SC Issue 3 Country Position Papers - Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform by Resa Ng

HKMUN Security Council: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform- Country Position Papers Table of Contents Country: Brazil

Country: China

Country: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Country: France

Country: Germany

Country: Israel

Country: Iran

Country: Iraq

Country: India

Country: Russia

Country: Somalia

Country: United States of America

Committee: Security Council Topic: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform Country: Brazil

Brazil has long been an enthusiastic peacekeeper since the first election to the Security Council during 1948. In total Brazil has participated in 33 United Nations peacekeeping operations and contributed with over 27,000 troops. Currently, Brazil contributes with more than 2,200 troops, military observers and police officers in three continents. In 2005 Brazil boosted its credentials further by opening a peacekeeping school, the Centro de Instrução de Operações de Paz (CIOpPaz) near Rio de Janeiro. CIOpPaz has trained 15,000 troops, of which 2,300 are on active duty. All are volunteers and the training programmes are oversubscribed. Peacekeeping helps to modernise the army. With democracy firmly established, it needs to find a new job (the country faces few security threats). Peacekeeping can help. The old generation is all about war and security. In another generation we’ll have a new military, with an international outlook and new ideas about conflict prevention, civilian governance and the rule of law. Brazil understands the importance of financing peacekeeping operations. Every country in the UN should participate in peacekeeping efforts. The change in the current global market is significant when the security council was first established in 1946. Currently South America, having rapid ascension to the international market and significant economic development, does not have any form of representation in the security council, since no South American nations are permanent members. Increasing the number of permanent member seats in the council will help implement more suitable resolutions and actions toward the situation of crisis, since the views are no longer biased to the long standing power giants. The limitations caused by the Charter of the United Nations is currently delaying and barricading security sector reforms. There are many workarounds to these blockade, such as convincing and urge nations to send forces to respond to crises. Brazil would like to have a fruitful resolution that can effectively implement the goals of SSR bypassing the limitations and restrictions created by factors of both regulations and country relations. Brazil is willing to continue keeping the world’s peace.

Committee: Security Council Topic: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform Country: China

China believes that maintaining international peace and security is undeniably vital. Whilst some may accuse China of in the past being a reluctant supporter of United Nations Peacekeeping, we have actively supported every newly established peacekeeping operation since the turn of the millennium. China is now the largest troop contributor among the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. China strongly believes in and encourages nations to contribute as much as possible to UN Peacekeeping operations. One of the fundamental problems of the United Nations Peacekeeping is that the demand for peacekeepers outstrips supply. However, whilst we encourage all countries, in particular developed nations, to contribute to peacekeeping, China does so on some main principles. Our policy of noninterference and respect of state sovereignty is evident in our commitments to worldwide peacekeeping. China urges all nations to commit only on consent by the host state and to do so with sincere impartiality. China discourages nations to exert the use of force in peacekeeping except in self defense.

3 Â

Committee: Security Council Topic: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform Country: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

The DPRK acknowledges efforts made by the UN through peacekeeping and SSR to ensure that peace is ensured in the international community. It recognises the outlined benefits of the proposal of the SSR. However the DPRK is unable to realise the practicality of the proposed idea and condemns it as idealistic. For five basic reasons the DPRK believes that efforts of the sort are unlikely to be successful: political abuse, challenges the sovereignty to govern, harmful to both troops and locals, available parallel alternative of SC encouraging countries to send troops, and the historic evidence that the efforts often end up unsuccessful like it was in Rwanda.

The United Nations promotes the rights of its members to the sovereignty to govern, as stated in Chapter I, Article 2.1 of the Charter of the United Nations, ‘The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members’. Such military interference is not only in contradictions to the sovereignty as seen in past missions and is setting a guideline for the rules the international community has to govern by. The guidelines laid out for peacekeeping have strict regulations set to provide the sovereignty of nations. Despite this, the security council has used its power to encourage nations to send troops on missions, strictly forbidden by the peacekeeping guidelines such as when it did to our sovereign nation during the Korean war. The idea of security sector reformations simply gives the SC the authority to mobilise troops against the current regulations, and in all likelihood would result in more frequent violations of the sovereignty of countries to govern. The countries that will experience disadvantage, are those who do not have a majority say in the international community, one of such include DPRK.

