LUNAR OASIS – Part 3 - Architectural Visions for an Integrated Habitat - Design Studio WS 2021

LUNAR OASIS

Architectural Visions for an Integrated Habitat

Research Unit of Building

Construction and Design 2 - HB2

Institute of Architecture and Design, TU Wien &

Department of Architecture and Design

College of Engineering, Abu Dhabi University

ABSTRACT

Mother Fungus is a fungi-based biotechnology research center on the Moon. Self-propulsion and-self regeneration are catalyst engines for the topic of sustainability on the Moon.

A myco-structure off-planet, whose aim is to study and test out future strategies based on the use of fungi as building material which can tackle down multiple challenges of inhabiting an extreme environment such as the Moon‘s one.

By investigating one of the world’s most sought-after fungi, we examine the possibility of life on such a remote environment such as the lunar one. The research might lead to various outcomes due to the fungi‘s versatilities and to future bio-technological strategies.

Mahsa Abdi, Ludovica Breitfeld Margaryta Kaliberda, Sara Laila, Fatemeh Mohammadi, Shada Salloum

project by

LUNAR OASIS

An oasis is a complex system based on a harmonic blend of coexistence. A virtuous circuit capable of self-propulsion and self-regeneration. The oasis is self-sustainable and doesn’t produce waste. Everything is essential and therefore a source.

The Oasis is a complex web of interconnections between humans, animals, plants & other beings. It‘s a place where we get the chance to learn from the errors of the past to live in complete balance and respect of nature.

An oasis is a place of hope, to learn from existing sources and a catalyst of possibilities. A place that needs to be taken care of.

An Oasis is a place of desire and of balance between living things. An Oasis is resilient, where existing in-situ resources are the driving forces to a whole new system.

IDEA

Throughout history, our ecosystem has witnessed some catastrophic events such as the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic explosion which jeopardized life on Earth. The Matsutake was among the first signs of life to appear in such a tragically alien landscape after the atomic explosions and today is a symbol of rebirth and regeneration, due to its extraordinary resilience capabilities. Matsutake is the most valuable mushroom in the world and a weed that grows in human-disturbed forests across the northern hemisphere. Through its ability to nurture trees, matsutake helps forests to grow in daunting places. It is also an edible delicacy in Japan, where it is sold at astronomical prices.

Looking closely to the life-cycle of fungi, we can see how its existence can be seen as a closed-loop system.

The first phase of the fungal life cycle is the spore phase. All fungi begin as spores that are ‘haploid,’ meaning they only have one copy of all their genetic information. This is similar to human sex cells, like sperm and eggs. These spores can travel vast distances from where they were produced by hitching a ride on another organism or even the wind. Once the spore lands in a favorable environment, it will germinate and grow a mass of ‘roots’ called a mycelium. These support the spore just like roots by finding nutrients to help the spores grow.

As the mycelium grows, it may encounter another, compatible fungi. If this occurs, the cells from each individual fungi can fuse together to form one, single cell. These fused cells are now ‘diploid’ meaning they have two copies of all their genetic information. This is like the rest of all human cells that aren’t sex cells.

These cells then undergo a process called ‘meiosis.’ This is when a single cell splits into two cells. Importantly, during this fission, the genetic information from each parent gets jumbled up and mixed together. The resulting two ‘daughter’ cells are neither identical to either of their parents nor each other. This is how fungi (and all sexually reproductive organisms) maintain their genetic diversity.1

All fungi are heterotrophic, which means that they get the energy they need to live from other organisms. Like animals, fungi extract the energy stored in the bonds of organic compounds such as sugar and protein from living or dead organisms. Many of these compounds can also be recycled for further use.2

1 https://www.plantsnap.com/blog/intro-to-the-fungi-life-cycle/

2 http://www2.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/tftol/content/3interaction.html

WHAT A RARE MUSHROOM CAN TEACH US ABOUT SUSTAINING LIFE ON A FRAGILE PLANET...

CONCEPTUAL

THE LIFE-CYCLE OF FUNGI & THE ROLE OF MYCELIUM

Scarcity is not a threat, since every little thing, even the most inconceivable, serves a purpose and therefore becomes of vital necessity for its existence.

