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xtf/–xtf/ cf]/fnf] ‰b}{ hls{gdf s'jfsf] kfgL lnP/ kms{+bf cfwf 306f nfU5 .Æ lhNnfsf] klZrdL kxf8df kg]{ xb]{gL dfljdf b'O{ 306f k/sf] ;f]?ª uflj;sf ;d]t u/L $#! ljBfyL{ cWoog/t 5g\ . @)$% ;fnb]lv ;+rflnt o; ljBfnodf lkpg] / zf}rfnodf k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf nflu #) j6f hls{gsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|wfgfWofks s[i0fk|;fb /]UdLn] rf/ sIffeGbf tnsf ljBfyL{nfO{ eg] kfgL lng gk7fPsf] atfP . ækfgLsf] uhf]{ 6fg]{ of] afx]s csf]{ ljsNk 5}gÆ, k|c /]UdL eG5g\ . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf u0f]z sfsL{n] ljBfnodf dfq geO{ cf;kf;sf ufpFdf ;d]t kfgLsf] ;d:of ePsfn] g]jf / kLcf/8L;L gfds u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfn] rnfPsf] v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm uflj; 3f]if0ffsf] cleofg c;kmn ePsf] atfP . [ ods'df/ /fO{, pbok'/
ef]6]sf]zLdf hnljB't\ / ko{6g ljifodf 5nkmnsf qmddf :yfgLo . 5nkmndf em8k x'g] 8/df k|x/L kl/rfng ug'{k/]sf] lyof] .
ef]6s ] f]zLdf tgfj Û hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf sf/0f ¥ofkm\l6ªsf nflu ljZjljVoft ef]6]sf]zLsf] cfsif{0f u'Dg] vt/f a9]sf] 5 .
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lˆ6ª / sfoflsª h:tf ;fxl;s hnofqfsf nflu ;+ ; f/ k| l ;4 ef] 6 ] s f] z Ldf hnljB' t \ cfof] h gf of cfof]hgf;Fu} ko{6g klg eGg] ljjfbsf] aLrdf dWoef]6]sf]zL hnljB't\ cfof]hgfn] sfd z'¿ u/]sf] 5 . k|d'v /fhgLlts bn / ax';+Vos :yfgLon] cfof]hgf clxn]s} l8hfOgdf aGg'kg]{ c8fg lnPsf 5g\ eg] ko{6g Joj;foL / s]xL :yfgLon] l8hfOg abn]/ gbLsf] ko{6sLo ;DefjgfnfO{ klg hf]ufpg'kg]{ dfu u/]sf 5g\ . oxL ljjfbn] ubf{ o;cl3 dWoef]6]sf]zLaf/] cfof]lht 5nkmn / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd ;d]t layf]lnPsf lyP . lrlnd] hnljB' t \ sDkgL nufotn] ?=!% ca{sf] nufgLdf lgdf{0f ug{ nfu]sf] !)@ d]ufjf6sf] dWoef]6]sf]zL hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfljt l8hfOgdf dfld{ª–& rfs'df gbL y'g]/ ;'?ªaf6 kfgL k7fO{ uftL–# hDa'df ljB't\ pTkfbg ug]{ k|fjwfg 5 . o;f] ubf{ ef]6]sf]zLsf] lgs} cfsif{s tLg lsnf]ld6/ If]qdf ¥oflˆ6ª, sfoflsª ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf uftLs} j8f g+=% ;v'jfaf6 &% d]ufjf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg u/]/ ko{6gnfO{ klg c;/ gkg]{ u/L cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] ko{6g Joj;foLx¿ atfpF5g\ . tfTsflns nfe x]/]/ cfof]hgfsf] kIfdf
nfu]sf :yfgLo / /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cfjfh s]xL rsf]{ 5 eg] lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ x]/]/ cfof]hgf;Fu} gbL ;+/If0fsf] klg kIf lng]x¿sf] :j/ cln dl;gf] . ko{6g Joj;foL d]3 cfn] eG5g\, æhnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf s]xL 36fP/ gbL ;+/If0f u/f}+ eGg]dfly cfqmd0f x'gyfn]sfn] 8/sf sf/0f s;}n] af]Ng] cfF6 gu/]sf] xf] .Æ ;fj{hlgs ;'gj' fO{df o:tf] dt /fVg] :yfgLo kbd >]i7 / ljqmd >]i7dfly v's'/L k|xf/ g} ePsf] lyof] . uftL–( sf ch'{g >]i7 ef]6]sf]zLsf] ¥oflˆ6ªaf6 :yfgLon] kmfObf gkfPsfn] cfkm"x¿n] cfof]hgfaf6 w]/} cfzf /fv]sf] atfpF5g\ . pgL eG5g\, æ/f]huf/L, cfly{s nfe, hUufsf] d'cfAhf / cGo cj;/sf b[li6n] xfdL hDa'd} ljB't\ cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf kIfdf 5f}+ .Æ l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;dy{ g klg o;} kIfdf 5, oBlk :yfgLon] o;sf] k5fl8 k|d'v tLg /fhgLlts bnnfO{ cfof]hgfn] 7"n} gub ;xof]u lbg] jrgn] klg sfd u/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . uftL–( s} /fdsfhL >]i7 eG5g\, æcfof]hgf :yfgLosf nflu vr{ ug]{ eGbf klg /fhgLlts bnnfO{ v';'Ss /sd lbP/ sfd cl3 a9fpg] kIfdf 5 .Æ cfof] h gfn] jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ Vofn g/fv]sf]df eg] :yfgLo klg lgs} !^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
/d]z s'df/
cfqmf]lzt 5g\ . uftLdf k/LIf0f ;'?ª vg]/ vx/]vf]nfsf] 5]pdf y'kfl/Psf] 9'Ëfdf6f]n] j:tLnfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] ;'?ª lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg lxdfn xfO8«f]sf sfG5faxfb'/ lh/]n klg :jLsf5{g\ . pgL eG5g\, æcfof]hgfn] 9'Ëfdf6f]sf] Joj:yfkg gu/] j:tLdf c;/ kg{ ;S5 .Æ ;'?ª vGg ul/Psf] Anfl:6ªn] #)) dL6/dflysf] j:tLsf s]xL 3/ rls{Psf :yfgLo dfgsfhL >]i7n] atfP . t/, cfof]hgf kIf eg] lj:t[t jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sgn] jftfj/0fLo c;/ Go"g x'g] b]vfPsf] atfpF5g\ . cfof]hgf k|d'v k|sfzdfg >]i7 t hnljB't\ cfof]hgfn] ko{6g Joj;fodf klg c;/ gkfg]{ bfaL u5{g\ . pgL eG5g\, æ¥oflˆ6ª / sfoflsªsf nflu k|rlnt :yfg ljB't\ u[xeGbf tn} ePsfn] o;n] ko{6g Joj;fodf c;/ ub}{g .Æ dWoef]6]sf]zL ljjfb tTsfn ;'N‰g] 5fF6sfF6 5}g . t/ cfof]hgfsf] c;/ To; If]qdf v'ns ] f s/f]8f}+ nufgLsf l/;f]6d{ f ;d]t kg]{ ePsfn] ko{6g Joj;foLx¿n] lgdf{0f /f]Sg /fli6«o bafa l;h{gf ug]{ / cbfntdf d'2f xfNg] tof/L ul//x]sf] Joj;foL d]3 cfn]n] atfP . g]kfn P;f]l;P;g ckm ¥oflˆ6ª Ph]G6\; -gf/f_ sf cWoIf gfgLsfhL yfkf eG5g\, æef]6]sf]zL gbL ¥oflˆ6ªsf nflu ljZjs} ;ftf}+ pTs[i6 gbL ePsfn] o;sf] ljZjJofkL cfsif{0f hf]ufpg cleofg z'¿ ug]{5f}+ .Æ t/, cfof]hgf lgdf{tfx¿ eg] hnljB't\ pTkfbg u[xeGbf tnlt/ @) lsnf]ld6/ eGbf a9L If]qdf ¥oflˆ6ª ug{ ldNg] ts{ cl3 ;fb}{ lgdf{0f g/f]Sg] kIfdf 5g\ . k|d'v >]i7 eG5g\, æko{6g Joj;foLnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbP/ eP klg xfdL cfof]hgf cl3 a9fpF5f}+ .Æ [ /d]z s'df/ 11
lj:d[t s[lt
adf{sf] ;D‰gf–!^ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] dWolt/ adf{df /x]sf /0fz"/ lnDa"n] n]v]sf] / aL; jif{kl5 hubDaf k|sfzgn] 5fk]sf] adf{sf] ;D‰gf clxn] lj:d[ltdf k'u]sf] 5 . adf{df 5Fbfsf] cg'ejdf cfwfl/t g]kfnL hflt / efiffk|lt k|]d ‰Nsg] lnDa"sf] k':ts k7gLo x'g] 7fg]/ qmdzM k|sflzt u/]sf 5f}+ . – ;Dkfbs
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;}nfO{ x}hf clg s;}nfO{ h/f] s;}nfO{ df;L, dg]{ dflg;sf] cGt} gfxL Û sf]xL ¿vd'lg ;'t]sf ;'To} 5, sf]xL afF;sf ‰f+udf klN6/x]sf] 5, sf]xL af6fsf] 5]pd} d/]/ b'u{Gw cfO/x]sf] 5 . gbL, kf]v/Lsf] 5]pdf ‰g\ w]/} dflg;} dflg;sf] nfz dfq 5 . cg]s k|sf/sf] b'Mvdfly oxL af6fdf rf]/x¿ klg a];L nfUg] u/]sf] lyof] . uf]nL uf]nfsf] 8/n] efUb}5g\ clg lognfO{ ?lkofF k};fsf] dfof 5}g, h;f]t;f] u/L logsf p2]Zo cfˆgf b]z k'Ug]5 . lognfO{ olt a]nf hlt k};f dfu] klg kfOG5 egL a}nsf] uf8f rnfpg] dflg;x¿ efu]/ cfPsf dflg;l;t s;d; u/L @)÷– ef8f rlncfPsf] 7fpFdf !))÷– dfUg] u/] Û !))÷– lbP/ lx+8fP clg @ lbg lx+8]kl5 nf} d t hfGg, dnfO{ h/f] cfpg nfu]sf] 5 eGg nfUb5g\ / cln ls/fof a9fOlbP dfq hfG5' eG5g\ . x'G5 x'G5 @–$ ?lkofF a9\t} lbpFnf eGbf– xf]Og hDd} saf]n u/]sf ?lkofF clxn] b]p clg !%–@) ?lkofF a9\tf b]pm eGy] . !))÷– sf] 7fpFdf !@%÷– lbP . !%–@) lbgsf] af6f]df aNn #–$ lbg lx+8] . k};f klxn] lnOxfNof], c¿ uf8f kfOGg . b'lgofFnfO{ rflx+ /fv]sf] 5 . cfˆgf dfndQf lnP/ cfPsf uf8fjfnfn] lbglbg} hfGg hfGg eGg] s'/f dfq ub}{5 . cfwf af6f] k'u]/ af‰L h'‰L dfndQf cnkq kf/L kms{G5g\ . cln j/ cfP/ cs}{nfO{ ‰'SofO{ ToxL rfnf u/L s]xL km'TsfpF5g\ . logsf] of] rfn b]v]/ hDd} uf8f ;/sf/sf] x's'dn] dfq rNnf clg h'g uf8fjfnfn] af6fdf o:tf uf]ndfn s'/f unf{, of efUg]x¿sf pk/ ckzAb k|of]u u/L lyrf]ldrf] unf{ l;kfxLn] uf]nL xflglbg" eGg] x's'd eof] / cln zflGt eof] . rf]/x¿sf] klg x"n rlng} /xg] . logL rf]/x¿ af6fdf bfp x]l//xg], hxfF dfG5] PSn} b'Sn} e]6] ltgsf pk/ cfP/ ‰'lGgP, xlyof/ b]vfP/ 8/fO{ wDsfO{ ;Fudf NofPsf lhlg; ?lkofF k};f n'l6nu] . cln pgLx¿n] eg] h:tf] geP df/L xfNg] Û rf]/x¿sf] gLr sfo{ a'´gnfO{ Pp6f gd"gf oxfF lbOG5M Pp6f afx'g / afx'gL cfˆgf 3/af/ uf]7 5f8L af6f nfu]sf lyP . 3/b]lv Ps} lbgsf] af6f] k'Ub} rf]/x¿sf km]nf kl/xfn] . k|yd, rf]/x¿ # hgf lyP, cfpg]ljlQs}– P t]/f]df hlt wg 5, xfdLnfO{ lbO{ xfn egL eg] . xft hf]/]/ xfd|fdf w]/} k};f 5}g, af6fsf vr{nfO{ clnstf NofPsf 5f}+ eGbf geGbf Pp6fn] 6fpsfdf xlyof/ rnfOxfNof] . afx'gsf 6fpsfaf6 /utsf] wf/f axgnfUof] . afx'gL ?g s/fpg yflng\ . # ;o hlt k};f NofPsf] afx'gn] rf]/sf xjfnf u/] . c‰} 5 ls egL afx'g afx'gL b'j}sf] s'6'/f] cfFusf] n'uf hDd} vf]nL x]/], s]xL gb]Vtf hfpF egL k};f nu]/ rf]/ af6f nfu] . 12
lx+8\g] a]nfdf s'/f ub}{5g\– df/L /fvf}+ df/L /fvf}+ egL ;Nnfx u5{g\ . aLrdf Pp6fn] hfg b]pm k};f kfOxfNof}+ eg]sf]n] b'j} k|f0fL afFr]/ cfP . afx'g afx'gL s]xL lbgsf nflu hgsk'/df 5g\ . bfjn] xfg]sf] rf]6 % dxLgfdf aNn lgsf] eP5 . o:tf rf]/sf nflu klg l;kfxLx¿n] e]6] uf]nL xfGg" eGg] x's'd ePsf] lyof] . rf]/x¿n] slt l;kfxLx¿nfO{ g} ;'tfOlbP . o; af6fdf rf]/, udL{, w"nf], cGg x}hfsf] 7"nf] si6 ;xg ug{ k¥of] . / hgtf /f]O{ lg:sFbf rf]/sf nflu l;kfxLsf] kx/f, cGg si6 b"/ ug{ bfn rfdn g'g t]nsf] aGbf]a:t, x}hfsf] nflu 8fS6/x¿ k7fOP clg kl5kl5 cln ;'lj:tf x'g uof] . u/La hgtf t ;w}+ b'MvL g} x'G5g\ clg pgdf si6 ;xg ug{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{ w]/} x'G5, p:tfx¿nfO{ b'Mv eP tfklg x'Fb}gYof] . 7"nf / ;fwf/0f hg ?Fb} lyP . Pp6f ¿vsf km]bdf %–& hgf dflg; $–^ hgf cfO{dfO{ #–$ hgf ljZjf;L gf]s/ al;/x]sf 5g\ . n'ufkmf6f b]Vbf clg pgsf z/L/sf] sf]dn c+ux¿ b]Vbf :ki6} yfxf xf]OhfG5 ls logLx¿ wgL lyP x'gg\ . cfh of] b'u{lt 5, lx+8\bf lx+8\bf yfs]/ cfO{dfO{x¿ otfplt 9NsL cfzf / lg/fzf, af6fsf] si6 c;Xo b'MvnfO{ ;D‰L d'‰f{P/ r"krfk 5g\ . dflns klg r"k ;':tfO/x]sf] 5 . gf]s/x¿ otfplt 8'nL 8'nL bfp/f kft 9'+uf vf]hL s]xL ksfpg], vfg] OGthfd ug{ nfu]sf 5g\ . h] ;Fudf 5 pxL rLh kfSof] . ljz]ifsf] k|of]hg eP klg kfOFb}g . ;fg}b]lv ;'vk"j{s a:g] afgL ePsf] dflg;nfO{ e'O{+df ;'Tg kbf{ ¿vsf d'lg w]/} si6 kg{ hfG5 . vfg] a]nfdf eg] h:tf] vfg gkfpFbf klg si6 ;D‰G5 . h;sf] oxfF cfˆgf] b]zdf sf]xL 5}g, oxfF slxn] cfPsf] 5}g, clg wg ;DklQ 5|}g– To:tfsf] b'Mvsf] t cf/kf/ s]xL yfxf x'Gg . pxfF ;'vL hLjg latfPsf dflg; ef/t cfP/ Ps d'6\7L vfgsf] nflu lx+8\g knf{ egL ;f]Rbf s:t} b[9 ljZjf;L 7"nf d'6' ePsf dflg; klg cfltbf /x]5g\ . pk/f]Qm kl/jf/sf dflg; klg a]nf avtdf log} s'/fx¿sf] ;D‰gf u/L u/L cfF;' v;fNby] . Pp6fsf] uxe/L cfF;' b]v]/ csf{sf] klg cfFvfdf cfF;' cfpFbYof] . d'vn] af]Nb}gg\, r"krfk ?G5g\ . b'lgofFsf] 3'OFrf] 5, of] cfF;'nfO{ s;n] b]V5 / < cfkm" ?of], ;':tfof], vfof], clg km]l/ lx+8\of] . sxfF hfG5f} egL eg] ef/t hfG5f}+, 3/ sxfF < –– 3/ 5}g Û slt o:tf kl/jf/ af6fdf lyP . ;'vL sf]xL 5}g . ;a} b'MvL, ;a}sf] laNnLaf7, ;a}sf] ;fd' Pp6f cToGt sl7g ;jfn Û /f]hL / hLljsf ;f]Rb} ljrfb}{ dft[e"ldsf z/0fdf cfOk'u] x'gg\ . dflg; efu]/ b]z hfgnfO{ lx+8], 3/df tfnf nfP/ 5f8]sf] dfnnfO{ pxL+ a;]sfn] kmf]/kmf/ kf/L dfndQf a6'naf6n kfg{ yfn] . qmdzM
lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
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k|x/Ln] hlt ;dft] klg nfu"cf}ifwsf] dfu / vkt al9/x]s} clg ;d:of ‰fg\‰fg\ ljs/fn aGb}5 . 8Da/s[i0f >]i7 • nfu"cf}ifw lgoGq0f sfg"g sfof{Gjog OsfO{ -PPgPncfO{o"_ gofF afg]Zj/sf] k|x/L 6f]nLn] @& h]7df sf7df8f}+sf] ;]tLb]jL–(, rfNgfv]ndf ** j6f Kofs]6df ljb]z k7fpg l7Ss kfl/Psf] @^$) s]hL r/]z a/fdb ug'{sf ;fy} kfFr hgfnfO{ ;dfTof] . To;cl3 @$ j}zfvdf sf7df8f}+, af8e~Hofªdf af@r ^!&) g++ sf] 6f6f df]afOnaf6 !)% s]hL / ;LtfkfOnfdf #! s]hL r/]z a/fdb ePsf] lyof] .
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t @)^*–h] 7 @)^( aLrsf] tLg dxLgfdf /fhwfgLdf a/fdb / kqmfp nfu"cf}ifw tyf sf/f]af/Lsf] of] ljj/0f g]kfndf eO/x]sf] nfu"cf}ifwsf] cj}w wGbfsf] eofjx cj:yf ‰Nsfpg sfkmL 5 . k|x/Ln] c;f/ klxnf] ;ftf klg /fhwfgLsf ljleGg :yfgaf6 nfu"cf}ifw;lxt ;ft hgfnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!@ sf] hgj/Lb]lv d];Ddsf] kfFr dxLgfdf sf7df8f}+df cj}w nfu"cf}ifw sf/f]af/df ;dfltg] !)%^ k'u]sf 5g\, h;dWo] (&# g]kfnL, &( ef/tLo / rf/ hgf t];|f] d'n'ssf gful/s 5g\ . tLdWo] $@ g]kfnL, b'O{ ef/tLo / Ps t];f| ] d'ns ' sf • h]7sf] t];|f] ;ftf /fhwfgLsf ljleGg dlxnf 5g\ . a/fdb nfu"cf}ifw kl/df0f / kqmfp JolQmsf] ;+Vofn] of] cj}w sf/f]af/df :yfgaf6 @@ xhf/ ^@) hgfnfO{ Ps 8f]h k'Ug] ?=%^ nfv %% xhf/ s'g} sdL gcfPsf] :ki6 5 . -x]= 6]a'n_ ut jif{ g]kfne/ ;dfltPsf @!^# hgf d"Nosf] !!#! u|fd v}/f] x]/f]Og;lxt kfFr hgf ;dfltP . h]7s} bf];|f] ;ftf nfu"cf}ifw sf/f]af/LdWo] (& dlxnf;lxt ?=@& nfv $% xhf/ a/fa/sf] v}/f] @)@* g] k fnL / !! dlxnf;lxt !#% ljb]zL lyP . pgLx¿af6 #& xhf/ !*^ x]/f]Og, r/]z, a'k/glkm{g, PDk'n / s]hL ^(! u|fd ufFhf, @(@$ s]hL $%& 8fO{h]kfd;lxt ^ hgf ;dfltP . u|fd r/]z, !! s]hL %*^ u|fd x]/f]Og / @#%# u|fd clkmd a/fdb ePsf] lyof] . • uPsf] r}t t];|f] ;ftf k|x/Ln] To:t} #( xhf/ ^(% yfg 8fO{h]kfd, @& ljleGg :yfgdf rf/ ef/tLo / xhf/ %#* yfg a'k/glkm{g / *# xhf/ Ps r]s gful/snfO{ ?=!$ nfv &^@ 6\ofAn]6 cGo nfu"cf}ifw klg a/fdb %) xhf/ d"Nosf] nfu"cf}ifw tyf ul/Psf] lyof] . kqmfp kg]{df clwsf+z d'Vo !* r}tdf sf7df8f}+ ljdfg:yndf sf/f]af/L geO{ cf];f/k;f/df ;+nUg el/of bf]xf p8\g nfu]sf hd{g gful/s ePsf] PPgPncfO{os " f jl/i7 k|x/L pk/LIfs a|]08 Sn]lG:rld08nfO{ @@ s]hL r/]z;lxt ;dft]sf] 5 . r}ts} klxnf] -P;P;kL_ gj/fh l;njfn atfpF5g\ . ;ftf sf7df8f}+ aNv'af6 ?=@^ nfv a/fa/sf] ^%) u|fd v}/f] x]/f]Og;lxt k'/fgf sf/f]af/L k|x/Lsf cg';f/ b]zdf pTkfbg x'g] / aflx/af6 b'O{ hgf kqmfp k/]sf lyP . 14
lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
cfpg] nfu"cf}ifwsf] ^) k|ltzt /fhwfgLdf / To;kl5 kf]v/f, w/fg, jL/u~h, lj/f6gu/, g]kfnu~h, a'6jn, e}/xjf, hgsk'/ h:tf zx/df vkt x'G5 . g]kfndf a|fpg ;'u/, XjfO6 ;'u/ / kmdf{:o'l6sn nfu"cf}ifw a'k/glkm{g, gfO6«f]lhkfd, 8fO{h]kfd ef/t / t];|f] d'n'saf6 cfpF5g\ . sf7df8f}+df jL/u~hx'Fb} x]6f}+8faf6 nfu"cf}ifw /fhwfgL lelqG5 eg] g]kfnd} pTkfbg eP/ ljb]z t:s/L x'g] r/]z ef/tsf] uf]jfx'Fb} o'/f]k, cd]l/sf k'U5 . @& h]7df sf7df8f}+sf] rfNgfv]ndf ;dfltPsf] clxn] ; Dds} ;a} e Gbf 7" n f] kl/df0fsf] @^$) s]hL r/]z :yndfu{af6 uf]jf n}hfg] tof/L ul/+b} lyof] . To;;Fu} nfdf] ;dob]lv nfu"cf}ifw sf/f]af/df ;+nUg dsjfgk'/sf x:taxfb'/ ?Daf, tLy{axfb'/ /fO{, jL/] nfdf, rGb|axfb'/ uf]n] / s'df/ nfdf kqmfp k/]kl5 k|x/L of] wGbfdf ;+nUg k'/fgf / cg'ejL t:s/x¿sf] d"n g]6js{df k'Ug] k|of;df 5 . @ c;f/df !!)) yfg a'k/glkm{g / b'O{ PdPnsf Tolt g} 8fO{h]kfd;lxt kqmfp k/]sf eQmk'/sf rGb|axfb'/ kf]8] nfu"cf}ifw sf/f]af/df h]n k/]/ !! c;f]h @)^* df 5'6]sf JolQm x'g\ . k|x/Lsf cg';f/ b'O{ bzsb]lv sf7df8f},+ eQmk'/ / nlntk'/df yf]s laqm]tf /x]sf kf]8] nfu"cf}ifw ahf/df …xfs'Ú eg]/ lrlgG5g\ . !( h]7df (% u|fd v}/f] x]/f]Og;lxt yfgsf]6df cfsfz elgg] dtn'a cG;f/L ;dfltPkl5 nfdf] ;dob] l v ef/tsf] /S;f}naf6 sf7df8f},+ x]6f}8+ f, lrtjg, kf]v/f nufotsf zx/df v}/f] x]/f]Og k7fpg]
@& h]7df sf7df8f}+sf] rfNgfv]naf6 a/fdb ul/Psf] @ xhf/ ^$) lsnf] r/]z, r/]z agfpg] sRrf kbfy{ / kqmfp JolQmx? .
rLg kfls:tfg sf7df8f}+
9fsf Dofgdf/
xªsª dsfp
ef/t
tfOjfg
a}s + s dn]lzof l;+ufk'/ O08f]gl] zof
fn
ci6«l] nof
/ …xf]d 8]lne/LÚ ;d]t ug]{ jL/u~hsf cgj/ cG;f/L klg k|x/Lsf] km]nf k/]sf 5g\ . æcG;f/L ;d"xsf JolQmx¿ ;dfltPkl5 /S;f}ndf nfu"cf}ifwsf d'Vo l8n/ Odfd / ;~ho ePsf] kQf nfu]sf] 5Æ, nfu"cf}ifw lgoGq0f OsfO{sf k|x/L pk/LIfs -P;kL_ z]/axfb'/ a:g]t eG5g\ . @$ j}zfvdf af8e~Hofª / ;LtfkfOnfsf] b]jL elgg] b]j]Gb|ljqmd /f]Ssf -5kfnL_sf] 3/af6 r/] z ;lxt uf] l jGbs' d f/ /f] S sf 5GTofn, dglht 3lt{du/ / gu]Gb| yfkf ;dfltP klg d'Vo cleo'Qm b]jL km/f/ 5g\ . k|x/Lsf cg';f/ nfdf] ;dob]lv r/]z sf/f]af/sf] cGt/f{li6«o g]6js{df ;+nUg b]jL @)#^ df 8]9 dxLgf / @)$@ df ;f9] rf/ jif{ h]n e'Qmfg u/]/ 5'6]sf JolQm x'g\ .
t:s/Lsf cg]s pkfo
% c;f/df PS;k|]; d]n ;le{;sf] Kofs]6df n'sfP/ Aofª\ss\xbF' } a]Olhª k7fpg nfluPsf] ;ft s]hL / cfD;68{d k7fpg nfluPsf] 8]9 s]hL r/]z sf7df8f}+ ljdfg:yndf a/fdb eof] . uPsf] df3df sf7df8f}+af6 ljleGg sfuf]{ / s'l/o/dfkm{t nfu"cf}ifw ljb]z k7fpg] cd]l/sL gful/s lqmli6g lk6/ l:6Un/ !!$) u|fd r/]z;lxt ;dfltOg\ . df3s} klxnf] ;ftf ;f9] ;ft s]hL r/]z;lxt bf]xfx'Fb} d:sf] hfg nfu]sf ?;L gful/s ONb'z sfKs]Oe sf7df8f}+ ljdfg:ynd} ;dfltP . @) h]7df sf7df8f}+ snÍLdf ;dfltPsL uLtfb]jL k6]n -s'dL{_ n] ^!$ u|fd v}/f] x]/f]Og xln{S;sf] a§fdf /fv]/ ;ft jif{sL 5f]/LnfO{ af]sfPsL lyOg\ . uLtfn] Ps
ljleGg ;dodf l;/s–8;gf, xln{S;sf] a6\6f / ‰f08fleq n'sfP/ cf];f/k;f/ ug{ nfluPsf nfu"cf}ifw .
