JOURNAL FINAL by wang hooiying

WANG HOOI YING 376195

JOURNAL

WEEK 1: STATE OF THE ART PROJECTS Personal Project Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Guangzhou Opera House

WEEK 2: CASE FOR INNOVATION-COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN UK Pavilion Genetic Algorithms Dynamics and Field of Force Parametric Design CNC Fabrication Folding

WEEK 3: SCRIPTING CULTURE A Research Pavilion in Stuttgart BIOTHING-Seroussi Pavillion Son-O-House Beekman Tower Aqua Tower

WEEK 6: EOI Research Project Personal Research Restaurant Aoba Tei

WEEK 7:EOI Research Project Restaurant Aoba Tei Exploring form Exploring Light

WEEK 8:EOI Research Project Prototype Learning outcomes

PART II: Project Proposal PART III: Learning Objectives and Outcomes III.1. Personal Background and Learning Objectives III.2. Learning Progress III.3. Learning Outcomes III.4. Future Work

WEEK 4 : MATRIX OF COMBINATION Cut and Develop

WEEK 5: REVERSE ENGINEER

OMA Restaurant Aoba-Tei, Japan Spanish Pavilion, Expo 2005 Dior Ginza

CONTENT

STATE OF THE ART PROJECTS What is ARCHITECTURE? [Architecture as a system of COMUNICATIONS]

-Patrik Schumacher, ‘Introduction : Architecture as Autopoietic System’

[Architecture as a form of art,symbolic realm, spatial experience.] -Richard Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture

Personal Project

WANG HOOI YING 376195 5/3/2012

The approach of this project is to create a computational design and generate a physical model with fabrication and folding. It is important as it intended to contribute to development and understanding of computational design. The main concept for the headpiece is the wave form with triagular openings. The inspiration is from an architect named Elena Manferdini who used the similar concept apply on her fashion design field. Her projects consisted of parametric designs and mostly followed the fabrication principles used for laser-cut clothing, which is useful in determining the method of construction for the Getaway Project. The Getaway Project gives much freedom in exploring the methods, textures, forms and designs by computer programming. The headpiece emphasized on the repeatition of triangles on the surface by using parametric design to create fluidity form. Its texture and the repetitive shapes and openings can be considered in Getaway project. The openings at the surface of the headpiece can be created more precise if laser cutting is used. Also the headpiece can be created more easily if it is a parametric design which allow the process of editing and modifying many times and easily by changing the parameter set in computer. Discourse might be created as people might discuss about its form, shape and texture. The headpiece not really look like a headpiece, but also like a fruit (durian) and can be a sculpture. People might discuss about what its actually is.

[ Do computer design techniques enhance or retard the production of architectural design?] Computational and digital architectures are profoundly changing the processes of design and construction which shown by many architects such as Zaha Hadid and Frank Gehry. Undoubtedly that computer design technique brought a lot of advantages such as allowing modification and edition of the project many times and speed up the design process. It enhances the design process by providing many possibilities which might be â&#x20AC;&#x153;impossibleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;â&#x20AC;&#x2122; to be done in past. The exponentially increasing processing speed of computers, and the resultant advances in software and modelling techniques allowing situations to be modelled in increasing complexity. However, tranditional architects might think computer design is not a good way to be used in architecture design as young architects might be too dependent on computer drawing and take it easy in designing process. They might have a mindset that computer design is an alternative way to archieve success. But the answer is no. Computational design is only a technique to generate a design and enhance the communication process and the outcome is always a reflection of our own abilities.

Shadow effect

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Frank Gehry 1991-1997

The image above shows the building look like a ship with its structure. Through this sketches , Gehry developed more on his design by computer. With his drawing, people might curious what will it be after it was built.

Frank Gehry was the first architect to utilise the processing power of computers in the production of built architecture. The resultant constructions have inspired the recent generation of architects to look beyond the familiar rectilinear and experiment with unconventional forms. The Guggenheim Museum is one of the iconic building which reflects Gehryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s approach in using computer design. Guggenheim Bilbao Museum succeeds monumentally in its efforts as an iconic building and has drawn much attention to the city of Bilbao. It is located near to Nervion River which is a industry zone while its design created a visual interest with strong contrast between the building and the surrounding environment. However, by using the computer technique to create fluidity curve form with undulating surface which made it able to blend in the context well. Its function as an exhibitions and gallaries area, also serves as the landmark in Bilbao. The museum which looks spectacular from outside, and has had an enormous impact on the economy of Bilbao. It clearly recognisable for its twisted, curving lines and series of interconnecting volumes which linked by glass curtain walls.Gehry used large curving shapes and shiny metal skins to create buildings more akin to giant sculptures which can only be implemented through digital means.

[Architects, after all, can design with pencils anyway] - Burry, Scripting Cultures (2011), pg. 17 Frank Gehry expressed his initial ideas through simple pen and paper. He presents the contents of the building in very simple form with basic structure, interaction to environment and its butural form context. Although he used computatinal design, he still showed that ”Architects, after all, can design with pencils anyway.” Computer technologies actually play only a small part in the process of generating ideas of Gehry’s buildings and once a satisfied physical model is built, it is transfer into digital model. In this way, computer becomes more of a realisation tool than a design tool for him. By using CATIA , Gehry able to design and specify all the underlying structural componentry required to support the buildings. His design contributed to discourse as his computing techniques opened up a host of new possibilities in architecture. The possible architectural forms available to architects to use beyond modifications of the traditional cuboidal shape completely change the design process. These possibilities were extremely exciting for the architectural community and allowed architecture to take its place amongst the physical art forms and made buildings as sculpture possible, extending their value beyond that of practical purposes as shelter. There are many of Gehry’s subsequent buildings which have used the same technique, and as a result look very similar to the Bilbao Guggenheim, for example the Walt Disney Concert Hall. His building contributed to visual interest which create a sense of strongness and tough while the organic shape reflects the sence of sensational feeling.

