotels.
These Table tops come in different shapes—round, rectangular, octagonal, square and oval. Each shape adds a rich avour to the decor. This rare technique of Inlay is sometimes accompanied by Marble Jali work to accentuate an already beautiful Table top.
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Decorative Plates
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Marble Decorative Plates are a beautiful work of art. Some of the ď€ nest Inlay work designs are done on these plates. Some of these designs are a perfect combination of Inlay and carving art together, where a part of the marble plate is carved as Jali and is surrounded with lovely inlaid gemstones. These plates are used in house decorations, gifts, trophies, collection items, or as simple serving trays.
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Elephant Statues
The statues of Marble Elephants are an exemplary work of art. The natural shade of marble completes the inscribed work of artistry in the carved Elephant. The trunks of the Elephant are often shown in upright delighted stature. The spectacular carving on marble Elephants glows as a symbol of prosperity and eternal strength. They reveal traditional inlay work of sculptors. An Elephant crafted from marble and decorated in royal manner serves as a wonderful decorative piece.
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Boxes
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Boxes inlaid with microscopic inlaid semi precious gemstones and other natural stones reect the charm of Mughal designs. These boxes can have designs inlaid on lid as well as on the side.
These boxes can be used as jewellery boxes, jewellery cases, coins boxes, cigar holders, cigarette cases, dining table holders, desktop boxes, makeup boxes, gift items or for decorative purposes.
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Coaster Sets Coaster Set is the ultimate choice for providing a sophisticated look to the dining area with semistone carving work on coaster holder and each coaster piece. They are a perfect accessory to enhance the tableware. Coaster Set can be used at either ofď€ ce or home and is a beautiful way to present the guests with drinks where the hosts are applauded not only for the drinks but also for the coasters.
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Pen and Card Holders Beautifully handcrafted Pen and Card Holders enhance the aesthetic appeal of a work place. One can enjoy work more with the magniď€ cent Pen Stands artistically crafted acting as valuable companion on the study table. They add an extremely professional look and feel for any desk.
Often decorated with intricate carvings, Pen Holders are ideally designed to serve as perfect items for promotion and gift. The Pen Holders are available in a medley of sizes, shapes and forms.
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“Meenakari Work�
Meenakari work or Enamelling is the art of colorings or decorating a metal surface by attaching or fusing pieces of different mineral substances, over it. Meenakari is considered the most alluring and technical of all metal decorations. In the past, it was only done on gold, but presently it is done other metals like silver, copper etc. From the prime age of this craft, the artisans were named as 'Meenakar' who were involved in creating different Meenakari items. Meenakari is a unique kind of art that requires expertise and only done in Rajasthan as well as northern parts of India. The Meenakar cannot alone create a lovely jewellery unless they are supported by the goldsmith, the engraver or Ghaaria, the designer or Chitteria and Jadiya who applies the gems on the Kundan or gold.
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History The art of decorating metal with enameling or Meenakari was alien to India and was introduced by the Mughals. Raja Man Singh of Amber brought Meenakari to Rajasthan at the turn of the 16th century. Man Singh brought skillful Meenakars from the Mughal palace at Lahore and established them in Jaipur, which became the center of Meenakari. During the olden times, Gold was the most popular metal used for Meenakari as it blended well and looked pretty as well. Later on silver also became a popular metal and mostly used in preparing bowls, art pieces and other stuff. A third metal which became popular was copper as the Gold Control Act did not allow the Meenakars to use gold in any form. Thus more metals were introduced to continue with the decorative work.
Meenakari is a specialized form of art that is done in different centers of India and every center had its own technique of doing it. Lucknow is popular for the blue or the green Meenakari which is done on silver and Banaras is famous for the pink or Gulabi Meena. Other areas where enameling is done are Kashmir, Kangra and Bhawalpur. But still Delhi and Jaipur remain to be the top places where Meenakari is done in full form.