@)!@ sf] kfFr dxLgfdf kqmfpM !)%^, ljb]zLM *# ufFhf M @)%(# s]hL &(@ u|fd r/]zM !*!@ s]hL !!* u|fd lx/f]OgM ^ s]hL (@& u|fd clkmdM )=% s]hL 8fO{h]kfdM @$*&$ yfg a'k/glkm{gM !&^&* yfg x\ofl;; kfp8/M !#$ s]hL sf]lsgM ! s]hL ufFhfsf] w"nf]M !#$ s]hL cGo 6\ofan]6M !^!%^ yfg k6s jL/u~haf6 nfu"cf}ifwx¿ sf7df8f}+ k'¥ofpFbf ?=%))) kfpg] u/]sf] k|x/LnfO{ atfOg\ . !% h]7df sf7df8f}+, gfu9'Ëfdf af@v #%)& gDa/sf] ofq'jfxs uf8Ldf cb'jfsf ^ j6f af]/fdf n'sfP/ NofOPsf] !)! s]hL r/]z;lxt wflbªsf 6f]saxfb'/ tfdfª kqmfp k/]sf 5g\ . @) kmfu'gdf l;/xfsf dLgs'df/ >]i7 / dsjfgk'/sf v8\uaxfb'/ kf}8]n jf*r %$&& gDa/sf] af]n]/f] hLkdf ?=!$ nfv a/fa/sf] &))) yfg a'k/glkm{g / 8fO{hk] fd ;lxt sf7df8f}+sf] afnfh'df kqmfp k/]sf lyP . pgLx¿ /S;f}naf6 nfu"cf}ifw NofP/ sf7df8f}s + f l8n/x¿nfO{ a]Rg] ub{y] . To;sf] 7Ls Ps dxLgfcl3 @) df3df tLgs'g]df !^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
gf#v ^#)% gDa/sf] ef8fsf] k]6f« n] 6\ofÍ/df $))) yfg a'k/glkm{g, 8fO{h]kfd;lxt rfns cfOtl;+ x lyª ;dfltPsf lyP . @$ kmfu'gdf ;fdfv'zLdf ?=! s/f]8 @) nfv a/fa/sf] !@)) u|fd Knfli6s sf]6]8 ;]tf] x]/f]Og;lxt ;'kf/f]ª tfdfª ;dfltPsf lyP . ckmuflg:tfgaf6 NofOPsf] of] x]/f]Og o'/f]k k7fpg] tof/L eO/x]sf] a]nf ;dfltPsf] lyof] . ljdfg:ynsf] P06L gfsf]{l6s PlePzg :Sjf8n] ebf} @)^* df 8«fug Po/af6 xªsª hfg nfu]sf ;f]n'v'Da'sf sdf{ UofNh]g nfdf / l/lGhg z]kf{sf] k]6df Knfli6s sf]6]8 r/]z km]nf kf/]sf] lyof] . c;xh cj:yfdf ljdfg r9\g nfu]sf sdf{sf] k]6af6 !@%@ u|fd / l/lGhgsf] k] 6 af6 (&@ u| f d r/] z lgsflnPsf] lyof] . To:t}, yfGsf k]lG6ª c8\ofpg] KnfOp8sf] 808fdf r/]z lgof{t ug]{ g'jfsf]6sf >Ldfg nfdf klg kqmfp k/]sf 5g\ . pgn] kl5Nnf] k6s ebf} @)^* df @& j6f yfGsfsf] 808fdf $^)) u|fd r/]z a]nfot k7fpg nfu]sf lyP . P;P;kL gj/fh l;njfn k|x/Ln] s8fO u/] klg lsg]/ nfu"cf}ifw ;]jg ug]{ qmd g36]sfn] Jofkf/ df}nfO/x]sf] atfpF5g\ . !%–#) jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf tGg]/L nfu"cf}ifwsf] s'ntdf kmF;]sf / @)–#% jif{sf dflg; sf/f]af/df ;lqmo 5g\ . PPgPncfO{os " f k|dv ' 8LcfO{hL ofbj clwsf/L eG5g\, æ;d:of ljs/fn aGb} uPsfn] ;fdflhs ;+3–;+:yf, ljBfno, lzIfs–cleefjsx¿ rgfvf] x'gk' g]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . gq l;+uf] lszf]/ k':tfnfO{ nfu"cf}ifwn] aaf{b ug]{5 .Æ [ 15
l/kf]6{
hUuf sf/f]af/df dfcf]jfbL
u'Daf klg
%f]*g] g\ åGåsfndf sAhf u/]sf] hUuf a]r]/ l;4\ofpg nfu]sf dfcf]jfbLsf cfFvf ca ;+3;+:yfsf ;DklQdf kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . ;Gt ufxf du/ / b]ljsf 3tL{ du/
g]
kfn du/ ;+3 t'n;Lk'/ gu/ ;ldltn] uPsf] @$ j}zfvdf @%%^cf}+ a'4 hoGtL dgfpFbf k|x/Lsf] d2tdf bfª t'n;Lk'/–% l:yt gd5' af}4 u'Dafsf] tfnf tf]8\of] . sf7df8f}+af6 a'4sf] d"lt{ lnP/ uPsL u'Daf lgdf{0f ;ldltsL k"j{ ;b:o nLnf k'g elG5g\, æclx+;fjfbL a'4sf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ug{ klg Hofgs} afhL yfKg' k¥of] .Æ t'n;Lk'/–% gfdLgu/sf u0f]z a'9fn] @$ df3 @)%& df uf}/LufpF s'nf], kft'vf]nf, k'/fgf] c~rnfwLz sfof{no hfg] uf]/]6f] / s'naxfb'/ s];Lsf] 38]/LaLrsf] sl/a & s6\7f hUuf g]kfn du/ ;+3 t'n;Lk'/ gu/ ;ldltnfO{ lbPsf lyP -x]= td;'s_ . lsQf g+=%$& sf] Tof] hUufdf ;ldltn] u'Daf lgdf{0f u¥of] . t/, du/ ;+3sf] lhNnf cWoIf x'Fbf s[ltdfg k'gn] u'Dafs} sDkfp08sf] hUuf k|d] af7f / /fds'df/ /fptnfO{ a]rs ] f /x]5g\ . a'4 hoGtLdf k|x/L, ;dfh;]jL / :yfgLojf;Lsf] /f]xj/df kmf]l/Psf] u'Dafsf] tfnf ltg} s[ltdfg, k|]d af7f nufotsf Pdfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{n] nufPsf lyP .
c;/ du/ ;+3;Dd
u'Dafsf] hUuf hf]ufpg jL/axfb'/ a'9f du/n] !# h]7 @)^* df bfo/ u/]sf] d'2f k'g/fj]bg cbfnt t'n;Lk'/df ljrf/fwLg 5 . dfcf]jfbLn] k|]d af7fsL >LdtL dgs'df/L / /fds'df/sf] gfdaf6 jL/axfb'/lj?4 lhNnf cbfntdf xfn]sf] s'6lk6 tyf ?=@# nfv a/fa/sf] wgdfn n'6kf6;DaGwL d'2fdf eg] cbfntn] @* h]7 @)^( df jL/axfb'/nfO{ 16
b]ljsf 3tL{ du//
hUuf hf]ufpg ;lsgF
jL/axfb'/ a'9f du/ lgjt{dfg cWoIf, du/ ;+3, t'n;Lk'/
@)%* b]lv @)^* ;Dd du/ ;+3sf] t'n;Lk'/ gu/ ;ldlt cWoIf ePF . u0f]z a'9fn] @)%& df ;+3nfO{ lbPsf] hldgdf u'Daf agfpg] lg0f{o eof] . t/, ;+3sf] lhNnf cWoIf ;d]t /x]sf Pdfcf]jfbLsf s[ltdfg k'gn] cfˆgf dfG5]nfO{ u'Dafsf] hUuf laqmL u/]kl5 ljjfb pTkGg eof] . k| z f;gdf uP/ k6s–k6s ;D‰f} t f u¥of}+, t/ hUuf 5f8]gg\ . dfcf]jfbLn]
;D‰f}tf ub}{ pN6fpFb} u/], hldg hf]ufpg ;lsgF . arfpg vf]Hbf d'2f v]Kg' k¥of] . dfcf]jfbLsf] unt lgotn] ubf{ du/– du/aLr kmf6f] cfPsf] 5 . [
hUuf lgMz'Ns, lbPsf] x'F s[ltdfg k'g lgjt{dfg cWoIf du/ ;+3, bfª 3f]/fxLdf gd5' u'Daf x'Fbfx'Fb} t'n;Lk'/df lsg csf]{ gd5' u'Daf g} agfpg'k¥of] < jL/axfb'/ a'9fnfO{ x6fP/ k|]d af7fnfO{ gu/ ;ldltsf] cWoIf agfpg] lg0f{o d]/} xf] . k|]dnfO{ u'Dafsf] !% ld6/ hUufdf 3/ agfpg klg eg]s} x'F, t/ k};f lnPsf] 5}g . ?=$ s/f]8 vfPsf] eGg] xNnf unt xf] . qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ af]s]/ lx+8]sf] dfG5] d clxn] ;+3sf] cWoIf geP klg hUufsf] lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
d'2f v]lk/x]sf] 5' . du/x¿ Ps x'g'k5{ eg] klg ;fyLx¿sf] ;+sL0f{ ;f]rn] ubf{ ;Dej ePsf] 5}g . [
gd5' u'Daf / u'Daf sDkfp08leq agfOPsf] k|]d af7fsf] 3/ . du/ ;+3nfO{ u0f]z a'9fn] lbPsf] hUufsf] td;'s .
lgbf]{if 7x/ u/]sf] 5 . jL/axfb'/n] lxdfn ;Fu eg], æ‰'6\7f d'2faf6 5'6sf/f kfP klg dfcf]jfbLn] vf];]sf] hUuf du/ ;+3nfO{ lkmtf{ u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .Æ cbfntn] jL/axfb'/nfO{ ;kmfO lbP/ cfkm"x¿lt/} cf}+nf 78\ofP klg k|]d /
/fds'df/n] u'Daf sDkfp08df agfPsf] 3/ x6fpg'sf] ;f6f] u'Dafd} tfnfaGbL u/]sf 5g\ -x]=t:aL/_ . s[ltdfg u'Dafsf] hUufdf 3/ agfpg lbPsf] c:jLsf/ ub}g{ g\, t/ cfkm"n] lgMz'Ns hUuf pknAw u/fPsf] bfaL u5{g\ . pgL eG5g\, æ!% ld6/ hUufdf 3/ agfpg' eg]sf] xf], rf/ s/f]8 ?k}ofF vfof] eGg' /fhgLlts k"jf{ux| afx]s s]xL xf]Og .Æ u'Daf ;ldltsf ;b:o eg] pgLx¿n] dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿sf] ;+/If0f kfP/ ;+:yfsf] hUuf a]rs ] f] atfpF5g\ . k|d] Pdfcf]jfbL kf]ln6Ao"/f] ;b:o nf]sG] b| lji6 du/sf cfkmGt / s[ltdfg gftfdf :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o tyf cy{dGqL jif{dfg k'gsf bfh' k5{g\ . s[ltdfg / k|d] klg cfkm"x¿nfO{ Pdfcf]jfbLsf] s]Gb|Lo txaf6 ;dy{g /x]sf] n'sfpFb}gg\ . du/ ;+3b]lv Pdfcf]jfbL s]Gb|Lo g]tfx¿ ;d]t cfˆgf] kIfdf /x]sf] s[ltdfgn] atfP . sf7df8f}+df k6s– k6s k|of; ubf{ klg dGqL k'g / lji6n] e]6 glbPsf] u'Daf ;ldltsf Ps ;b:o atfpF5g\ . g] k fn du/ ;+ 3 s] G b| L o ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;fd"lxs / 5'§f5'§} u/L !) k6s bfª k'u] klg ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5}gg\ . cfkm}+ Pdfcf]jfbL ;dy{s /x]sf
!^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
;+3sf jl/i7 pkfWoIf a;Gt 3tL{ klg ;d:of ;N6fpg g;s]/ kms]s { f 5g\ . ;+3sf dxf;lrj gjLg /f]sf du/ bfªsf] hUuf ljjfbsf] c;/ l;+uf] du/ ;+3df k/]sf] atfpF5g\ . @( d+;L/ @)^* df ePsf] ;+3sf] bzf}+ dxflwj]zgdf bfªaf6 ?b| a'9f du/sf] g]tT[ jsf] cflwsfl/s sfo{;ldlt / s[ltdfgn] u7g u/]sf] ef]knfn a'9f du/ cWoIf /x]sf] csf]{ ;ldltsf b'O{ j6f k|ltlglwd08nn] efu lnPsf lyP . du/ ;+3sf] tLg bzssf] Oltxf;df o:tf] slxNo} ePsf] lyPg . u'NdLsf] tD3f;df ;DkGg dxflwj]zgdf jif{dfg k|dv ' cltly lyP . du/ ;+3 t'n;Lk'/sf cWoIf 6Lsf 3tL{n] ;+3sf] hUuf lkmtf{ dfu]kl5 Pdfcf]jfbLn] u'Dafsf] hUufdf 3/ agfPsf k|d] af7fnfO{ g} cWoIf agfPsf] 5 . ;+3sf gu/ ;Nnfxsf/ 6f]kaxfb'/ 3tL{ eG5g\, æ;+3 s'g} klg kf6L{df cf:yf /fVg] du/x¿sf] ;f‰f ;+:yf xf], t/ dfcf]jfbLn] Psnf}6L agfpg vf]Hbf o:tf] eof] .Æ åGåsfndf sAhf u/]sf hUuf a]r]/ ;lsg yfn]kl5 dfcf]jfbLsf cfFvf ;+3;+:yfsf] ;DklQdfly kg{ yfn]sf] gfd atfpg grfxg] Ps hgf t'n;Lk'/jf;Ln] atfP . u'Daf k5fl8sf] hUufdf k]d| / s[ltdfg clxn] klg Knl6ª ul//x]sf 5g\ . [
17
l/kf]6{
hn;|ft]
vt/fdf
g]kfnsf] kfgL lj
Zj AofÍsf] …u+ u f gbLsf] a] l ;g P;];d]G6Ú eGg] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnn] l;+rfO, af9L /f]syfd h:tf kmfObf ;d]t lng] u/L ax'p2]ZoLo hn;|f]t kl/of]hgf agfpg] l9kL 5f8]/ l56f]l56f] lah'nL pTkfbg u/L cfly{s nfe p7fpg'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . rf/ jif{ nufP/ dfr{ @)!@ df tof/ kfl/Psf] !$# k[i7sf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn–ef/t ;xsfo{df ljB't\ pTkfbg ug'{nfO{ …pRrtd kmfObfÚ sf] ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . g] k fnn] ax' p 2] Z oLo afF w agfpF b f ef/tdf af9L lgoGq0f / l;+rfOdf kmfObf k'Ug] ePsfn] To;sf] nflu nufgL ug{ ef/tnfO{ eGb} cfPsf] lyof] . t/ ljZj AofÍsf] k|ltj]bgn] Tof] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub}{ l;+rfOsf] nflu ef/td} kfgL kof{Kt ePsf] / g]kfndf aGg] afFw ef/tdf af9L lgoGq0f ug{ kof{Kt gx'g] atfPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgn] u+uf a]l;gdf kg]{ g]kfnsf] 18
ljZj Aofª\sn] g]kfnsf] hn;|f]tsf] a9L pkof]lutf lah'nL lgsfn]/ laqmL ug'{df 5, l;+rfO / af9L /f]syfd h:tf cGo s'/fdf 5}g eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 . ;/f]h bfxfn
If]qdf s'n $) xhf/ d]ufjf6 lah'nL lgsfn]/ jflif{s % ca{ cd]l/sL 8n/ cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsg], To;df klg hnfzodf cfwfl/t @# j6f 7"nf afFwo'Qm kl/of]hgfaf6 jif{}el/ @% xhf/ d]ufjf6 pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] s'/f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf o;/L lgtfGt hnljB't\ sf nflu 7"nf afFwsf] ;Defjgf b]v]sf] ljZj AofÍsf] cWoog k|ltj]bgn] To;af6 ef/tsf] l;+rfO jf af9L lgoGq0fdf eg] s'g} ;xof]u gk'Ug] s'/f :yflkt ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . hnljB't\ s'g} klg afFw kl/of]hgfsf] Pp6f kf6f] dfq xf] . l;+ r fO, :jR5 vfg]kfgL e08f/0f / Ps a]l;gaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf kfgL :yfgfGt/0f ax'p2]ZoLo pRr afFw kl/of]hgfsf c¿ cfofd x'g\ . o;sf cGo ;fdflhs / ljsf;sf kIfx¿ klg x'G5g\ . t/ tL s'g} s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ gu/]sf] k|ltj]bgn] l;+rfOsf] nflu e"ldut kfgLsf] pkof]udf Psf]xf]/f] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . g]kfndf lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
s/La !!=% ca{ 3gld6/ e"ldut kfgL ePsf] / o;af6 t/fO{ If]qsf] %=& nfv x]S6/ hldgdf l;+rfO ug{ ;lsg] o;cl3sf cWoogn] b]vfPsf 5g\ . rnfvLk"0f{ tl/sfaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] a' l ‰g] ljZj AofÍ k| l tj] b gn] g] k fnsf afFwaf6 s;nfO{ kmfObf k'U5 eg]/ v'nfPsf] 5} g . k| l tj] b g ef/t ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgdf{0f txnfO{ k|efljt ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] x'g;Sg] g]kfnsf hn;|ft] lj1x¿ atfpF5g\ . pgLx¿sf cg';f/, lxdfnaf6 pTkGg ePsf g]kfnsf gbLdf 7"nf afFw agfpg ef/t klxn]b]lv g} OR5's /x]sf] cj:yfdf ljZj AofÍaf6 g]kfnsf] kfgL ljB't\ afx]s cGo ljsNkdf pkof]uL gx'g] k|ltj]bg cfpg'nfO{ ;+of]u dfq dfGg ;lsGg .
;/sf/L rf;f]
g]kfnaf6 lg:sg] ;a} gbL u+ufsf] ;+/rgfdf
g]kfndf kfgL hn;|f]t ;DaGwL ljleGg k':ts, cWoog–cg';Gwfg / k|ltj]bg cg';f/, k[YjLdf pknAw kfgLdWo] (&=@ k|ltzt vfg cof]Uo g'lgnf] / afFsL s/La # k|ltzt -#=% s/f]8 3glsnf]ld6/_ dfq vfgof]Uo 5 . vfgof]UodWo] klg @=( 3glsnf]ld6/ a/kmsf] ¿kdf 5 . Ps hgf dflg;nfO{ ;/n ¿kn] hLjg wfGg s/La #))) 3gln6/ kfgL rflxG5 . t/, dflg;sf] hLjgrqm wfGg k[YjLdf $@ nfv 3glsnf]ld6/ dfq kfgL pknAw 5 . To;}n] ljZjdf kfgL /fhgLlt rls{g] b]lvG5 . If]qkmnsf] lx;fan] k[YjLsf] )=! k|ltzt e"–efu cf]u6]sf] g]kfndf :jR5 kfgL eg] )=$% k|ltzt 5 . hg;+Vofsf] lx;fan] g]kfndf kfgLsf] pknAwtf cg'kft k|ltJolQm &))) 3gln6/ 5 . g]kfnsf] ;fnfvfnf ^ xhf/ gbLgfnfaf6 jflif{s @@% ca{ 3gld6/ kfgL au]/ hfG5 . xfn;Dd g]kfnsf] ^^ k|ltzt hg;+Vofn] kfOkaf6 gbLgfnfsf] kfgL pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ eg] l;+rfOof]Uo s'n !& nfv ^^ xhf/ x]S6/ hldgdWo] !! nfv ($ xhf/ ^@* x]S6/df l;+rfO k'u]sf] 5 . kfgLaf6 g]kfnn] l;4fGttM *# xhf/ d]ufjf6 lah'nL lgsfNg ;Sg] elgP klg clxn];Ddsf] pTkfbg ^)) d]ufjf6 dfq 5 . kb{5g\, h;n] ;d'b|df ldl;g'cl3 g]kfn, ef/t / aËnfb]znfO{ afFWb5 . o;/L oL b]zx¿ grfx]/ klg kfgLsf] d'2fdf hf]l8Psf 5g\ . of] kl/l:yltdf cfPsf] ljZj AofÍsf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnsf] bL3{sfnLg hn;|f]t ljsf;nfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] cfsng u/]/ o;df cflwsfl/s wf/0ff agfpg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] uPsf] @* h]7df l;+rfO ;lrj ljGb| f xf8fsf] ;+ o f] h sTjdf !! ;b:oLo sfo{bn u7g u/]sf] 5 . sfo{bnn] oxL !& c;f/df lj1x¿;Fu 5nkmn ub}{5 . ljifoj:t'sf] ufDeLo{nfO{ x]/]/ lj1x¿sf] ;'‰fj lng vf]lhPsf] ;lrj xf8fn] atfOg\ . cy{ dGqfno j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;dGjo dxfzfvfsf ;x;lrj nfnz+s/ l3ld/] eG5g\, æhfgsf/Lsf] nflu dfq k7fOPsf] cWoog k|ltj]bgdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ax; g} rnfpg'kg]{ geP klg ljifo uDeL/ ePsf]n] pRr:t/Lo sfo{bn agfP/ cWoog ug'{k/]sf] xf] .Æ o;cl3 cy{n] k|ltj]bgaf/] wf/0ff dfUb} l;+rfO, jftfj/0f / pmhf{ dGqfno, hn tyf pmhf{ cfof]usf] ;lrjfno / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ k7fPsf] kqsf] hjfkmdf ;a}n] g]kfnsf] lxtdf gePsf] hjfkm lbPsf lyP . g]kfnsf] ;':t sd{rf/LtGqdf oqf] ;lqmotf NofOlbg] of] k|ltj]bg s] k|of]hg / s;sf] ;xdltdf aGof] eGg] /x:odo g} 5 . k|ltj]bgsf] tof/Ldf s'g} b]zsf clwsf/L ;xefuL ePsf klg 5}gg\ . hn tyf pmhf{ cfof]usf] ;lrjfnon] @* r} t @)^* df cy{ dGqfnonfO{ k7fPsf] hjfkmdf k|ltj]bg tof/L ug]{ qmddf g]kfnsf ljleGg lgsfo;Fu 5nkmn ul/Psf] pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . pmhf{ dGqfnosf Ps ;x–;lrj k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] qmddf hn tyf pmhf{ cfof]u, pmhf{ / l;+rfO
dGqfnosf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ s]xL k|:t'lt b]vfOPsf], t/ To;k|lt /flvPsf c;xdlt / ;'‰fj k|ltj]bgdf st} pNn]v gePsf] atfpF5g\ . cy{ dGqfnonfO{ …k|ltj]bgsf ljleGg lgisif{x¿ g]kfnsf] hn;|f]t -pmhf{, l;+rfO, af9L lgoGq0f_ ljsf;df uDeL/ c;/ kfg]{ k|s[ltsf b]lvPsf]Ú ;'‰fj k7fPsf hn tyf pmhf{ cfof] u sf] ;lrjfnosf ;x;lrj >L/~hg nfsf}n g]kfndf pRr afFw agfpFbf ef/tsf] af9L lgoGq0fdf s'g} k|efj kb}{g eGg] ljZj AofÍsf] k|ltj]bgaf6 cfkm"x¿ crlDdt ePsf] atfpF5g\ . nfsf}n eG5g\, æg]kfn / aËnfb]zsf] dfq tYofÍ /fv]/ ul/Psf] cWoognfO{ s;/L kTofpg] < Æ hn;|f]t;Fu ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfosf clwsf/L sf]zLsf] rt/fdf afFw agfpFbf jiff{df af9L lgoGq0f / lxpFbdf l;+rfO x'g] h:tf] 5n{Ë ljifonfO{ ;d]t n'sfpg vf]lhPsf] atfpF5g\ .
kfgLsf] :jfy{
…u+uf gbLsf] a]l;g P;];d]G6Ú elgP klg k|ltj]bg g]kfn s]lGb|t 5 . o;df u+ufsf] clwsf+z efu kg]{ ef/tsf] s'g} tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5}g . hn;|f]t dGqfnosf k"j{ ;lrj ;f]dgfy kf}8]n ljZjdf kfgLsf] dxŒj lbgk|ltlbg al9/x]sf] a]nf of] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnsf] kfgLsf] dxŒjnfO{ hfgfhfg sd ug{ vf]hs ] f] atfpF5g\ . æk|ltj]bg s'g} :jfy{kl" t{sf] p2]Zoaf6 ag]sf] b]lvG5Æ, kf}8]n eG5g\, ælsgeg], g]kfnsf] 7"nf] afFwn] jiff{df af9L 5]Sg] / lxpFbdf tNnf] efu cyf{t\ l5d]sL ef/tnfO{ :jR5 kfgL pknAw u/fpg] s'/f 3fd h:t} 5n{Ë 5 .Æ ljleGg cWoogn] b]vfP cg';f/, kfgLsf] pkof]lutfsf] lx;fan] g]kfndf ljB't\ t];|f], !^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
l;+rfO bf];|f] / :jR5 vfg]kfgL klxnf] :yfgdf kb{5g\ . t/, ljZj AofÍsf] cWoogn] vfg]kfgL / l;+rfOsf] pkof]lutf c:jLsf/ u/]sf]n] of] kfgLdfly g]kfnL kIfsf] lgoGq0f sd agfpg cfPsf] x'g;Sg] hn;|f]t;Fu ;DalGwt Ps ;/sf/L clwsf/L atfpF5g\ . k"j{ hn;|f]t ;lrj ;"o{gfy pkfWofo eG5g\, æ;'Svfofddf kfgLsf] cefj 6fg{] ef/tLo k|oTg / g]kfndf hnljB't\df nufgL ug{] ljZj AofÍsf] rfxgfsf] kl/0ffd x'g;S5, of] k|ltj]bg .Æ sltko lj1 k| l tj] b gnfO{ ef/tsf] ;b\efjljgf u+uf a]l;gdf sfd ug{ ;ls+b}g eGg] a'‰fOsf] kl/0ffd 7fG5g\ . g]kfnsf] kfgL cGt st} gr'xfO{ ;Lw} cfkm}+n] pkof]u ug{ rfxg] ef/tn] 6gsk'/ / u08sb]lv gf}d/' ] ax'p2]ZoLo kl/of]hgfdf cfˆgf] rfxgf k| i 6 kfl/;s] s f] 5 . slknj:t' s f] #$ xhf/ x]S6/ hldgdf afx|} dxLgf l;+rfO k'¥ofpg] ax'p2]ZoLo gf}d'/]nfO{ ef/tn] ljB't\ pTkfbgsf] Psn p2]Zoaf6 cufl8 a9fpg bafa lb+ b } cfPsf] 5 . @)^# ;fnsf] pmhf{ ;Dd]ngdf tTsfnLg /fhb"t lzjz+s/ d'vhL{n] g]kfnsf] nflu @%) d]ufjf6sf] ljB't\ cfof]hgf pkxf/ :j?k agfOlbg] 3f]if0ff ubf{ gf}d'/]tkm{ ef/tsf] Wofg To;} uPsf] xf]Og . lj1x¿ ef/tsf] cfjZostfn] ubf{ ca kfgL blIf0f Pl;ofnL /fhgLltsf] s]Gb|df cfpg] atfpF5g\ . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf hfgsf/ ªldGb| bfxfnsf cg';f/ kfgL kg]{ lbg 36]sf], t/ k/]sf] kfgLsf] cg'kft plQs} 5 . o;/L 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} kfgL kbf{ jiff{df af9Lsf] hf]lvd a9\5 . of] cj:yfdf 7"nf afFw / e"ldut ¿kdf dfq kfgL ;+lrt ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n], g]kfndf aGg] 7"N7"nf pRr afFw;Fu gbL h8fg kl/of]hgfdf sfd ul//x]sf] ef/tsf] :jfy{ a9]sf] 5 . [ 19
cfj/0f
;
g\ !($) sf] bzsdf cf}klgj]lzs :jtGqtf tyf ;dfhjfbL qmflGt ePsf s]xL PlzofnL tyf clk|msL d'n'sdf ;Qfdf k'u]sf sDo'lg:6 / ;dfhjfbLx¿ hgtfsf] dg lhTg] cy{tGqsf] ljsf; s;/L ug]{ eg]/ lrlGtt lyP . …Osf]gf]lds l8k]G8]G;L Yof}/LÚ sf] cfwf/ …l;+u/–k|]la:s y]l;;Ú sf k|ltkfbs cy{zf:qL /fpn k|f]lazn] ltgsf] of] lrGtfsf] ;dfwfg klxNofOlbP— …cfoft k|lt:yfkg, lgof{t k|j4{g / cf}Bf]lusLs/0f u/Ù gq ljb]zL -ljsl;t d'n's_ n] vfOlbG5g\Ú eg]/ . :6«Sr/n Osf]gf]ldS;df ljZjf; /fVg] ch]{lG6gL cy{zf:qL k|f]lazsf] ljrf/;Fu rLgsf rfpPg nfO{, OG8f]g]lzofsf ;'sfgf]{ / ef/tsf hjfx/nfn g]x¿;Fu} OlhK6sf udfn cAb]n gf;]/, o'uf]:nfleofsf df;{n hf]lzk a|f]h l66f] cflb g]tfx¿ ;xdt eP . cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu /fHo cufl8 a9\g'k5{, t/ /fHosf k|zf;lgs OsfO{af6 dfq Tof] ;Dej 5}g eGg]df Psdt pgLx¿ Tof] afWotfnfO{ lrg{ /fHo lgolGqt ;+:yfgx¿sf] k|fb'ef{j ug]{ lbzfdf cufl8 a9] . tL d'n'sn] cy{tGqsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / cf}Bf]lusLs/0f;Fu} /fHosf] sNof0fsf/L p2]ZonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cEof; z'¿ u/];Fu} ;g\ %)–^) sf] bzsdf Plzof, clk|msf / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf cGo d''n'sn] klg cf–cfˆgf] cfly{s–;fdflhs–/fhgLlts lrGtg–;+:sf/ cg'?k o;nfO{ ckgfP . cy{ljb\ s]zj cfrfo{ ljZj cfly{s zlQmsf ¿kdf pbfPsf Plzofsf rLg / ef/t x'g\ jf s]Gof, tfGhflgof, OlhK6 nufotsf clk|msL d'n'sÙ pgLx¿sf] cfhsf] cfly{s j[l4sf] d'Vo cfwf/ ltg} /fHo lgolGqt ;+:yf -pBf]u_ ePsf] atfpF5g\ . ef/tdf t tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL g]x¿n] olt;Dd eg]sf lyP, ælrDgLaf6 w'jfF k'Tk'tfO/x]sf ejg g} lxGb':tfgsf rf/wfd x'g\ .Æ nf]s sNof0fsf/L p2]Zoaf6 :yflkt lxGb':tfg d]lzg 6'N; -PrPd6L_, ef/tLo O:kft lgud, ef/t x]eL OSjLKd]06 6'N;, :6Ln cyf]l/6L Ol08of lnld6]8 nufotsf gf} j6f ;+:yfgnfO{ clxn] klg ef/tsf] …gj/TgÚ elgG5 . lghL If]qsf] pRrtd ljsf; eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf klg ef/tsf] :6s dfs]{6df oL k|lti7fgsf] :yfg pkNnf] bhf{df 5 . /fHosf k|zf;lgs lgsfoaf6 cfly{s lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ g;lsg] x'gfn] g]kfnn] klg ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx¿sf] cfjZostf cg'ej u¥of] . g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud, hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8 -hr'sfln_, jL/u~h lrgL sf/vfgf lnld6]8, b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfg, x]6f}+8f sk8f pBf]u, lxdfn l;d]G6 nufot s/La &) j6f ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf oxL ;f]rsf] kl/0ffd lyof] . cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf Aofsjf8{–km/jf8{ ln+s]h -cu|–k[i7 ;DaGw_ :yflkt ub}{ d'n'ssf] cy{tGq lj:tf/sf nflu vf]lnPsf oL ;+:yfgaf6 z'¿–z'¿df ck]lIft k|ltkmn k|fKt ePsf klg lyP . 20
@)#) sf] bzsdf cTolws /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/]sf] hr'sflnsf nflu ;"tL{ pTkfbg u/]/ l;/xfb]lv /f}tx6;Ddsf ls;fgn] cfocfh{g u/]sf lyP . d'n'ssf] s'n /fh:j p7\tLdf hr'sflnsf] gfd ah]6 efif0fd} kYof]{ . afF;jf/L 5fnf–h'Qf sf/vfgfn] kxf8sf ;fsL{ / dw]zsf rdf/ ;d'bfosf dflg;nfO{ cfly{s ultljlwdf hf]8]sf] lyof] . b]ze/af6 ;+sng u/]/ sf/vfgfn] k|zf]wg u/]sf] 5fnfsf] pknAwtfn] sf7df8f}+df y'k|} h'Qf pBdL hlGdPsf lyP . cfh cy{tGqdf oL ;+:yfgsf] s'g} pkl:ylt 5}g . lghLs/0f / vf/]hLsf] k|lqmofaf6 hf]luPsf #^ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg klg l3l6s\–l3l6s\ 5g\ . ;/sf/n] logsf] Jofj;flostf / sfo{bIftf a9fpg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ u7g u/] klg To;nfO{ slxNo} ;|f]t;fwg ;DkGg agfPg . cg]s If]qaf6 cg]s lsl;dsf] c;xof]u a]xf]/]sf] af]8{n] g]kfn cfon lgud, ljB't\ k|flws/0f / jfo';]jf lguddf sfo{sf/L k|d'v lgo'lQmsf nflu u/]sf] v'nf cfj]bg ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cGtl/d cfb]zaf6 /f]lsPsf] 5 . tL ;+:yfsf xfn sfodd'sfod sfo{sf/L k|d'vx¿ cfkm" af]8{n] tf]s]sf] of]Uotfleq gk/]kl5 k'/fg} dfkb08sf] dfu ub}{ ;jf]R{ r uPsf x'g\ . gofF k|ljlwsf sf/0f g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg / pkef]Qmfsf] ljZjf;sf sf/0f b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfg rrf{df /x] klg lghL If]qsf] cufl8 ;du|df ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿sf] pkfb]otf cfly{s dl:tissf] lj:d[ltdf k'u]sf] 5 . /fHosf] ?=!^) ca{ nufgL ePsf ;+:yfgn] d'lZsnn] jflif{s ?=% ca{ k|ltkmn lbG5g\ . ;+:yfgx¿n] of] xljut lsg ef]Ug'k¥of] < æ/fhgLltsf] lzsf/ eP/Æ, cy{ljb\ cfrfo{ eG5g\, æbIftfn] x}g, /fhgLlts elQmn] ;+:yfgdf xfnLd'xfnL ug{ k'u]sf csd{0o JolQmn] v'nf ahf/ cGtu{t cfqmfds ¿kdf cfPsf lghL sDkgL;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;s]gg\, ;+:yfnfO{ :kwf{d} cfpg g;Sg] rqmJo"xdf kf/] .Æ @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 sltko sdhf]/ ;+:yfg g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/sf] v'nfahf/ cy{gLlt / lghLs/0fsf] gfddf dfl;P eg] afFsL /x]sf k|ltkIfL g]skf Pdfn]sf] lj/f]wsf sf/0f gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;d:ofdf k/]/ sfo{stf{ etL{s]Gb|df kl/0ft eP . To;kl5 b/af/sf] …slG:k/]G;L kf]lnl6S;Ú / dfcf]jfbLsf] lx+;fTds ljb|f]xsf] r]k'jfdf k/]sf nf]stflGqs bnx¿sf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/L cy{tGq rnfpg] / a]/f]huf/L yfGsf] nufpg] pkfo aGg k'Uof], aFr]v'r]sf ;/sf/L ;+:yfg sfo{stf{ kl/rfng u/]/ bnLo /fhgLlt l6sfpg] ynf] ag] . o:tf] /f]u clxn] lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf hgtfsf cfwf/e"t clwsf/;Fu hf]l8Psf ;+:yfdf ;d]t ;/]sf] 5 . ljZjljBfno xf];\ jf c:ktfn, cwf]ultlt/sf] ofqfsf] sf/s Pp6} 5— /fhgLlts x:tIf]k . lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfndf eg] sfnf] afbndf rfFbLsf] 3]/fsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\— 8f= uf]ljGb s];L . d'n'ssf cGo ;+:yfgdf klg ;+:yf hf]ufpg] cleofgdf o:tf uf]ljGb s];Lx¿ cufl8 cfpg] x'g\ eg] ;dy{g ug{ hgtf tof/ 5g\ . [
lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
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ck/];g
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b]zsf ;a} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kn] ynf kfg{ nfUbf lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfn dxf/fhu~hdf Ps hgf cyf]{k]l8s ;h{gn] a]lylt lj?4 ck/];g z'? u/]sf 5g\ .