Integration of EOI

The function of this building successfully express the significance of textures and materials which MUST be considered in Getaway Project. The materiality and the forms enhance the aesthetic appearance of building to be an iconic features of the building. The comtemporary of the undulating surface of the museum which helps it to blend in the exixting context should be considered in EOI as one of the sites of Getaway Project has a hill and the building is important to able to blend into the landscape.

Guangzhou Opera House Zaha Hadid

Guang Zhou Opera House designed by Zaha Hadid served as the visual landmark of Guangzhou and located at the heart of Guangzhou’s cultural development. It is self-referential and anti-urban which located in a large urban context The main concept of design came from the natural landscape and influenced by river valleys – and the way in which they are transformed by erosion.The fascinating interplay between architecture and nature; engaging with the principles of erosion, geology and topography further enhanced the concept of the building. This building contributed to the the unique exploration of contextual urban relationships and combined the cultural traditions that have shaped Guangzhou’s history, with the ambition and optimism that will create its future. Its contoured profile, unique twin boulder design and approach promenade enhanced urban function by opening it to the Pearl River. Also the opens access to the riverside and dock areas created a new dialogue with the emerging town. This building is directly relevant to Getaway Project as it also serve as an eye-cathing iconic building at the site. As similar to the opera house, the installation of Getaway should provide a focal point of iconic scale and encourage a sense of pride within the local community. It is extremely useful in generating the applicable design concepts for the Getaway Project in order to enhance the physical environemnt , history and cultures of the site. The concept Guangzhou Opera House strongly related with the natural landscape and cultural tranditions can be considered in EOI.

This building is a valuable contribution to the discource on parametric design architecture. Zaha Hadid creates parametric design as this new style seeks to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;fight stylistic pluralismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. By using this method, she ables to make her building blend into the environment prefectly and creates those fluid and organic shapes for her building. The opera house consisted of two structures which shape a series of paths through and around the site. It only made possible with parametric modelling because the whole facade is made from complex triangular glass and cause the building to glow at night. The triagular faceted window warps around the surface enhanced the visual interest. The fluid dynamic of the space in interior acted as an otherworldly transition from outside to inside. Zaha Hadid also focus on the movement and relationship between each space and how it interacts with existing contextt which is an important issue for the Getaway Project.

By means of digital aids, the forms of building could be easily generated or modified by changing the parameter values in order to create the fluidity effect. It can also be considered as visual scripting-change the parameters in order to modify the form and shape of buildings. Zaha Hadid use computational technology to explore maximum possibilties of form, shapes and structures through computer. She creates discourse with her designs while she is the one fully utilised parametric design. She changed the way people think about the appearances of building and challange the maximum possibilities on fluidity form of building.Some might think it was amazing to have parametric buildings but some might think it was ugly.

Compare and contrast The Guggenheim Museum by Frank Gehry and the Guangzhou Opera House by Zaha Hadid were credited for its visual presence and act as the iconic idendity in the city. Their works are enhanced by computational program and further develop in details through computation. Their projects have different approach with other building which the organic geometries are used to create great degree of fluidity. The curving form and fluidity effects in their buildings can only be implemented through digital means. It speeds up the degining process and increase the preciseness on calculation for materials. The idea of blending in context further enhanced by digital means. In contrast with my personal project, Gehry’s and Zaha Hadid’s buildings contribute to disourse and successfully influence many young designers. Their designs are totally different with the traditional building norms. My personal project showed the basic and simplest way to use digital aids and explore its functions. Digital model allows me to play with different forms of headpiece, make some openings on the surface of headpiece. Both Gehry’s museum and Hadid’s Opera House are parametric buildings which showed us the new life of architecture by using computer.

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN Today, variety of design computation systems available to be used in research and design practice in order to fulfill the diversity of design needs and tasks in different design contexts. However, with emergence of net-based digital world, the traditional meaning of architect is challenged. Computational architectures work based on concepts such as topological space, isomorphic surfaces, kinematics and dynamics, keyshape animation, parametric design, and genetic algorithms. Buildings can be created as the designerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mind are entered, manipulated, or stored on a computer system. Parameter values are used to create and edit the digital model in different ways such as modifying its form, shape, materials, details, surface and so on. Most of the design practices reflect designers define spatial characteristics of a design in the virtual world that eventually will be built in the real world. Spatial thinking skills are needed in the virtual world for (i) conceptualizing complex design forms, (ii) using computational systems as design-support and representation tools, and (iii) communicating solutions. The challenge of connecting between these contexts strongly marked during the iterative process of design. Same design concepts might have structurally different representations of spatial entities. Thus, distinct spatial thinking skills required when creating these representations and moving between virtual and real worlds.

CASE FOR INNOVATIONCOMPUTATIONAL DESIGN [It is possible to claim that a designerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s creativity is limited by the very programs that are supposed to free their imagination.] terzidis, Kostas (2009). Algorithms for Visual design using the processing Language (Indianapolis, In: Wiley), p. xx

UK PAVILION ( SEED CATHEDRAL) Seed Cathedral created by architects in Heatherwich Studio and AKT/p.art successfully contributed to architectural discourse and reflects the contemporary computational design. It showed the significance of integration of design with the computer programming software. The form is made up by 60000 fibre optic strands, create an interesting texture. The fibre optic strands sway in the wind reflecting the light illutrate a dynamic shinny movement on the surface while during night, the light source stored in each strands make the whole structure glow. The pavilion is completely differ from traditional building structure and contruction norms. The design is heavily rely on computational design technique where the position of the 60000 fibre optic strands inserte in aluminium sleeves should be calculated precisely and is only made possible with computational programming. The construction of structure precisely and materiality of this pavilion reflect the incredible function and advantages of computational design. The texture of pavilion rely on the materials in order to create the soft and organic effect.