LOCATION

A 3d trace-mapping is performed robotically in advance in order to look out for possible lava tubes. The Base is located in the proximity of the Shackleton Crater, in the South-Pole coordinates.

Lava tubes create caves beneath lunar surface that could serve as protective living areas for future explorers. Lava tubes offer a stable temperature environment as well as shielding from solar & cosmic radiation, meteoroids and ejecta.

FUTURE VISION

The idea of using lava tubes is integrated in the future vision of Mother Fungus. Although the future settlement will be expanded into a suitable lava tube, the Base will carry on its function as a research, production and surface outpost facility. Bricks produced in the Base, made of fungi and plant waste, will be used as construction materials.

PHASES

.exploration and creation of a map of lava tubes on the south pole, near Shackleton Crator

SHACKLETON CRATOR

89.9°S 0.0°E

EXPLORATION - ROBOTIC

PAYLOAD

robotic | ATHLETE x2

solar panels

equipment rover

foto: „peppering of craters at the Moon’s south pole“ (ESA/SMART-1/AMIE camera team; image mosaic: M. Ellouzi/B. Foing, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)

.selection of a suitable lava tube for future settlement

.the Base construction on the Moon‘s surface

.excavation of a slope to acces

lava tube

.crew arrival (6 people)

.inhabitation of the Base

.start of research & fungi-bricks production

.completion of slope

.preparation of lava tubes‘s surface

.start of fungi-settlement

.completion and move into fungi-settlement

.further use of the Base as research & production facility

greenhouse

crew

materials for future fungi-settlement

.fungi-bricks: produced in the motherbase from a mycelia & plant waste; baked using solar energy

.furniture: produced from fungi on the Moon

.airtight inner layers, additional airlocks, necessary supplies and equipment for new habitat modules: brought from Earth on request

habitat module x1

airlock

airlock

connection modules

/ lab module x4

x6 people supplies equipment rover

CONSTRUCTION - ROBOTIC INHABITATION - ROBOTIC EXPANSION - ROBOTIC & HUMANS FUTURE VISION

DEPLOYMENT

.the deployment of the inflatable module begins with 3d-sintering of regolith in order to make stable and even surface for the Base

.an initial structure inflates after release of compressed O2 from canisters embedded within the pneumatic tubes

.to fill wall structure with mycelia N, CO2 and H2O are released into a growth cells

.growth of the rooms‘ and furniture‘s modules is activated within a completed structure

CREW

The Biotechnology Research Centre for fungi-based materials and structures on the Moon hosts 6 crewmembers belonging to different expertises.

The six astronauts are testing different biotechnological strategies for sustaining life on the Moon.

1 x BIOSCIENTIST

1 x MYCOLOGIST

1 x ENGINEER

3 x ASTRONAUTS

5

.to ensure radiation protection of the Base, the wall cavity is filled with hydrogen produced from fungi

SITE PLAN & SECTION

ATHLETE performs a maintenance for solar panels

ATHLETE’s weekly check of the slope for any damages

EARTH

srover in process of docking; research team returned from a three day mission

SLOPE INTO THE LAVA TUBE ROVER GARAGE

THE BASE SOLAR PANELS

rover on its way up from the lava tube after delivering harvest from the Base’s greenhouses

FUTURE FUNGI SETTLEMENT

LAVA TUBE PIT

FLOOR PLAN - LEVEL 1

FLOOR PLAN - LEVEL 2

3D SECTION B-B

The two floors habitat, has 3 types of vertical connections: one climbing wall, one circular staircase and a steel pole. Each of them connecting to unique heights and spaces. Different spatial arrangements are safely kept separate from each other, a certain level of communication is nevertheless facilitated between both habitat and creation sections.

food production: service station

food production

sleeping unit

library

kitchen & dining area leisure greenhouse

working area life support

Another kind of connection relies on the visual level. Communication between the different modules and the outside space, is made possible through the windows, and an overlook to the starry sky and the Earth is therefore impelled.

sleeping unit

mycelia production

sport stop: yoga / aerobic / stretching / etc.

VISUAL CONNECTIONS & SECTION A-A

1st level

2nd level

airlock lunar landscape

habitat starry sky

dining room greenhouse 1st level

library Earth 2nd level

lab habitat 1st level

WALL STRUCTURE

The inflatable, mycelia filled wall structure was inspired by: NASA’s accepted proposal “Myco-architecture off planet: growing surface structures at destination” - NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts, phase 1, Dr. Lynn Rothschild

Tje section through the wall shows all main layers of inflatable structure with their tasks, requirements and suggested materials; and a mycelia part of a structure with growth cells, supply, return and proton exchange membranes.