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!@ c;f/df sf7df8f}+sf] dxf/fhu~hl:yt lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfnsf] jf8{ /fp08sf qmddf 8f= uf]ljGb s];L .
8Da/s[i0f >]i7 !^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
j{q /fhgLlt xfjL ePsf] g]kfndf s'g To:tf] ;+:yf jf JolQm afFsL xf] n f, hf] :jfy{ a f6 d' Q m /x] / ;fj{hlgs lxtdf lqmofzLn ePsf] xf];\ . o:tf] a]nf sf7df8f}s + f] dxf/fhu~hl:yt lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfnsf k|f= 8f= uf]ljGb s];L -%%_ s'g} a]nf Plzofs} /fd|f] :jf:Yo k|lti7fgdf ulgPsf] of] ;+:yfnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm kf/]/ klxnfs} k|lti7fdf kmsf{pg] o'4df 5g\ . /, ;dsfnLg g]kfndf c;Dej h:tf] nfUg] of] o'4df Vofp6] Hofgsf 8f= s];L qmdzM ljhoL alg/x]sf 5g\ . c:ktfndf jl/i7tfsf cfwf/df jf k|lt:kwf{af6 of]Uo k|dfl0ft eP/ cfPsfnfO{ dfq kbflwsf/L lgo'Qm ug{k' g{] dfu ul//x]sf 8f= s];Ln] !! c;f/b]lv cfd/0f cgzg ug]{ 3f]if0ff ubf{ :jf:Yo dGqfno / lqljsf kbflwsf/Lx¿df 7"n} v}nfa}nf dlRrof] . lsgeg], /fhgLlts cfzLjf{baf6 cfPsf c:ktfnsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] rf/jif{] sfo{sfn k"/f eP/ cf7 dxLgf gf£bf klg dGqfno / ljZjljBfnoaf6 gofF kbflwsf/L Nofpg] s'g} kxn gePkl5 8f= s];Ln] bf];|f] k6s cfd/0f cgzgsf] tof/L u/]sf lyP . pgsf] g}lts zlQmn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;dy{gaf6 cflQPsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] Dofb lat]sf 8Lg 8f= c?0f ;fo\ldnfO{ x6fP/ tTsfnsf nflu ;xfos 8LgnfO{ k|d'v agfpg] / @) c;f/leq of]Uo JolQmnfO{ kbflwsf/L agfpg] jrg lbPsf 5g\ . 8f= s];L;Fu s] To:tf] zlQm 5, h;n] lzIf0f c:ktfndf df} nfPsf] /fhgLlts df]nflxhfnfO{ h/}b]lv xNnfpg ;Sof] / /fhgLlts efua08faf6} cfPsf lqljlj clwsf/Lx¿ jl/i7tf jf lgikIf k|lt:kwf{ 21
cfj/0f u'h/ft, ef/t–@))!
@)^% df sf]zL gbLsf] …:k/Ú km'6]/ cfPsf] ljklQkl5 8f= uf]ljGb s];L . @))! df ef/tsf] u'h/ftsf] e"sDkkl5 / @)!! df kfls:tfgsf] af9Lkl5 -bfofF_ . /, !@ c;f/df sf7df8f}+sf] dxf/fhu~hl:yt lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfnsf] /fp08sf qmddf -tn_ .
kfls:tfg–@)!!
8Da/s[i0f >]i7
u/fP/ of]Uo JolQmnfO{ kbflwsf/L agfpg] k|lta4tf hgfpg afWo eP < c¿nfO{ sd} uGg] lzIf0f c:ktfnsf !*) dWo] !^% hgf k|fWofks–8fS6/ lsg oL kfFr lkm6] ;h{gsf] ;dy{gdf pleP < !( jif{bl] v lzIf0f c:ktfndf sfo{/t 8f= s];Lsf] !^ jif{otfsf] syf ;'Gbf s'?k t/ zlQmzfnL jt{dfgnfO{ xNnfpg ;Sg] pgsf] zlQmsf] ;|f]t v'N5 .
;]jfefj g} zlQm
8f= s];L slxNo} k};fsf] kl5 nfu]gg\ . lSnlgs pgn] vf] N b} vf] n ] g g\ , hlxNo} c:ktfnsf] ;]jfdf h'6] . jif{df b'O{ k6s b'O{–b'O{ ;ftf b'u{d lhNnfsf] ;]jfdf ck]{sf 22
5g\, !^ jif{bl] v . kxf8L lhNnfdf w]/} dflg; 3fF;bfp/f ubf{ eL/kfvf / ¿vaf6 n8\g] x'gfn] ;'ljwfhgs c:ktfn k'Ug'cl3 /fd|f] k|fylds pkrf/ x'g;sf];\ eg]/ pgL :jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{ xf8hf]gL{ ;DaGwL pkrf/ ljlw l;sfpF5g\ . æut jif{ cf] v n9' Ë fx' F b } k} b n} lbSt] n cfpg'eof]Æ, vf]6fª lhNnf c:ktfnsf gf;' dl0f 9sfn eG5g\, æoxfFsf :jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{ k| l zIf0f lbP/ ef] h k' / lt/ nfUg' e of] .Æ 8f= s];Ln] ut jif{sf] ltxf/ 88]nw'/f / bfr{ ' n fdf latfP clg uPsf] h] 7 df tgx'Fsf] aGbLk'/df lzlj/ rnfP . lgoldt lhNnf hfg] afx]s ‰f8fkvfnf, zLtnx/ jf af9L–klx/f]sf] ;dfrf/ ;'g]kl5 pgL lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
labf lnP/} eP klg lx+l8xfN5g\ . uPsf] lxpFbdf t/fO{df zLtnx/ rNbf pgL cf}ifwL, Gofgf sk8f / sDanx¿ af]s]/ dxf]Q/Lsf ufpFx¿df k'u], :jf:Yo lzlj/ klg rnfP . /fd]5fksf] dfsf8'd uflj;df hGd]sf 8f= s];L o;}u/L b]zsf &% lhNnf k'u]sf 5g\ / ^) lhNnfdf :jf:Yo lzlj/ rnfPsf 5g\ . bf]xf]¥ofP/ lzlj/ rnfPsf] lhNnfsf] ;D‰gf pgnfO{ 5}g . ;]jfsf] o:tf] cleofgdf pgn] efOx¿ / s]xL ;fyLsf] ;xof]u lng] u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] dxf]Q/Lsf zLtnx/ kLl8t u/Lax¿nfO{ afF8]sf sk8f rflx+ c¿ bftfx¿af6 klg lnPsf lyP . s;}n] :jR5 dgn] ;xof]u lbg vf]h]sf] 5 eGg]df ljZj:t eP eg] dfq :jLsf5{g\, pgL . æPghLcf], cfO{PghLcf]sf] / JolQmut :jfy{ /flvPsf] 5 eg] To:tf] ;xof]u lnGgÆ 8f= s];L eG5g\, ækm]l/ cfˆg} ;|f]taf6 ;]jf ubf{ nfUg] cfgGb ct'ngLo x'G5 .Æ 8f= s];Lsf] ;]jf sd{ g]kfndf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . ;g\ @))! df $) xhf/ dfG5]sf] Hofg hfg] u/L ef/tsf] u'h/ftdf dxfe"sDk cfpFbf pgL ToxfFsf] e'h If]qdf tLg ;ftf ;lqmo eP . @))% df kfls:tfgdf To:t} 7"nf] e"sDk cfPkl5 pgn] ToxfF klg ;f9] b'O{ ;ftf :jo+;]jf u/] . @))* df pgL b'O{ ;ftf adf{df vl6P ;d'Gb|L rqmjftdf k/]sf ad]{nL ;j{;fwf/0fsf] pkrf/ ub}{ . @)!) df xfO{6Ldf tLg nfv dflg;sf] Hofg lng] e"sDk cfPsf] ;dfrf/ ;LPgPg 6]lnlehgdf x]/]kl5 8f= s];L cd]l/sfsf]
kfls:tfg–@))% .
xfO{6L–@)!) .
adf{–@))* .
;g\ @))% df kfls:tfgdf / @)!) df xfO{6Ldf uPsf] e"sDkkl5 ;]jf ug{ k'u]sf 8f= s];L / @))* df adf{df uPsf] rqmjftkl5 8fS6/x?nfO{ k|lzIf0f lb+b} -dfly bfofFaf6_ . /, ut jif{ c;f/df ef]hk'/, vf]6fª, cf]vn9'ª\uf hfg] qmddf pbok'/sf] vf]nf tb}{ / @)^% df hfh/sf]6df x}hf km}nFbf cf}ifwL lnP/ hfFb} -tn_ . t:aL/x¿ ;f}hGoM 8f= uf]ljGb s];L
pbok'/ .
hfh/sf]6 .
Go"of]s{ / ToxfFaf6 8f]ldlgsg l/klAnsx'Fb} xfO{6L k'u/] tLg ;ftfdf @#@ zNolqmof;lxt #(% hgf 3fOt]sf] pkrf/ u/] . @)!! df af9Lsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] kfls:tfgdf km]l/ b'O{ ;ftf vl6P . b]z–ljb]zdf u/]sf oL tdfd sfdsf nflu pgn] s;} a f6 Ps ?k} o fF lnPsf 5}gg\ . b]zdf ;]jfsf] o:tf] sfd cfd rng x'g;s]sf] 5}g . nf]e / dxŒjfsf+Iffn] afF lwPsf dflg;x¿ ;] j fefjaf6 hf] lug sf/0fx¿ vf]H5g\ / e]§fpF5g\ klg . 8f= s];L eg] ;]jfaf6} hLjgsf] ;Gt'li6 lnO/x]sf 5g\ . dfdf3/af6 ;]jfsf] k|]/0ff lnPsf 8f=
s];L cfl:ts / gfl:ts b'j} xf]Ogg\ . pgL slxNo} s'g} bndf cfj4 ePgg\ . pDd]bjf/sf] u'0f–bf]if x]/]/ dtbfg u5{g\ . s'/} ug'{k/] lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t ;]jf / b]zsf] k|lti7f;Fu hf]l8Psf ;/sf/L of cw{;/sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm /fVg eG5g\ . ljjfx gu/] s fn] pgL kfl/jfl/s bfloTjaf6 d'Qm 5g\, :jtGq eP/ lx+8\5g\ . PSnf] / ;flTjs ePsfn] pgsf] vr{ klg sd 5 . c:ktfnsf] sd{rf/L cfjf;d} a:g] x'gfn] tna hf]luG5 . ToxL k};faf6 ;]jf cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ . sxL+ ljklQ !^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
k/]sf] ;'g]kl5 pgL cfkm"nfO{ /f]Sg ;Sb}gg\ . o;nfO{ pgL cfˆgf] sdhf]/L eG5g\, t/ oxL …sdhf]/LÚn] pgnfO{ zlQmzfnL agfPsf] xf] . 8f= uf]ljGb s];L aGg olt g} kof{Kt 5 t < zfob 5}g . o;sf nflu To:tf] ljz]if tTj klg rflxG5 xf]nf, h;n] JolQmnfO{ b'le{Ifsf] ;dodf ;xsfnsf] lap agfcf];\ . lzIf0f c:ktfnnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]k d'Qm agfpg] cleofgn] Ps v'6l\ snf] eP klg ;kmntf kfPkl5 s];Lsf] cg'xf/df rds / b'Anf] z/L/df km'tL{ ylkPsf] 5 . pT;flxt k|f= 8f= s];L eG5g\, æxfdL ;kmn x'G5f}+, x'g} k5{Æ -x]=cGt/jftf{_ . [ 23
cfj/0f cGtjf{tf{
…bnLo efua08fsf] lgo'lQm ck/fw xf]Ú k|f= 8f= uf]ljGb s];L lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfn, dxf/fhu~h lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfn -6Lo"6LPr_ df ;'wf/ cleofg lsg rflxof] < s]xL jif{cl3;Dd 6Lo"6LPr Plzofs} cAan lzIf0f c:ktfndf ulgGYof], kbflwsf/Lx¿ JolQmut / bnut :jfy{df nfu]sfn] clxn] w/fzfoL x'g nfu]sf] 5 . s]xL lrlsT;s, g;{ / sd{rf/Ln] ljj]s gu'dfPsfn] dfq wflgPsf] xf] . ;+;f/sf ;a} b]zdf cg'ej, of]Uotf, sfo{Ifdtf, jl/i7tf / lehg -of]hgf_ sf] cfwf/df lhDd]jf/L lbg] rng 5 . k|lt:kwf{ u/fP/ 5gf]6 ubf{ klg log} cfwf/df cfpF5g\ . xfdLsxfF rflx+ /fhgLlts efua08faf6 kbflwsf/L rog ul/of] . /fhgLlts ;DaGwsf cfwf/df cfPsf kbflwsf/L ;+:yf / /fHok|lt geO{ bn / ltgsf g]tfk|lt jkmfbf/ eP . of] k|j[lQ /x];Dd kbsf] b'?kof]u, e|i6frf/ / u}/–lhDd]jf/Lkg /lx/xG5 . To;}n] s;} g s;}n] ;'wf/ cleofg yfNg'k/]sf] xf] . 6Lo"6LPr s;/L cwf]ultdf uof] < b'O{ jif{cl3 k|j]z k/LIffdf wfFwnL x'Fbf lrlsT;fzf:q cWoogsf pTs[i6 pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf]6 x'g;s]g . ljBfyL{ g} sd;n k/]kl5 /fd|f lrlsT;s pTkfbg x'g] s'/} ePg . xfdLn] wfFwnLdf ;+nUgdfly sf/afxLsf] dfu u¥of}+ . tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfnn] lzIffdGqLnfO{ lgb]{Zfg lbPadf]lhd k"j{ lzIff;lrj ho/fd lu/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf 6Lo"6LPrsf b'O{ k|fWofks, dxfGofoflwjQmf sfof{nosf clwsf/L, lzIff dGqfnosf ;x;lrj ;+nUg 5fglag ;ldlt u7g eof] . ;ldltn] bf]ifLpk/ sf/afxLsf nflu lqlj / clVtof/df l;kmfl/; u¥of], t/ /fhgLlts ;+/If0fs} sf/0f sf/afxL ePg . o;/L b08xLgtfsf] l:ylt l;h{gf ePkl5 kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ yk clgoldttf ug{ an ldNof] . 5fglag ;ldltn] clgoldttf /f]Sg of]Uotf, sfo{Ifdtf / jl/i7tfsf cfwf/df kbflwsf/L lgo'Qm ug{ klg l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] . olta]nf t sf/afxLsf] l;kmfl/; ul/Psf 8Lgsf] kbfjlw ;lsPsf] cf7 / ;xfos 8Lgsf] %–^ dxLgf lalt;s]sf] 5 . xfdL !*) lrlsT;s / lzIfsdWo] !^^ hgfn] x:tfIf/;lxt …kbflwsf/L lgo'lQm /fhgLlts efua08fsf cfwf/df geP/ of]Uotf, sfo{Ifdtf / cg'ejsf cfwf/df x'g'kg]{Ú 3f]if0ffkq 24
hf/L u/]/ /fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL, ;efd'v / ljleGg bnsf k|d'vnfO{ lbof}+ . s;}n] rf;f] gb]vfPkl5 d}n] ! h]7b]lv cfd/0f cgzg a:g] 3f]if0ff u/]+ . #! j}zfvdf km]l/ k|wfgdGqLn] !$ h]7;Dd s'g{';\ eGg'eof], d}n] l;kmfl/; ;ldltdfkm{t lgo'lQmsf] gofF dfkb08 tf]Sg pks'nkltnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg cfu|x u/]+ . pks'nkltn] l;kmfl/; ;ldltn] tLg xKtfleq jl/i7tf, sfo{Ifdtf, of]Uotf / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df k|lt:kwf{ u/fP/ dfkb08 tf]Sg sfo{;"rL lbO;s]sf] eg]/ ‰'SofP5g\ . To;kl5 km]l/ /fhgLlts efua08fsf cfwf/df kbflwsf/L lgo'Qm ug]{ if8\oGq ePsf] yfxf kfP/ lj/f]w sfo{qmd z'¿ u/]sf xf}+ . clxn] !! c;f/b]lv ug]{ eg]sf] cgzgsf] bafadf cjlw ;lsPsf 8LgnfO{ kbd'Qm ul/Psf] 5 . /, @) c;f/;Dddf 8Lg;lxt gofF kbflwsf/L lgo'Qm ug]{ elgPsf] 5 . t/ xfdL km]l/ klg k|lt:kwf{ jf jl/i7tfsf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm ul/G5÷ul/+b}g eg]/ s'l//x]sf 5f}+ . ;+:yfgnfO{ k'gM …;]G6/ ckm PS;]n]G;Ú agfpg] u/L kbflwsf/L lgo'Qm ePg eg] cfd/0f cgzg x'G5 g} . cgzgaf6 dfu k"/f xf]nf <
lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
8Da/s[i0f >]i7
x'g}k5{ . d cfkm"nfO{ kbflwsf/Ldf lgo'Qm u/ eg]/ cgzg a:g] xf]Og, s'g} a]nfsf] pTs[i6 ;+:yfnfO{ /fhgLlts efua08faf6 w/fzfoL agfPsf] x]g{ g;s]/ xf] . o:tf] lj/f]wsf sf/0f la/fdLn] t b'Mv kfpg] eP lg Û xfd|f] sfd la/fdLsf] pkrf/ ug]{ / /fd|f lrlsT;s pTkfbg ug]{ xf] . t/, la/fdL g} gx]g]{ / gk9fpg] xb;Ddsf] lj/f]w sfo{qmd ug'{kg]{ b'ef{Uok"0f{ cj:yf xfdLdfly yf]kl/Psf] 5 . /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] efua08faf6 cfPsf pks'nklt, /]S6/, /lhi6«f/ / oxfFsf e|i6 8Lgsf sf/0f o:tf] lg0f{o lng'k/]sf] xf] . ;'wf/ ePg eg] hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf, g]kfn jfo';]jf lguds} xfntdf 6Lo"6LPr k'Ug] lglZrt 5 . /fhgLlts lgo'lQm kfpg]n] ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTj jxg ug}{ ;Sb}gg\ / < /fd|f] sfd ul/lbPsf] eP ;d:of g} cfpFb}gYof] . ca t /fhgLlts lgo'lQm x'Fbf;Dd of] ;+:yfdf ;'wf/ cfpFb}g eGg] lgisif{df k'luPsf] 5 . ToxL sf/0f xfdL h;/L klg cleofg ;kmn kfg]{lt/ nfu]sf 5f}+ . oxfF ;kmn eof}+ eg] c¿ ;+:yfdf
klg o;sf] ;sf/fTds c;/ k5{ . ;kmn x'gx' G' 5 eGg] cfwf/ s] xf] < xfdL Gofof]lrt / ;f‰f p2]Zosf nflu nl8/x]sf 5f}+ . cfTdfb]lv g} nfu]sf] cleofg c;kmn x'Fb}g . ;+:yfdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf] jftfj/0f s;/L l;h{gf x'G5 < kbflwsf/Lx¿dfkm{t . pks'nkltn] rfx] of] ;d:of Ps ;]s]08d} ;dfwfg x'G5 . ;+ejtM pks'nkltnfO{ pxfFsf] /fhgLlts df:6/n] gu/ eg]sf xf]nfg\ . k|wfgdGqLn] dfkb08 agfP/ of]Uo JolQm 5fGg] k|lqmof z'¿ gu/] sf/afxL u5'{ eg]/ pks'nkltnfO{ lgb]{z lbP Ps ldg]6d} sfd z'¿ x'G5 . t/, oqf] dxLgfb]lv lj/f]w x'Fbf klg k|wfgdGqLsf] rfnr'n 5}g . /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx¿ Jo:ttfsf] axfgf agfP/ e]6\g rfxFb}gg\ . pgLx¿nfO{ bIf / Jofj;flos JolQm xf]Og, cfˆgf sfo{stf{ egf{ ug'{5 . tkfO{s + f] cleofgdf /fhgLlts bnlkR5]sf lrlsT;s, ljBfyL{, sd{rf/L o'lgogx¿n] ;xof]u unf{g\ < tLdWo] ax';+Vos of] cleofgd} 5g\, …tkfO{+ cl3 a9] xfdL ;fy lbG5f}+Ú elg/x]sf 5g\ . df}g ax';+Vos klg ;dy{gdf 5 . df}g ax'dt -;fOn]G; d]hf]l/6L_ ca af]Ng yfn]sf] xf] < af]n]s} t 5}gg\, t/ cleofgsf] ljifodf ;r]t 5g\ . lj/f]wdf sfnf]k§L afFWg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;d:of ;dfwfg xf]nf h:tf] nfU5 < /fHon] 7Ls tl/sfn] kbflwsf/L rog u/]/ cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fOlbg] xf] eg] of] ;+:yf Plzofdf dfq xf]Og, ;+;f/d} pTs[i6 aGg ;S5 . ef/tdf OlG8og d]l8sn OlG:6Ro'6nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;a} ;xof]u u5{ . ;+;f/el/ o:tf OlG:6Ro'6nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;xof]u u5{g\ . t/, g]kfndf 6Lo"6LPr dfq geO{ ;a}h;f] ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf qmdzM w/fzfoL x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . o:tf ;+:yfnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'Qm /fVg s] ul/g'k5{ < ;+:yfnfO{ :jfoQ agfpg], cfkm}+ kbflwsf/L rog ug{ lbg] xf] eg] rfF8} ;'wf/ x'G5 . /fhgLlts bnx¿n] cfkm"n] x:tIf]k u/]s}n] ;+:yfgx¿ w/fzfoL ePsf x'g\ eg]/ a'´g'k¥of] . /fhgLlts x:tIf]k lsg x'G5 eGg] nfU5 tkfO{n+ fO{ < k|e'Tjsf nflu . cfˆgf rf6'sf/x¿nfO{ k7fpFbf gh/fgf ;d]t kfpg] sf/0f klg x:tIf]k x'G5 . oqf] c:ktfndf ^@ hgf ljBfyL{sf] ;L6 5, t/ k"jf{wf/ g} gePsf cf7–gf} j6f ;+:yfnfO{ !%) ;L6;Ddsf nflu ;DaGwg lbOPsf] 5 . kbflwsf/Lx¿ k"jf{wf/ g} gePsf d]l8sn sn]hnfO{ ljz]if1 sf];{ rnfpg lbO/x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 s] a'´g] < ;+:yfgx¿df efua08fsf cfwf/df lgo'lQm ug'{ cnf]stflGqs dfq xf]Og ck/fw g} xf] . of] c:ktfndf u/La / wgLsf] a/fa/ kx'rF gx'gs ' f] sf/0f klg /fhgLlts x:tIf]k g} xf] < d'Vo t /fhgLlts x:tIf]k g} xf] . o:tf c:ktfnsf nflu /fHon] ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug'{kYof]{ . o;f] eP u/La hgtfn] af/Lsf] kf6f], j:t'efp jf c¿ s]xL a]r]/ pkrf/ u/fpg'kg{] lyPg . of] c:ktfndf lgMz'Ns pkrf/ klg x'g'kg{{] lyof] . c¿ d'n'ssf ;/sf/L c:ktfndf lgMz'Ns pkrf/ x'G5 . lrlsT;sx¿n] c:ktfndf eGbf lghL lSnlgsdf Wofg lbPsfn] klg u/Lan] :t/Lo pkrf/ gkfPsf x'g\ . oxfF l6s6 sf6\g, PS;/] ug{, k};f a'‰fpg, cf]kL8Ldf hFrfpg, egf{ x'g ;a}lt/ nfOg a:g'kg]{ x'gfn] k};f ltg{ ;Sg]x¿ klg cfpFb}gg\ . o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s] k};fjfnn] /sd lty]{, u/Lan] lgMz'Ns pkrf/ kfpFy] . o;nfO{ ;fgf] ;d:of eg]/ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5}g . t/, of] /fli6«o ;d:of xf] . [
!^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
25
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rfl/s ¿kn] oflGqs, ;+sL0f{ / h8;"qjfbL, /fhgLlts ¿kn] lj;h{gjfbL / ;+u7gfTds ¿kn] c/fhstfjfbLÚ, PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ km'6]/ …g]skf–dfcf]jfbLÚ ag]sf]df ;+:yfkgsf tkm{af6 k'iksdn bfxfnn] df]xg j}Bsf] kIfk|lt hgfPsf] k|ltlqmof o:tf] lyof] . sltkon] t l/dsf] pS;fx6df /fhfjfbL;Fu ldn]/ df]xg j}Bx¿n] kf6L{ km'6fPsf];Dd klg eg] . t/, j}B kIfsf] egfO …k|r08x¿n] kf6L{nfO{ gj;+zf]wgjfbL wf/
26
/ ;+;bLo ef;df hfs]/ qmflGtk|lt u2f/L u/]sfn] cnlUuPsf] / ca hgljb|f]xdfkm{t hgqmflGt ug]{Ú eGg] 5 . @)^! sf] r'gjfª lj:tfl/t a}7såf/f kfl/t d"nwf/sf /fhgLlts bn;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ sfo{lbzf cg';f/ ;ft ;+;b\jfbL bn;Fu ef/tdf ePsf] !@ a'Fb] ;xdlt, To;kl5 ePsf lj:t[t zflGt ;D‰f}tf nufot zflGt / ;+ljwfg kIfsf ;a} ;xdltk|lt j}B v]df slxNo} ;sf/fTds lyPg . !@ a'Fb]tfsf
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ef/tLo h]ndf /x]sf j}B / pgsf ;xof]uLn] z'¿df cNdlnP/ 36gfqmdsf] ;xL cfsng ug{ ;s]gg\ . To;kl5 !@ a'Fb]sf Ps ;"qwf/ afa'/fd e§/fO{nfO{ kfvf nufP/ cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfnnfO{ cfkm"lt/ Nofpg] s/La kfFr jif{ nfdf] k|of; ;kmn gePsf]n] cGttM cnlUuPsf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL km'6df u"6ut åGå / JolStut dgf]dflnGo;Fu} j}Bsf] h8;"qjfbL ;f]r tyf bfxfnsf] sfo{z}nLsf] vf; e"ldsf
5 . cfˆg} /fhgLlts sfo{lbzf gePsf bfxfn slxn] e§/fO{sf] ax'bnLotf, zflGt / ;+ljwfg t slxn] j}Bsf] hgljb|f]x / kl/cfP hgo'4 eGg] k/:k/ lj/f]wL sfo{lbzfdf otfptf ub}{ b'j}nfO{{ Pscsf{ lj?4 pkof]u u/]/ kf6L{leq ;j{zlStdfg eO/x] . t/, bfxfnsf] v''nf 5nkmnaf6 ;j{:jLsfo{ ;dfwfg lgsfNg'sf] ;f6f] JolQm jf ;d"x x]/]/ cfZjf;g afF8\g] sk6L z}nL / kf6L{sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]t;fwgdfly Psnf}6L lgoGq0f ug]{ Jojxf/af6 jfSslbSs ePkl5 j}Bx¿n] gofF kf6L{ hGdfpg] pkqmd yfn] . bfxfnn] e§/fO{nfO{ ;fOhdf /fVg nfdf] ;do;Dd j}Bsf] sfo{lbzfdf ;xdlt hgfO/x] . otf ;+u7gdf sdhf]/ eP klg ef/tn] dg k/fPsf / t'ngfTds ¿kdf …nf]slk|oÚ e§/fO{ k|wfgdGqLdf bfxfnsf 7"nf k|ltåGåL lyP . j}Bsf] hgljb|f]xdf /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o k|lts"ntf / k|wfgdGqL aGg] cfˆgf] k|oTgdf c;kmntf xft nfu]kl5 bfxfn e§/fO{sf] nfOgdf 9lNsP . o;}sf] kl/0ffd lyof], @* r}tdf dfcf]jfbL n8fs" lzlj/ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0fdf cfpg' . dfcf]jfbLn] ;f]r]h:tf] nfesf/L x'g g;s]sf] ;]gf ;dfof]hgnfO{ bfxfn / e§/fO{sf] u2f/Lsf] ¿kdf cYof{pFb} If'Aw ag]sf j}Bx¿ ToxL ljGb'af6 5'§} kf6L{ agfpg] lgisif{df k'u]sf x'g\ . g]kfnsf sDo'lgi6x¿ cGts{nx / 6'6km'6df c¿eGbf cufl8 5g\, /fhgLlts ;'wf/ ls zf:qLo ;fDojfb eGg]b]lv u"6ut / JolStut ljjfbdf km'6\5g\ . Pdfcf]jfbLsf] km'6df bfxfnaf6 k"/f x'g g;s]sf] g]qljqmd rGbsf] dxŒjfsf+Iff, /fdaxfb'/ yfkf / ;LkL uh'/]nsf Ovb]lv b]j u'?ªn] gkfPsf] cy{ dGqfno;Ddsf syfJoyf hf]l8Psf] 5 . …hgo'4Ú kl5 Pstf s]Gb|af6 cfPsf gf/fo0fsfhL >]i7x¿sf] xfnLd'xfnL klg j}Bx¿sf] c;Gt'li6sf]