Integration of EOI

While amazed by the seemingly soft and organic structure, the durability of the structure to resist to weather is questionable with the numerous puncture on its skin. This has triggered a concern for the issue about structural skin which will most probably be adopted in the design for the Wyndham City Gateway Project. Computational design has again shown its feasibility for producing building with high accuracy without fault. It is important to explore the materials plan to be used and the structure with the construction method. The integration of design and computational programming software should be applied in Getaway Project which allows for more innovative explorations on structures, materials and textures.

Beekman Tower by Frank Gehry Echoing to the theme of computation in architecture, this project used sophisticated computation method to produce the building façade. Though it is very typical for Gehry to build physical models, computers models were created through the scanning of physical models. Using Rhino software, the model was able to be refined and perfected to produce intended results. In relation to this subject and the gateway project, this is crucial as computation is less time consuming in producing favourable results. The surfaces of this building would not be able to achieve its current effect without parametric and script writing to analyse them. Digitising of the façade allowed designers to have the flexibility to alter the façade while still being able to remain within established parameters. All the various component sizes, angles, and extrusion types could be tracked to a particular unit and hence, they were also tied to the manufacturing process with CNC data through to fabrication and installation. With the uniqueness and scale of the project, it would be difficult to change everything manually without the help of computation. This example of façade is very interesting in a way that it looks like as though it is blown by the wind to result in the curves and folding effect and this also coincide with the theme ‘air’ for the gateway project. This effect is to be incorporated into the design for the gateway project. Besides, the façade of the Beekman Tower also evokes rivulets of water, crinkled sheets of aluminium foils, melting ice. At the same time, all these effects were heighten by light and shadow across the surfaces over the course of a day. This provides an interesting change for viewers when viewed at a different time of the day. In relationship to the gateway project, changes through light and shadow are important to create a static sculpture that appears to be constantly changing. This is to be achieved by utilizing and applying the sun path where different angles of sunlight may produce different outcome.

Aqua Tower by Jeanne Gang/Studio Gang Architect Aqua Tower projects itself as a significant landmark in Chicago with its irregularly shaped concrete floor slabs which lend its façade an undulating and sculptural quality. The undulating balconies which vary from floor to floor are built with painstaking consideration on views extension and maximization of solar shading for each apartment units. As such, the design is driven by the forces of its context, creating an extremely site specific building which could never be justified in other places. This criterion is particularly important for the Gateway Project as the design is targeted to be informed by the natural elements on site, specifically sun path, climatic, and atmospheric conditions throughout the day. Besides, the building is significant in the sense that it offers different sense of appearance as one move from afar and gets closer to it. From afar, the building as a whole appears like the striated limestone outcroppings commonly found in the Great Lakes, which is interestingly the very initial inspiration from which the design was developed. Such effect changes completely into a series of ocean waves flow across the façade with the rippling balconies as one move closer to the building. This is an interesting idea that could probably be adopted for the Gateway Project design which aimed to create a sense of constant changes for a static sculpture. In fact, the undulating balconies appears as if the wind were blowing ripples across the surface of the building itself and the gentle rhythmic effect produced could probably guide the gateway project as an effort for incorporation of ‘air’ into design as advocated by the studio.This has again exhibited the advantage of parametric design and further augmented the choice for parametric design as the way for the Gateway project.

Genetic Algorithms in ComputerAided Design In the book, Evoluntionary Architecture, John Frazer argues that generative process can apply the concepts of biological growth and form. He attempt to develop a theoretical basis for architecture using analogies with nature’s processes of evolution and morph-genesis. The use of algorithms to manufacture forms and relationships is the key method for his architecture. Algorithms can be encoded to generate complex spatial models and forms which are often unexpected and can then be filled, punched, and stretched to meet other functional or aesthetic criteria. An algorithmic representation generating complex forms receives input from physical representation of the same form in 3D design space. ‘Form creation’ using these systems enabled designers to not only ‘imagine’ but also ‘specify’ for construction of complex free-form structures. The key characteristic of genetic algorithms is a “string-like structure equivalent to the chromosomes of nature,” to which the process of reproduction, gene crossover and mutation. Various parameters are encoded their value keep changing randomly. A project carried out by Karl S.Chu, X PHYLUM is an attempt at developing an alternative approach to architectural design capable of engendering a new type of bio morphology. Karl Chu focused on the algorithmic information theory, which gives a possibility to generate a self-organic form. X PHYLUM is conceived as a prelude to a form of proto-architecture based on an algorithmic conception of the world. The project reflects an emphasis which searches for morphological complexity whereby the construction and selection of rules that produce specific morphological effects is partially motivated by aesthetic and plastic sensibilities of the architect. The project therefore contributes into discourse about traditional methods of architectural design and proposes a design process in which the architect becomes an inventor or constructor of formal systems as well as takes on the role of a navigator of the system’s behaviour over time.

Karl S. Chu[1999], X-PHYLUM, Los Angeles, [http://synworld.t0.or.at/level2/soft_structures/allgemein/x-phylum.html

Dynamic simulation is the use of a computer program to model the time varying behavior of a system. Greg Lynn was one of the first architects to utilize animation software not as a medium of representation, but of form genration. The image below shows the use of par ticle emission in the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York competition project, architect Greg Lynn. The main idea is a merge of function and dynamic programming of usage. According to Lynn, while motion implies movement and action, animation implies evolution of a form and its shaping forces. He used various forces of movement established a gradient field of attraction across the site. To discover the shape of this invisible field of attraction, Lynn introduced geometric particles that change their position and shape according to the influence of the forces. Thus, a protective roof was designed through a series of phase potraits of the cycles of movement over the time. He successfully take the advatanges of movement of forces and applied dynamic simulation in his design.