Peacekeeping troops have, under many occasions, not been keepers but destroyers of peace. Peace keeping missions have resulted in many causalities. Sometimes, not only have they not succeeded in solving the problems they were sent to but created more with means such as rape, prostitution, murder and so forth. Again and again, peacekeeping missions have failed and have left causing devastation none less than those caused by the wars which they’re sent to stop.

It is time for the Security Council to realise that SSR and Peacekeeping missions have deviated from its original purpose as they are too idealistic. The DPRK strongly believes that efforts spent in carrying out missions of similar aims should be abandoned as they rarely result in true benefits. It is unnecessary to jeopardise the lives of many men in establishing a superficial idea of peace which is in fact an excuse for a foreign country to infringe upon one’s sovereignty rights. Moreover, peacekeeping troops have demonstrated to be unreliable in restoring peace and order to the society with crimes such as rape reported to be associated with the arrival of the troops, suggesting that sending peacekeeping troops to areas of conflict do not necessarily aid the situation. Given the inability for SSR and Peacekeeping missions to be executed in concordance with Article 1.2 of the UN Charter and the costs brought by Peacekeeping troops, conflicts between countries and its aftermath should be resolved by those involved and those involved only.

Committee: Security Council Topic: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform Country: France

The French Republic has actively participated in UN peacekeeping operations for several decades, and as of 1st January 2012, France is ranks as the first largest European contributor and currently takes part in 7 of the 14 United Nation's Peace Keeping Operations, including those in Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Recent crises confirm the crucial role of the UN in maintaining peace around the globe, but have also emphasized the need to make this organization more efficient and more representative of current global indicators. Thus, our nation is an advocate for Security Council reform, and urges the Security Council to adapt to the realities of the 21st century. In order for the Security Council to remain the decisionmaking organ responsible for maintaining international peace and security, France supports the expansion of the Security Council within the frameworks of the negotiations initiated in 2009. France thus supports the accession of Germany, Brazil, India and Japan to a permanent seat as well as the increased presence of African countered in the Security Council. France also promotes a review of the Peacekeeping Operations, with the aim of making them more efficient, visible and more able to achieve their objectives. The exponential rise in the budget for peacekeeping operations necessitates action for ways to manage this increasing financial responsibility. For this, France suggests that there should be improved strategic oversight of the peacekeeping operations and the chain of command, more rigor placed on resource distribution, and lessons learned from the implementation of the Security Council mandates.

5 Â

Committee: Security Council Topic: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform Country: Germany

Germany is highly committed to reform of the United Nation’s peacekeeping and security sectors. As the 4th largest contributor to the budget for UN Peacekeeping and with over 6500 peacekeepers deployed in Kosovo, Lebanon and elsewhere, we are more than aware of the challenges that face the men and women of peacekeeping forces everywhere in the world, and the need for peacekeeping strategies to be adapted to changing conditions.

Of particular concern for Germany with regards to peacekeeping is the deficiency of UN Peacekeeping forces in terms of civilian police, especially with the UNSAS system –we believe an integral step towards peace anywhere in the world is the establishment of effective civilian institutions. Furthermore, cases of harm caused by and against UN Peacekeeping troops must be thoroughly investigated in order to ensure the integrity and trust that are vital to the UN’s role in the world.

Germany is equally aware of the importance of security sector reform (SSR) to combat the challenges of the threats to peace, development and human rights throughout the world. We are convinced that prevention is a far superior ideal to only taking actions when crises are taking place – SSR is central to creating and maintaining peace in conflict and post-conflict, and as part of our efforts it is an integral aspect of the European Security Strategy drawn up in 2003.

To enhance SSR, Germany would propose several initiatives for the Security Council to go by in order to bring about reform – a greater role for local leaders and personnel within individual countries that require SSR, the cooperation of multiple UN agencies and other supranational organizations such as the African and European Unions and for any transformation of the security sector to be based upon respect for basic human rights and for the rule of law so as to ensure the maximum effectiveness of the security sector post reform.