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27
sf/0f /Xof] . s'g} hdfgfdf ljZje/sf sDo'lgi6 ;f]leot / lrlgofF v]dfdf afFl8Gy], ;f]leot ;+3sf] ktg / lrlgofF sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] k"FhLjfbLs/0fkl5 Tof] l:ylt /x]g . g]kfnsf sDo'lgi6 …ef/tnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fÚ df klg ljeflht x'Fb}cfPsf 5g\ . cfkm}+n] ef/tLo bnfn eGg] u/]sf] afa'/fd kIf;Fu slxn] ef/tlj/f]wL t slxn] ef/tlgs6 x'g vf]h]sf bfxfnn] kl5Nnf] ;do ef/t;Fu :yfoL u7aGwg u/]/ /fi6«3ft u/]sf] cf/f]k j}B ;d"xsf] 5 / oxL …/fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfbÚ sf] lj/f]wdf p;n] ef/t lj/f]wL ;8s ;+3if{sf] ;xf/f lng] nueu kSsf 5 . t/, g]kfndf lasfp eP klg cTolws k|of]u ePsf] of] /fhgLlt c;kmn x'g;S5 . hxfF;Dd zx/L ljb|f]x 5, Tof] c9fO{ jif{ cufl8 dfcf]jfbL PsLs[t 5Fb} hgtfaf6 c:jLs[t eO;s]sf] xf] . o;aLr a? dfcf]jfbL;Fu qm"4 hg;+Vof ylkPsf] 5 . ToxL a'‰]/ xf]nf, j}Bn] clxn]nfO{ …hgo'4Ú ;Dej gb]v]sf Û j}Bsf] kf6L{ ca cfˆgf ;dy{s / cfdhgtfsf] c;Gt''li6nfO{ ehfP/ ;dfh, ;8s / /fli6«o /fhgLlt ttfpFb} ls zlStzfnL eP/ cfpg]5, ls Pdfn] km'6]/ ag]sf] dfn] ‰}+ c:jLs[t eP/ lanfpg]5 . of] km'6af6 e§/fO{nfO{ vf;} c;/ gkg]{ x'gfn] pgL nueu k|ltlqmofljxLg 5g\ . bfxfn–e§/fO{ v]dfdf /x]sf n]v/fh e§, 6f]kaxfb'/ /fodf‰L nufotsf g]tfsf] Psn hftLo /fHok|ltsf] lj/f]w / j}B ;d"xdf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf Psn hftLo /fHo kIfw/sf] pkl:yltn] klg dfcf]jfbLleqsf] w'|jLs/0fdf s]xL tndfly kfg{ ;S5g\ . tTsfn eg] b'j} kIfn] clgl0f{t sfo{stf{ tfGb} kf6L{sf ;fwg;|f]t sAhf ug]{5g\, h;sf] l/x;{n
28
e[s'6Ld08kdf eO;s]sf] 5 . j}B kIfn] k'/fgf g]tf–sfo{stf{sf] P]of;L hLjgz}nLsf] e08fkmf]/ ubf{ bfxfn–e§/fO{ kIfnfO{ /IffTds x'g s/ nfU5 . bfxfnsf] nflhDkf6 b/af/n] w]/} klqsfsf k[i7 9flsO/xg]5g\, @)%% ;fnlt/ Pdfn] / dfn] g]tfsf dxnsf kmf]6fn] ‰}+ . cf–cfˆgf] sfo{lbzf nfu" ub}{ hfFbf ljeflht kIfsf] jf:tljs k/LIf0f z'¿ x'g] / To;df ;kmntf– c;kmntfn] b'j} kf6L{sf] cfsf/ lgwf{/0f ug]{5 . j}Bx¿sf] hgljb|f]x / hgo'4sf] sfo{lbzf ;kmn x'g pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} pmhf{sf ;fy} b]zleq / aflx/sf] j:t'ut kl/l:yltn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]5 . j}B ;d"xdf …hgo'4Ú sf] lj/f;t af]s]sf sfo{stf{sf] hdft 5 eg] bfxfnsf] kf6L{df %–^ jif{df juf]{Tyfg ePsf / gjk|j]zLx¿sf] . 8]9;o ;b:o ePsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf #) k|ltzt ;b:o dfq j}Blt/ nfu]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL ljefhgn] cfd hgtfnfO{ tTsfn vf;} c;/ gkf/] klg /fli6«o /fhgLltdf ;+ljwfg;ef÷Joj:yflksf–;+;b\ k'g:yf{kgfsf] ;+efjgfnfO{ k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{5 . ljwfgtM j}Bsf] kf6L{n] ;bgleq bnsf] x}l;ot gkfpg] / bfxfnsf] kf6L{n] pgLx¿sf] ;b:otf vf/]h ug{ zlSt nufpg] x'gfn] o;} klg ;+;b\jfbsf lj/f]wL j}Bx¿ ;bg k'g:yf{kgfsf] ljkIfd} pleg]5g\ . s]xL u/L lgjf{rg eOxfNof] eg] j}Bx¿ ;lqmo alxisf/ ug{ of klxn] km'6]/ uPsf dl0f yfkf, dft[sf ofbjnufotsf ;–;fgf ;d"x;Fu df]rf{ agfP/ ;xefuL x'g ;S5g\, h;sf] p2]Zo cfkm" lhTg' eGbf klg bfxfnx¿nfO{ x/fpg' x'g]5 . sf/0fM Pdfcf]jfbLn] r'gfj lht]df cfˆgf w]/} g]tf–sfo{stf{ pt}lt/ kms]{/ hfg] 8/ 5 eg] xf/]df …a'h'{jfÚ nf]stGqaf6 lg/fz pgLx¿sf w]/} sfo{stf{ cfkm"lt/ cfpg] cfz . [
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ST. LAWRENCE COLLEGE Chabahil, Pipalbot, Kathmandu Tel No: 4487864, 4469666, 4461666 P.o.Box: 1221 E-mail- info@stlawrence.edu.np www.stlawrence.edu.np
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adf]lhd ljdfg:ynsf] ;+/If0f, lj:tf/, Ifdtf k|j4{g / Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/sf nflu lghL If]qnfO{ lbg] tof/L eO/x]sf] atfP . af]8{n] ;+efljt nfut / nfesf] d"NofÍg ul/;s]sf] 5 . af]8{n] pQm sfd s'g k|lqmofaf6 jf s;/L lghL If]qnfO{ lbg pko'Qm x'G5 egL nfut–nfesf] cWoog ul//x]sf] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t kGtn] hfgsf/L lbP . ljdfg:yn Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{af6 ls cfzokqs} cfwf/df lbg] eGg] 6'+uf] eg] gnflu;s]sf] kGtn] atfP . ef/tLo sDkgLnfO{ lbg nfluPsf]af/] kGtn] eg], æw]/} sDkgLn] rf;f] b]vfPsf 5g\, To;df cfO{Pn P08 PkmP; klg 5 .Æ
efjL lbzf lglZrt 5 . 5g\ . x/]s dxLgf Ps /ft hgtfsf] 3/df uP/ a:g] sfo{qmd o;s} Pp6f s8L xf], h;af6 pgL of] ;/sf/ nfdf] ;do;Dd rN5 eGg] ;Gb]z k|jfx ug{ rfxG5g\ . Pdfcf]jfbLsf Ps s]Gb|Lo ;b:osf cg';f/ /fHozlQm v]nfO/x]sf e§/fO{df kf6L{ cWoIf bfxfn lj?4 Pp6f k'/fgf] t'if klg 5, h;nfO{ pgL clxn] ;fFWg rfxG5g\ . pgsf] egfOdf, lxhf] bfxfnn] kf6L{sf] ;}Go / kbLo zlQm k|of]u u/]/ e§/fO{nfO{ >dlzlj/;Dd k'¥ofPsf lyP . df]xg j}Bsf] ;d"x kf6L{ km'6fP/ lx+8] kl5 k|d e§/fO{n] bfxfnnfO{ cK7\of/f]df kfg{ ;lhnf] dx;"; u/]sf 5g\ / kb, k};f / cj;/sf] andf kf6L{leq zlQm lj:tf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . Pdfcf]jfbLleq cfufdL ah]6nfO{ klg bfxfn / e§/fO{aLrsf] zlQm ;+3if{sf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . cWoIf bfxfn cGo bnx¿;Fusf] ;xdltdf dfq k"0f{ ah]6 Nofpg] kIfdf 5g\ eg] e§/fO{ cWofb]zdfkm{t gofF of]hgf / sfo{qmd;lxtsf] k"0f{ ah]6 Nofpg] af6f]df 5g\ . k"0f{ ah]6n] k|wfgdGqLdf e§/fO{sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ;+s]t lbG5, hals bfxfn eg] To:tf] rfxFb}gg\ . [
;/f]h bfxfn
g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] zlQm–;Gt'ngnfO{ abNg ;kmn Pdfcf]jfbL ljefhgsf w]/} cfofd 5g\ . cfhsf] g]kfndf …s§/kGyLÚ sDo'lgi6 g]tfsf] 5lj agfPsf df]xg j}Bsf] g]t[Tjdf c;f/sf] klxnf] ;ftf ag]sf] g]skf—dfcf]jfbLsf sbdx¿n] d'n'ssf] efjL /fhgLltnfO{ s'g–s'g cfofdaf6 s:tf] k|efj kfnf{ eg]/ cg'dfg ul/+b} u/]sf] ;dodf Pdfcf]jfbLaf6 rf]Ol6Psf] of] kf6L{n] !# c;f/df s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt a}7s u/]/ w]/}n] cg'dfg u/]h:t} …/fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf] cfGbf]ngÚ rnfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . /fHolj?4 !) jif{ lx+;fTds ljb|f]x u/]/ ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfjdfkm{t d'n'ssf] 7"nf] kf6L{ ag]sf] Pdfcf]jfbL ljefhgn] ;+:yfkg kIf;Fu} p;sf] g]t[Tjsf] afa'/fd e§/fO{ ;/sf/nfO{ klg w]/} cy{df sdhf]/ agfPsf] 5 . j}Bn] /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj;Fu /fli6«o ;xdltsf] ;/sf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ug{ cfu|x ul/;s]sf 5g\ . clxn];Ddsf] a'‰fO cg';f/, uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngdf /fhgLlts bnx¿;lxt hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs cflb dfu ul//x]sf ;d"xx¿sf] ;xeflutf x'g]5 . t/, /fhgLlts ;xdlt h'6fpg /fi6«kltn] s'g} e]nf jf ;Dd]ng u/fP eg] To;df lj3l6t ;+ljwfg;efdf /x]sf bnx¿sf] dfq ;xeflutf x'g] b]lvG5 . cyf{t\, j}wflgs x}l;ot kfO{ g;s]sf ;d"xx¿n] /fHoJoj:yf c;kmn ePsf] jf /fhgLlts k|0ffnL kl/jt{g ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq To:tf] e]nfdf ;xeflutf kfpF5g\ . ToxL sf/0f /fi6«kltn] j}BnfO{ kf6L{ btf{ ug{] ;Nnfx lbPsf x'g\ . lgjf{rg cfof]udf bnsf] ¿kdf btf{ geP;Dd j}Bsf] kf6L{sf] j}wflgs x}l;ot g/xg] ePsf]n] p;sf] dfun] klg j}wflgs dxŒj /fVb}g . oBlk, …hgo'4Ú, …hgljb|f]xÚ, …hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] k'gu{7gÚ h:tf zAbx¿ k|of]u ul//x]sf] g]skf–dfcf]jfbLn] bn btf{df eg] plt hfFu/ b]vfPsf] 5}g . csf]{lt/, kf6L{ ljefhg x'g'cl3;Dd …avf{ nfUof], rf8af8 cfpF5Ú elg/x]sf Pdfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfn clxn] /fli6«o ;xdltsf] ;/sf/ lgdf{0fsf] kIfdf v'n]/ nfu]sf 5g\ . o;df b'O{ cy{ 5g\, e§/fO{ ;/sf/n] lg/Gt/tf kfpFbf cfkm";Fu /x]sf pgnfO{ dg gk/fpg] sfo{stf{ g]skf–dfcf]jfbLdf hfg] 8/ / ;a} ;xofqL bnsf] lj/f]wsf aLr of] ;/sf/nfO{ Roflk/xFbf alxis/0fdf kl/g] ;+efjgf . of] kl/l:yltn] Pdfcf]jfbLnfO{ yk sdhf]/ agfpFb} bfxfn–e§/fO{ b"/L a9fpg]5 . g]skf–dfcf]jfbLn] e§/fO{ ;/sf/nfO{ tLg jif{cl3 Pdfn]sf jl/i7 g]tf dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] ;/sf/nfO{ Pdfcf]jfbLn] h:t} …s7k'tnLÚ eg]sf] 5 / o; lj?4sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ klxnf h:t} …/fli6«o :jfwLgtfÚ ;Fu hf]8]sf] 5 . Tof] a]nf Pdfcf]jfbLn] s/La Ps jif{sf] ;8s cfGbf]ngkl5 yfs]/ ;/sf/;Fu ;+jfb yfn]sf] lyof] . o;k6s eg] kl/l:ylt a]Un} 5 . e§/fO{ ;/sf/ sfdrnfp eO;s]sf] 5 / s]xL dw]zjfbL bnafx]s ;a} bn o;nfO{ lj:yfkg ug{] kIfdf 5g\ . o;sf/0f, gofF dfcf]jfbLn] e§/fO{ ;/sf/lj?4 nfdf] cfGbf]ng ug{'kg{] 5}g / ;/sf/sf] cj;fg;Fu} …:jfwLgtfÚsf] cfGbf]ng ;lsg]5 . oBlk, gofFlbNnL e§/fO{nfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfpg] / l6sfpg] e"ldsfdf b]lvPsf] / bfxfnnfO{ /fi6«klt agfpg] nf]e b]vfP/ cfˆgf] ljkIfdf pEofPsf]n] ef/tsf] lj/f]waf6 g]kfnL hgdt tfGg ;lsg] ljZn]if0fdf /x]sf] j}B ;d"xn] ef/tlj/f]wL zlQm aGg] dxŒjfsf+Iff eg] af]s]/} lx+8\g]5 . Pdfcf]jfbL ljefhgsf c¿ klg cfofdx¿ 5g\ . j}Bx¿ /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o oyfy{ dx;"; u/]/ k/Dk/fut wf/ 5f8] jf Pdfcf]jfbLdf kms{] eg] a]Un} s'/f, gq of] ;d"x g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] ;jf{lws pu| jfdkGyL wf/ aGg]5 . …hgo'4sf] lg/Gt/tfÚ h:tf lqmofsnfksf nflu clxn]nfO{ g]kfndf dlnnf] hldg pknAw 5}g . / klg, j}Bx¿ Tof] af6f]df uP eg] d'n'sn] s]xL ;do czflGt a]xf]g'kg]{5 . sbflrt gofF kf6L{ cltjfbL af6f]df nfUof] eg] Pdfcf]jfbL rflx+ clxn]sf] eGbf a9L dWodfuL{ wf/df cfpg afWo x'g]5 . [ !^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
31
l/kf]6{
Pdfn]
g]tT[ jn] uNtL ;Rofof], c;Gt'i6 g]tfx¿ klg kf6L{leq} a;]/ ;+3if{ ug'k{ 5{ eGg]df k'Ug'ePsf] 5 . z]/wg /fO{, cWoIf, ef]hk'/
c;Gt'i6 g]tfx? kf6L{df g/fd|f] Jojxf/ x'G5 ls eg]/ ;z+lst x'gx' G' 5 . lg/Gt/sf] ;+jfbn] o:tf] l:ylt x6fpF5 . /fh]Gb| /fhynf, cWoIf, eQmk'/
hf
sfo{stf{af^
p$f/ /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] d'2fdf kf6L{ g]t[Tjk|lt tLj| c;xdlt hgfpFb} hghflt g]tfx¿n] ljb|f]xsf :j/ p/fn]kl5 ljefhgsf] l8ndf k'u]sf] Pdfn] lhNnfsf g]tf–sfo{stf{x¿sf] ;'‰fa'‰fk"0f{ kxnsbdLaf6 hf]luPsf] 5 . /fd]Zj/ af]x/f 32
ltjfbL g] t fx¿n] a] U n} kf6L{ vf]Ng];Ddsf] tof/L yfn]kl5 xtfl/P/ sf7df8f}+ cfPsf @$ lhNnfsf !( hghflt / % dw]zL kf6L{ cWoIfx¿n] g]t[Tj / c;Gt'i6 g]tfx¿dfly bafa l;h{gf gu/]sf] eP oltv]/ Pdfn]sf] cj:yf klg ToxL x'GYof], h'g Pdfcf]jfbLdf ePsf] 5 . lhNnfsf sfo{ s tf{ x ¿sf] kxnsbdLn] Pdfn] n fO{ ljefhgaf6 hf]ufPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] cjzfgnuQ} /fhwfgL cfOk'u]sf lhNnf cWoIfx¿sf] bf}8w'kkl5 Pdfn]sf Psn hftLo /fHo kIfw/ hghflt– dw]zL g]tf / kf6L{ g]t[TjaLrsf] ;+jfbxLgtf ] f] 5 . c;Gt'i6x¿n] …kf6L{leq cGt/;+3if{ 6'6s rnfP/ a:g]Ú eg]sf 5g\ . ;+3Lotf / klxrfg lj/f]wLsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] Pdfn] g]t[Tjn] cfˆgf sdL–sdhf]/L :jLsfb}{ / cfTdfnf]rgf ub}{ ax'klxrfgo'Qm /fHo lgdf{0fsf] k|:tfj cufl8 ;f/]/ To;sf] k|f/lDes vfsf ;d]t ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . $ c;f/sf] /fli6«o sfo{stf{ e]nfaf6 cfPsf ;'‰fj lnlka4 ub}{ To; nuQ}sf] s]Gb|Lo sld6L a}7sn] kf6L{leqsf] hftLo c;Gt'li6 yfGsf] nufpg] u/L b[li6sf]0f ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . kf6L{df pTkGg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ cleofg rnfPsf lhNnf g]tfx¿sf ;+of]hs tyf ef]hk'/ lhNnf cWoIf z]/wg /fO{ /fli6«o e]nf / s]Gb|Lo sld6L a}7skl5 Pdfn] ;+3Lotf, hghflt / dw]z lj/f]wL ePsf] e|d lgjf/0f ePsf] atfpF5g\ . eG5g\, æxfd|f] af/Daf/sf] cfu|x / bafakl5 c;Gt'i6 g]tfx¿ klg lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
xfd|f] ;fdflhs ljz]iftf kf6L{sf ;+u7g / sld6Lx¿df klg b]lvg] u/L ;+u7g k'g;{/+ rgf ul/g'k5{ . o1/fh ;'g'jf/, cWoIf, cf]vn9'+uf kf6L{leq} a;]/ ;+3if{ ug'{k5{ eGg] dgl:yltdf k'Ug'ePsf] 5, oBlk To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf JoQm ug{ xlRsO/xg'ePsf] 5 .Æ kf6L{ pkfWoIf czf]s /fO{, kf]ln6Ao"/f] ;b:o k[YjL ;'Aaf u'?ª nufotsf hfltjfbL g]tfx¿n] sfo{stf{ e]nf / s]Gb|Lo sld6L a}7s alxisf/ u/] klg To;otf kf6L{lj?4 cleJolQm lbPsf 5}gg\ . kf6L{kl| tsf] pgLx¿sf] cfqmf]z klg klxn]eGbf dTy/ ePsf] 5 . æpxfFx¿n] p7fPsf] hftLo efjgf;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifon] g ;dfhsf] lxt uYof]{, g kf6L{s}Æ eQmk'/ lhNnf cWoIf /fh]Gb| /fhynf eG5g\, æo;af6 lglDtg ;Sg] eofjx vt/fsf] cfsng u/]/ xfdLn] of] cleofg rnfPsf xf}+ . g]t[Tjn] xfd|f] cfu|x dfGof], uNtL :jLsf¥of] . c;Gt'i6 g]tfx¿nfO{ klg xfdLn] kf6L{sf] gLltd} ;d:of xf] eg] To;nfO{ ;Rofpg] bafa lbpmF, Tolt ubf{ klg ePg eg] ef]ln xfdL klg tkfO{+x¿nfO{ g} ;fy lbg]5f}+ eg]/ ;D‰fof}+, cj:yf ;xh ePsf] 5 .Æ Pdfn] d f p7] s f] hftLo klxrfgsf] cfjfhleq pu| hfltjfbL gf/f nufpg] …cltjfbLÚ ;f]rsf JolQmx¿ ;d]t 5g\ . cf]vn9'+uf lhNnf cWoIf o1/fh ;'g'jf/ To;dWo] sltko t juL{o d'2faf6} Ro"t b]lvPsf] atfpF5g\ . eG5g\, ælxhf] xfdLnfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg] hghflt g]tf / cfh hftLo d'2f dfq p7fpg] hghflt g]tf km/s x'g'eof] ls eg]/ xfdLn] c;Gt'i6 g]tfx¿nfO{ klg eGof}+, s]xLn] kf6L{nfO{ klxrfgsf] d'2f ;Daf]wgsf nflu bafa lbg dfq} To;f] ul/Psf] eGg'ef],
sltko t ;fFlRrs} cltjfbL b]lvg'ef] .Æ Pdfn]df a;]/ of]eGbf a9L s]xL kmfObf gx'g] b]Vg]x¿ / bft[;+:yfn] u/]sf] nufgLsf] …g'gsf] ;f]‰f]Ú ug]{x¿df cltjfbL ;f]r b]lvP klg c;Gt'i6dWo] w]/} rflx+ kf6L{ k4ltdf ljZjf; /fVg]x¿ g} /x]sf], /fli6«o e]nf / s]]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] lg0f{okl5 pgLx¿df Psvfnsf] :ki6tf cfPsf] pgsf] a'‰fO 5 .
sfo{stf{n] hf]ufPsf] kf6L{
Pdfn] d f uDeL/ ;+ s 6 cfPsf] a] n f ;+s6df]rssf ¿kdf lhNnf txsf g]tf– sfo{stf{ g} cufl8 cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . @)%$ ;fndf kf6L{ ljefhg x'g'sf] d"n sf/s g]t[Tj txdf /x]sf g]tfx¿ g} lyP . s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf $) k|ltzt g]tfn] gofF kf6L{ vf]n] klg sfo{stf{x¿s} sf/0f ljefhgsf] Tolt 7"nf] d"No Pdfn]n] r'sfpg'k/]g . o;k6s klg kf6L{nfO{ hf]ufpg] sfd lhNnfsf ltg} g]tf–sfo{stf{n] u/] . o;k6s Pdfn]df cf;Gg b'3{6gf 6g'{sf] csf]{ sf/0f s] xf] eg] g]t[Tjn] kf6L{leq df}nfPsf] c;Gt'li6nfO{ tNnf] txdf k|jfx x'g lbPg . h;af6 s]Gb|df 7"nf] ;d:of pTkGg eO;Sbf klg lhNnf txsf g]tf–sfo{stf{ Psl9Ssf /xg ;s] . t/, kf6L{df of] lj£g ;d:of r'lng'sf] d"n sf/s klg g]t[Tj g} xf] . @$ lhNnf cWoIfn] @* h]7df kf6L{ cWoIf ‰ngfy vgfnnfO{ a'‰fPsf] ;'‰fj tyf Wofgfsif{0f
kqdf eg]sf 5g\, ækf6L{n] ;+3Lotf ;DaGwdf k6sk6s cfˆgf] wf/0ff cufl8 ;f/] klg :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f;lxt ;+3Lo k|bz ] x¿sf] gfdfÍg / l;dfÍg u/]/ ;+:yfut lg0f{osf ;fy ;+ l jwfg;efdf k| : t' t x' g g;Sg' g} cfhsf] ;d:of xf] . of] sdhf]/LnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ kf6L{ g]tT[ jn] ;+3Lotf ;DaGwL ljutsf ;+ : yfut lg0f{ o x¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} tTsfn kf6L{sf] wf/0ff / b[li6sf]0f 7f]; ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ug{ dfu ub{5f}+ .Æ cf7f}+ dxflwj]zgaf6 kf6L{n] ;dfj]zLkgsf] j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]/ cfP klg cflbjf;L, hghflt, t/fO{ / dw]zL pTkLl8t ju{nfO{ x]g]{, a'´g], Jojxf/ ug]{ clg cj;/ / lhDd]jf/L lbg] s'/fdf kf6L{ g]t[Tjn] l:ylt / cfjZostf cg';f/ Wofg k'¥ofpg g;s]sf] kqdf pNn]v 5 . Pdfn]sf] cf7f}+ dxflwj]zgn] hftLo, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts / ef}uf]lns cfwf/df /fHok'g;{+/rgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg;ef /fHok'g;{+/rgf ;ldltn] tof/ kf/]sf] hftLo cfwf/sf] !$ k|bz ] sf] k|ltj]bgdf klg Pdfn]sf] ;dy{g lyof] . t/, kl5Nnf] ;do Pdfn] o;df wf/0ffljxLg h:t} b]lvof] . ef]hk'/ lhNnf cWoIf /fO{ eG5g\, æ;+3Lotfaf/] kf6L{sf g]tflkR5] a]Unfa]Un} wf/0ffx¿ cfP, ltgnfO{ g} kf6L{sf] cflwsfl/s wf/0ffsf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/of] . klxrfgsf sltko hfoh d'2fnfO{ ;'Gg] kl/kf6L klg b]lvPg .Æ
!^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
casf r'gf}tL
sf7df8f} + cfPsf @$ lhNnf cWoIfn] kms{g'cl3 !! c;f/df hf/L u/]sf] ;+o'Qm jQmJodf eg]sf 5g\, æs]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] a}7snuQ} s]xL s]Gb|Lo g]tfx¿af6 ;+3Lotf / klxrfg ;DaGwL kf6L{ lg0f{osf] lj?4 cfO/x]sf] cleJolQmn] xfd|f] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . o:tf cleJolQm / s' / fn] olta]nf kf6L{sf] lxt gx'g] s'/ftkm{ ;DalGwt g]tfx¿sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5f}+ .Æ pgLx¿sf] of] rf;f] / lrGtf lsg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 eg] c;Gt'i6 g]tfx¿;Fusf] ;+jfbxLgtf 6'6] klg kf6L{leq dg df´g] sfd c‰} x'g;s]sf] 5}g . cf]vn9'u+ f lhNnf cWoIf o1/fh ;'g'jf/ kf6L{df b]vfk/]sf] ;d:of tTsfnnfO{ ;'lN‰P klg bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ kf6L{sf] ;+u7gfTds k'g;{+/rgf ul/g'kg]{ vfFrf] b]V5g\ . æxfd|f] ;fdflhs ljz] i ftf kf6L{ s f ;+ u 7g / sld6Lx¿df klg b]lvg'k5{ eGg]df kf6L{ g]t[Tj uDeL/ aGg'k5{ eGg] s'/f p7fPsf 5f}+Æ pgL eG5g\, æof] ljifonfO{ bL3{sfnLg gLlt agfP/ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ .Æ eQmk'/ lhNnf cWoIf /fh]Gb| /fhynf c;Gt' i 6 g] t fx¿ cfkm" x ¿k| l t kf6L{ d f gsf/fTds Jojxf/ x'G5 ls eg]/ clxn] ;sf/fTds s'/f ug{ g;ls/x]sf] atfpF5g\ . t/, lg/Gt/sf] ;+jfbn] o:tf] l:ylt x6fpg] pgsf] ljZjf; 5 . [
33
l6Kk0fL
k'?iff]Qd bfxfn
dfcf]jfbL km'6df]x ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] pGdfbdf ;xofqL bnx¿lj?4 ljifjdg u/]sf] Pdfcf]jfbLdf Pskl5 csf]{ km'6df]x a9]sf] 5 .