RADIATION PROTECTION FOR WINDOWS

The concept of a radiation protection for windows follows the principal developed by bioHAB 3.0 from redhouse studio. When unused, windows can be closed and protected from radiation with inflated, hydrogen-filled bladders.

ATOMIC OXYGEN PROTECTION

protect against atomic oxygen

MLI LAYER

betaglass fabric

MULTI-LAYER INSULATION help maintain thermal control of the module’s shell and interior atmosphere aluminized material & aluminized polyimide

closed .protected from radiation

DEPLOYMENT SYSTEM

LAYER

protects restraint & bladder layers from hyper-velocity impact damage

MMOD PROTECTION

LAYER

execute controlled & predictable deployment, restrain the shell during launch nextel & kevlar fabric

RESTRAINT LAYER

structural layer carries loads & stresses

.strong & stiff flexible & foldable .packing & deployment without degradation

H+ ION CAVITY

radiation protection contains Hydrogen+ ions

BLADDER LAYER

gas (air) barrier .durable

flexible

.low permeability at high & low temp.

polymeric materials & felt cloth

INNER LINER

barrier for the crew

.flame-resistant

.easy to clean

.durable

.puncture resistant

PTFE coated fiberglass fabric

PROTON EXCHANGE

MEMBRANE

split H into electrons & H+ ions

RETURN MEMBRANE extract O2 & H

RETURN MEMBRANE contain grown mycelia structure

e.g. saprophytic fungi

SUPPLY MEMBRANE supplies N & CO2 & H2O

HEAT-TRACE PNEUMATIC MEMBRANE supplies heat to growing cells, creates right conditions

RESEARCH TOPICS

This project’s main focus is fungi. This research is studying the integration of fungi in the structure of a lunar habitat. It also focuses on the multi-use of fungi in different aspects whether it was for consuming, or the interior, spacesuits, microfiltration, or using the waste as a substrate to produce fungi bricks which will be used in the future phase of this

what are the MAIN researchtopics, the focus of the project, how to use ISRU (1-5 double pages as needed)

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Fungi are very resilient and resistant towards multiple challenges we face on the moon so it potential it is a great option that can be used in all aspects of living on the moon wither it was for structure because of it is resilient and strong character or of protecting from radiation since radiation enhance the growth of melanized fungi or consuming this high protein food, etc...

As the diagram explaining greenhouses are having this ability to grow and provide 50% of crew-member food, 100% of their water and 100% of the fresh air need. all the greenhouse waste will condense and filter and mix with all the water waste from different source and will reuse for greenhouse.

(space greenhouse,2018)

Hydroponic fungi greenhouse consideration :

• Consider lighting and humidity

• Around 30 days vegetables are ready to use

• Carbon dioxide is fed into the greenhouse from pressurized tanks, but astronauts would also provide CO 2 at the lunar base simply by breathing.

How to grow Fungi on the moon?

antibacterial come in – a kind of bacterium that can use energy from theSun to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and fungus food. So, choosing the most suitable fungi type which is Ermanno lucid-um according to the research with providing food for the Cecelia and choosing the right temperature, the fungi will not just grow easily but fast as well.(hangman, 2020)

1) Substrate: Algae, or plant composites

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2) Temperature: 23°C to 30°C

3) Lighting by LED or solar concentrators

4) Water carny by plastic sleeves

Lunar Greenhouse would help keep a crew-member alive for about 2 years without any outside supplies. Greenhouse provides all oxygen need for crew member and the their waste will be added with vitamins and microbial composer and after filtration it can use for greenhouse directly.

• Similarly, water for the plants could be extracted from astronaut urine

(D. Subbed,2019)

Sustainablity on the moon

The concept of vernacularity and the reduction of human footprint on the site location stands at the base of our analyses. Our architectural approach is “hyperlocal”, which leverages the concept of in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) to create sustainable living solutions for extreme environments in remote places.

so we take advantage of the existing morphology of the moon since we don‘t want to make the same mistake of leaving extreme footprint as we did on earth, but rather we should use what‘s already existing there.