Committee: Security Council Topic: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform Country: Israel

The state of Israel acknowledge the findings in the Security-Council Chair's report, which highlights some of the challenges and standards needed to be clarified for peacekeeping forces in UN and the SSR, as known as Security Sector reform. The international community must all be well prepared and engaging in order to conduct a smooth conference and together reach a full consensus.

Israel will fully engage in discussing these issues concerning peacekeeping forces and the SSR, as peacekeeping missions are an essential part of the Security Councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work for the stability of the world, maintaining peace in conflicts. We do recognize and understand the need of peacekeeping operations in the world to maintain international peace and security. Israel is no stranger to peacekeeping operations, as in the last four years, we have been actively taking part in a few modest parts in response to the call from the Security-Council for an expansion of our contribution among peacekeeping effort. Furthermore, three of the United Nations forces has served in our immediate region.

One of these peacekeeping missions is the UNIFIL, which has been a force implemented to stabilize the Lebanese-Israeli border since the adoption of the Security Council resolution 1701. Israel has remained committed and supportive to the UNIFIL troops stationed in southern Lebanon, and we would like to express our greatest gratitude to the men and women of the UN's peacekeeping operations.

However, we do see the need for a clarification and classification of the roles and uses for UN peacekeeping forces. Peacekeeping deployments continue to grow in size, scope, and complexity, they are posing unique political and operational challenges. For instance, in previous years, we have seen clear evidence on Hezbollah continuing in rearming direct violation of the resolution in Lebanon. We would like to see UNIFIL to adapt itself more to the CURRENT situation and adapt a modus operandi accordingly and effectively. This could only be done by a better classification of situations, such as the 'breach of peace', 'threat to peace' and more other standards.

Furthermore, in certain situations, there are clear preferences for a UN-mandated peacekeeping mission, while other situations it would seem better suited to nonUN-mandated multinational peacekeeping operations, or even bilateral peacekeeping without any foreign participation. Hence, it is especially important to establish a criteria for the use for peacekeeping forces.

Therefore, the Israeli government would welcome suggestions and improvements such as those contained in the Global Field Strategy Paper. The joint use of resources by missions in close geographic proximity to one another, the establishment of regional

7 Â

centers to make better use of current resources and such other measures would benefit towards making the peacekeeping process more transparent and conducive.

In regards to the conduct of peacekeeping evaluations, Israel would like to note that we support the process of using benchmarks as a method for ensuring progress in peacekeeping operations. However, this process needs to be conducted carefully, taking into account complexities on the ground. In many circumstances, peacekeeping missions help to maintain a level of stability in challenging environments –– and the benchmark process must be calibrated to take this reality into account. The SSR (Security Sector Reforms) proposed could potentially work with a two-leveled model, with national governments taking charge of the situation in their countries along with international support.

In addition, we believe other parties could be used to supplement the troops such as using international FPUs (Formed Police Units) for future peacekeeping missions. We view this as an effective model for making better use of existing resources by combining the specialized capabilities of different nations to meet needs on the ground.

Last but not least, the concept of security sector reform is also a well-worth discussed issue, which if succeed in arriving a concord of its definition and functions, could serve as a practical and operational solution with long-term effectiveness in promoting and ensuring long-term stability. Israel would continue to look for ways to enhance our contributions in peacekeeping missions elsewhere by making available both police and civilian forces. We would also remain engaged with the DPKO to identify appropriate venues for such deployments in the future. Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace. We hope that with the full support of the international community and by reforming the status quo, it would be conducive towards making peacekeeping missions truly beneficial and true to the stipulations in the original UN Charter. This should be the ultimate aim we put in great consideration while constructing the resolution. Thank you.