!
kmfu'g @)%@ b]lv Psbzs;Dd …k|r08Ú nfO{ …g]kfnL qmflGtsf] dxfg\ pknlAwÚ 7fGg] tyf @)^& sf] kfn'ª6f/ lj:tfl/t a}7scl3;Dd k'iksdn bfxfnnfO{ /fli6«o uf}/j / ljrf/ cfGbf]ngsf dxfgfos dfGg]x¿ g} clxn] pgsf] e08fkmf]/ / ckdfg ug{ ;lqmo 5g\ . hgjfbL ;Qfsf nflu …k|r08Úsf] ktgnfO{ clgjfo{ zt{ dfGg] gjul7t g]skf–dfcf]jfbLn] Pdfcf]jfbLsf] cx+sf/df wfjf af]ns ] f] 5 . cWoIf bfxfnsf j}rfl/s u'? df]xg j}Bsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t gofF dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ jfdkGyL cltjfb / hftLo cltjfbsf] lg/Gt/tf eP klg Pdfcf]jfbLnfO{ r'gf}tL aGg] lglZrt 5 .
r'gf}tLsf] ¿k
@))& ;fnotf ;+;bLo zlQmnfO{ r'gf}tL lbb} cfPsf cltjfbL ;fDojfbLx¿ c¿ jfdkGyL eGbf zlQmzfnL ePsf] Oltxf; 5 . k'iknfn lj?4 df]xgljqmd l;+x, lgd{n nfdf / ‰fkf ljb|f]xLx¿n] cltjfbs} ;xf/fdf cf–cfˆgf] sfnv08df cfkm"nfO{ zlQmzfnL
34
;flat u/]sf lyP . oxL rl/qsf] sf/0f @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 alnof] aGg ;kmn Pdfn] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg;Dd g]kfnL jfdkGyL cfGbf]ngsf] d"nwf/ /Xof] . nf]stflGqs kl/kf6L lj/f]wL gf/fsf ;fy lx+;fTds cfGbf]ng u/]sf] Pdfcf]jfbL ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf ;a}eGbf cufl8 b]vf k¥of] . t/ ;fDojfbL cltjfbsf] >[+vnf oxfF klg /f]lsPg / clxn] j}Bsf ¿kdf To;sf] k'gh{Gd eof] . gjul7t bnn] Pdfcf]jfbL g]t[TjnfO{ lx+;fTds cfGbf]ngtfsfsf k|lta4tfdf kms{g] ls nf]stGq, zflGt / nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] ofqfdf yk k|lta4tf / lgi7fsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g] eGg] r'gf}tL cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 . cfˆgf] klxn]sf] k|lta4tf k"/f ug{ j}B;Fu ;xh x'g] ls g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] eljio;Fu hf]l8Psf] nf]stGqsf] dfu{ dha"t u/fpg], Pdfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf nflu oIfk|Zg xf] . t/ gjul7t dfcf]jfbLsf] klg :yfoL eljio lsg b]lv+b}g eg] To;sf] Pp6f wf/ nf]stGqsf kIfdf / csf]{ wf/ cltjfbL Psflwsf/sf] af6f]df nfUg] lglZrt h:t} 5 .
lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
Clif/fd s§]n
j}Bsf] af6f]
j}B kIfn] !@ aF'b] ;d‰bf/Lkl5 Pdfcf]jfbLn] c;kmn 7x¥ofPsf] lx+;f / lg/+s'ztfsf] af6f] ;dft]sf] 5 . pQm ;d‰bf/Ldf lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo, ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg / k"0f{ nf]stGq :yfkgfsf] cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf;åf/f b]zdf ljBdfg ;z:q åGåsf] cGTo u/L :yfoL zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ b[9tf JoQm ul/Psf] lyof] / j}B / pgsf ;xof]uLn] klg oxL k|lta4tfsf cfwf/df /fhgLlt u/]sf lyP . t/ ca zflGt, ;+ljwfg / nf]stGqsf] af6f] TofUg] cfzox¿ JoQm ePsf 5g\ . To;f] xf] eg] s] j}B ;d"x qmflGt / kl/jt{gsf gfpFdf ;z:q lx+;fsf] tof/L ub}{5 < s] p;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ng -l/d_ n] To;sf nflu d2t lb+b}5 < cyjf lxhf] dfcf]jfbL lx+;fnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ b/afl/of zlQmx¿ / g]kfndf ;f+:s[lts wfld{s cltqmd0fsf lglDt v'n]sf /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o lgof]ux¿sf] ;xof]u j}Bsf kIfdf 5 < clthfltjfbL /fhgLlt b'j} dfcf]jfbLdf b]lvPsf] ;dfgtf xf] . of] cj:yfdf j}B kIfn] ;z:q lx+;f jf gofF hgljb|f]xsf] g]t[Tjsf] af6f] lng;Sg] klg b]lv+b}g . j}Bx¿s} zAbnfO{ k}+rf] ln+bf— k|r08 / afa'/fdsf] hf]8L ef/tk/:t, c/fhstfjfbL, lj;h{gjfbL, ;+sL0f{tfjfbL, cfly{s ¿kn] e|i6 / ckf/bzL{ ePsf]n] dfq} km'6]sf] xf] t < o;f] xf] eg] j}B kIf;Fu k/Dk/fut cltjfbL gf/feGbf km'6sf gofF cfbz{, l;4fGt / ;f]r 5}gg\ eGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
e§/fO{ ;/sf/sf] eljio
;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgkl5sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bn Pdfcf]jfbL dft[sf ofbj / df]xg j}Bsf ¿kdf 6'lqmPkl5 Tof] x}l;otdf 5}g . cfˆg} kf6L{nfO{ P]Soa4 /fVg g;Sg] g]t[Tjn] afFsL /fhgLlts zlQm / b]zsf] Pstfsf] /Iff unf{ eGg] ljZjf; x'Gg . t/ cfhsf lbgdf e§/fO{ ;/sf/ hlt j}wflgs 5}g Tolt g} of] ;/sf/nfO{ x6fpg] j}wflgs cfwf/ klg . :j]R5fn] /fhLgfdf lbPdf, ;a} /fhgLlts zlQmx¿;Fu k|wfgdGqLsf] ;d‰bf/L ePdf cyjf ;8saf6 kbTofu ug{ afWo kfl/Pdf dfq ;/sf/ kl/jt{gsf] ;+efjgf 5 . of]eGbf klg e§/fO{sf] k|wfgdGqLo lhDd]bf/Lsf] lg0f{o j}Bsf] /0fgLlt jf sfo{lbzfsf cfwf/df x'g] ;+efjgf 5 . j}Bn] l/d;Fusf] ;Nnfx, ef/tLo e"ldut sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x¿sf] ;Dks{ / ;xof]u tyf g]kfndf hftLo ljefhgaf6 ;f+:s[lts cltqmd0fsf] dfu{ lj:tf/ ug]{x¿sf] ;xfg'e"ltdf cfˆgf sfo{qmdnfO{ lx+;fTds / pQ]hs agfpFb} nu] eg] e§/fO{sf] ;Qf kl/jt{g x'Fb}g, pgsf] g]t[Tj Tolta]nf ;a}sf nflu ckl/xfo{ x'g]5 . j}Bsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;fdfGo / ck|efjsf/L eP eg] /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] 9f]sf ;lhnf] u/L v'Ng]5 / e§/fO{sf] ljsNksf] vf]hL x'g;S5 . [ !^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
35
cGtjf{tf{
…zflGt / ;+ljwfgsf] 6'+uf] sf+u|];n] nufpF5Ú ;'zLn sf]O/fnf ;efklt, g]kfnL sf+u|]; clxn] /fhgLlts z"Gotf b]lvPsf] xf] < lxhf];Dd bnx¿aLr ;xdltsf cfwf/df s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf] lyof], !$ h]7 /flt dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf] ck|Toflzt lg0f{on] To;df a|]s nufof] . dfcf]jfbLsf] Wofg hlxn] klg cGof]n ;[hgf ug]{ / ;Qf sAhf ug]{d} s]lGb|t eof] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;xdltsf cfwf/df cl3 a9\g] pNn]v 5, t/ dfcf]jfbLn] Psnf}6L ¿kdf r'gfj 3f]if0ff u¥of] . lgjf{rgdf hfg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug'{k5{ . ;+;b\ gePsf] cj:yfdf ;xdlt ljgf of] sfd x'g ;Sb}g . o:tf s'/fn] bnx¿aLr ljZjf;sf] ;+s6 ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . !$ h]7sf] l:ylt s;/L cfof] < xfd|f] tkm{af6 ;xdltsf] nflu clGtd ;do;Dd k|of; ePsf] xf] . t/ h'g 9+uaf6 3gLe"t 5nkmn x'g'kg]{ lyof], dfcf]jfbLsf sf/0f x'g;s]g . dfcf]jfbLn] !$ h]7sf] /flt ca]/;Dd klg cfn6fn u/]/ ;do 6fg]{ sfd u¥of] . sf+u|];n] ljutdf ;xdlt ePsf ljifonfO{ 6'+Uofcf}+ / ;xdlt x'g afFsL ljifoaf/] s]xL ;do cGtl/d ;+;b\ nDAofP/ eP klg lg0f{o u/f}+ eg]sf] xf] . t/ dfcf]jfbLn] ;efd'vn] NofPsf s'/f klg gdfg]/ s;}sf] ;xdlt ljgf /ftf/ft r'gfj 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o;af6 ;+ljwfg agfpg] dfcf]jfbLsf] lgot gePsf] k|i6 x'G5 . ca r'gfj :jLsf/]/ cl3 a9\g ;ls+bg} / < sf+u;]| r'gfjaf6 efUg] kf6L{ t xf]Og Û sf+u|]; r'gfjaf6 8/fpFb}g . lxhf] To:tf] cj:yfdf klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj sf+u|];n] g} u/fPsf] xf] . t/ clxn] r'gfj x'g] cj:yf 5}g . lgjf{rg cfof]un] g} clxn]sf] cj:yfdf lgjf{rg ;Dej gx'g] atfO;s]sf] 5 . kfFra'Fb] ;xdlt cg';f/ cl3 a9\g tof/ gePsf] dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/af6 ;d:ofsf] xn x'G5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ ljZjf; 5}g . sf+u;]| zflGt k|lqmofdf hlt ;+ljwfgn]vgdf uDeL/ gePsf]n] dfcf]jfbL of] xb;Dd uPsf] elgG5 lg < n8fs" ;dfof]hg / xltof/ g6'+luP;Dd zflGt k|lqmof cl3 a9\g ;Sb}gYof], t/ dfcf]jfbL ;+ljwfgn]vgnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ xltof/, ;]gf / lzlj/ cfˆgf] lgoGq0fd} /fVg rfxGYof] . ToxL eP/ zflGt k|lqmof klxn] 6'+Uofpg'k5{ eg]/ sf+u|];n] c8fg /fv]sf] xf] . zflGt k|lqmofdf dfq xf]Og, ;+ljwfgdf klg dfcf]jfbLn] cfˆgf s'/f hah{:tL yf]kg]{ k|of; u¥of] . xfdL ax'njfb eG5f}+, dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿ sDo'lgi6sf] zAbsf]zd} ax'njfb 5}g eG5g\ . o;/L dfcf]jfbLn] hxfF 36
klg afwf, c8\sfp u/]/ zflGt k|lqmof nDAofpg] v]n v]n]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef lj36gkl5 k|wfgdGqL e§/fO{ klg ;+;b\ ;b:o x'g'x'Gg . of] cj:yfdf ;xdltsf nflu k|wfgdGqLn] /fi6«klt;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbg'kYof]{ . pN6f] /fi6«kltn] af]nfP/ …tkfO{+ sfdrnfp ;/sf/ xf]Ú eGg'kg]{ cj:yf cfof] . lhDd]jf/ bnsf] gftfn] sf+u|]; jftf{, ;xdlt / ;xsfo{ cl3 a9fpg] sfdsf] g]t[Tj ug{ tTk/ 5 . d'n'snfO{ åGådf hfg lbg'xF'b}g . d'n's Oltxf;d} sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . of] cj:yfdf gofF 9+uaf6 lx+8\g /fli6«o ;xdltsf] ;/sf/ cfjZos 5, h;sf] g]t[Tj ;xdlts} cfwf/df sf+u|];n] ug]{5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36gkl5 sf+u;]| s} kxndf bnx¿aLr ;+jfb z'¿ eof]Ù slQsf] cfzfjfbL x'gx' G' 5 < dfcf]jfbL / o;sf g]tfx¿ d'n'sk|lt ;fFRr} lrlGtt 5g\ eg] k|lqmof lglZrt ¿kdf cl3 a9\5 . a]/f]huf/L ;d:of xn u/]/ d'ns ' sf]
lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
Oltxf;df slxNo} /fli6«otf / nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfk|lt s;};u F ;D‰ff}tf gu/]sf] sf+u; ]| sf] oL gLltsf af/]df dfcf]jfbL :ki6 x'gk' 5{ .
ljsf; lgdf{0f ug{ dfcf]jfbL ;fFRr} k|lta4 xf] eg] o;sf] s'g} ljsNk 5}g . dnfO{ ljZjf; 5, dfcf]jfbLn] ca l5§} of] s'/f dx;"; ug]{5 . a|flhn hfg'cl3 k|wfgdGqL e§/fO{n] ;xdltkl5 /fhLgfdf lbg] eGg'ePsf] lyof]Ù ToxfFaf6 kms]k{ l5 t lgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ dfq ;Qf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ eGg'eof] Û ;a} ;Qf nDAofpg] v]n dfq xf] . dfcf]jfbLsf] egfO / u/fOdf w]/} cGt/ 5 . lj:t[t zflGt ;D‰f}tfb]lv xfn;Dd ePsf ;xdltsf] dfcf]jfbLn] sxfF kfngf u/]sf] 5 < egfOdf qmflGt / gofF g]kfn eGg] clg g]kfn / g]kfnLk|lt k|lta4 g/xg] t ePg lg Û jftf{af6 ;d:ofsf] xn lg:sg] nIf0f t b]lvPg lg Û dnfO{ ljZjf; 5, ;dfwfgsf] af6f] lg:sG5 . jftf{sf] ljsNk 5}g . b]znfO{ ;dfKt kfg]{ xf] eg] Pp6f s'/f, xf]Og dfof 5 eg] af6f] lgsfNg'k5{ . af6f] sxfFaf6 lg:sG5 t < sf+u;]| sf] kxnaf6 ls /fi6«kltaf6 <
ljgf ;xdlt r'gfj 3f]if0ff x'gf;fy xfdLn] /fi6«kltsxfF uP/ of] sfd ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt eof], uDeL/tf;fy x]g'{k5{ eg]/ Wofgfsif{0f u/fof}+ . /fi6«kltn] ljlwljwfg cg';f/ hfG5' eGg'eof] . gful/s ;dfhb]lv ljleGg k]zfut ;d"xsf JolQmx¿;Fu klg /fi6«kltn] ToxL s'/f bf]xf]¥ofpg'ePsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] ;d:ofk|lt /fi6«klt slt lrlGtt x'gx' G' 5 eGg] s'/f bnx¿nfO{ k6s–k6s af]nfP/ k/fdz{ u/]af6} k|i6 x'G5 . /fi6«klt ;xdltaf6} ;d:ofsf] lgsf; vf]Hg'kg]{ kIfdf x'gx' G' 5 . sf+u|];, Pdfn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ /fhLgfdf lbP/ 9f]sf vf]Ng';\ eG5g\ . ;xdlt clg /fhLgfdf eGg] k|wfgdGqL lgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ ;Qf x:tfGt/0fsf] s'/f ug'x{ G' 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fi6«kltn] s] ug{k' 5{ eGg] nfU5 < ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifssf gftfn] /fi6«klt ljlw cg';f/ lx+8\g'x'G5, pxfFn] b]z / hgtfk|lt Gofo ug'{x'G5 . /fli6«o ;xdltsf] jftfj/0f agfpg';\ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 . ult/f]w nlDaPnf ls 5f]l6Pnf < ult/f]w hlt nlDaof] Tolt d'n's / hgtfsf nflu 3fts x'G5 . To;}n] xfdLn] ;a} bnx¿aLr 5nkmn z'¿ u/]sf xf}+ . sf+u|];n] bnx¿aLr a9\bf] cljZjf; lrb}{ To;nfO{ ljZjf;df kl/0ft u/]/ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] af6f] to ug]{5 . Oltxf;df slxNo} /fli6«otf / nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfk|lt s;};Fu ;D‰f}tf gu/]sf] sf+u|];sf] oL gLltsf af/]df dfcf]jfbL :ki6 x'g'k5{ . of] cj:yfsf] k5fl8 Oltxf;d} gePsf] j}bl] zs rnv]n eO/x]sf] 5 elgG5 lg < xfdL sdhf]/ eof}+ eg] xfd|f] sdhf]/Laf6 ljb]zLn] kmfObf p7fpg vf]Hg] x'g\ . To;af6 ;r]t x'g'k5{ . xfdL Ps ePdf ljb]zL rnv]n x'g ;Sb}g . lxhf] aLkL / hjfx/nfn g]x¿sf] ;Lwf s'/f x'GYof] . tkfO{n+ ] aLkL;Fu} o'/f]k uP/ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw agfpg'eof] . t/ cfh t g]kfnL /fhgLlt n}grf}/sf] u]6df ;Lldt 5 eG5g\ lg < of] unt s'/f xf] . cfh klg xfdLnfO{ e]6\g ljleGg b]zsf /fhb"tx¿ cfpg] ug'{x'G5 . g]kfnsf] zflGt / ;+ljwfgaf/] lrGtf / rf;f] JoQm ug'{x'G5 . /fHo k'g;+/{ rgfaf/] d'2f rls{gd' f klg j}bl] zs rnv]nn] sfd u/]sf] xf] < Tof] a] U n} s' / f xf] . t/ cfly{ s ¿kdf klg w] / } k| b ] z d'n'sn] wfGg} ;Sb}g . clxn]sf nflu k|b]zsf] ;+Vof ;fgf] agfpFm a? kl5 a9fpg ;lsG5 . blIf0f clk|msfdf klxnf w]/} k|b]z lyP, clxn] 36fPsf 5g\ . g]kfn h:tf] b]z hxfF sxL+ s;}sf] afx'No 5}g Psn hftLo /fHodf hfFbf åGå klg x'g;S5 . hftLo åGån] ljeflht ePsf] ;'8fgaf6 xfdLn] lzIff lng'k5{ . b'O{ k6s ;f+;b\ x'ge ' of], To;kl5 ;/sf/L cf]xf]bfdf slxNo} a:g' ePg, lsg < aLkLn] b]vfpg'ePsf] af6f] /fli6«otf, k|hftGq / k|hftflGqs ;dfhjfb xf] . g]kfnsf] eljio / ;d[l4 o;}df 5 . To;}n] ;Qfdf hfg'eGbf aLkLsf ljrf/ lnP/ hgtfdf hfg' dxŒjk"0f{ 7fg]/ ;Qfsf] cfsif{0f gePsf] xf] . kf6L{nfO{ ;+:yfut agfpg clg cg'zf;g / cfGtl/s d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{ k|lta4 5' . w]/n} ] tkfO{+ l;4fGtlgi7, Odfgbf/ / TofuL x'gx' G' 5 eG5g\, t/ tkfO{s + f] Tof] z}nLnfO{ kf6L{ k+lQmn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] b]lv+bg} . o;/L x]bf{ cfkm" c;kmn ePh:tf] nfUb}g < dnfO{ To:tf] nfUb}g . s] /fd|f] af6f] cjnDag ug'{ clg cfbz{df ljrlnt gx'g' d]/f] sdhf]/L xf] < To;f] eP d;Fu g k};f 5, g s]xL . kf6L{sf ;fyLn] s] b]v]/ dnfO{ ;efkltdf ljhoL u/fP t < cfh;Dd d ;Qfdf uPsf] 5}g . ;fyLx¿nfO{ s]xL lbPsf] 5}g .