Integration of EOI

Dynamic stimulation is useful in Getaway project as my group aim to explore the movement of water, various forces on hitting the water surface and pouring the water will result in various form and movement of water over seconds of time. It is useful to use computer program to model the form of water movement and flow over time.

sourced from: http://jhfc.duke.edu/jenkins/publications/Lenoir_FlowProcessFold.pdf

F i e l d s

D y n a m i o c f s F a o n r d c e

PARAMETRIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE

[The dominant mode of utilizing computers in architecture today is that of computerization; entities or processes that are already conceptualized in the designer’s mind are entered, manipulated, or stored on a computer system. In contrast, computation or computing, as a computer-based design tool, is generally limited.] terzidis, Kostas (2006). Algorithmic Architecture (Boston, mA: elsevier), p. x

Parametric design is computerization process where architect’s design is transfer into computer in order to further develop their ideas without restrict their imagination and design. According to Patrik Schumacher, parametricism is not only refer to the process but also explicitly propagating a new type of aesthetic expression that is made possible by the power of computer modeling software. By exploiting technology, new possibilities have been offered to designers that have never been available before. Parametric design helps to develop a more ‘fluid logic of connectivity’. This project shows an example of parametric design while the building form and structure is generated by an agent-based flocking algorithm in which agents from various locations on the site create paths following those of structural loads, determining the location of primary and secondary structural members. This parametric design is useful for the gateway project as it able to create a sense of movement and fluidity along the whole building.

CNC FABRICATION

BANQ restaurant by Office dA CNC (Computer Numerical Control ) fabrication have been integrate into design process nowadays, which can be said that is â&#x20AC;&#x153;digitally designed and digitally producedâ&#x20AC;?. After doing a digital model in computer, data will be sent to CNC fabric cutting mechine to cut the exactly same product follow the given data. It can be applied to certain materials and allows for certain possibilities in design. BanQ restaurant show the implication of CNC fabrication for interior design. By using this technique, a carved out interior space within the plywood ribs is created. The curve and smooth shape ceiling and wall enhance the experience of customers with the sense of harmony and comfortable. It also reflects a sense of fluidity with the smooth wavy form ceiling which will only able to be done by computation. The geometry of the wood slats were radiused in order to smoothen the relationship between other adjoining equipment, creating a seamless landscape.

Space between ceiling and dinning areas is important to be wel organised. The spatial organisation is related to the brief of Getaway Project which ask for certain degree of spatial quality and resolution. The flow of space and movement between spaces is important to be connected together.

“La Fabrique Sonore”, presents the combinations of computational design techniques with ancient paper folding techniques, shows the contemporary between technology and man made model. Computational design is credited with huge range of possibilities while designers can chose the pattern and effect that they satisfied and create it by folding. Folding is an interesting process which increase the degree of understanding on the structure of the project during folding process. However, there is a limit in shape and form for the folding object depends on what software and materials are being used. “La Fabrique Sonore”consists of multi-layered folding process and the real installation is made up of a highly geometric, folded and suspended structure enhance the experience. The project is located in a cave and the space also serves as functional loud speaker. It acoustically amplifies the sound form a single speaker-driver in order to create an enclosed space that overflows the listener in its center. The method of folding can be applied to the model making or the real building of the Getaway Project. Folding is one of the methods to create cut on the surface and is easily to be worked with.

La Fabrique Sonore

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SCRIPTING CULTURE What is scripting? [ Scripting in architecture could be perceived as an approach to computational design which orders codes for form-generation and introducing new opportunities for designing ]-Burry, Scripting Cultures.

[ Scripting, as an approach to computational design, offers access to whole new ways of exploring design, but design remains always at the core. ] -Burry, Scripting Cultures

[ Today’s scripters are inventive; however, scripting is a relatively new technique for the exploration o f architectural designs and designers are still figuring out new potentials for using scripting as a design tool.]- (Brady Peters) Burry, Scripting Cultures Scripting allow the creation of digital model by using code. These codes open up many possibilities of modelling systems through digital means, and with it the possibility of using digital means to breed structures. It become more popular nowadays, but still seen as a difficult arena to enter although there are many designers start to aware of scripting’s potential. Scripting Cultures treats scripting not only as a technical challenge that requires clear description, guidance, and training, but also, and more crucially.

A digital model can be produced by using the technique of ‘scripting’ – the manipulation of digital. A new generation of structures is being created, that recognizes the potential of the computer not just as a sophisticated drafting and rendering tool, but as a potentially powerful tool in the generation of designs themselves. This technique allows 3D realizations to be visualized through rendering from every angle in different ways. It also promotes many possibilities of shape and form without any restriction.

However, this lead to some issues from opponents such as lack of restrictions, design can be made that no realistic to built. Also some people claimed that due to the massive computer power, scripting started to become a style and everything looks quite similar as they use the same technique.

A Research Pavilion in Stuttgart The pavilion demonstrates the latest developments in material-oriented computational design, simulation, and production processes in architecture. The design intents are to explore a geometry which exploit the potential of plywood in an optimal manner and challenge its structural and physical limitations at the same time. It demonstrates how scripting tools can be used by experimenting and developing ideas, forms and also used to examine the relevant material behavioural features. Some material properties such as bending capacity of plywood, thickness of plywood, and method for joining the plywood sheets were emphasized and examined using computers. Besides, it is the ability of scripting to work with large data sets (Burry, 2011) that contributed to the success of the structure. Unlike traditional design method which might encounter structural impossibility at later stage of design process, scripting increases the efficiency of the design process as all the designs are based fundamentally on its structural feasibility at the outset. There is no need to remodify the design to cope with structural capability as alternation could be made simply by adjusting the input codes and this boosts the speed of construction without much delay. On top of that, this project is credited with its complexity and difficulties during the construction process. Different methods for constructing this plywood strips were assessed and compared by using computational tools. Potential repetitive work during various experiments could be reduced and subsequently saves up cost, resources, and time-consumed. Mistakes could be avoided while construction could be carried out efficiently.