Committee: Security Council Topic: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform Country: Iran

The Islamic Republic of Iran has long enjoyed a stable and secure internal political and economic situation. Therefore, we understand that the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s security sector is essential in post-conflict contexts. In those settings, making people feel safe and secure and re-building confidence between the State and its peoples is vital for sustainable peace and development. SSR can even prevent conflicts or crises from emerging or resurging and it is also a process that many States undertake on a regular basis to respond to emerging threats or potential internal or external pressures. Therefore Iran stresses that it is able and willing to send its troops under UN jurisdiction to other countries around the world, which it has offered on occasion in the past. Iranian peacekeepers have learned English, Arabic and French due to the special nature of their missions and have learned the necessary skills for such missions and are willing to bring about stable security sectors within many countries around the world. At the same time, the Islamic Republic of Iran must stress the need for the international community to respect the national sovereignty of each and every country. We must not intrude on the internal affairs of other countries and strongly discourage the unilateral involvement of certain countries in the affairs of others - particularly of many western nations as seen in the past. Iran would like to see countries develop its own stability organically with possible outside assistance, rather than through the oppressive actions of third-party nations. We strongly urge all members of the United Nations Security Council to support reforms in protecting national sovereignty and preventing unilateral, unsanctioned influences in global peacekeeping.

9 Â

Committee: Security Council Topic: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform Country: Iraq

The delegation of Iraq recognizes the importance of a peacekeeping body and security sector reform to help countries that are torn by conflict to create conditions for lasting peace. Currently, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPO) and other United Nations peacekeeping commissions have established the inter-agency SSR Task Force to help governments build a world of security and peace. The establishment of such an SSR is to “transfer responsibility for maintaining security from international forces to local military and police forces as quickly as possible” according to the United States Institute for Peace. The delegation of Iraq sees it as necessary for SSR to be locally owned and mandated by the host country herself, as international donors may be ignorant towards the internal structure of the host country, and this lack of local ownership will cause resentment and lack of legitimacy. Iraq, seeing the failure of US’s attempt to reform the Iraqi SSR due to lack of familiarity towards our internal ministry, calls for local ownership of the SSR to be monitored by the DPKO and the United Nations. The delegation of Iraq sees the establishment of SSR as a means to enhance effective security for example the police force and border police as a welcoming tool to reconstruct peace. However, to solve the problem of sovereignty, Iraq calls for the cooperation of host countries and MDCs. Iraq proposes that troops be sent to MDCs for training and equipping expertise for a year, thus enhancing the efficiency and skills of the police force. Uneven distribution towards numerous institutions is also a cause for failures in SSR. The delegation of Iraq proposes that countries implementing SSR submit a report to the United Nations every six months for spot-checking, showing the distributions of funding. Iraq also aims to construct a body inside the host country to monitor the distribution of the funding to ensure a more efficient reform. The delegation of Iraq also acknowledges the challenges faced by the UN in securing adequate resources in order to best recourse missions, as UN Peacekeeping goes to the most physically and politically difficult environments. With the withdrawal of US troops, the Iraqi Government sees the need to redefine and reinterpret several terms in Article 39 of UN Charter, namely “breach of peace” and “act of aggression”, in the hope of further establishing a more constructive and effective system. Furthermore, we do not see a need for another standing army, namely the Military Staff Committee, since it would not solve the existing problem of sovereignty as the military actually come from the P5 countries, and not by any neutral party. Iraq also feels that it would be redundant in the presence of peacekeeping forces, as they consist of many foreign armies such as from the P5 countries, and thus there is no need for the dormant part of the United Nations to be relieved. Funding is an important criteria in the success of peacekeeping forces. As seen in the chair report, the distribution of fund-raising is very unequal. The delegation of Iraq sees foreign direct investment (FDI) as a good sources of fund-raising. By the participation of foreign investors, host countries would be able to support the vast amount of funding needed during the SSR and other peacekeeping missions. Iraq also encourages the generous support of fellow delegates, and ask for all members to play an active role in funding one of the most meaningful missions of the United Nations. Lastly, Iraq welcomes any new solutions into making peacekeeping and SSR a successful mission for the United Nations.