In this project we have adopted various sustainable methods such as ISRU, mycofiltration, reduce, reuse, and recycle method, which can immensely help in keeping track and limit the footprint we create on the moon.

Mycelium brick production

Growing mycelia in molds procedure:

1. Ground the substrate into a loose particles.

2. Sterilized the substrate and put everything under laminar flow hood.

3. Divided the substrate among the bags and record weight of the bags.

4. Re-sterilizing with ethanol and put it back under laminar flow hood.

5. Added a specific amount of PDY will help easily substrate to break down.

6. Substrate plates of mycelium were added.

7. Bags were filled, they were sealed (30 °C for 1-2 weeks)

8. Once mycelium grown, material was remixed under the laminar flow hood.

9. Packed into molds and baked at 120 °C for several hours.

design studio - group assignment #2 (M.Abdi, L.Breitfeld, M.Kaliberda, S.Laila, F.Mohammadi, S.Salloum)

by Nahida Shamim, Samiya Khan, Manal Al Hosani, Amira Mayassi, Mohammed Alghazo & Milomir Milenkovic

ABSTRACT

We have started with analyzing existing approaches done by different design studios and science teams. While there were great projects focusing on the first step to establish manned bases outside of our globe, there was a lacking in the possible growth from those bases into settlements and further into cities. In order to achieve cohesive steps between the stages of growth, we were looking for specific patterns. Islamic Tessellations and their geometric nature allowed us the most freedom while giving us a set of rules to follow.

The other two points of emphasis are concerned with the use of space inside the habitat. How do the astronauts move in 1/6 of gravity without a heavy spacesuit? How can greenhouses be integrated with living and working spaces to create interesting and diverse spaces, which fully achieve the unique potential of living on the moon surface? Living inside a lunar habitat should be fun and exciting while also making maximal use of the limited space available.

LUNAR OASIS

When we start thinking about an Oasis, we feel the coolness of the shadow cast by the trees. We smell the sweetness of the fruits traveling with the wind. We hear the fresh stream of the water, filling the place with live. All these images convey an essence of sensation.

Living on the lunar surface means living far away from home. It is a deserted place without live, without flowing water, without sound. In order to create sensations, we need to look at the limited resources which are available to us and how we can combine them to more than their parts.

storyboard: looking for a pen

Living on the lunar surface also means being able to move in 1/6 of gravity. Instead of the conventional 30 cm jump on Earth you’ll be able to jump nearly two meters. If you’re as talented as Michael Jordan, you’ll be able to jump over six meters while being airborne for more than 5 seconds. For the duration time of the mission, you’ll feel like a bona fide superhero by just moving around.

On the other hand, you want to have familiar sensations from back home & plants can play a big part in that regard. Living so far away, you want to be as independent as possible. Growing your own crops and feeding of them will be an integral part in living extraterrestrially. The big question is:

How can we incorporate the needed greenhouses in a creative and psychologically beneficial way?

CONCEPTUAL IDEAS

Looking at the points we’ve mentioned prior, we can identify two main topics of interest. First, how to implement the greenhouse(s) to help the extraterrestrial settlers feel at ease and therefore help their concentration levels over long periods of the mission. The other question is how to include big spacious areas to fully make use of the settlers “superhuman powers” while using the limited and “expensive” space as efficient as needed.

moondulor

Let’s focus on the second question first. The inclusion of “large” spaces in which free lunar movement is possible, is far from just the sake of fun. Astronauts have to exercise extensively during their stay in micro or lunar gravity, which takes up a significant portion of their daily schedule. If they do not, they would lose muscle mass and have medical issues. Early research indicates, the motion and physical stress of jumping is not only better suited for moving around, but may also limit the amount of exercise needed. In a way we are looking at the past and the first space “walks” for inspiration to create a novel environment for the future.

jumping salute, Apollo 16 mission (NASA)

In order to create those “free movement spaces”, we are not designing moduels that function as rooms. Instead, we look at the attributes needed for the specific tasks or needs and think of how the designed space can accommodate it. We separate the specific zones in three categories: privacy, sharing & cooperating.