SCRIPTING FABRICATION Scripting increase the ability to work with large data sets and proceeding in many directions. The digital model of the pavilion based on the bending behavior and a script with roughly 6400 lines of code. Once the codes are entered in computer, all relevant geometric information is derived and directly outputs the data required for both the structural analysis model and the manufacturing. This project is credited with its complexity and difficulties during the construction process. All plywood strips was connected with just simple socket bolts instead of steel nodes which reflects it’s incredibly hard to be built. Different methods for constructing this plywood strips were assessed and compared by using computational tools. This project also explores the functions of scripting tools in material calculations and structural analysis. In fact, scripting proceeds in various directions simultaneously and works beyond human’s perceptual capacity (Burry, 2011). It is with such features that results in the simple yet innovative Research Pavilion. This, on the other hand, has renounced the stereotype about the complexity of scripting as it could do the exact opposite (Burry, 2011). The success of this project could be referred as inspiration for developing the gateway design. Materials’ potential could be set as logic at the up front for scripting a design. Endless possibilities could be generated via scripting (Burry, 2011). Hence, for the Wyndham City Gateway Project which asks for an inventive design with significant impact, the use of scripting is irrevocably beneficial.. Benefits of scripting which reflected in this project: -engaging with complexity -useful for budget limitation and structural difficulty projects -reduce the potential repetitive work during various experiments carry out for the project -modification and alternation can made by simply adjusting the input codes

BIOTHING-Seroussi Pavillion Biothing is a research-design laboratory by using scripting tools. The structure is derived from particular linkages between various disciplinary and technological nodes, promoting intra-specific creative relationships which in turn serve as a transformative tissue for the design process itself. Seroussi Pavilion is an example of biothing which was â&#x20AC;&#x153;grownâ&#x20AC;? out of self-modifying patterns of vectors based on electro-magnetic fields (EMF). The logics of attraction/repulsion trajectories were calculated then series of structural microarching sections were raised through different frequencies of sine function. The scripting technique of this project can be applied in Getaway project by using visual scripting tools: rhino+grasshopper. The distribution of lighting/ shading and programming of views of Seroussi Pavilion can also be achieved through math functions in grasshopper which drive the parametric differentiation of angle, size and materials. The expression of texture and pattern in the pavillion roof can be referred in Getaway project and explore the potential of computational patterns to produce texture expressions on various scales. http://scriptedbypurpose.wordpress.com/participants/biothing/

Son-O-House Son-O-House, designed by Lars Spuybroek (NOX) in 2004, 2004 in Son en Breugel, The Netherlands can be considered as an example of scripting cultures as it built by the implication of computer programming. Son-OHouse is highly abstract and simple form of cuts in paper strips. It is designed by using ordering code which made it easy to create complex and repetitive forms. A tool is formed to describe and analyse the process of a body moving through a house then create a space. The outcome at the beginning process is unknow, therefore it is no restricted to any forms or shapes. Son-OHouse is based on a complex set of interrelated natural and social references in a parametric design. It has a simple rule which is â&#x20AC;&#x153;Lets movement creates spaceâ&#x20AC;?.

Son-O-House is an architectural environment and an interactive sound installation in one. The work is continuously generating new sound patterns activated by sensors picking up actual movements of visitors. This information is continuously analyzed and quantified. The output of the analysis is used to control the nature of the sound and therefore challenges the visitors to re-interpret their relationship with the environment. The success of this project focused on the experience of visitors can be referred as the inspiration of Getaway Project as my group aim to create the form of water movement and explore the space and fluidity effect of the model. By using scripting tools, endless possibilities could be generated (Mark Burry, 2011). Therefore, scripting can be considered as generative tools. The Getaway project aim to create visual interest for visitor to experience the falling water around them when they drive through the highway.

Conclusion (Contemporary of Digital Tools) Nowadays, the increased complexity that of architecture can be only achieved with new design tools which have led to formalism inconsistent with architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own tradition. Digital tools have improved the potential of architectural design thus broadening architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role and providing the apparatus to explore geometries and constructive systems that would have been unimaginable decades ago. Digital fabrication is the logical extension to digital design as it relies on the computersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; precision and their potential to manage complexity in varied ways, shifting from construction to manufacturing. The advents of digital tools have also brought a change of paradigm, not only a more efficient way of designing architecture. Just as deep as was the change introduced by Modernism, digital tools have altered the language of architecture itself. Computers have truly altered the design process and architectural conception. The change of paradigm is related in the first place to complexity, to the possibilities that computers offer in terms of conception, visualization and management of extraordinary complex geometries that could have been unimaginable and irresolvable without them. In addition, computers have also allowed calculating enormously complex systems of loads and stresses, and computerized robots have been able to manage the positioning and assembly of the customized constructive elements. We can refer to digital consciousness as the awareness on digital computing enhancements applied to architectural design. Thus, digitally conscious architectural design challenges modernist paradigm and proposes a new grammar in accordance with digital culture. Architecture can also be informed by the new inputs and bits of information that digital culture has managed to spread. Every epoch has its zeitgeist, ours is undoubtedly build on information.

Complexity is at the core of digital culture. In architectural design complexity has been greatly enhanced through the introduction of the virtual space and 3D modelling. Computer programs oriented to the generation and management of complex surfaces â&#x20AC;&#x201C; such as Rhino- have greatly contributed to the freedom of form that these tools have provided the designer. Many of the complex geometries that have been achieved would have been impossible to design or to build without computers. The enhanced design possibilities introduced through the use of computer tools in the field of architecture has lead to an explosion of new geometries and complex architectural forms. Fabrication: This new way of dealing with the constructability of architecture and its materiality has deeply changed architectural design. Objects can be parameterized and calculated producing surfaces of variable curvature. Designs are, therefore, based on form finding strategies where architects manipulate their coded designs to produce series of possible outputs that must be discarded or selected in as much they fulfill the design requirements and the performance they are expected to encompass. It is undoubtedly that digital tools contributed a lot of benefits in architecture field. It reduces the time consuming when doing research, modification and searching new possibilities on design and form. However, it takes time and hard for a beginner to use digital tools. Time consuming and practise are necessary to enhance the technical skills.