!^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
37
t}klg ;fyLx¿sf] dfof kfPsf] 5' . d c;kmn ePsf] xf]Og . tkfO{+ sfo{stf{df 3'nldn x'g g;Sg] / cJofjxfl/s klg x'gx' G' 5 eG5g\ lg < ‰"7f] cfZjf;g d}n] slxNo} lbPsf] 5}g . sfo{stf{sf hfoh sfd ul/lbg' eGb} cfPsf] 5' . t/ t;f{P/ d kmnfgf] x'F, d}n] eg]sf] sfd h;/L klg ug}{ k5{ eg]sf] rflx+ 5}g . sfo{stf{sf] Jofjxfl/s ;d:of klg a'´g g;s]sf] u'gf;f] 5 t < xf], Jofjxfl/s x'g g;s]sf] eGg] egfO s]xL xb;Dd ;xL xf]nf . d}n] lax] u/]sf] 5}g . kl/jf/ kfNg' k/]sf] 5}g . cf6f, bfnsf] efp klg yfxf 5}g . To;sf/0f cJofjxfl/s eGg]df s]xL ;Totf xf]nf . ljjfx gubf{ clxn] k5'tf] 5}g < 5}g lg s] sf] k5'tf] x'g' < a? ljjfx u/]sf ;fyLefOn] bfO tkfO{+n] ljjfx gu/]/ 7Ls ug'{eof] eG5g\ . o:tf] ;'Gbf rflx+ 7Ls} u/]5' h:tf] klg nfU5 . dGqL aGg tkfO{n+ fO{ k6s k6s k|:tfj cfPsf] lyof], aGg' ePg . ca Ps}rf]l6 k|wfgdGqL aGg] xf] < d}n] d k|wfgdGqL x'G5' eg]sf] 5}g, t/ ;fyLx¿n] Ps k6s tkfO{+ x'gk' ¥of] eg]sf 5g\ . xfd|f] kf6L{df k|wfgdGqLsf nflu z]/axfb'/ b]pjf, /fdrGb| kf}8]n klg x'g'x'G5 . kf6L{ / ;fyLx¿aLr snx u/fP/ dnfO{ k|wfgdGqL x'g' 5}g . c¿ kf6L{n] klg sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tj rfx]sf 5g\ . sf+u|];af6 k|wfgdGqLsf] pDd]b\jf/ hf] eP klg xfdL sfo{;ldltsf] a}7saf6} ;+:yfut lg0f{o ug]{5f}+ . eg]kl5 ;fyLx¿n] s/ u/] eg] k|wfgdGqL tkfO{+ g}, x}g t < Tof] cj:yf cfP tof/ 5' . t/ klg o;af/] cflwsfl/s lg0f{o kf6L{n] g} u5{ . To:tf] cj:yfdf kf6L{ g]tT[ jdf klg cfkm}+ a:g'xG' 5 < ;a} 7fpFdf d} x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g, sfo{jfxs tf]Sg ;lsG5 . @)%* df ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfsf] nflu r'gfj n8\ge ' of],
38
k|wfgdGqL aGgs} nflu xf]Og / < Tolta]nf d ;fyLx¿s} cfu|xdf n8]sf] x'F . /fhgLltdf xf/lht :jfefljs s'/f xf] . Tolta]nf xfbf{ vQd ePF eGg] ePg . clxn] ;efkltdf ljhoL x'Fbf klg s] s] g eof] eGg] 5}g . lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;xof]uL /xg'eof] . tkfO{s + f] sfFwdf aGb"s /fv]/ pxfFn] w]/} k6s k8\sfpg'eof] eG5g\ lg < To:tf] xf]Og . pxfF cfkm}+ lg0f{o lng] JolQm x'g'x'GYof] . d}n] dGqL geP/ klg pxfFnfO{ lgs} ;xof]u u/]sf] lyPF . sf+u;]| df w]/} u'6–pku'6 lsg xf]nf < of] b'ef{Uo xf] . sf+u|];df l;4fGtut lje]b 5}g, t}klg u'6–pku'6 5g\ . x'Fbfx'Fbf kf6L{ g} ljeflht eof] . clxn] kf6L{ Ps eP klg ljefhgsf] t'if c‰} afFsL 5 . ljefu u7g x'g;s]sf 5}gg\, s]Gb|Lo ;ldltn] k"0f{tf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ljhoLn] k/flhtnfO{ ;d]6/] hfg] k|0ffnL k|hftGq xf], t/ tkfO{n+ ] ;a}nfO{ ;d]6g\ ;Sg'ePg eGg] cf/f]k nfU5 lg Û d}n] sxfF ;d]l6g < z]/axfb'/, ljdn]Gb|hLnfO{ dgf]gLt u/]/ NofPsf] x'F . ;fyLx¿sf] ;xof]u / ljZjf; z'¿d} kfpg g;Sg' b'ef{Uo xf] . To:tf] lsg elgG5, d}n] a'´g ;lsgF . kf6L{ r':t x'g g;Sg'sf] d"n sf/0f s] xf] < o;sf] d"n sf/0f efua08f g} xf] . !@cf}+ dxflwj]zg Pstfsf] dxflwj]zg eGof}+, To;cg'?k x'g ;s]g . t/ klg cfk;L ljZjf;, ;b\efjdf klxn] eGbf w]/} ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . To;f] eP sf+u;]| ldn]sf] xf] t < dfcf]jfbL;Fu t ldNg' k/]sf] 5 eg] cfˆg} kf6L{sf ;fyLx¿;Fu gldn]/ x'G5 < [ k|:t'ltM ls/0f g]kfn÷/fd]Zj/ af]x/f÷/fdhL bfxfn -cGtjf{tf{sf] ;Dkflbt c+z PG6]gf kmfpG8];g g]kfnsf] sfo{qmd g]kfn rf}tf/L af6 k|;f/0f ePsf] 5 ._
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Bfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd -P;P;cf/kL_ cGtu{ t !)±@ ;+ / rgf kl/jt{ g u/L (–!@ sfod ug]{ of]hgfcg';f/ lzIff dGqfnon] ut jif{ tof/ kf/]sf] lzIff -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os @)^& df !–* sIffnfO{ cfwf/e"t tyf (–!@ sIffnfO{ dfWolds lzIffdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . o;cg';f/ dGqfnosf clwsf/L ±@ k|0ffnLnfO{ …km]h cfp6Ú ug{ nfluk/]sf 5g\, t/ pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\ -pdflzk_ o;nfO{ cfˆgf] sAhfaf6 km'lTsg glbg] s;/tdf 5 . …km]h cfp6Ú ug]{ / gug]{ åGådf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj df]ndf]nfOsf] df}sf 5f]lk/x]sf] 5 . pRr dfWolds lzIff P]g @)$^ cg';f/ ul7t :jfoQ lgsfo ePsf] n ] x' g ;S5, :yfkgfb]lv g} kl/ifb\kl| t dGqfno ;sf/fTds
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pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\ kl5Nnf] ;do ;Qf?9 bnsf sfo{stf{sf] etL{s]Gb| ag]sf] 5 . lzIffdGqL / dGqfnosf clwsf/Lx¿ kl/ifb\df cGo ;/sf/L ;+ : yfgdf cWoIf, dxfk|aGws lgo'lQm u/] h:t} cfˆgf dflg;nfO{ pkfWoIf, ;b:o–;lrj agfO/x]sf 5g\ . /fhgLlts lgo'lQmaf6 cfPsf kf6L{ sfo{stf{sf] rnv]nn] kl/ifb\n] k|fl1s klxrfg u'dfpFb} uPsf] 5 . :yfkgftfsf ;b:o–;lrj sfo{sf/L /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kl/ifb\df kl5Nnf] ;do bnLo efua08f ldnfpg pkfWoIf / ;b:o–;lrjdf sfo{sf/L clwsf/ afFl8Psf] 5 . lgo'lQm;Dd bnLo efua08f xfjL ePkl5 ;Ifd JolQmsf nflu kl/ifb\sf] 9f]sf aGb ePsf] 5 . gofF lzIffdGqL cfpgf;fy kl/ifb\df sfo{sf/L;Fu} c:yfoL / Hofnfbf/L sd{rf/Lsf] cf]O/f] nfU5 . kl/ifb\df xfn !@( :yfoL sd{rf/L 5g\ eg] c:yfoL / Hofnfbf/L b'O{ u'0ff a9L . sf+u|]; g]tf s]aL u'?ª / ch'{gg/l;+ s];L lzIff dGqL x'Fbf !) hgf c:yfoL sd{rf/L etL{ ul/Psf] kl/ifb\df Pdfn] g]tf k|bLk g]kfn, dËnl;l4 dfgGw/ / u+ufnfn t'nfw/sf kfnfdf k|To]sn] %) eGbf a9L c:yfoL sd{rf/L etL{ u/]sf lyP . g]kfn dGqL x'Fbf t zfvf clws[tdf c:yfoL lgo'Qm /fdk|;fb zdf{nfO{ b/aGbL ldnfP/ :yfoL agfpg] sfd;Dd eof] . zfxL zf;gsf lzIffdGqL /fwfs[i0f d}gfnLn] etL{ u/]sf clwsf+z rflx+ @)^@÷^# sf] cfGbf]ngkl5 x6fOPsf lyP . xfnsf bLgfgfy zdf{n] klg !@ hgf etL{ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L lgsfodf c:yfoL / Hofnfbf/L sd{rf/L etL{af/] rf;f] b]vfpg] u/]sf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\sf] ;jfndf df}g 5 . kl/ifb\sf sd{rf/L rflx+ ;+:yfsf] lxteGbf u'6 alnof] agfpglt/ nfu]sf 5g\ . ±@ nfO{ ;DaGwg glbg] kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{ klg /fhgLlts rnv]nn] cnkq kfl/lbPsf] 5 . kf6L{ sfo{stf{n] kl/ifb\sf pkfWoIf / ;b:o–;lrjnfO{ k|efjdf kf/]/ cf–cfˆgf ±@ nfO{ ;DaGwg lbnfPsf 5g\ . ut jif{ kl/ifb\n] lgod ljk/Lt sfd u/]sf &@ sn]hdfly yfn]sf] sf/afxL dGqLsf] bafakl5 lkmtf{ ePsf] lyof] . [
k|0ffnLaf6 lj:yflkt ug]{ ;/sf/sf] of]hgf xf] . t/ lzIff dGqfnodf Totflt/sf] tof/L dfq xf]Og, ;fdfGo u[xsfo{ klg ePsf] 5}g . o;/L ljgf s'g} tof/L …km]h cfp6Ú sf] s'/f rnfpg'n] k|0ffnL ;'wfg]{ xf]Og, kl/ifb\sf] ;fwg;|f]t hlt;Sbf] l56f] lgoGq0fdf lng] dGqfnosf] lgot b]vfpF5 . lzIffljb\ 8f= tLy{ vlgofF ljgf ax; sfg"g agfpg dfq ul/Psf] xtf/n] z}lIfs ;'wf/sf] lrGtf x}g, dGqfnosf] :jfy{ dfq ‰NsfPsf] atfpF5g\ . z}lIfs ;q @)^( b]lv !!–!@ sIffnfO{ dfWolds txdf ufEg] u/L lzIff P]gsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg x'g g;s]kl5 P;P;cf/kL sfo{qmd g} cnkq k/]sf] 5 . 8f= vlgofFn] ;ft jif{cl3 tof/ kf/]sf (–!@ sf] …df]8nÚ df cl3 a9\g] k|of; ul//x]sf] dGqfnon] !^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
kl/ifb\, lzIffljb\ / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf s;};uF 5nkmn gu/L P]gsf] d:of}bf tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . o;af6 klg k|i6 x'G5, ;/sf/ z}lIfs If]q ;'wfg]{ dfgl;stfdf 5}g . pRr dfljx?sf] nf]slk|otf a9] klg !)±@ lzIff k|0ffnLdf ;d:ofsf] rfª 5 . kl/ifb\n] ljZjahf/df k|lt:kwL{ hgzlQm pTkfbgsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] kf7\oqmd tof/ kf/]sf] atfP klg To;cg';f/sf] of]hgf dGqfno / kl/ifb\ b'j};Fu 5}g . gf} nfv ljBfyL{sf] eljiosf] lhDdf lnPsf] kl/ifb\;Fu cfˆg} lj1;d]t 5}gg\ . ##*# pdfljsf nflu Ps hgf klg lg/LIfssf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
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ubf{ pTkGg x'g] hl6ntfnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ klg ;/sf/L:t/af6 u[xsfo{ ePsf] b]lv+bg} . clxn] !) sIff;Dd k9fO/x]sf ljBfnon] g} !@ sIff;Dd k9fpg'kg]{ ePkl5 ;j{ky| d lzIfs b/aGbLsf] ;d:of cfpg]5 . dfkb08 cg';f/ s0ff{nLsf ;/sf/L pdfljn] rf/ / cGo 7fpFsfn] tLg lzIfs kfpg'k5{, t/ clxn] pdflj tx rnfPsf s]xL ;/sf/L ljBfnon] b'O{ lzIfssf] b/aGbL kfPsf 5g\ eg] sltn] Tof] klg kfPsf 5}gg\ . lzIff dGqfnosf k|jQmf hgfb{g g]kfn ;a} dfljnfO{ b/aGbL ldnfpg lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] sfd ug]{ atfpF5g\ . ±@ ;~rfngdf s'g} e"ldsf gePsf] ;/sf/n] g pdfljsf nflu :yfoL lzIfssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, g lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 k|df0fkq tx x6]kl5 sfd gu/L tna a'l‰/x]sf SofDk;sf lzIfsnfO{ otflt/ ;fg]{ kxn . sfdsf] :yfloTj gx'bF f lzIfsx¿df pdfljk|lt :jfldTjsf] efjgf knfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . P;Pn;Lkl5 !@ sIff pQL0f{ u/]sf kl/kSj ljBfyL{ ljZjljBfnodf cfpg'k5{ eg]/ ±@ z'¿ ePsf] xf] . t/, ;/sf/s} c:ki6 e"ldsfsf sf/0f of] k|0ffnL otf g ptfsf] ePsf] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf k"j{ pks'nklt s]bf/eQm dfy]df atfpF5g\ . ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿ lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ wf/0ff af]s/] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . h:tf], dGqfnosf k|jQmf hgfb{g g]kfn kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| / kl/ifb\n] (–!@ sIffsf] kf7\oqmddf sfd ul//x]sf] atfpF5g\ eg] kl/ifb\sf] kf7\oqmd dxfzfvfsf k|d'v /fdrGb| kf08] kf7\oqmdnfO{ …km]h cfp6Ú ;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ gldNg] wf/0ff /fV5g\ . kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf pklgb]{zs 8f= afns[i0f /l~ht gofF kf7\oqmd agfpg] geO{ ;+ z f] w g ug] { ePsf] n ] lj1x¿sf] ;xof]udf tof/ kfl/g] atfpF5g\ . t/ bIf hgzlQm gePsf] kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| ef8fsf lj1 vf]Hg'kg]{ afWotfdf 5 . csf]{ ;d:of, !–!) sIffsf] lhDdf lnPsf sltko lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L -lhlzc_ :gfts dfq ePsfn] ltgdf !!–!@ df k9fpg] :gftsf]Q/ lzIfssf] cg'udg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf gx'g;S5 . ;a} lhNnfdf sDtLdf :gftsf]Q/ lhlzcsf] Joj:yf ug{ dGqfnosf tkm{af6 s'g} u[xsfo{ ePsf] 5}g . d]uf sn]hsf cWoIf k|f=8f= xf]dgfy e§/fO{ s f] ljrf/df ±@ …km] h cfp6Ú sf] rrf{ tof/L ljgf g} eO/x]sf] 5 . ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf ;b:o–;lrj eO;s]sf e§/fO{ ljZjljBfnoaf6 k|df0fkq tx x6fpFbf g} ljBfno lzIffsf] ;'wf/df 42
sn]hdf s/f]*f}+ nufgL P;Pn;Lsf] glthfkl5 kqklqsf, 6]lnlehg / /]l8of]df 5fpg] lj1fkgsf] nx/n] kl5Nnf jif{df g]kfnsf] pdflj txdf ePsf] nufgLsf] cfsng ug{ ;3fpF5 . ljBfyL{sf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf nflu kf7\oqmd aflx/sf] cltl/Qm 1fgdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg]b]lv sn]hdf Po/slG8;g, lnˆ6;Ddsf] Joj:yf ePsf lj1fkgx¿ ul/G5 . of] jif{ klg sf7df8f}+sf] tLgs'g]df af;f{ sn]h / zflGtgu/df Pe/]i6 ˆnf]l/8f sn]hn] s/f]8f}+sf] nufgL;lxt cfPsf] hgfp lbPsf 5g\ . af;f{sf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t g/]Gb|s'df/ l;+x c¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf k9fpFbf cfkm"n] k|of]u ug{ rfx]sf vf;u/L k|ljlwhGo s'/f c:jLsf/ ePkl5 gofF sn]h vf]Ng'k/]sf] atfpF5g\ . æljBfyL{nfO{ cK7\of/f ljifo a'‰fpg >Job[Zo dfWod k|of]u u5f}{+Æ, l;+x eG5g\, æh;sf] pkof]u ug{ o;cl3 xfdLn] sfd u/]sf sn]h Joj:yfkgn] dfg]sf lyPgg\ .Æ ptf, Pe/]i6 ˆnf]l/8fsf lk|lG;kn dgf]hs'df/ ‰f cg]sg\ afrf u/]/ s]xL klg k"/f gug]{ sn]hsf sf/0f cleefjs / ljBfyL{n] b'Mv kfPsf] b]v]/ alnof] k|zf;g;lxtsf] sn]h vf]ns ] f] atfpF5g\ . æKn; 6'df *% k|ltzt eGbf w]/} gDa/ NofPsf ljBfyL{n] klg PdaLaLP;df gfd lgsfNg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\Æ, lk|lG;kn ‰f eG5g\, æTo;}n] xfdL k9fO;Fu} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;DalGwt ljz]if1 NofP/ k|jz ] k/LIffdf ;f]Wg] k|Zgsf df]8naf/] hfgsf/L lbG5f}+ .Æ $% hgfsf] ?=@% s/f]8 nufgL ePsf] ˆnf]l/8fdf ljleGg sn]h 5f8]/ cfPsf #% hgf lzIfs g} k|a4{s 5g\ . ?=!) s/f]8 nufgLdf cfa4 @( dWo] @^ lzIfs g} /x]sf af;f{n] km'6\g] /f]uaf6 hf]lug !) jif{;Dd csf]{ sn]hsf] ;~rfns jf k|a4{s x'g gkfpg] lgod agfPsf] 5 . gofF sn]hx¿n] k"jf{wf/;Fu} lj1fkgdf u/]sf] nufgLnfO{ k'/fgf sn]hn] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{sf] v]n atfPsf 5g\ . æTo:tf sn]hn] s]xL ;dod} km'6]/ ljBfyL{ / cleefjsnfO{ 7u]sf 5g\Æ, pRr dfWolds ljBfno ;+3 g]kfn -lx;fg_ sf cWoIf pd]z >]i7 eG5g\, ægofF sn]hnfO{ lglZrt glthf gb]vfpGh]n Ps}k6s w]/} ljBfyL{ egf{ ug{ lbg'x'Gg .Æ uf]N8]g u]6 OG6/g]zgn sn]hsf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t /d]zs'df/ l;njfn cleefjs / ljBfyL{n] k|fl1s ;+:yf rnfpg] JolQm cfkm}+ slt k|fl1s 5g\ eGg] x]/]/ dfq egf{ x'g'kg]{ atfpF5g\ . lghL If]qsf] nufgLdf v'n]sf sn]hx¿ gofF k':tfsf] cle?lr cg'?ksf] lzIff k|bfg ug{ k|oTg/t /x]sfn] k|f]T;fxg ug'{kg]{ t/ hyfefjL x'g glbg lgodg cfjZos ePsf] lk/fld8 OG6/g]zgn sn]hsf k|aGw lgb]{zs bLks ;'j]bLsf] wf/0ff 5 . [ k|eft e§/fO{ lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
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xfn o; lg:6 sn]h cGtu{t pknAw z}lIfs sfo{qmdM National School of Sciences
+2 Science and Management (HSEB)
National College
BBS/ B. Sc. / M. Sc. Microbiology (TU), M.Sc. Biotechnology (TU)
National College of Food Science & Technology B. Tech. [Food] (TU) National Model College for Advance Learning
B. Pharma. (TU)
National College for Advanced Learning
B. Sc. Biochemistry (PU)
Millennium International Academy
High School
National Model Science School
High School
NIST- Banepa
Higher Secondary School, B.Sc. General Science
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13
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College ;}4flGts eGbf Jofjxfl/s lzIffsf lglDt ;du| /fi6«s} ;Ddflgt gd"gf z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . !% jif{sf] bf}8fgdf k|To]s jif{ ztk|ltzt kl/0ffd Nofpg ;kmn o; sn]hn] b]vfj6L ;'ljwf eGbf klg u'0f:t/Lo lZfIffdf hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . bIf k|fl1s JolQmTjx?åf/f ;~rflnt o; sn]hn] !% jif{sf] cjlwdf cfkm\gf] 5'§} klxrfg agfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ;fgdf cWoog/t clwsf+z ljBfyL{x? cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f, ci6]«lnof / ef/t nufotsf d'n'sdf 5fqj[lQ k|fKt u/L uO;s]sf 5g\ . lbg k|ltlbg a9\b} uPsf] z}lIfs a]/f]huf/LnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} Jofjxfl/s lzIffnfO{ hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf]n] ;fgn] ;kmntf r'Dg ;kmn ePsf] atfpg'x'G5 k|fWofks 8f= /fds[i0f >]i7 . To:t} csf{ k|fWofks 8f= d's'Gb /l~ht eGg'x'G5, lzIff cWoogsf] nflu dfq geO{ pkof]lutfd"ns x'g'k5{ . ;a} lzIffljb\x?sf] lqmofzLntfdf ;~rflnt ;fg OG6/g]zgn sn]hn] jf:tjd} pTkfbgzLn hgzlQm pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfnd} klxnf] k6s ;fg OG6/g]zgn sn]hn] lgs} hf]lvd df]n]/ ljZjJofkL dfGotf k|fKt B.SC. Biotechnology nfO{ g]kfndf :yfkgf Mr. Bhuwan Guragain University of New Orleans, USA u/L bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ / b]z ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] nIosf ;fy B.SC. Biotechnology sf] cWoog cWofkg u/fO{ k/Dk/fut ?kdf /x]sf] s[lif, jftfj/0f, pBf]u, :jf:Yo / cf}ifwL lj1fgsf] If]qdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg] hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ ;fg sn]h cxf]/fq ?kdf Mr. Subash Dhungana Ms. Sanju Kunwar University of Miami, USA University of Florida, USA nfu]sf] 5 .
g l/;r{ OlG:6Ro"6, ;fg OG6/g]zgn sn]h u}x|Lwf/fn] ;g\ !((& b]lv z}lIfs If]qdf cgj/t ?kdf gofF g]kfn agfpg] ch{'gb[li6sf ;fy cWoog cWofkg, cg';Gwfg sfo{df kl/0ffdd'vL glthf lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . ;kmntfsf] /x:o af/] sn]hsf lk|lG;kn 8f= ;'efif l3ld/] eGg'x'G5, cu|h k|fWofks, 8fS6/ Pjd\ k|f1 ;d"xsf] pkl:ylt, ljljw cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;~rfng, cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm ;'Jojl:yt / ;DkGg lj1fg k|of]uzfnf, OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf;lxtsf] sDKo'6/ Nofj / kof{Kt kf7\ok':ts tyf ;Gbe{ k':tsx? ePsf] O–nfOa|]/Lsf] Joj:yf, dN6L ldl8of k|f]h]S6/;lxtsf] ;]ldgf/ xnsf] ;Ifd Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} +2 Science/Management, B.Sc. Biotech, BBA df cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x?nfO{ Discipline, Confidence, Leadership / n's]sf] k|ltef (Hidden Talency) nfO{ phfu/ ug{sf nflu Class Room Lecture cnfjf Participatory Approach, Individual Presentation, Roundtable Discussion, Workshop h:tf lqmofsnfkx?df lgoldt
?kdf ;xefuL u/fpg] / :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Dd pTs[i6 l/hN6 k|fKt ug{ ;kmn x'g'sf ;fy} oxfF cWoog ul//x]sf pTs[i6 ljBfyL{x?n] tkl;n adf]lhdsf] ljZjljVoft ljZjljBfnodf k"0f{÷cf+lzs 5fqj[lQdf cWoog ug]{ ;'j0f{ cj;/ kfpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . SANN Int'l College
casf] kfFr jif{leqdf
Technical University
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Ms. Archana Khadgi
University of Arkansas, USA
B.Sc.Biotechnology
cWoog ug]{ cl3Nnf] b'O{ Aofrsf ljBfyL{x? sf]l/of / cd]l/sfsf] ljleGg ljZjljBfnox?df Internship df uO;s]sf 5g\ eg] xfn} dfq ;fgdf B.Sc. Biotech/B.B.A cWoog/t Rff/ hgf 10+2 cGtu{t Ms. Sumedha Dahal Ms. Anju Sharma Mr. Sulochan Malla Science/Management ljBfyL{x?n] cd]l/sfsf] Government of lndia Government of lndia Florida Atlantic University, USA ;~rfngdf 5g\ eg] cfufdL o'lgel;{6Lx?df k"/} 5fqj[lQdf jif{df MBA, M.Sc. gfd lgsfNg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . h;df cr{gf v8\uLn] Biotech, B.D.S ;~rfngdf Nofpgsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ tof/L ul/;s]sf] 5 . ljleGg ljZjljBfnox?sf University of Arkansas df k"/} 5fqj[lQdf gfd lgsfNg ;kmn ljz'4 Pj+ nAw–k|ltli7t k|fl1s JolQmTjx?sf ;xof]u tyf ePsL 5g\ eg] ;'ef; 9'Ëfgfn] Miami University, Ohio, ;'nf]rg ;b\efjgfåf/f b]zsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws ;Lko'Qm bIf JolQmx? dNnn] Miami University, Florida / ;Gh' s'Fj/n] University pTkfbg u/L ;d[4 g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgfsf ;fy cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . of Florida, Gainesville, USA df k"/f 5fqj[lQdf gfd lgsfNg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . of] ;fg sn]hsf] dfq geO{ l;+uf] b]zsf] k|lti7f cfh ljZj Ps ;fgf] ufpF alg;s]sf] 5 . k|lt:kwf{ cTolWfs 5 . xf] eGg] xfdLn] a'em]sf 5f}+, 8f= l3ld/] eGg'x'G5 . cd]l/sf h:tf] b]zsf] h;sf lgldQ Pp6f JolQmsf] ;jf{ËL0f cfjZos x'g'k5{ . University df k"/f 5fqj[lQdf cWoog ug{ kfpg'sf] k5fl8 B.Sc. aflx/L lj1fg eGbf cfGtl/s ;'ljwf j[l4 / u'0f:t/Lo ef}lts k"jf{wf/ Pj+ k|of]ud'vL lzIf0f k4ltsf] ljsf;df hf]l8/x]sf] 5 . k"0f{ Biotechnology / ;fg sn]hsf] u'0f:t/Lo cWofkg g} xf] . h;sf sf/0f ;fg sn]hsf] ;+rfngdf k|f]km];gn d]l8sn 8fS6/x?sf] klg cg'zfl;t / d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf clt Jojl:yt ?kdf pRr k|fl1s cfsif{0f a9]sf] 5 . [ dfWodnfO{ kfng u/]/ ;+rfng eO/x]sf] SANN International
15
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V.S. NIKETAN COLLEGE Minbhawan, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 4111899/4622715 Fax: 4117579 Email: info@vsniketan.edu.np Web: www.vsniketan.edu.np
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cl3Nnf] jif{ of] ;"rLdf gk/]sf !( pdflj o; jif{ ;"rLs[t ePsf 5g\ . ut jif{ of] ;"rLdf k/]sfdWo] @* j6f o;af6 aflxl/g'n] k/LIffkmndf cfPsf] ptf/r9fj b]vfpF5 . o;k6s …/fd|f $%Ú df k/]sfdWo] @# j6f pdflj dfq sf7df8f}+ pkTosf aflx/sf 5g\ . o;n] pRr dfWolds lzIff /fhwfgLs]lGb|t ePsf] b]vfpF5 . a‰ffª / bfr{'nf lhNnfsf b'O{÷b'O{ j6f pdfljsf glthfn] eg] ;'ljwf;DkGg zx/ aflx/ klg lzIffsf] ;zQm hu a:b}5 eGg] ;+s]t lbPsf] 5, en} pRr glthf dfq u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] dfks gxf];\ . [
lz
h]leo/ Ps]8]dL, sf7df8f}+ PlDa;g Ps]8]dL, sf7df8f}+ dxfb]j pdflj, a‰ffª nf6Lgfy pdflj, dfdf{, bfr'{nf jfudtL af]l8{ª pdflj, ;'s]wf/f sf7df8f}+ >L pdflj, s?bf, /f}tx6 d'gnfO6 pdflj, nlntk'/ s'z]Zj/ pdflj, /fd]5fk P;cf]P; xd{g pdflj, sfe|] sn]h ckm lahg]; P08 ;f];n :6l8h, lj/f6gu/ sf7df8f}+ agxf6{ pdflj, sf7df8f}+ P; pdflj, sf7df8f}+ Vjk pdflj, eQmk'/ ;'gsf]zL pdflj, l;Gw'nL g]zgn OlG:6Ro"6 ckm ;fOG;, nlntk'/ Pe/]i6 OG6/g]zgn pdflj, l;/xf l/nfoG; OG6/g]zgn Ps]8]dL, sf7df8f}+ lkgfsn Ps]8]dL, nlntk'/ Sofl:kog EofnL, nlntk'/ lxdfnog x\jfO6 xfp;, sf7df8f}+ s?0fflglw P8's]zgn kmfpG8];g, sf:sL nf6Lgfy pdflj, rGbgk'/, bfr{'nf gfOl6ª\u]n pdflj, nlntk'/ 52
/fli6«o pdflj, bfr'{nf rqm hgtf zxLb u+uf pdflj, ;nf{xL c/lgsf] cfjf;Lo pdflj, df]/ª h]P; d'/f/sf pdflj, l;/xf sn]h ckm PKnfO8 lahg];, sf7df8f}+ >L pdflj, b'lwxjf, /f}tx6 leP; lgs]tg, sf7df8f+} hols;g pdflj, /f}tx6 a|'slkmN8 Ps]8]dL, sf7df8f}+ hgtf pdflj, /f}6x6 ;u/dfyf OËln; af]l8{ª, l;/xf uf]N8]g u]6 OG6/g]zgn, sf7df8f}+ k]G6fug OG6/g]zgn, sf7df8f}+ uf]s'n]Zj/ pdflj, bfr{'nf b'uf{ pdflj, a‰ffª ;]G6 kn pdflj, nlntk'/ ;u/dfyf dlN6kn sn]h, sf7df8f}+ hglk|of pdflj, hfh/sf]6 h]leo/ OG6/g]zgn, sf7df8f}+ :6]k afO{ :6]k pdflj, sf:sL lgs pdflj, sf7df8f}+ ;km\6 6]s pdflj, l;/xf
lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
!^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
53
;~rfnssf] ;'‰fj
ljj]s;Ddt 5gf]6 u/f}+ Kn; 6' lzIffdf 3';]sf] Jofkf/ / c:j:y k|lt:kwf{af6 sn]h ;~rfnsx¿ klg lrlGtt 5g\ . /d]zs'df/ l;njfn
l;O{cf], uf]N8]g u]6 OG6/g]zgn sn]h sn]h 5gf]6 ug'{cl3 ljBfyL{ / cleefjsn] ;~rfns k|fl1s x'g\, xf]Ogg\ 5'6\ofpg'k5{ . lzIf0f z} n L, glthf, cltl/Qm 1fg / Ifdtf lj:tf/sf] jftfj/0f tyf sIffsf]7f nufotsf] aGbf]a:t klg x]gk{' 5{ . o:t} k|fl1s jftfj/0fn] ubf{ uf]N8]g u]6n] kfFr jif{d} lj1fgsf tLg;lxt ^ ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ sIff ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . sn]hdf ±@ df tLg ;+sfosf cltl/Qm !# ljifodf :gfts sIff ;~rfng x'G5 . $#)) eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ cWoog ul//x]sf uf]N8]g u]6sf pTkfbg PdaLaLP;, aLO{, ;LP / aLaLPdf cTolws ;kmn 5g\ . xfdL ljleGg v]nsf /fli6«o v]nf8L klg pTkfbg ul//x]sf 5f}+ . tLg 3G6fsf] lnlvt hfFrn] dfq ljBfyL{sf] ;du| d"NofÍg x'g g;Sg] a'‰]/ xfdLn] Pp6f sIffsf] cjlw Ps 3G6f k'¥ofPsf / cGt/lqmofTds ljlwaf6 gofF s'/f l;sfpg] u/]sf 5f}+ . To;afx]s d]l8sn, OlGhlgol/ª, rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6, aLaLP nufotsf k|j]z k/LIffaf/] sIff rnfO/x]sf 5f}+ .
g/]Gb|axfb'/ clwsf/L
l;O{cf], gf;f OG6/g]zgn sn]h lzIff ljBfyL{sf] ;l6{lkms]6sf nflu geP/ hLjgf]kof]uL 1fg / cg'zf;gsf nflu xf] . gf;fdf xfdL ToxL af6f]lt/ cu|;/ 5f}+ . a9\bf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df Wofg lbP/ O{–nfO{a|]/L / O{–xflh/L nufotsf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}+ . k|of]ufTds lzIffdf ljz]if hf]8 5 . oL ;a} Joj:yf b'O{ jif{sf] Kn; 6' lzIffdf k|fKt ug]{ 1fgnfO{ ljBfyL{n] hLjGt /fVg ;s'g\ eg]/ ul/Psf] xf] . :yfkgfsf] ;'?cftb]lv g} xfd|f] glthf pTs[i6 5 . ut jif{ (* k|ltzt ljBfyL{ pQL0f{ eP . ;'ne z'Ns / :t/Lo lzIff;Fu} ljBfyL{sf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; xfd|f] d"n Ph]G8f xf] .
lrqs'df/ bfxfn
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, ;]G6 n/]G; sn]h @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] ljZjJofkL hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ u/L cWofkg ul//x]sf] ;]G6 n/]G; sn]hsf kl5Nnf] rf/ jif{df lj1fgdf !)), Joj:yfkgdf (^ / dfgljsLdf ($ k|ltzt ljBfyL{ pQL0f{ ePsf 5g\ . cWofkgdf ljBfyL{sf] dgf]lj1fgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'k{ b{5 . To;}n] xfdLn] x/]s ljBfyL{sf] JolQmut cfjZostf 54
klxrfg x'g] u/L l/;r{df cfwfl/t lzIf0f k4lt cjnDag u/]sf 5f}+ . ljBfyL{df g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg sIffdf cfkm}+n] kfj/ KjfOG6 k|]h]G6];g ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}+ . g}ltstf / cg'zf;g ljsf;sf nflu ;sf/fTds sfpG;]lnª ug]{ u/]sf 5f}+ . Kn; 6'sf cltl/Qm lqljaf6 ;DaGwg lnP/ aLP, aLaLP; tyf aLP:;L ;LP;cfO{6L klg ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5f}+ .
8f= lrl/~hLjL g]kfn
lrkm Ps]8]lds k;{g, gf]j]n Ps]8]dL xfdL ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ / ;dfhdf lz/ 7f8f] ug{ ;Sg] hgzlQm pTkfbg u5f{}+ . ;a} u'0f / Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{n] ljgf cndn nIo ;dfpg ;s'g\ eg]/ ljb]zdf k9\g hfFbf s]df ;Defjgf 5 / oxfF pko'Qm s] xf] eGg] l;sfpF5f}+ . ;"rgfk|ljlwsf] clwstd k|of]u u/]/ gofF k':tf d}qL k9fOdf hf]8 lbPsf 5f}+ . ljBfyL{nfO{ hflu/ vf]Hg] xf]Og hflu/ lbg;Sg] agfpg'k5{ . cfˆgf] ?lrdf sn]h 5fGg] &% k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] aflx/L cfsif{0fdf nf]leP/ unt 5gf]6 ug]{ u/]sfn] cleefjsn] ljj]s;Ddt 9+un] 5gf]6 ug'{k5{ . ;fy} :gftsdf ljleGg k|fljlws, Joj:yfkg / ;fdflhs ljifo ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . lzIffdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL /fd|f] eP klg ;]jfsf] ;f6f] Jofkf/ / c:j:y k|lt:kwf{n] cleefjssf] nufgL tyf ljBfyL{sf] eljiodfly v]naf8 ePsf] 5 . ljBfyL{sf] eljio eGbf cfˆgf] cx+ dfly /fVgfn] 7"nf / ljlzi6 bfaL ub}{ vf]lnPsf sn]h ^–& dxLgfd} km'6]sf 5g\ .