Committee: Security Council Topic: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform Country: India

My fellow delegates’, the Republic of India has long been a proponent of global peace. We have long supported the United Nations peacekeeping operations throughout the globe. Peacekeepers are a fundamental force to protect and uphold international peace and security. They valiantly lay down their lives so that others may live safely. We salute these heroes; in particular the 118 Indian peacekeepers and others from other kind countries that have made this supreme sacrifice to world stability. In the past India has provided over 100,000 military, civilian and police forces to over 40 United Nations peacekeeping operations. Our contribution towards ensuring global peace have helped many in need such as our involvement in Congo where our contribution proved vital to her stability after decolonization. We hope countries will take up this noble cause with us and stand arm in arm to maintain global security. India firmly believes that the international community must grasp the rapid changes that are underway regarding the longstanding nature and role of peacekeeping operations. This delegate believes that the Security Council’s mandates to UN peacekeeping operations are too broad and have very little correlation with the ability of the organization to deliver quick and rapid response to international conflicts. The nation of India is in full support of the implementation of army reevaluation, which involves a policy of zero tolerance with regard to conduct and discipline of troops including, sexual exploitation and abuse. We firmly believe the integration of peacekeepers with the SSR would help sustain long term peace in post war communities and will do everything we can to make this dream a reality. However, India would like to remind fellow nations that such changes should reflect the spirit of the United Nations Charter and respect each and every country’s’ national sovereignty.

Committee: Security Council Topic: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform Country: Russia As the Russian Federation, we strongly support the UN Peacekeeping as a fundamental principle of the United Nations. Enforcement powers are invariably necessary when attempting the vastly ambitious task of such paramount importance – maintaining world peace and resolving conflicts between nations and groups peacefully and efficiently. Even though peacekeeping operations and subsequent works have been following the UN Charter closely, Russia is primarily concerned by the problems from the current Standby Arrangements. Firstly, there are the international relations involved when only certain state troops are involved in operations - there can be hidden influence that otherwise does not directly contradict the charter, but could strongly reshape the economic relations in the target country. The other problems involved with Standby Arrangements include the reported sexual abuse and harm to military troops in foreign climates and regions – thus it is evident that more must be done to improve the efficacy of peacekeeping. With the underlying flaws of the Standby arrangements, Russia would like to bring attention to the dormant Military Staff Committee. On a logistics and political basis, reactivating this sub-branch under the Security Council could directly operate peacekeeping missions, and we believe that is a definite advancement towards the current situation. Furthermore, the Russian Federation finds it unnecessary to split of DPKO into peace operations and field support, as SSR should be intricately tied to any field operations. We believe that Peacekeeping should be focused in all aspects, not just cease-fire immediate situations. Russia opens discussion for the specifics involved in SSR, for it is essential to develop further infrastructure and agenda for these missions. We also propose the training of possible military personnel in scene of conflict to reduce harm to troops and for future uses in the SSR. Due to recent conflicts in Syria, we all know that the Russian Federation chose to veto the Syria resolution and has already sent ambassador to Damascus in an attempt to peacefully resolve this violent conflict in dialogue. The Russian Federation is against the act siding into one opposing party, and instead we strive for discussions and negotiations between opposing parties, since the UN Peacekeeping is a medium that deals with conflicts in a fair and peaceful manner. The Russian Federation is committed to discussions dealing with the definition of peace breaching and the criteria necessary for effective peacekeeping operations, so that all member states could cooperate to sustain peace and remain united under the international flag of the UN.

Committee: Security Council Topic: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform Country: Somalia

I. General statement:

The Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform is a reform system built by the United Nations to rebuilt countries which have been at war. It is a must that after a conflict has ended, that a reform of a country’s security sector takes place at once. It is vital for sustainable peace and development that people feel safe and secure, and has confidence in their Government. Post-conflict countries, such as Somalia and Sudan particularly need the reform of a country’s security sector as it keeps the country united and prevents civil wars from taking place. Somalia has been facing wars for the past centuries and gravely needs a feasible peacekeeping and security sector reform to protect our citizens from another anarchical rule. Currently, the Transitional Functional Government is doing its utmost in improving the situation, but the aftermath of the war has caused the country to become divided. Without a government for more than two decades, it is time for Somalia to rebuild itself and tackle the situation. This will ensure that there is no further losses and threats to the international committee. Our goal in this conference is to encourage more firm and structural action from governments from around the world to calm the situation and bring peace to the land.