Source: New materiality: Digital fabrication and open form by Carlos L. Marcos

MATRIX OF COMBINATION

CUT/DEVELOP

[ In what way can computers serve, and possibly improve, the process of architectural design nowadays? ]

“Architecture,” “as a practical form of art, has been in need of computation and computational aids since ancient times” said by Kalay.

(Sourced from: Kalay YE. Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Method’s of ComputerAided Design. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2004.)

According to the Architecture’s New Media, Yehuda Kalay offers a comprehensive exposition of the principles, methods, and practices that underlie architectural computing. He discusses the aspects of information technology that are pertinent to architectural design, analyzes the benefits and disadvantages of particular computational methods, and looks at the potential of emerging computational techniques to affect the future of architectural design. “Design is a process of discovery... The process may be compared to puzzle making: the search for the most appropriate effects...through the manipulation of a set of components, following a set of combinatorial rules.” -Kalay, Architecture New Media (2004). The digital realm offers place-making opportunities that do not exist in physical space. Search and exploration process are necessary to examine the problems and produce candinate solutions for considerations and increase the design outcome. Computation allows different possibilities of design and explorations on new designs, textures and materials. Design solution can only be decided after different considerations, explorations and further developments are done. Some explorations on fluidity have been done according to the design intent of the Getaway project. My groups’ design intent is focused on the fludity form and water movement.

Graph Mapper tools function as an association which works like an image sample, while points can be created follow the form of graph. The arrangement of points and form can e adjusted by changing the parameter values or the types of graph. Rather than garph mapper, math function (assaciation) also provides the same effect by entering the math equation to create the graph form. The point created can be different by connecting the association with different outputs.

ORIENT With the same grasshopper definition, different forms can be created by changing the parameter values. This experimentation was a process of adjustment and alteration of parameters. Slightly change in the parameters will result in different possibility designs. This experiment showed the potential of digital aids credited with different variations available and the design output maybe out of expectation. Computational aids speed up the design process and modification, manupulation process become easier.

MATERIALITY A simple tower is built as the experimentation of Getaway Project, by using points and lines which connected together. Instead of making a square or circle-based building, this building is made by irregular shape and twisted in order to create a sense of fluidity. The form of tower looks like the flowing movement of water which is the main design intent of the Getaway project. Cut effect can be applied on the surface of the tower acts as the facade. This tower also aim to explore the materialistic used in Getaway project. Bricks are arranged follow the form of building which can be done by the orient tool in grasshopper.The texture of facade can also be changed by using different image samplers.

MATRIX OF COMBINATIONS Input:Overlapping Patterns Association:Maths Funtions Output:Data Drive Rotation The Overlepping patterns create double layer of cirlces on the surface which connected to the math function. Different curve pattern can be created by entering different math equations. The Data Drive Rotation creates weaving pattern on top of the effect of the curve patterns.In this experiment, the math equation is fix while thresholds of geometry are altered. By adjusting the parameters, the curve patterns look like moving and flowing. The grasshopper defination was remained but for further experimentation, the output was replaced by data driven extrusion. It is expected the result will look more obviously by using extrusion. The circles on the surface were extended from two plans into three dimensions while the patterns are still similar to previous.

Input: Using Surface Normals Association: Multiple Maths Functions Output: Data Driven Extrusion The combination of matrix allow more possibilities in design. Circles are distributed on the surface according to multiple maths functions and the parameter values. Those extruded circles made the surface become three dimension and create the cut effect on the surface. A right solution which suitable to the Getaway project should be decided before doing further development and experiment. The fluidity effect can be created by the math function on the surface normals.

INPUT: Using Surface Normals OUTPUT: Data Driven Rotation

By combining different definitions, adjusting the parameters, grasshopper producing many possibilities of outcome which enhance my understanding of computational design and show me the contemporary of using computer technology. Experiments and explorations of using rhino and grasshopper as designing tools is helpful for the Getaway Project. Many different forms, textures and cutting patterns can be created by using these tools and sometimes, it will bring some pleasant surpricses because I do not have any preconceived idea on the form when i start exploring a definition. The cutting effect of the Getaway project will be modified, edited and communicated easier by using computational design. Many different cut effect can be tried and modified until get the satisfied effect. The result can be predicted and showed in rhino and grasshopper before constructe the real building.

INPUT: Boolean Patterning Association: Image Sampler OUTPUT: Data Driven Extrusion

INPUT: Boolean Patterning Association: Graph Mapper OUTPUT: Data Driven Extrusion

Association: Curve Attractor OUTPUT: Data Driven Rotation

INPUT: Boolean Patterning Association: Image Sampler OUTPUT: Data Driven Shading

Integration of EOI

The main concept of Getaway Project is the fluidity effect and form of water movement. The cutting effect can applied on the surface of water movement and I plan to develop the cutting effect by using Image Sampler and Data Driven Shading. I aim to combine the element of nature together. The cut effect will followed the imgame sampler which might be trees texture on the surface of water form, acts as the reflection of trees on water surface. By using Data Driven Shading, it allows me to create the abstraction effect of trees and generate the texture of trees by using circles or polygons.

Association: Curve Attractor OUTPUT: Data Driven Rotation

REVERSE ENGINEERING McCormick Tribune Campus Center [ OMA ]

EXPERIMENTS / EXPLORATIONS The facade of OMA challenging as it needs to orient different symbols to make the image rather than simple circle shape. Differents symbols are arranged according to the image from imgage sampler.The gradient and precision of texture can be archieved by altering the parameter values. The interior wall surface of OMA is interesting with the sharp egdes of pyramidals shape. It can be created in grasshopper by creating a pyramid orient it along the wall surface. The texture of the pyramidals form on the surface can be changedby using image sampler.

Restaurant AobaTei, Sendai, Japan The Aoba-Tei restaurant was designed by Hitoshi Abe showed his interest on the surface of the buiilidng by crreating perforation on the surface using the abstraction from nature. The main inspiration came from the Zelkova trees to present the characteristic landscape and establish a visual dialogue between inside and outside building.