8f= afa'/fd kf]vn]|
lk|lG;kn, eLP; lgs]tg sn]h cleefjsn] cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] ?lr a'‰]/ ljifo / sn]hsf] lg0f{o lng'k5{ . clxn] Kn; 6'df eO/x]sf] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{n] w]/}nfO{ låljwfdf kf/]sf]n] sn]h 5fGbf z}lIfs sfo{qmd, ljifo, cg'zf;g, a|fG8 / hg:t/df sfod ljZjf;nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'k5{ . cfˆgf] cfly{s x}l;ot / sn]h–3/ b"/L klg ljrf/ ug{'k5{ . vlr{nf sn]h /fd|} x'G5g\ eGg] 5}g . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ;dodf sn]hn] ljBfyL{nfO{ slt …PS;kf]h/Ú lbg ;S5, sn]hsf] Joj:yfkg, ef}lts–z}lIfs k"jf{wf/, lzIfssf] :yfloTj / cg'ej klg x]g'{k5{ . cf+lzs lzIfs a9L /fv]/ k9fpg]n] ljBfyL{ dfly 3ft ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ Wofg lbP/ sn]h 5gf]6 ug]{ xf] eg] ljBfyL{ / cleefjssf] nufgL v]/ hfFb}g . ;s];Dd cfkm"n] !) sIff;Dd cWoog u/]sf] ljBfnod} Kn; 6' 5 eg] ToxL+ k9\g'
lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
/fd|f] x'G5 . lsgeg] Tof] ljBfnon] hlt /fd|/L ljBfyL{nfO{ csf]{ sn]hn] klxrfg ug{ ufx|f] k5{ .
;'/G] b| l;6f}nf
cWoIf, jfudtL af]l8{ª pRr dflj @)$# ;fnb]lv ljBfno / @)%$ b]lv pRr dflj ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] jfudtL af]l8{ªdf !)±@ df lj1fg, Joj:yfkg / dfgljsL tLg j6} ;+sfo ;~rflnt 5g\, :gfts tx klg ;~rfng ug]{ nIo 5 . Vofltk|fKt ljZjljBfnosf lzIfsx¿n] k9fpg'x'G5 . OlGhlgol/ª, d]l8l;g nufotsf cfsif{s ljifodf ljBfyL{n] jif]{lg gfd lgsfln/x]sf 5g\ . !@ sIffdf klg ut jif{sf] glthf ztk|ltzt ;kmn /Xof] . k/LIffsf] glthf h:t} rl/q klg ;'Gb/ agfpg ljBfyL{nfO{ sIff $ b]lv !@ ;Dd hLjg / hut a'‰fpg] lzIff k|bfg ug{ uLtfsf] 1fg ;d]t lbg] u/]sf 5f}+ .
g/]Gb|sd' f/ l;+x
l;O{cf], sf7df8f}+ af;f{ sn]h ;fFlRrs} k|efjsf/L lzIff k|bfg u/f}+ eg]/ 8]9 jif{sf] k|of;af6 /fd|f sn]hsf pTs[i6 lzIfsx¿sf] 6Ld agfO{ sf7df8f}+ af;f{sf] :yfkgf u/] s f xf} + . xfdL e| i 6frf/ / ckf/blz{tfsf sf/0f sn]hx¿ km'6g\ ] /f]uaf6 d'Qm /x]/ ljBfyL{sf] ;du| lxtdf sfd u5f}+{ . ljBfyL{n] ga'´g] ljifodf lel8of] k|:t'lt lbP/ k|i6 kf5f}{+ . ljBfyL{nfO{ 3f]sfpg eGbf a'‰fpg ;lsof] eg] hLjgf]kof]uL x'G5 .
xl/ v8\sf
k|a4{s, lk/fld8 OG6/g]zgn sn]h v]ns'bn] z/L/nfO{ tGb'?:t kf5{, zf/Ll/s tGb'?:tLn] dl:tisnfO{ :j:y agfpF5 / :j:y dl:tisn] k9fOdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . of] tYo a'‰]/ xfdLn] sn]h :yfkgfb]lv g} v]ns'bnfO{ pRr dxŒj lbPsf 5f}+ . /fli6«o km"6an v]nf8Lsf] ¿kdf dnfO{ kfPkl5 v]ndf ?lr gePsf ljBfyL{ klg cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ . v]ns'bk|ltsf] df]xn] ubf{ sltko v]nf8Ln] k9fO cl3 a9fpg g;s]sf] b'vb\ cg'ej 5 . To;}n] v]n k|ltef ePsf / u|fdL0f If]qaf6 cfPsf ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}+ . g]kfndf ljBfno :t/af6} v]ns'bnfO{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg gu/L of] If]qdf 7"nf] pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsGg .
dgf]hs'df/ ‰f
lk|lG;kn, Pe/]i6 ˆnf]l/8f sn]h ljBfyL{sf] hLjgdf 7"nf] dfG5] aGg] ;kgf x'G5 . t/, Tof] s;/L k"/f ug]{ pgLx¿n] Kn; 6' lzIff lng] pd] / d} a' l ‰;s] s f x'Fb}gg\ . To;sf nflu sn]hn] pgLx¿sf] cle?lr / Ifdtf kQf nufP/ af6f] b]vfOlbg ;Sg'k5{ . xfdL alnof] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf;lxt ljBfyL{sf] ;jf{ËL0f lxt s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]df s]lGb|t 5f}+ . xfdL;Fu gfd sdfPsf Kn; 6' sn]hdf sfd u/]sf lzIfs ;fyLx¿ x'g'x'G5 . pxfFx¿sf] pmhf{ / k|]/0ff g} ljBfyL{sf] ;kmn uGtJo / eljiosf] cfwf/ aGg]5 .
!^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
55
s]zj hf]zL
SofDk; k|d'v, c?l0fdf sn]h xfdLn] sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{nfO{ :t/Lo lzIff lbPsf 5f}+ . t/ cg'udgsf] Joj:yf gx'Fbf c‰} klg w]/} sn]hn] !)) k"0ff{Ísf] ljifodf tf]lsPsf] !%) 3G6fsf] qm]l86 cfj/ ;d]t k"/f ub}{gg\ . o;f] x'Fbf ljBfyL{x¿ cGofodf kl//x]sf 5g\ . sn]hn] k|fl1s ljifonfO{ lbPsf] dxŒjsf sf/0f ljBfyL{x¿sf] z}lIfs :t/ pRr 5 . ;fy;fy} zf/Ll/s / cGo cfGtl/s Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf nflu v]ns'b nufot cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf hf]8 lbPsf 5f}+ . Kn; 6' cWoog ug]{ pd]/sf ljBfyL{nfO{ w]/} xb;Dd efjgfTds s'/fn] k|efj kfg]{ ePsfn] pgLx¿sf] dgf]j}1flgs kIfsf] ljsf;df klg hf]8 lbPsf 5f}+ .
uf]kfn zdf{
lk|lG;kn, ;fOkn Ps]8]dL ljZjljBfno / :s"n] lzIffsf] ;]t' Kn; 6'n] ljBfyL{sf] hLjgdf 7"nf] dxŒj /fV5 . t/, s}of}+ ljBfyL{ sn]hn] k|jfx ug]{ 1fg / r]tgfnfO{ eGbf ;fyLsf] nx}nx}df nfu]/ g/fd|f] 7fpFdf kmFl;/x]sf x'G5g\, h;af6 arfpg pgLx¿nfO{ ljZjfl;nf] sfpG;]lnª cfjZos x'G5 . clxn] P;P;cf/kL cGtu{t sIff !@ ;Dd dfWolds lzIff gag];Dd bIf / Odfgbf/ hgzlQm pTkfbgsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ Kn;
6' sn]hx¿n] a'´g ;Sg'k5{ . o;sf nflu sIffsf]7fdf k9fOsf] /fd|f] jftfj/0f;Fu} v]ns'b, ;+uLt, :jLldª nufotsf dfgl;s tyf zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf cGo cfwf/ ljBfyL{sf] kx'Frdf x'g'kb{5 . ljBfyL{sf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo v]naf6} z'¿ x'G5 . To;}n] xfdLn] k9fOsf cltl/Qm km"6an, af:s]6an, 6]an' 6]lg; nufotsf v]ns'bsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf 5f}+ eg] g]t[Tj Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljBfyL{x¿s} ;+nUgtfdf vf]lnPsf Snadfkm{t jfbljjfb, jSt[Tjsnf nufotsf sfo{qmd klg cfof]hgf ug]{ u/]sf 5f}+ .
s]kL zdf{
lk|lG;kn, SoflDkog sn]h sIffsf]7fdf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u g]kfndf xfdLn] z'¿ u/]sf xf}+ . x/]s sIffsf]7fnfO{ l8lh6n ;"rgfk|ljlwdf cfwfl/t eP/ cufl8 a9fpF5f}+ . sIffsf]7fdf sd ljBfyL{ /fv]/ cGt/lqmofTds lzIffdf hf]8 lbPsf 5f}+ . k9fOsf cltl/Qm v]ns'b, z}lIfs e|d0f, ¥oflˆ6ª, 6«]lsª, j[4f>d e|d0f, lkmN8 l/kf]6{ h:tf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/fpg] u/]sf 5f}+ . cfly{s b[li6n] lgDg, dWod / pRr ;a} ju{nfO{ ;d]6\g' xfd|f] sn]hsf] csf]{ ;dfj]zL ljz]iftf xf] . xfd|f] sn]hn] Ifdtfjfg\ tyf h]x]gbf/ ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQsf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ug]{ ldqjt\ Jojxf/, sn]h xftfdf l;sfOg] cg'zf;g ;a} ljBfyL{sf nflu hLjgf]kof]uL 5g\ . [
P8\e6f]l{ /on
lj
gjLg k|ljlwsf] k|j4{gdf gf;f
Bfsf cg]sf}+ ljwfdf dxf/y xfl;n ug{ rfxg] ljBfyL{x¿sf] nflu ;femf km"naf/L ag]sf] 5– sf7df8f}+sf] u}x|LufpF, tLgs'g]l:yt gf;f OG6/g];gn sn]h . ;g\ @)!) df :yflkt of] sn]h g]kfndf u'0f:t/Lo / ;do;fk]If lzIffsf] ljsf;df xf]ldPsf] 5 . Kn; 6' txdf dfgljsL, Joj:yfkg tyf lj1fg ;+sfo tyf :gfts txdf Joj:yfkg ;+sfo cGtu{t aLaLP; cWofkg u/fpFb} cfPsf] o; sn]hn] v'n]sf] b'O{ jif{df g} cfkm"nfO{ b]zsf] cu|0fL sn]hsf ¿kdf :yflkt u/fO;s]sf] 5 . Jofjxfl/s lzIff / cg'zf;gnfO{ o; sn]hn] d"ndGqsf] ¿kdf lnPsf] atfpF5g\, sn]]hsf lk|lG;kn k|f=8f= z]v/ u'?ª . sn]hsf tkm{af6 ut aif{ !! sIffsf] kl/Iffdf ;fd]n laBfyL{ dWo] (* k|ltzt ljBfyL{ pQ[0f{ ePsf] af6 klg o; sn]hsf] z}lIfs / k|fl1s jftfj/0fnfO{ a'em\g ;lsG5 . b]znfO{ rflxg] j}1flgs pTkfbg ug{ ;d]t of]ubfg lbg] sn]hsf] nIo /x]sf] lk|lG;kn u'?ªsf] egfO 5 . laBfyL{x?nfO{ cfw'lgs ;'rgf k|lalw d}qL agfpg sn]hn] O–nfOa|]/L tyf O{–xflh/Lsf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lj1fg k|lt ce'?rL /fVg] ljBfyL{sf] cle?rLnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ sn]hn] k|of]ufTds sIffnfO{ cTolws dxTj lbPsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ sn]hsf ;a} ljBfyL{n] gf}nf] / l;h{gfTds jftfj/0fsf] cg'e'tL ug]{ df}sf kfPsf 5g\ . gf;fsf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;a dl/g /f]af]6{, /f]af]l6s /s]6, sDKo'6/ :jLR8 l;:6dnufot sl/a Psbh{g cfljisf/nfO{ k|of]udf g} ptfl/;s]sf 5g\ . æsn]h leq :yfkgf ePsf] /f]af] Snadf ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk\mgf] k|ltefnfO{ ltvfg]{ k|z:t df}sf kfPsf 5g\Æ, sn]hsf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t g/]Gb|axfb'/ clwsf/L egfO 5 . sn]hn] Joj:yfkg / dfgljsL lzIffdf klg plQs} hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . Joj:yfkg / dfgljsLsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] g]t[Tj ljsf;sf nflu sn]hdf Dofg]h;{ Sna / ldl8of Sna;d]t u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ldl8of Snan] g]kfnLsf] /]l8of] PkmPddf …sn]h cfj/Ú gfds /]l8of] sfo{qmd;d]t ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 hxfF kqsfl/tf k9\g] ljBfyL{x¿
56
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NASA International College Gairigaun, Tinkune, Kathmandu Tel: 977-01-4460397, 4479849 Fax: 977-01-4479850, P.O. Box No,: 10315 Email: nasacollege@wlink.com.np
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y{dGqLsf] kbaxfnLkl5 Pdfcf]jfbL g]tf jif{dfg k'gn] cfˆgf] d'Vo k|fyldstf cfly{s ;'zf;g x'g] atfPsf lyP, t/ pgL cfkm}+ dGqfnosf] k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj;Fu ldn]/ ;'zf;g ldRg ;lqmo ePsf 5g\ . ;:tf] k|rf/afhLsf] nf]edf cy{dGqL k'gn] k"FhLut ah]6 b'?kof]u x'g glbg cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf w]/} vr{ ug{ gkfpg] l;lnª klg tf]l8lbP . cfjsf] cGTodf lan ldnfP/ vfg] k|jl[ Q /f]Sg r}tkl5sf tLg dxLgfdf s'n k"FhLut ah]6sf] $) k|ltzt / Ps dxLgfdf @) k|ltzt eGbf a9L /sd vr{ ug{ gkfOg] of] l;lnªnfO{ cl3Nnf dGqL e/tdf]xg clwsf/Ln] klg kfngf u/]sf lyPgg\, t/ jt{dfg dGqL k'gn] …klxn] sfd ePsf] t/ e'QmfgL ug{ afFsLnfO{ rflx+ dfu] adf]lhd k};f lbg"Ú eGg] kl/kq u/]/ tf]8L g} lbPsf 5g\ . hfgsf/x¿sf cg';f/ sfd u/]/ ah]6 e'QmfgL gkfPsf] cj:yf vf;} x'Fb}g, cy{dGqLsf] kl/kqn] klxn] g} sfd u/]sf] eg]/ lan ldnfP/ afF8Lr'8F L vfg]nfO{ ;lhnf] kfl/lbPsf] 5 . geGb} dGqLsf] kl/kq;Fu} kqklqsfdf ljleGg cfof]hgf / sfo{qmdsf 6]G8/ wdfwd lgl:sg yfn]sf 5g\ . lgodfg';f/ 6]G8/sf] cjlw sDtLdf #% lbg x'G5, 7]sb] f/ 5gf]6 g} geO{ ah]6 lgsf;f ug{ dGqfno nflu;s]sf] 5 . c;f/ klxnf] ;ftf;Dddf rfn' cfjdf ljlgof]hg ePsf] ?=&@ ca{ ^) s/f]8 k"hF Lut ah]6sf] #( k|ltzt cyf{t\ ?=@* ca{ %@ s/f]8 dfq vr{ ePsf] dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{ n osf] tYofÍ 5 . t/, cy{ ; lrj s[i0fxl/ af:sf]6f c;f/;Dddf () k|ltzt vr{ x'g] atfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . pgsf] egfO cg';f/ ca @# lbgsf] vr{sf] lan !! dxLgf * lbgsf] eGbf a9L x'g]5, h;nfO{ sfd u/]/ vr{ ePsf] eg]/ kTofpg} ;ls+bg} . r}tkl5sf tLg dxLgfdf kf]xf]/ ?=^% ca{ $# s/f]8 / k/f/ ?=^@ ca{ !& s/f]8 vr{ ePsf] / o; jif{ ?=&) ca{ gf£g] cy{;lrj af:sf]6fsf] egfO 5 . ;DalGwt dGqfno / ljefusf sf/0f vr{ l9nf] eP klg sfd klxn]b]lv hf/L /x]sf] pgsf] bfaL 5 . t/, l9nf]df df3 d;fGt;Dddf nufO;Sg'kg]{ 7]Ssfk§fsf] 6]G8/ clxn] lg:s]sf]df cy{ dGqfno lhDd]jf/ gx'g] pgn] atfP . ;lrj af:sf] 6 fsf cg' ; f/ sfo{ q md ;DkGg eP/ e'QmfgL afFsL /x]sf cfof]hgfsf ;fy} klxnf] / bf];|f] rf}dfl;sdf l8hfOg eP/ t] ; | f ] d f vr{ x' g ] cfof] h gf tyf sf7df8f}+–t/fO{ b|'tdfu{, sf7df8f}+ ;8s lgdf{ 0 f h:tf k| f yldstfsf cfof] h gfsf nflu vr{ ;Ldf v's'nf] agfOPsf] xf] . t/,
/ftf] lstfadf gk/]sf u}/ah]6/L sfo{qmddf dfq} cy{dGqLn] ?=* ca{eGbf a9L afF8] dGqfnos} clwsf/Lx¿ eg] cfjsf] cGTodf …lan ldnfP/ vfg]Ú k|rngnfO{ of] jif{ klg bf]xf]¥ofpg nfluPsf] atfpF5g\ . gfd pNn]v gug]{ zt{df Ps ;x;lrj eG5g\, æs]xL cfof]hgfsf nflu of] Joj:yfn] ;xof]u u/] klg d'Vo p2]Zo ah]6 b'?kof]u ug'{ g} xf] .Æ ah]6 ;Sg dfq xf]Og, /sdfGt/ u/]/ cfˆgf] :jfy{sf sfo{qmddf k};f afF8\g klg cy{dGqL k'g pbf/ b]lvPsf 5g\ . rfn' cfjdf /ftf] lstfadf gk/]sf u}/ah]6/L sfo{qmddf dfq} cy{dGqLn] ?=* ca{eGbf a9L afF 8 ] s f] cy{ ;| f ] t n] atfPsf] 5 . n8fs" ;dfof]hg / g]kfn cfon lgudnfO{ lbOPsf] cg' b fgafx] s cfly{ s ;xfotf h:tf cGo :jfy{sf sfo{qmddf klg 7"nf] kl/df0fdf /sdfGt/ ul/Psf] 5 . of] jif{ u}/ah]6/L zLif{sdf dfq} ?=#) ca{ eGbf a9Lsf] dfu cy{ dGqfnodf k/]sf] lyof] . dxfn]vf lgoGqssf cg';f/ xfn;Dddf ()) zLif{sdf /sdfGt/ eO;s]sf] 5 . dGqfnonfO{ o;/L ckf/bzL{ / unt sfdlt/ cfslif{t ul/Pkl5 sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;"rgf lbg s8fO ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, slt kl/df0fdf u}/ah]6/L vr{ / /sdfGt/ ul/Psf] xf] eGg] lx;fa dGqfnon] lbg dfg] g . æxfdLn] s] x L af] N of} + eg]
ef]ln g} ;lrjHo"af6 vKsL vfg'k5{Æ, Ps pk;lrj eG5g\, æljutdf ;fj{hlgs ul/g] tYofÍx¿ ;d]t clxn] n'sfpg lgb]{zg lbOPsf] 5 .Æ rfn' cfjsf] ah]6df O{+6f pBf]unfO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ -Eof6_ sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] pNn]v eP klg cy{dGqL k'gs} :jfy{df sfof{Gjog ePg . dGqfnoåf/f ul7t ;+ o Gqn] O{ + 6 f pBf] u x¿ Eof6sf] bfo/fdf cfP jflif{s ?=%) s/f]8 /fh:j ylkg] cfsng ub}{ tTsfn Eof6sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg ;'‰fj lbP klg Joj;foLaf6 df]6f] /sd lnP/ dGqLn] cfFvf lrlDnlbPsf] cy{s} clwsf/Lx¿ atfpF5g\ . o;cl3 cy{n] g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0fn] ;/sf/;Fu lnPsf] ?=@& ca{ %) s/f]8 C0f ldgfxf ug]{ pmhf{dGqL kf]i6axfb'/ af]u6Lsf] k|:tfj ;b/ u/]sf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbLsf] kfnfdf k|flws/0fsf] jf;nft ;'wf/ ePsf] …h;Ú lng] nf]edf /fHosf] k};f Pp6f ;+:yfnfO{ ldgfxf ug'{ …n]vfsf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt ePsf]Ú eGb} k"j{ cy{;lrj /fd]Zj/ vgfn nufotsf hfgsf/n] o;df s8f l6Kk0fL u/]sf lyP . sltko lj1n] cy{ dGqfnodf n]vfsf hfgsf/ k|zf;lgs g]tT[ j gePsfn] klg cy{dGqL k'gnfO{ dgf]dfgL
!^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
ug{ ;Dej ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . Pdfn] ;Da4 o'jfx¿sf] lj/f]wkl5 /f]lsPsf] o'jf :j/f]huf/ cGtu{t k};f afF8\g] sfo{qmd klg hlt;Sbf] l56f] z'¿ ug{ dGqL k'g nfluk/]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf g]kfn, jfl0fHo / s[lif ljsf; AofÍnfO{ ?=!–! ca{ lbP/ ljgf lwtf] k|ltJolQm ?=@ nfvsf b/n] C0f lbg cy{dGqLsf] pbL{ hf/L eO;s]sf] 5 . of] C0f c;'nL x'g] cfzf vf;} gePsf] g]kfn AofÍsf Ps ;~rfns atfpF5g\ . lgjf{rg cfof]un] uPsf] @$ h]7df !@ a'Fb] cfrf/;+lxtf hf/L ub}{ gofF lgjf{rgnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ sfd gug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;r]t u/fof] . t/, cfrf/;+lxtfsf] klxnf] a'FbfnfO{ g} s'Nrg] u/L cy{dGqL k'g …kk'ln:6Ú ah]6 Nofpg] tof/Ldf 5g\ . x/]s dGqfnonfO{ k'/fgf] Pp6f sfo{qmd l‰s]/ Pp6f gofF yKg lgb]{zg lbOPsf] 5 . To;f] ubf{ ;+VofTds b[li6n] sfo{qmd a9]sf] klg gb]lvg] / cfkm"n] rfx]h:tf] k|rf/d'vL sfo{qmddf k};f afF8\g klg kfOg] cy{dGqLsf] a'‰fO 5 . dGqfnosf] sfddf nufd nufpg] ;+;b\ gePsf]n] cy{dGqL jif{dfg k'gsf] cfly{s :j]R5frfl/tf XjfQ} a9]sf] xf], h;nfO{ cy{ dGqfnosf] k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjn] k"/} ;fy lbPsf] 5 . [
61
cy{
ahf/ dfof]h sf] nlg{ª ;L8L
hËn ;kmf/Lsf] dg;'g ckm/
;f}/fxfsf] hËn ;kmf/L nhn] cfGtl/s ko{6ssf nflu dg;'g ckm/ NofPsf] 5 . nGr, l8g/ / a|]skmf:6;lxt b'O{ /ft tLg lbgsf] of] Kofs]hsf] z'Ns k|ltJolQm ?=$ xhf/ $$$ 5 . ;xefuLn] xfQL ;kmf/L, 8'Ëf ;o/, xfQL k|hgg s]Gb|, yf¿ gfr, ;"of{:t / yf¿ ufpF cjnf]sg ug{ kfpg]5g\ .
;fd;'ª Uofn]S;L / d]6f« ]
lxdfnog :GofS; P08 g'8N;sf] pTkfbg dfof]h rfprfp;Fu} ca dfof]h nlg{ª ;L8L kfOg] ePsf] 5 . g;{/L / Kn] u|'kdf cWoog/t afnaflnsfnfO{ l;Sg ;xfos x'g] ;L8LnfO{ lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ul/g nfu]sf] sDkgLn] hgfPsf] 5 . ;L8Ldf g]kfnL / c+u|]hL j0f{dfnf, /ª, cfsf/sf 1fgj4{s ;fdu|L tyf afnuLtsf Plgd]6]8 b[Zo ;fdu|L /flvPsf] 5 .
;fd;'ªn] Uofn]S;L 6\ofa @ nfO{ g]kfnL ahf/df leœofPsf] 5 . ! luufxh{sf] 8'cn sf]/ k|f];];/, ! hLaL ¥ofd tyf !^ hLaL cfGtl/s d]df]/L /x]sf] 6\ofAn]6 ?=$) xhf/df kfOG5 . ;fy} sDkgLn] ?=$ xhf/ (() sf] b'O{ j6f l;dsf8{ /fVg ldNg] d]6«f] O @@%@ df]afOn ;]6df !! 306f;Dd nuftf/ s'/f ug{ ldNg] l6sfp Aof6«L /x]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 .
62
lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
ea{ 6\ofAn]6 kL;L
l;6LeL df]afOnn] ea{ 6\ofAn]6 kL;L g]kfnL ahf/df leœofPsf] 5 . kL;Ldf %!@ PdaLsf] ¥ofd 5 eg] OG6/gn * b]lv #@ hLaL;Dd d]df]/L /fVg ldN5 . ahf/ d"No ?=@@,&^( /x]sf] ea{ 6\ofAn]6 kL;L, sn]hsf ljBfyL{nfO{ nlIft ub}{ clu|d a'lsª ug]{sf nflu ?=!(,((( sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
ahfh 5"6sf] n"6 ;DkGg
ahfh df]6/;fOsnsf] cflwsfl/s ljt/s Pr=Pr= ahfhn] NofPsf] 5"6sf] n"6 pkxf/ of]hgf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . gofF jif{–@)^( sf] cj;/df k|:t't pkxf/ of]hgfdf $( hgf ljh]tf / Ps efUozfnL ljh]tf 3f]lift ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} kf]v/fsf] gofFahf/df OR5fzlQm c6f]df]jfOnn] ahfh df]6/;fOsnsf] gofF zf]?d ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 .
xf]08f df]6/;fOsnsf] cflwsfl/s ljt/s :ofsf/ 6«]l8Ë sDkgLn] ;LaLcf/ @%) cf/ sf efUozfnL ljh]tf 5gf]6 u/]sf] 5 . uf]nfk|yfaf6 ljhoL slknj:t'sf s'6a'l2g ;]vn] Pp6f ;LaLcf/ @%) cf/ df]6/;fOsn kfPsf 5g\ .
dlxGb|f lksck
;gl;Nssf] slDkl6;g
;gl;Nsn] ;f}Gbo{snf Joj;foL ;+3;Fu ldn]/ cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;gl;Ns a|fO8n d]sck P08 x]o/ 8' k|ltof]lutf sf] clGtd :kwf{ kmfOgn @! c;f/df x'g] ePsf] 5 . sf7df8f}+sf] xf]6n ¥ofl8;gdf cfof]hgf x'g] ;f] :kwf{df ## k|lt:kwL{n] b'nxL / skfn >[+uf/sf] snf b]vfpg]5g\ . o;dWo]df tLg hgfnfO{ ljh]tf 3f]lift ul/g]5 .
gofF df]8ndf lkmo6
xf]08f ljh]tf
lkmo6sf] cflwsfl/s laqm]tf atf; a|b/ df]6;{n] ;g\ @)!@ df]8nsf k'G6f] / lnlgof sf/nfO{ :yfgLo ahf/df leœofPsf] 5 . ljleGg /ª / ;'ljwf;lxt l8h]n / k]6«f]naf6 rNg] k'G6f]sf] d"No ?=@$ nfvb]lv ?=#) nfv;Dd / lnlgofsf] ?=#@ nfvb]lv ?=$) nfv;Dd /x]sf] 5 .