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Process
Rajasthan is the land of kings. With a glorious history of Rajputs, it has been endowed with invincible forts, magnicent palaces and a rich cultural heritage. The hostile desert environment coupled with continuous warfare, created strong incentives among the people for investing in gold and jewels. These were mobile hoards of wealth that were often the main stay of many a displaced dynasty. The warrior aristocracy of Rajputs made lavish use of jewellery and bejewelled gems encrusted weapons as symbolic afrmations of the sanctity of their caste. This art of embedding precious jewels and metals into the surface of objects is known as Kundan – Jadai work and was introduced by the Mughals. In this technique, hyper puried gold leaf foil was inserted between the walls and precious and semiprecious stones such as diamonds, rubies, emeralds, s a p p h i r e s a n d tourmalines. The silver or gold foil placed below the stones enabled greater reection of light through the stone, thus increasing its intensity and brilliance. Another form of surface decoration was Meenakari, the fusion of coloured materials such as cobalt oxide for blue and copper oxide for green onto the surface of metals to suggest precious stone inlay work, and was brought to Jaipur on Raja man Singh’s behest
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Both techniques, kundan and meenakari found their way to the commoner through smaller articles like jewellery and decorative objects and the replacement of precious material
with accessible ones. A craft that combines kundan jadai work and meenakari with marble is practiced by the Jangid community in Kemla, a small village situated about a hundred kilometers from Jaipur, Rajasthan. White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures because of its softness, homogeneity and a relative resistance to shattering. Blocks of marble transported from mines are cut into required volumes by craftsmen using diamond blade marble cutters. Some pieces of marble are so huge and heavy, that they are moved with the help of chains mounted on the ceiling of the workshop. An electric lathe is used to turn the block of marble into the desired shape. A power drill is used to drill big holes for objects like vases and hookas. Finer details and accuracy is dependent on hand held tools; the cheni-hathodi or chisel-and–hammer. A metal ď€ le is used to smoothen the surface of the sculpture, after which it is further sanded with emery stone and sand paper to prepare it for surface work.
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Gold leaves or extremely thin sheets of gold, known as “Varak” are pressed on to painted motifs. As the paint is not yet completely dry, Varak sticks to it and the rest is removed to be used again. The gold-gilded patterns are carefully outlined with a very ne brush and then varnished again to prepare it for addition of poster or photo paints.
Imitation gemstones and coloured glass, called “Nagina” are stuck to motifs and enhance the beautiful artwork with added glitter. A nal coat of varnish seals all the elements together and protects them from scratches. Sometimes craftsmen incorporate miniature paintings into their work to add interest to this craft. A lavish form of art, the kundan-meenakari work has been beautifully transformed to reach a large number of people, by these innovative craftsmen. In its true magnicence and yet easy approachability, this jewel like work on marble gives us a taste of royalty.
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Hookah
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Hookahs were a symbol of afuence and royalty in olden times, found in houses of 'Zamindar' or feudal lords and kings. The use of hookahs was not only a custom, but a matter of prestige. Today, the marble Hookahs are intricately carved and stand out with striking patterns, sharp details and high polish.
They are valued for natural beauty and give a resplendent look. They can be used for interior decoration or to represent the royal trend of smoking tobacco in a specialized sculpture.
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Flower Vases
Marble Flower Vases with gold leaf work are an extraordinary piece of art that add elegance to the interiors. They are completely handmade, embossed with real gold and are pieces of real workmanship.
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The gold Meenakari work gives a true Rajasthani royal touch to each vase. They are carved and chiselled from pure Makrana marble and are a combination of opulence and art.
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Decorative Plates
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Marble Decorative Plates are famous for their Meenakari art beautifully translated on marble. These marble paintings, which are done with immense perfection a n d b e a u t y , encompass both traditional and contemporary styles.
Marble as a stone is immensely beautiful in itself, the decorative paintings make for perfect showpieces for an enhance appeal of the interiors as well as the exteriors.
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Surahi Surahi, an Indian clay pot with a long neck, was traditionally used for storing water. The jar has now become a beautiful way to ď€ ll one’s living space with a royal aura. Sophisticated and attractive in appearance, Marble Surahi makes pouring oneself or the guests a glass of water much more refreshing.
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Tables
A classy example of Meenakari work, Decorative Tables can add a royal touch to any setting. They can be gleefully kept in a corner with treasures atop or simply a telephone and can bring that space to life with their royal appeal.
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Wine Sets
A royal Marble Wine Set with intricate Meenakari work lends the interiors a regal charm and make for a great decorative item.
The set carries a number of wine glasses/goblets, a dispensing Surahi and a serving tray.
Used for the purpose of serving, this set with its immensely catchy and attractive looks as well as its perfect shine makes the whole serving e x p e r i e n c e c o m p l e t e l y traditional.
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Elephant Statues
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The royal elephants from the lands of Rajasthan give a substantial look to the home decor. The features are intricately depicted with rich Meenakari work which makes this artifact a masterpiece.
It is a perfect piece to be placed in the living room, bed room or even on the kitchen shelves to give the home a traditional look.
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Jewellery Boxes Handcrafted Jewellery Boxes, highlighted with colourful Meenakari work all over them, are a beautiful medium to store any valuable jewellery in place and safe from damage.
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Watches Keeping the record of time in style, Marble Clocks are jewelled with Meenakari & Kundan work and are a worthy acquisition and a perfect gift for all. They often come with beautiful pen stands and mobile holders. This makes them one of the most popular articles for corporate gifting and souvenirs.
Intricate artistry and superlative craftsmanship are the highlights of this artifact. Each dial is carefully secured and decorated with brilliant enamel work.