Integration of EOI

The steel surface of this restaurant is one of the significant inspirations and precedents for Getaway Project of my group. I aim to create the same effect of trees on the surface of the water acts as the reflection of trees on the water surface. The texture of trees made up with different sizes and gradients of circles will be served as the cut effect for the project. The combination of image sampler and data driven shading produce the hole pattern based on the image sampler. The gradient, sizes and arrangement of holes based on the lightness and darkness of the image. It also can be adjusted by changing the parameters. The hole pattern can be changed or make it look more abstract by editing the image sampler. Experiments had been make to explore the possibility effects of the holes and to achieve the effect look like the steel wall of Aoba-Tei restaurant.

Perforation, abstraction from nature

Further development and research for EOI Different images were used to examine the arrangement of hole pattern and the gradient effect of the surface. I aim to explore more on the movement of trees due to wind and achieve the approach to make the pattern and texture look more abstract due to the impact of wind blow.

Input: Boolean Patterning Output: Data Driven Shading

Beggining onlly 2D surface with hexagon grid

Adding Data Driven Extrsion to make it become 3D and increase the complexity of form

SPANISH PAVILION, EXPO 2005 Brief explanation of Spanish Pavilion Rendered image

The facade of building is mainly covered with variations of hexagonal tile. It is made by panels which joined together while each panel is configured of six tile variations and each has different colour. The tiles are joined to create a range of architecture effects from large apertures to clusters of small windows. The hexagonal tiles are arranged randomly and do not have a specific pattern. In order to increase visual interest, the hexagonal tiles are fabricated in two versions-with and without a center aperture. This effect can created in grasshopper by using Offset tool to create a center hexagonal for some tiles. Sourced from: Ben Pell, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Spanish Pavilion, Expo 2005â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Process Definitions: Curve Attractor+ Data Driven Extrusion

This building conveys the idea of repetition of a selfsimilar unit make up the whole facade and presents the architectural and cultural heritage of Spain. The basic repetitive hexagonals can be created through the Hexagon Grid tool in grasshopper and being extruded to give thickness for it.. In order to create a center hexagonal for some tiles, Curve Attractor and Offset tool are used. Curve attractor is function for selective perforation. Hexagonals which close to the curve attractor are being selected and offset to create smaller hexagonal at the center. The offset of hexagonals will change following the adjustment of curve attractor and the covered area of hexagon being offset can be increased or reduced by adjusting the parameters.

Integration of EOI This project can be referred in Getaway project which promote repetitive of simple shapes and form some abstraction texture through colour. The effect of seletive perforation can be applied to increase visual interest of Getaway project. Rather than curve attractor, image mapper can also be used as the reference for the seletive perforation while texture will illustrated followed the given image. It proved the contemporary function of computational design tools which allow many possibilities way to achieve an effect but slighly different in result due to different definitions applied is unavoidable.

DIOR GINZA Perforation and Layering

Definitions :Curve Attractor and Using Sets This building was credited with its facade which developed as double independent layered skin made by aluminium. Double layered facade increate its visual interest and provide different views when people passing cross. The hole patterm on the facade can be created by using curve attractor and sets.

Experiment with Grasshopper The facade of Dior emphasizes on perforation and layering. Some experiments have been carry out by using curve attractor. However, the holes cannot work well as there are too many curves to attract it in different direction. PULL tool is added to make the holes only attracted by the nearest curve. The holes which close to grid is bigger than other holes which are further, same as the facade of Dior. This buidling might be helpful in EOI as the perforated facade will be an interesting features for the getaway.

[ Dior facade presents itself like an architectural apparition; a ghost-like volume articulated solely through the luminious effects of its carefully edited surfaces.]-Ben Pell, Ornament and Technology in Contemporary Architecture

Aliceland Tower This tower is designed by Paragon ArchitectsÂ who not only pushed the boundaries in the visual aspect of the towers, but in the environmental aspect as well through the selection of materials and positioning of the building. It indicated the significant of choosing the right materials to create any effect. The towers are clad with glass and aluminum. The abstract surfaces create changing effects throughout the day, depending on the light. I try to figure out its facades by using grasshopper definition. Image sampler and orient tools are used to create the shinny facade while the front facade is created by combining curve attractor and using sets. The changing effect of the facade follows the image sampler and parameters. The cladding facade look different as viewed from different directions give credits to this tower.

EOI Research Project: CUT and DEVELOP Restaurant Aoba-Tei Sendai, Japan

Hitoshi Abe + Atelier Hitoshi Abe

“Ornament is the figure that emerges from the material substrate, the expression of embedded forces through processes of construction, assembly and growth. it is through ornament that material transmits affects. ornament is therefore necessary and inseparable from the object.”-Moussavi, farshid, and Daniel lopez (2009). the function of form (Barcelona: actar; new york), p. 8

Restaurant Aoba Tei

Experimentation of Lighting effect, Distortion, Bending, Overlapping According to the lecture, debate about ornament has become inseparable from the design itself in expressing design intent and cultural meaning (Moussavi, 2006. The interior of Aoba Tei is chosen to be developed and fabricated in boxboard. The case study explore the potential of â&#x20AC;&#x153;CUTâ&#x20AC;? on surface to serve as a form of ornament for the Gateway design. In this case study, a surface with circle cuts of varying sizes which formed the image of a tree was fabricated. From the fabricated case study, experiments of lighting and shadow effect were carried out. It was interesting to see how the shadow casted by the model changes with different angles of light and also how the concentration of light affect the shadow produced. Futhermore, the model is bended and twisted to explore the performance of CUT ornament on a more complex geometry. The outcomes were surprisingly interesting for examples, the image of the tree appeared differently when the model is bent.

Overlapping shadow produced by light source from two different direction with different intensity.