II. Particulars

The TFG recognizes that the current military has much power and realizes that the best and most effective way to solve this is through a security sector reform. The TFG hopes the international community will give more aid to solve the conflicts and help to construct a better security sector, so that citizens may live more safely and put more confidence in the security personnel in the country. Furthermore, an improved security sector reform will be able to slow down, if not stop the Al shabaab militants in Southern Somalia. Somalia has gone too long without a unified government and has declined into a country of lawlessness. Alone, we do not have the resources to rebuild and unify our country but by uniting the nations, we can ultimately unify this divided country and guide it towards a brighter future.

Committee: Security Council Topic: Peacekeeping and Security Sector Reform Country: United States of America

Peacekeeping has proven to be one of the most tools available to the UN and the international community to assist host countries navigates the difficult path from conflict to peace. Effective peacekeeping has unique strengths, including: internationally perceived legitimacy, burden sharing, and an ability to deploy and sustain troops and police/policing forces from around the globe and integrating them with civilian peacekeepers.

The delegation of the United States of America recognizes the need to support the United Nations in their peacekeeping efforts, as they represent a critical part of maintaining international peace and stability. Nearly a decade of war in Afghanistan and 8 years of war in Iraq have familiarized the United States with the process of peace building and the stabilization of statehood. Well aware of the problems faced by the UN and its peacekeeping bodies, the United States extends its full support to the strengthening of the UN’s peacekeeping capacities and to the countries’, which contribute to this effort. The United States is willing to commit higher levels of attention and tangible contribution to the issue of peacekeeping in order to promote growth and cooperation and help to overcome some of the obstacles facing the UN-US relationships. The United States however understands that whilst peacekeeping is an essential asset to the UN and to the wider international community as a fundamental part of the peace-building process, there are core problems that need to be addressed before the United States feels confident committing to contributing both more resources and personnel to United Nations peacekeeping bodies. Firstly, although the United States recognizes the important role that peacekeeping plays and the importance of investing in and strengthening capacities for training both international security companies and local security forces, we also appreciate that in any situation of conflict or post-conflict rehabilitation, peacekeeping can only be a temporary measure, investing into the securities sector is essential to ensure long-term, peaceful development. In order to confront the acknowledged issues, the United States of America relies on the United Nations organs responsible for institution and program building, to promote human rights and to help install the rule of law, effective police training programs and civil infrastructure improvement. Furthermore, as one of the major members of North Atlantic Treaty Organization, we strongly believes in the use of institutions within NATO such as the International Security Assistance Force, which will aim to in the near future assist and support the UN peacekeeping authorities to help better achieve their goals, specifically in relation to policing, judiciary and customs areas. Lastly it is the opinion of the United States that the gap in communications between the UN Security Council and other UN organs and actual UN peacekeeping troops, after initial deployment has led rise to questions regarding the accountability and the dependability of UN peacekeeping troops. Most recently, peacekeepers deployed to Haiti in 2010 under MINUSTAH, have been accused of exploiting their power and

positions as peacekeepers. This incident highlights the gross communications void between UN core bodies and individual units of peacekeepers in deployment, and it is this void, which has led to countless incidences where the accountability of UN peacekeepers has come under fire from the international community and has embarrassed the credibility of the UN. In conclusion, it is the opinion of the United States of America that UN peacekeepers are an invaluable necessity in preserving and promoting international peace but that as peacekeepers and peacekeeping bodies within the UN stand today, the United States finds great difficulty in further supporting them. Changes need to be made to the dysfunctional systems regarding peacekeeping in order to promote communication between peacekeepers and their dispatchers, to create a greater sense of accountability in regards to peacekeepers and a more transparent flow of information from peacekeepers and the UN to the international community. Also, greater investment must be made into strengthening the securities sectors of various post-conflict countries, because the United States would like to re-iterate that peacekeeping cannot by nature, be a long-term solution and that whilst it is necessary, investing into securities sectors and promoting selfdetermined growth of a country in the long term is as important if not more important.

15 Â