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Tortoise Statue
Being a symbol of good luck, longevity and wisdom, Tortoise showpieces make for a worthy addition to the home decor. Further adding to their appeal is their Meenakari craftsmanship that makes the home ambience class apart. They serve as a great gift, especially around religious celebrations and festivities.
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Lanterns
An exquisite piece of traditional handicraft with a blend of modern technology, Marble Lanterns come with intricate Jali and Meenakari work and an electronic circuit to brighten or dim the light. They are perfect to lighten up the drawing room, living area, bedroom and looks great in outdoor settings as well.
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Photo Frames
Decorative Photo Frames bring royalty to the decor with their grand yet delicate Meenakari work.
Decorative Plates Mounted on Frames
Handcrafted Marble Plates Mounted on Frames come with great Meenakari and Kundan work as well as undercut designs to enhance home and ofď€ ce decor.
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Pen Holders
Decorative Pen Stands offer a perfect balance between aesthetic pleasure and practical usability. These Pen Stands, featuring the vibrant colours of Meenakari work along with the beautifully placed beads and sometimes with undercut designs, prove to be quite an eyeful for any workstation.
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Coaster Sets Coaster Sets are an extremely well detailed work of art. Used not just as a protection to tableware but also as a decorative, Marble Coasters are aesthetically designed with intricate Meenakari work. They usually come in elegant square, round or rustic edge with sophisticated look making an attractive and useful idea for home or ofď€ ce.
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Marble Trays with Containers
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Marble Tray with Utility Container/s is a very elegant way to present Mukhwas or mouth fresheners and dry fruits on the dining and central tables. The purity of white marble paired with the richness of gold and Meenakari as well as Kundan work makes it a collectible for lifetime. It can also be used to store jewellery in an artistic manner.
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God Figures and Puja Plates
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Celestial Ganesh idol sitting on the marble Chowki is more than a decorative item and creates an auspicious aura in the living space.
It brings value to the puja room at home or in the ofď€ ce. It serves as a great gift, especially around religious celebrations and festivities.
Handcrafted Puja Plate, adorned with the fabulous Meenakari art work, is essential to hold all the puja items easily during the various Hindu religious ceremonies. The plate usually comes with a Diya, Kumkum/ Rice/ Tilak container and a Marble Lota/ Kalash.
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Available from: www.cottageemporium.in/crafts-of-india.html. [Accessed: 16th March, 2015]. Ÿ CRAFTANDARTISANS. Marble Inlay of Uttar Pradesh. [Online]
Available from: www.craftandartisans.com/marble-inlay-of-uttarpradesh.html. [Accessed: 17th March, 2015]. Ÿ GAATHA. (2011) Studded Splendours. [Online] Available from:
www.gaatha.com/mirror-inlay-work-udaipurrajasthan/#at_pco=smlre1.0&at_si=551f830fd71d123a&at_ab=per-2&at_pos=0&at_tot=4. [Accessed: 13th March, 2015]. Ÿ GSMARBLES. Marble Inlay Table Top. [Online] Available from:
www.gsmarbles.com/marble-inlay-table-top.html. [Accessed: 15th March, 2015]. Ÿ HANDCRAFTSOFINDIA. Marble Boxes with Stone Inlay. [Online]
Available from: www.handcraftsondia.com/marble-boxes-withstone-inlay/. [Accessed: 20th March, 2015].
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Ÿ INDIACRAFTS. Images of Splendour in Stone from Uttar Pradesh.
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[Online] Available from: www.indiacrafts.com/stone_products/pmarble_stone_handicrafts.html. [Accessed: 15th March, 2015]. INDIANMIRROR. Marble Inlay Work. [Online] Available from: www.indianmirror.com/culture/indianspecialties/marbleinlaywork.html. [Accessed: 17th March, 2015]. LEISSLER, B. (2013) Ancient Crafts: The Stone Inlays of the Taj Mahal. [Online] Available from: www.core77.com/posts/25995/Ancient-Crafts-The-Stone-Inlaysof-the-Taj-Mahal. [Accessed: 10th April, 2015]. MARBLEEMPORIUM. [Online] Available from: www.marbleemporium.com/inlay/stones/. [Accessed: 18th March, 2015]. MARBLEKRAFTS. [Online] Available from: www.marblekrafts.com/. [Accessed: 16th March, 2015]. MARBLEWORKOFAGRA. Inlay Work An Introduction. [Online] Available from: www.marbleworkofagra.com/services.html. [Accessed: 18th March, 2015]. MONARCHCRAFTS. Process of Marble Inlay Work. [Online] Available from: www.monarchcrafts.com//marble-inlaywork.html. [Accessed: 15th March, 2015]. THEPETHA. History of Agra Marble Inlay Work. [Online] Available from: www.thepetha.com/pages/history-of-inlay-work. [Accessed: 17th March, 2015].
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Contact: himalilalwani245@gmail.com m.niyati312@gmail.com tiwari.ritika09@gmail.com
INR 2,480