Privacy for example is needed for the sleeping quarters, together with a certain tranquility. Cooperating spaces on the other hand also need a certain degree of tranquility but the space has to be more open and accessible. The interesting part is, how you can transform the space in between the defined categories and allocate the limited space.

A big part of how to differentiate the zones lies in the way we intend to integrate the greenhouses. The layout is pretty simple. In one example the greenhouse wraps around the living quarters and in the other version the greenhouse is in the center of it. Depending on the number of habitat modules and their relative location to each other, there will be areas which will be traversed more frequently than others and therefore have different characteristics. In combination with the greenhouses, we can further accentuate or limit the innate nature of those areas.

greenhouse inside & outside

PATTERN LANGUAGE: ISLAMIC TESSELLATIONS

Moon village (SOM)

NASA 3D printed habitat challenge (Hassell)

ISS (ESA)

Built projects and state of the art concepts have either the same simple patterns or none at all. This lack of a master pattern to follow, leads to problems when discussing further growth. This is applicable for research outposts all the way up to a sustainable moon village. To account for sustainable growth, we looked at existing patterns. To be precise: Islamic tessellations.

All those different and vibrant patterns throughout the Islamic world, can be traced down to the same three geometric tessellations. You have either the four-fold, the five-fold or the six-fold pattern. The four- and the sixfolds only need a single shape to successfully repeat itself. Since pentagons by themselves do not fill a surface neatly, the five-fold pattern needs added shapes. This flexibility of having three different sizes, while still being simple to continue sparked our interest.

We started to use the 5-fold grid and put two rules in place. First, we stay inside the boundaries of our shapes. Which means the possible habitats, airlocks and greenhouses have a certain size to distance ratio to each other. Second, we follow the axes (dotted rose line) between the shapes to place openings and connections. Other possibilities are following the shapes between the axes while looking at the boundaries (thick white lines) as the openings/connections, or a combination. We chose to follow the first example.

6-fold pattern (TED-ED)

5-fold pattern (Betül Erkmen )

4-fold pattern (TED-ED)

Reference and credit: Diploma Thesis by Betül Erkmen, TU Wien / 2019 (repositum.tuwien.ac.at)

PATTERN LANGUAGE: SETTLEMENT GROWTH

We used our understanding of the 5-fold pattern to design a specific grid which is suitable for every state of our lunar settlement. Starting with a lunar research outpost for a crew of six, which we’ll get into detail later on. This outpost can follow the pattern and grow into an even bigger research outpost with added modules and up to 16 crew members. It will further grow until a permanent lunar settlement is created, from which we can operate deep space operations and future Mars missions.

The basic template is the 5-fold grid. The three innate shapes, the pattern consists of, will be the base for our modules. Inside the decagon (the largest of the three) our inflatable habitat & greenhouse modules will be placed. The connector modules will be located between the inflatable modules and inside the pentagons. Through airlocks the smaller modules connect to the habitat modules, function as the docking station for the vehicles and are housing the suit ports as well as the Life-support-systems (LSS).

Sustainability and longevity go hand in hand. If one of our buildings on Earth is lasting over hundreds of years, while accommodating generations of humans, it must do a few things right. The floor plan has to be flexible enough to accommodate future scenarios. Moreover, the building should be easily maintainable, repairable, and possibly expandable. However, first of all it has to shield us from adverse influences and on the moon surface, we have many; Radiation, solar storms, micro meteoroids, high temperature fluctuations and a lack of oxygen.

That’s why we intend to build a protective regolith shell and create habitat clusters. This shell will guard the modules, vehicles, and the inhabitants from harm, while creating a flexible protected outside space for maintenance, testing and storage. To enable rapid movement inside the settlement, we intend to create a tunnel system between the shell clusters without the need to cross every in between module in the process. The last of the three shapes (the elongated hexagon) will be the base for the tunnel connector, from which to enter this system of shortcuts.

from lunar outpost to sustainable settlement

possible lunar city grid based on the 5-fold pattern

inflatable moduleconnector module (LSS)protective regolith shell quick travel tunneltunnel connector

MISSION TIMELINE

A group of six is sent to the lunar surface to continue and complete the building process. The mission goal is to settle into the new environment while slowly building towards a self-sustained future settlement. Building up, sustaining & researching the lunar greenhouses.