clUg OGskf]{/]6]8n] dlxGb|f lhlgof] sf b'O{ gofF df]8n ahf/df NofPsf] 5 . …gofF lk+9Lsf] lksckÚ gfd lbOPsf oL ;jf/L, dWod tyf ;fdfGo Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] sDkgLn] hgfPsf] 5 . [
Aoflͪ Pe/]i6 AofÍn] slknj:t'sf] rGb|f}6fdf PS;6]G;g sfpG6/ / P6LPd d]l;g ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . AofÍn] sf7df8f}+sf] hf]/kf6Ldf klg gofF P6LPd d]l;g ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . dgsfdgf 8]enkd]G6 AofÍn] ef/tLo d'b|fsf] 8«fˆ6 hf/L ug{ ef/tsf] Pr8LPkm;L AofÍ;Fu ;D‰f}tf u/]sf] 5 . ;D‰f}tfcg';f/, ca dgsfdgfn] Pr8LPkm;Lsf] ef/tLo d'b|fsf] 8«fˆ6 hf/L / :jLsf/ ug{ kfpF5 . [
!^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
63
k':ts
1fg'jfs/sf] bf];f| ] :tDe
lhGbuL 5}g cr]n lhGbuLh:tf] n]vsM 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]n k|sfzsM ;flxTo kl/jf/ g]kfn d]l8sn sn]h, hf]/kf6L, sf7df8f}+ d"NoM ?=!)), k[i7M ^$±
df]
tL/fd e§sf] o'udf df}nfPsf] g]kfnL uhn ^)–&) jif{;Dd x/fP h;/L ;':tfof] . eLdlglw ltjf/Lx¿sf] ;dodf k'gM Ao'lF tPsf] ;flxTosf] of] ljwfdf axf/ cfpg @)#) sf] bzssf] cfwfcfwL
kv{g' k¥of] . g]kfnL uhndf t];f| ] k6s k'ghf{u/0f Nofpg] ;jf{lws >]o 1fg'jfs/ kf}8n] nfO{ hfG5, h;n] @) jif{sf] cGt/fndf bf];f| ] s[lt ;fj{hlgs u/]sf 5g\— lhGbuL 5}g cr]n lhGbuLh:tf] . o;cl3sf] ;+ux| v08x/ gofF–gofF g]kfnL uhnsf] cfw'lgs sf];9] u+' f dflgG5 . /]l8of] g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs kmfF6af6 ;]jf lgj[Q kf}8]nn] bf];|f] s[ltdf k"j{ k|sflzt / s]xL gofF /rgf ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . ^$ yfg uhn ;+u|lxt ;Fufnf]n] b]z, ;dfh / JolStx¿sf] ;dsfnLg ps';d's';nfO{ :jfefljs cleJolQm lbPsf] 5M lg/f]n] ‰}+ afF;'/L ahfO/fv xf], b]znfO{ o;/L g} hnfO/fv qmflGtsf] gfddf km}nfP/ e|flGt hlt;S5f} hgtfnfO{ shfO/fv sf] cfˆgf] oxfF ca sf] k/fO hf] zlStdf 5 p;}nfO{ l/‰fO/fv . hflu/, ;flxlTos kqsfl/tf h] eg] klg d"ntM uhn ;fwgfdf ;dlk{t
1fg'jfs/n] k|f/lDes jif{df >[+uf/ /;df a9L n]v] . pd]/sf] psfnL;Fu} hl6n /fhgLlts–;fdflhs kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf u/]sf uhnsf/sf l;h{gf ;do;Fu} abln+b} hfg' :jfefljs lyof], h'g pgsf l;h{gfn] b]vfpFb} uP . pgsf uhndf lj;+ut /fhgLlts–;fdflhs kl/36gfk|ltsf] cfqmf]z u'l~hG5M h'Fufsf] n8fO{+n] x]/ cgfxsdf /utkR5] b]zsf] ;+ljwfg ef] sf] 5 km]l/ v} d'n's xfFSg] lg/y{s lxhf] d]/f] dtbfg ef] 1fg'jfs/sf l;h{gfdf pd]/ / cg'ejhGo kl/isf/ cfPsf] pgsf] uhn ofqfn] b]vfpF5 . o;f] eGb}df pgdf a}/fUo knfPsf] 5 eGg] rflx+ x}g, ;Fufnf]df cg'/fuk"0f{ uhnx¿ klg 5g\ . uhnsf ;fdfGo eGbf ;fdfGo cg'/fuLsf nflu ;d]t k7gLo pgsf] kl5Nnf] ;+u|xnfO{ uhnsf/sf cfˆg} cfn]v tyf g]kfnL uhnsf cGo hfgsf/x¿sf] l6Kk0fLn] ljz]if ;+u|x0fLo agfPsf] 5 . [ h}g]Gb| hLjg
ls/ftL r]nLsf ehg
P
p6f ;+of]u} eg"F g]kfndf nf]stGqsf] k|fb'ef{jsf] k"j{;GWofdf, @)$% ebf}sf] k"jf{~rnsf] e'O{+rfnf]kl5, vf]6fªsL Ps ls/ft r]nL …lzjzlQmÚ sf ¿kdf cs:dft\ k|fb'ef{j eOg\ / cfkm"df cgfof; b]jLefj k|s6 ePsf] eGb} 5/l5d]sdf cg]s eljiojf0fL ug{ yflng\ . To;kl5 tLg dxLgf tk:of u/L cfkm"leqsf] …sNdifÚ kvfn]/ !& r}t @)$^ b]lv …k|e'bf;LÚ sf ¿kdf cfˆgf] Gjf/fg u/L wd{u'?sf] cf;g lnOg\ / cfkm"nfO{ ehg n]Vg] tyf k|e'jf0fL k|rf/ ug]{ sfddf ;Lldt /flvg\ . xfn} logsf ehgx¿sf] ;Fufnf] k|sflzt ePsf] 5— k|e' jGbgf . o;cl3 wd{ g} lj1fg / ;To jrg eGg] logsf b'O{ k|jrg ;Fufnf] 5flkPsf lyP, @)$( / @)%^ ;fndf . ltgsf klg t];|f] / bf];|f]
64
;+:s/0f xfn} k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . k|e' jGbgf df k|frLg ls/ft wd{ / ;gftg lxGb" wd{sf] ;dGjo b]lvG5 . d'VotM lzj, dxfb]j / pdf, kfj{tL
eg]sf k|frLg ls/ftL b]jtf lxdfnosf kf?xfª tyf ;'lDgdf x'g\ eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5, ehg ;+u|xn] . /, To; s'/fdf ;fIfL /fv]sf] 5, k"j{dGqL anaxfb'/
lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
/fO{ / :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{nfO{ . jof]j[4 anaxfb'/n] t lstfadf z'esfdgf lb+b} o:tf];Dd eg]sf 5g\, æxfdL ;a}sf] cljgfzL lzjn] ;bf /Iff Pj+ sNof0f u?g\ egL pg} ;bflzj kf?xfª ;'lDgdf;Fu d elQmk"j{s k|fy{gf ub{5' .Æ :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{n] eg] cln cs}{ kf/fn] cfzLjf{b lbPsf 5g\ . pgL eG5g\, æ;To k|]d, ;To zflGt, ;To Pstf, ;To kl/jf/ gfds ;gftg wfld{s ;+:yf k|e' cf>d, nlntk'/ lzjzlQmsf] cgGo pkf;s ;+:yf xf] . o;sf ;+:yflksf wd{u'? :jo+ b}jLl;4 zlQm k|]l/t JolQmTj x'g'x'G5 . === ehgdfnfsf] d"n l;4fGt wfld{s k|rf/ dfq} xf]Og clkt' wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, ;dGjo / ;defj d"n p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .Æ [ s=bL
/d‰fd
l/kf]6{ rnlrq dfofh\ af/ sf] Ps b[Zodf sl/Zdf dfgGw/ .
gfdsf] lgwf{] gSsn s'g} a]nf lxGbL l;g]dfsf] syfb]lv gfd;Dd kmf]6f]skL ptfg]{ g]kfnL lkmNdsdL{x¿ ca l3;Llk6L lkmNddf c+u|]hL gfd /fv]/ /dfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
g]
k fnL lkmNd pBf] u sf] hLjgsf] Ps ;dodf lxGbL lkmNdsf] gfdb]lv syf;Dd rf]g]{ rng a9]sf] a]nf …xltof/ b j]kgÚ, …cfuf] b kmfo/Ú 6fOksf gfdsf] k|of]u klg ePsf] lyof], t/ lsg xf] tL ljlrqsf gfdx¿sf] gSsnn] ahf/ lk6]g . clxn] cfP/ c+u|]hL gfdsf e/df/ g]kfnL lkmNd aGg yfn]sf 5g\, g]kfnL rnlrqx¿n] g]kfnL gfd kfpg] o'u g} ;lsP h:tf] u/L . g]kfnL lkmNdsf] b nf:6 ls;, l;S; lkm6 nfOkm, Anfs gfO6, y|L ne;{, h+un ne, cfO nj o' -x]= aS;_ h:tf] cjtf/ ;'xfPsf] eg] slt klg b]lv+b}g . kl5Nnf] Ps jif{df ag]sf / clxn] aGb} u/]sf w]/}h;f] g]kfnL lkmNdsf gfd o:t} 5g\ . rnlrq ljsf; af]8{sf k|jQmf ljsf; cfrfo{sf cg';f/ ^) k|ltzt lkmNdsf gfd c+u|]hL 5g\ . o:tf gfd;Fu lkmNdsf] efiff t ldNb}g, ldNb}g kl/j]z, kfq / syfj:t';uF
Clif/fd s§]n klg d]n vfof] eg] crDd dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] cy{, l;h{gzLntfsf] cefj / cy{ g ay{ s f] gSsnsf nflu o:tf] km] z g rnfOPsf] 5 . æc+u|]hL gfdsf lkmNdx¿ w]/} rn]sf] b]v]/ o;f] u/]sf xf]nfg\Æ jl/i7 rnlrqsdL{ ofbj v/]n eG5g\, æt/, g]kfnL klxrfg / l;h{gfTds lx;fan] of] /fd|f] x'Fb} xf]Og .Æ
cy{xLg sfd
jl/i7 rnlrqsdL{ v/]n l;h{gfTds lx;fan] ;f]Rg] xf] eg] gfdsf nflu g]kfnL zAbx¿sf] slQ klg vfFrf] g/x]sf] atfpF5g\ . t/, ;d:of ePsf] 5, g]kfnL gfd /fVb} g/fVg] k|j[lQ . v'b|] lrGtg / yf]/} ldlxg]taf6 /ftf/ft k};f sdfpg rfxg]x¿ l;g]dfsf] efiff, syf, ljifoj:t' cg';f/ gfd ;fy{s x'g'k5{ eGg] ;f]Rb}gg\ . kl/0ffd, lkmNd hlt ag] klg pgLx¿sf] sfd cy{ x Lg !^–#! c;f/ @)^( lxdfn va/klqsf
ag]sf] 5 . efiffzf:qL k|fWofks x]dfË/fh clwsf/L ;Lldt ;Gbe{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] zAbx¿ wdfwd g]kfnL l;g]dfsf] gfd x'g yfNbf g]kfnLkgsf] pkxf; ePsf] atfpF5g\ . pgsf ljrf/df, g]kfnLd} a[xt\ zAbfjnL x'Fbfx'Fb} cfˆg} eflifs ;+;fwgsf] k|of]u gug'{ d"v{tf lzjfo s]xL xf]Og . æcy{xLg gSsnsf] xf]8afhLn] g]kfnL l;g]dfsf] df}lnstf t vfG5 g} xfd|f] ;+:s[ltnfO{ klg ;lslbG5Æ pgL eG5g\, ærnlrqsdL{x¿ l;h{gzLn aGg'k¥of], sf]/f gSsn ptf/]/ cfˆg} efiff ;+:s[ltsf] x'd{t lng' ePg .Æ rnlrq ;dLIfs dgf]h kl08t ljifoj:t' / d]lsªsf] lx;fan] x}g gfd}n] c¿eGbf km/s b]lvg] xf]8n] ljs[lt NofPsf] 7fG5g\ . lgb]{zs gjLg ;'Aaf s;}n] df;' Jofkf/ u/]/ k};f sdfof] eg] df;' k;n vf]Ng]x¿sf] cf]O/f] nfUg] g]kfnL rng;Fu hf]8\5g\, 67
c+uh ]| L gfdsf s]xL lkmNd ;f] l;Dkn, b nf:6 ls;, Anfsd]n l;S; lkm6 nfOkm, P6LPd, Anfs gfO6 jf/, km'n :6k, ld; o", y|L ne;{, Knfg lehf un{, cfO Pd ;/L, dfO a|b/ P km/ cd]l/sf, gfO6 SjLg, ns, Kn] un{, sn{ un{, dfofh\ af/, Pn]j]Gy l:6«6, gfOg cf]Sns, /]8 dfs]{6, xfOj], y|L PS:;, Eofn]G6fOg, k|ld;, ld;g nj Og l;lSsd, 8g b cG8/jN8{, ld:6/ 8g, Rofn]Gh, 6fh{g, Uofª:6f/, nj :6f]/L, 2066 BS, af/ 8fG;/, jfg 8], h+un SjLg, h+un ne, cfO{ nj o", 6fu]{6, nj Og hfkfg, b d:6 jfG6]8, Os' b h+un Dofg, hi6 km/ o", nj Og rfOgf af]8{/ .
lkmNdsf] c+u|]hL gfd /fVg] km]zgnfO{ . æxfd|f rnlrqsdL{ /rgfTds eOlbPgg\Æ, ;'Aaf eG5g\, æsf7df8f}+df o'jf k':tfsf] 56k6L / ljb]z knfogdfly d}n] agfPsf] rnlrqsf] 7\ofSs g]kfnL gfd gh'bf{ c+u|]hL gfd /fv]sf] lyPF, clxn] h:tf] lkmNdsf] klg c+u|]hL gfd x'g yfNof] .Æ ;'Aafn] eg] h:t} g]kfnL l;g] If]qdf s'g} gofF s'/f ePsf] lkmNd rNof] eg] ;asf ;a rnlrqsdL{ ToxL s'/f b]vfpg yfN5g\ . o; qmddf 9+u k'Uof]÷k'u]g eg]/ 6fpsf] b'vfO/xFbg} g\, pgLx¿ . cZnLn ;Djfb ePsf] n"6 / gUgtf ePsf] rknL xfO6 n] /fd|f] Jofkf/ u/]sf] b]v]kl5 c‰ a9L ufnL /
‰08} tL; jif{cl3 …d'gfdbgÚ, …cfdfsf] ;kgfÚ, …3' D g] d] r dfly cGwf] dfG5] Ú h:tf cd/ s[ltx¿n] a]:sg xNnfO/x]sf] a]nf slj s[i0fe"if0f jnsf] …ef]ln af:g] laxfgÚ d]/f] xftdf k/]sf] lyof] . Tof] s[lt bf]xf]¥ofO{–t]x]¥ofO{ k9]kl5 Pp6f lgdf{0ffwLg slj ef]hk'/sf] lbNkf ufpFdf cl8P/ a:g ;s]g . sfnfGt/df k"j{sf ljleGg ;flxlTos d~rb]lv /fhwfgLsf cg]s dw'zfnf;Dd ;flGgWosf] ;'of]u h'/]sf tL zlQmzfnL ;h{s ca g/x]sf] ;'Gbf …ljof]u gcfO{ k|]dn] cfˆgf] ulx/fO{ yfxf kfpFb}gÚ eGg] vlnn lha|fgsf] ;D‰gf eof] . tLg dxLgfcl3 pxfFn] …sf7df08"df Tof] s[i0f w/fjf;Ln] lrof v'jfof] eg] t'?Gt va/ ug',{ dnfO{ Tof] cfZro{ ;'Gg] dg 5 ÛÚ eg]/ xF;fpFb} dnfO{ lj/f6gu/af6 labf ug'{ePsf] lyof] . s[i0fe"if0f jn #) sf] bzsdf pbfPsf ;jf{lws k|efjzfnL slj lyP . cfw'lgs uB–sljtfsf If]qdf l/dfn, e"kL, df]xg sf]O/fnf / a}/fuL sfOFnfkl5 dfgs sljsf ¿kdf lgM;Gb]x pgsf] gfd cfpF5 . k~rfotL 68
gUgtf ePsf l;g]dfx¿sf] af9L g} cfof] . sf7df8f}+sf dlN6Kn]S;x¿df ld; o", cfO Pd ;/L gfdsf g]kfnL rnlrqx¿ rn]sf] b]v]kl5 l;g]d]l6s ;f]r gePsfx¿ c+u|]hL gfddf tfO{ g t'O{sf lkmNd agfO/x]sf 5g\ . lgb]{zs ;'/]z bk{0f kf]v/]n c+u|]hL gfd /fv]/ agfOPsf Ps–b'O{ j6f rnlrq dlN6Kn]S;df o'jf k':tfsf bz{saLr /fd|/L rn]sf] b]v]/ To:t} gfddf a]9+usf lkmNd e6fe6 aGg yfn]sf] atfpF5g\ . y|L ne;{, ld; o" h:tf c+uh]| L gfdsf rnlrq agfPsf pgL Tof] unt k|j[lQ ePsf] :jLsf5{g\ . æc+u|]hL gfd /fVg} x'Fb}g eGg] x}g, t/ Tof]
s[i0fe"if0f jn -! r}t @))$–!! c;f/ @)^(_
Joj:yfsf] pGdQ of}jgsfndf …sf7df08" PSn}n] ca sf7df08" af]Sg ;Sb}gÚ eGg] ax'rlr{t sljtfn] pgnfO{ Tof] prfO lbof] . s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k|0ffnLlj?4 n]lvPsf] ;DejtM Tof] g} Psdfq …slDKn6Ú g]kfnL sljtf xf], h;nfO{ cfh tL; jif{kl5 d'n'sn] /fli6«o Ph]08f agfPsf] 5 . lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
ljifoj:t' ;'xfpFbf] x'g'k5{Æ rnlrq lgdf{tf ;+3sf ;lrj ;d]t /x]sf kf]v/]n eG5g\, æc+u|]hL gfd /fVb}df xlnp8sf] l;g]df aGg] x}g, a? xlnp8sf] ;f]r /fv]/ g]kfnL l;g]df agfof] eg] /fd|f] rnlrq aG5 .Æ csf{ l;g]sdL{ df]xg lg/f}nf g]kfnsf] lkmNd pBf]udf efiff, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt / g]kfnLkgsf] cy{ ga'´g]n] ul//x]sf] cy{xLg sfdsf] d"No ;dfhn] r'Qmf ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;Sg] atfpF5g\ . ærnlrq lgdf{0f x}g, wdfwd af}l4s bl/b|tf k|bz{g eO/x]sfÆ lg/f}nf eG5g\, æo:tf xflgsf/s pTkfbgnfO{ /fHon] g] k fnL rnlrq eGb} s/ 5' 6 lbg'x'Fb}g .Æ [
…bfHo' ltd|f] xft rflxG5Ú -v08 sfJo_, …ef]ln af:g] laxfgÚ -sljtf ;+u|x_, b km'n d'g P6 b l/e/ Jofs -c+u|]hLdf cg"lbt sljtf ;+ux| _ / ljleGg n]v, lgaGw, Jo+Uosf ;|i6f s[i0fe"if0f nf]stGqk|lt k|lta4 slj lyP . ljgd| t/ ljrf/zLn slj s[i0fe"if0fsf sljtfx¿ j}olQms :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / kl/jt{gsf kIfdf /x] . cfGtl/s noljwfg / ;'nlnt laDax¿sf] t/]nLdf lgld{t pgsf] /rgf–lzNk cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] b'n{e pknlAw xf], h;nfO{ cfhsf t?0f sljx¿n] Pp6f …:s"nÚ agfPsf 5g\ . k~rfotsfndf sljtfdfkm{t dflg;nfO{ dflg; eP/ afFRg] ;kgf afFl8lx+8\bf k6s– k6s w/fkdf k/]sf] s[i0fe"if0fsf] AofÍsf] hflu/nfO{ @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{gn] l:y/ agfPsf] lyof] . c9fO{ bzssf] hflu/af6 lgj[Q ePkl5 pgL k"0f{sfnLg ;flxTo;]jL eP . k|ltli7t ;flxlTos ;+:yf …jf0fL k|sfzgÚ sf] cWoIf eP/ k"jf{~rnsf] ;f+:s[lts ultljlwsf] g]t[Tj ub}{ /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+sf] tyfslyt …s]Gb|Ú eTsfOlbP . [ >j0f d'sf?ª
ljljw Clif/fd s§]n
/d‰fd
lh/]v; ' f{gLsf] dg g]
kfn 6]lnlehgsf] nf]slk|o xf:o 6]ln>[+vnf lh/]v';f{gLn] cfˆgf] $))cf}+ efu k|;f/0fsf] v'zL km/s 9Ën] dgfof] . l;l/on pTkfbs ldl8of xasf k|d'v ;f]d lwtfn;lxt snfsf/sf] 6f]nLn] kj{tsf] /fgLkfgL k:of/ k'u]/ kfFr hgf ckfËtf ePsf] kl/jf/nfO{ gub ;xof]u u¥of] . xftv'§f g} grn]/ ;w}+ ;'lt/xg'kg]{ kfFr 5f]/L ePsf] kl/jf/nfO{ lh/]sf] 6f]nLn] ?=! nfv ! xhf/ !!! ;xof]u dfq lbPg pgLx¿sf] b'Mvsf sfo{qmd g} agfP/ k|;f/0f u¥of] . sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ePnuQ} ckfËtf ePsf lbbLalxgLnfO{ b]z–ljb]zaf6 ;xof]u h'6]sf] l;l/onsf Ps lgb]{zs tyf snfsf/ lht' g]kfnn] atfP . cd]l/sf, a]nfot, hfkfgnufotsf b]zdf a:g] g]kfnLaf6 oL ckfËtf ePsf lbbLalxgLsf] gfddf xfn;Dd ?=$ nfv xf/fxf/L ;xof]u h'6]sf] 5 . ;xof]u ug]{]x¿sf] gfd lh/]v';f{gLdf k|;f/0f u/]/ l5§} kl/jf/nfO{ /sd x:tfGt/0f ug]{ atfOPsf] 5 . ckfËtf ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ kfpFbf ;Gtf]if nfu]sf] snfsf/ lzjxl/ kf}8]nn] atfP . [
afa'cfdfnfO{ ;xof]u x:tfGt/0f ub}{.
ckfËtf ePsf lbbLalxgLx? .
P8\e6f]l{ /on
z}lIfs If]qdf pTs[i6 lqmdzg OG6/g]zgn sn]h k|f=ln=
g
ofFafg]Zj/, z+vd'nl:yt lqmdzg OG6/g]zgn sn]h k|f=ln= @)%^ ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; sn]hdf pRr df=lj= tkm{ Joj:yfkg, dfgljsL / lj1fg ;+sfodf k9fO x'G5 eg] :gfts txdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno cGtu{t Joj:yfkg ljifosf] cWofkg u/fOG5 . o; sn]hn] ljut jif{x¿df pRr df=lj= tyf :gfts txdf pTs[i6 glthf NofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ^ /f]kgL hUUffdf ;'ljwf;DkGg ef}lts k"jf{wf/ /x]sf] o; sn]hdf cg'ejL, bIf lzIfs÷lzlIfsfaf6 cWofkg u/fOG5 . sn]hdf x'g] ultljlwx¿sf]
lgu/fgL ug{ l;;LSofd]/f h8fg ul/Psf] 5 eg] kfj/KjfO{G6sf] dfWodaf6 cWofkg u/fOG5 . k9fOsf] u'0f:t/, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / cGo sn]hx¿sf] z'Ns;Fu t'ngf ubf{ o; sn]hsf] z'Ns lgs} sd /x]sf] 5 . :yfkgf sfnb]lv h]x]gbf/ u/La, lk5l8Psf / b'u{d If]qsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg ljwfdf 5fqj[lQx¿ k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] o; sn]hn] of] jif{ klg clw/fHosf ;/sf/L tyf lghL ljBfnoaf6 plQ0f{ x'g ;kmn k|ltefzfnL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sIff !! df lj1fg, Joj:yfkg / dfgljsL ;+sfodf cWoogsf nflu k"0f{ 5fqj[lQ tyf cGo ljljw ljwfdf k"0f{ tyf cf+lzs 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg] ePsf 5f}+ . ;/sf/L ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] pHHjn eljiosf] nflu sn]hn] o; jif{ lgDgadf]lhd 5fqj[lQsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5M
5fqj[lQ ljj/0fM 5fqj[lQ ! k|fKtf+ssf] cfwf/df lbOg] 5fqj[lQ @ v]ns'b 5fqj[lQ ;+Vof # blnt, hghflt, b'u{d If]q / zf/Ll/s c;Qmx¿sf] nflu $ 5fqfx¿sf] nflu ljz]if 5fqj[lQ % cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk 5fqj[lQ hDdf
70
lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(
;+Vof %$ !* !@ &% ( !^*
clGtd kfgf lgzf /fO{
lgzf /fO{
rfdnsf]
dfg Û u|]
6 lxdfnog 6«]n -kbdfu{_ n] NofPsf] ko{6sLo rxnkxn a'´g s]xL dxLgfcl3 x'Dnf ;b/d'sfd l;dsf]6 hfg] df}sf h'/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnu~haf6 l;dsf]6 k'Ug] Ps dfq ljsNksf] ¿kdf pknAw …lrnuf8LÚ sf] Pp6f l6s6nfO{ kbf]{/x]5– ?=!@ xhf/ Û laxfg cf7 ah] /fF‰f ljdfg:yndf xjfOhxfh r9\bf To;sf nueu ;a} ;L6df rfdnsf af]/f /flvPsf lyP -x]=t:aL/_ . ljdfgdf b'O{ kfO{n6 / Ps Pc/xf]:6]; afx]s dfgj ofqLdf Ps cwa}+;], b'O{ afns;lxtsL Ps dlxnf / d kfFr hgf dfq lyof}+ . Pc/xf]:6];n] 6«]df skf; / rsn]6 NofpFbf d dgdg} rfdnsf af]/f ulg/x]sL lyPF . To:t} $) af]/f lyP xf]nfg\ . o;/L nluPsf] rfdnsf] 9'jfgL ef8f vfB ;+:yfgsf] xf] eg] k|lt lsnf] s/La ?=(% / lghL xf] eg] k|lt lsnf] ?=!#) kbf]{ /x]5 Û Ps 306fdf hxfh l;dsf]6 plq+bf ljdfg:yndf @) hgf hlt gf}hjfg ;'g h:tf] Tof] rfdn kv]{/ a;]sf lyP . sf7df8f}+df d}n] slxNo} jf:tf gu/]sf] rfdnsf] oqf] dfg b]v]/ d cjfs\ ePF . /fhwfgLd} hGd]x's]{sL d}n] s0ff{nLsf] b'Mvsf] syf k9]–;'g]sL t lyPF, t/ oyfy{;Fu ;fIffTsf/ klxnf] k6s ub}{lyPF . ofqfsf qmddf d}n] sf7df8f}+sf rf]sx¿df kmf]xf]/;Fu} kmflnPsf ;x;| l;tfx¿ ;lD‰PF . ljdfg:ynaf6 lg:s]/ l;dsf]6 ahf/sf] ljho xf]6ndf vfgf vfg s] a;]sL lyPF, xf]6nsf ;fx" ljho nfdf km'tL{;fy rfdnsf af]/f af]s]sf o'jsx¿sf] x"n lnP/ cfOk'u] . cl3 ljdfgaf6 NofOPsf] rfdnsf !) af]/f pg}n] dufPsf /x]5g\ . ljho xf]6naf6 lhNnf k|zf;glt/ nfUbf af6f]sf] bfofF5]pdf vfB ;+:yfgsf] sfof{no e]l6+bf]/x]5, hxfF lhNnfsf #) j6} uflj;sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ s/La !)) hgf dflg; nfOg a;]sf lyP . cf–cfˆgf] uflj; ;lrjsf] l;kmfl/; lnP/ cfPsf tLdWo] w]/}n] ToxL+ /ft latfPsf /x]5g\, ef]ln l/Qf]xft kmls{g' gk/f];\ eg]/ . vfB ;+:yfgsf] rfdn -w]/}h;f] ;8]sf] x'G5 /] Û_ 3/]n' dlb/f agfpg k|of]u ePkl5 x'Dnf lgs} ab\gfd ePsf] /x]5, Pstfsf . l;dsf]6 ahf/sf] Pp6f ¿vdf 6fFluPsf] ;fOgaf]8{ -x]=t:aL/_ n] /S;L agfPsf] eGg] cf/f]kaf6 hf]lug vf]Hb} rfdnaf6 jl~rt x'g' gx'g] cfzo ‰NsfpFYof] .
t}klg, …x'g]vfg]x¿Ú n] rfdnsf] hfF8/S;L agfpg] u/]sf] 7f]s'jf vfB ;+:yfgdf e]l6Psf rfdnsf cfsf+IfLx¿n] u/] . l;dsf]6sf …x'g]vfg]Ú df xf]6n Joj;foL g} kbf{/x]5g\ . æoxfFsf x'g]vfg]x¿ l;l8cf] / k|x/L xfsLdsf] l;kmfl/;df eg]sf] a]nf eg]hlt rfdn kfpF5g\Æ, l5k/f uflj;af6 k"/f Ps lbg lx+8]/ cfPsf bfgaxfb'/ zfxLn] eg], æxfdL rflx+ kfFr lsnf] s'lxPsf] rfdnsf nflu cl3Nnf] a]n's}b]lv 7]nf7]n ub}{ nfOgdf a:5f}+, cfk;df s'6fs'6;Dd u5f}{+ .Æ bfgaxfb'/ / ToxfF ePsf c¿sf] s'/f ;'g]/ d xtk|e ePF . s0ff{nL c~rndf ef]sd/L x6fpg ;/sf/n] @)#@ ;fnb]lv g} xjfOhxfhaf6 vfBfGg k7fpg] gLlt lnPsf] /x]5 . To; cg';f/, x'DnL hgtfsf nflu j8flkR5] %) s]hL vfBfGg pknAw u/fpg] ;/sf/L Joj:yf /x]5 . lhNnfsf s/La %^ xhf/ kl/jf/sf # nfv @% xhf/ hg;+VofnfO{ oltn] k'Ug] s'/} ePg . To;dfly, ;b/d'sfdaf6 ljt/0f x'g] of] rfdnsf nflu uflj;sf] l;kmfl/; lnP/ cfpg]dfly ;DalGwt ufpFsf /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ / ;b/d'sfdsf …x'g]vfg]Ú n] ‰]n u5{g\ /] Û ;/sf/n] xfn;Dd s0ff{nLsf kfFr lhNnfdf jflif{s ;/b/ #* xhf/ SjL06n rfdn k7fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . @)$^ kl5sf ;/sf/x¿n] s0ff{nLnfO{ sf7df8f}+dfly lge{/ kfg]{ k~rfotL gLlt Tofu]/ ljsf;, lbuf] s[lif / hLljsfsf cGo ljsNk lbPsf] eP x'DnLx¿n] zfob} of] kL8f ef]Ug'kYof]{ xf]nf . pgLx¿ s;/L afFr]sf 5g\, ca t l;+xb/af/n] x]g'{k¥of] Û [
b]zdf zflGt / ;'Joj:yf sfod x'g;s]df dfq ljsf;sf] ult tLj| x'g ;S5 . o;y{ ;dfhdf zflGt, ;'Joj:yf sfod /fvL Pstf / /fli6«o lxtsf] efjgfn] ljsf; sfo{df ;xefuL x'g' ;a} g]kfnLx?sf] k|d'v st{Jo xf] . 72
g]kfn ;/sf/ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno ;"rgf ljefu lxdfn va/klqsf !^–#! c;f/ @)^(