The research and collaboration is focused on sustainability in food, body and mental health. After 6 months three of the six settlers will be replaced by a new group of researchers with updated objectives and equipment. This circle will continue every three months.

the crew of settlers (amethyst studio)

Before any settlers arrive at the site, autonomous preparations have to be completed. A swarm of excavating and 3D-printing robots will transform the building site by building roads, landing pods & a protective external shell made from excavated lunar regolith. Then the inflatable modules will be landed and transported to the site, before expanding into their final form. After the settlers land, they will further continue to construct the interior and connect the power sources to the life-support systems.

The ideal landing spot for the first lunar outpost will be the PLR ice field close to the Shackleton West Ridge. Water-ice is found 40-100cm beneath the surface. 50% of the site is illuminated over 85% of the year to generate solar energy. 60% of the site has less than 5 degrees slopes which makes the construction and transport easier. Additionally, 60% of the site has less temperature deviation of 230K.

siteplan: shackleton west ridge

ARCHITECTUAL CONCEPT & DESIGN

In situ resource utilization (ISRU) is an important topic in every lunar habitat endeavor. We intend to use the excavated soil of the modules as part of the building material for constructing the outer protective shell. Inside this semiprotected space, the habitation elements & equipment can be closely monitored and maintained. Since solar flares and high radiation is not fully covered, half the habitat is placed beneath the surface, hence the excavation material.

Apart from ISRU, another big topic is how to transport the most efficient amount of space to the moon (or Mars in that regard). Since rockets have a specific load capacity as well as diameter (our assumption for this project was 4,5 m, based on the Ariane), expandable space will garner attention. We also make use of an inflatable to generate more space. The interesting part was, how to use these two spaces (inside the hard-shell and respectively the inflatable) in unison.

3D printed protective shell made of lunar regolith

inflatable extension to habitat module

INSIDE.OUT habitat ground floor and basement

ARCHITECTUAL CONCEPT & DESIGN

The basic idea was very simple. We have two inflatable modules. In one module, the greenhouse is located in the middle and the living quarter is wrapped around it. With the other one, we did the opposite. Now the fun begins. As an inhabitant you have to access the wrapped quarter through the greenhouse, meaning that the greenhouse and the living quarter have to intersect each other, to make a coherent and accessible space.

The next step was as simple. Since we have two floors (the reasons behind it have been expressed earlier) we can mirror them to each other. With these two simple acts we have created very interesting and diverse space. Open spaces, which go into a loop over two floors as well as private parts surrounded by greenhouses and of course everything in between. The last step was to follow our previous graphic of “zonal allocation of space” and look for spaces that fit for function. And also, further refine those characteristics of spaces and make the most out of them.

greenhouse around the living quarters

greenhouse wrapped between the living quarters

an illustration of the first true space jam and other activities around the fitness area

ARCHITECTUAL CONCEPT & DESIGN

5. flex-use space (by reducing private space)

6. storage and field research

7. suitport and glovebox

8. ladder

9. command room

10. workshop

1. gallery greenhouse (growing crops with DWC)

2. gallery and meal room

3. storage

4. flexible private room (movable walls)

11. lab (monitoring plant growth)

12. central greenhouse (growing trees with NFT)

13. side greenhouse (growing crops with aeroponics)

14. gym

14a. Oculus

15. shower & toilet

16. LSS and water filtration

17. medical room

18. kitchen

19. experimental greenhouse (effect from radiation exposure)

20. lunar rover docking

ARCHITECTUAL CONCEPT & DESIGN

1. kitchen

2. gallery and meal room

3 gallery greenhouse (growing crops with DWC)

4. flexible private room (movable walls)

5. flex-use space

6. storage and field research

7. workshop

8 central greenhouse (growing trees with NFT)

9. side greenhouse (growing crops with aeroponics)

10. lab (monitoring plant growth)

a. waste water collection tank

b. greywater treatment

c. fresh water tank

d. biogas backup generator, fuse box

e. air filtration system & ventilation

cross section through both habitat modules

15mm Aluminized Mylar

90mm Alternating opencell foam

30mm Kevlar 29

150mm Kevlar 29/BR180

15mm Nomex, flame resistant

120mm Structural cage

25mm Composite wall panels

100mm composite floor panel 200mm Installations (water, air & power)

60mm polycarbonate tank wall (Teflon membrane & Lexan wall)