However, it is not suitable for the theme for the gateway project, which is fluidity. Eventhough the image of the tree appeared to be interesting in combination with lighting, the form itself is rigid and flat, it will look repetitive and dull regardless how it is being looked at. The image itself also looked overly static regardless how the lighting direction is changed. All that was projected was the image of the tree and some interesting patterns of the cuts when the surface was bent. It was also discovered that it is hard for drivers to observe the shadows casted during driving in high speed. Shadows are also affected by day to day condition, which demotes the significance of the gateway project if it is to be based solely on the play of light and shadow projection. Hence, this case study proved that it is not suitable to be adapted for the Gateway Project. From here, it was decided that in accordance to fluidity, lighting was an interesting factor to explore with. Instead of artificial lighting, the gateway project is to aim at natural lighting, that is the sun.

Theme & Design Approach In response to the project brief, we would like to propose a design ooutcome which is never twice the same. It is believed that with this idea, a new, inspiring and brave gateway design can be producd. The conceptual driving force for achieving the outcome is based on the idea of fluidity. It is believed that the motion of fluid is ever changing, indicating numerous possibility of formation which is never twice the same. This will give a sense of excitement and visually interesting spatial urban experience for the current site condition which is of mainly straight roads and flat areas. Considering the Wyndham residence who frequently travel accross the interchange, this proposal will benefit them as the ever changing effect will enliven their journey through the highway. Since Wyndham city is known for its sculptural art, this proposal will become another turning point for the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s achievement in art. This is due to the application of computaional design approach for the project where the outcome indicating that the Wyndhm community has ushered into a more technologically advance generation.

Exploring Form Experiments were carried out to explore the fluidity form of water by pouring the water in different conditions and record the forms. The direction of pouring and strength used in pouring will affect the form of water. The process of water-pouring is recorded and played in slow motion to compare between the forms generated. It was observed that the forms of water resulted were never the same twice. This is an interesting theme to explore and it also response to the brief where the Gateway Project has to be exciting and visually interesting for the otherwise boring and straight roads. Rather than water form, the change effect can also be created by the idea of weathering such as corrosion or fading in colour, mechanical tear or wear, and even biological growth of plants is particularly interesting in the way it changes the appearance of the design voluntarily without artificial means (human-made effect). The design intent with the quality of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;new, inspiring, and braveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as stated in the brief can be achieved through a design which shows constant changes throughout its lifecycle. The water forms are edited and composed into pictures as shown in figures below.

Exploring Light As aforementioned, the design aimed to achieve a sense of constant change so that every time when the passer-by drive through, the structure will appears different and never twice the same. Such attempt is approached by exploiting the position of sun during the course of the day, both in summer and winter. The experiment is carried out in 2 parts, in which each of them have different fixed and manipulation variables in order to explore on the most suitable folding of the design membrane and sizes of the perforation on its surface so as to achieve the proposed changing conditions. The first part of the experiment investigated the effect of sun position on the design via the shadow it casted on the surface. With regularly-sized circular holes cut on the paper surface, this is carried out by placing the camera at a fixed position and the photos taken show how the changes of the sun position might affect the overall design appearance to the passer-by of the road. Angle of light source is adjusted in reference to the sun path diagram and the results obtained show that the shadow cast on the surface is longer during winter and vice versa. Other than that, the results obtained generally made little or minimum difference on the design. Hence, the second part of the experiment is carried out to examine on possible ways to maximize the effect of sun on the design.

9am during Winter (Estimated)

9am during Sumemr (Estimated)

3pm during Summer (Estimated)

3pm during Winter(Estimated)

For the second part of the experiment, photos are taken from one end to another, just as how the drivers and passengers might have looked at the design. The size of perforations cut on the surface varies randomly. Then, the paper length is increased and folded in ‘S-shape’ manner as possible, hoping that the shadow can be cast on the surface of the design itself instead of casting on the road. The result, however, still turned out to be less satisficing as shown in the figures on the left. From there, the paper is modified by cutting it into a long strip of random height (some parts are high while some are short) and folded more extensively into a number of ‘S’. This time, the results appeared to be up to expectation as giving a fixed sun position, the design appears differently from one segment to another due to the shadow effect. For smaller perforation, it appears just like a strip of light similar to the interior of the UK Pavilion as discussed in section above. Most interestingly, the distinction between real perforations and ‘fake perforation’ resulted from shadow cast is barely recognizable. The series of photos show how each segments is different as a car drives through it. In fact, since the sun changes its position, the images seen in the morning might change in the afternoon and near dusk. This has successfully demonstrated the effect of change in the design in relation to the changes of natural phenomenon.

First sight while approaching the site (Driving towards North)

Second sight as one passing the design

Last view as one pass through the deisgn

Since the experiment is carried out manually without digital aids, the results obtained might not be as accurate and precise as the professional one. However, it still worth acknowledged that a number of parameters has been identified for further exploration in the future. These include the placement of the design on site which could be slightly tilted so as to provide greater views for the passer-by, the various height of the design membrane which helps to create more visualized effects, the size of perforations. Most significantly, it is important to acknowledge the direction of driving so that the curvature of the design could be designed in such a way which allows maximum casting of shadow while offering maximum viewing faces for the drivers. This is because a convex faces could have part hidden from direct viewing except for passengers who can turn their around for seeing it. In short, the experiment has explored the possibilities of a number of elements which is believed to be able to affect the design for achieving the changing effect proposed. Meanwhile, it also generated a few aspects which should be taken into consideration during the design process. The results produced are then incorporated into Rhino and Grasshopper for designing the prototype which will then be fabricated.

The figures show the best result obtained from the experiment as one driving towrads North at 9am in the morning during Summer. The experiment is carried out in a dark environment with a spotlight so as to emphasize on the chainging effect as influenced by sun light.

Prototype ONE This prototype composes of three membranes placed near to each other create an overlaying effect in order to explore the idea of fluidity. The membranes show different effects as the driver drive through depending on the driving speed, viewing angle and positions in relation to the structure itself. It shows an alternative for attempting the desired goal by manipulating the perforated membrane in a specific arrangement rather than relying solely on sunlight position. The prototype is interesting and could be further developed to create a sense of water flowing related to the main theme of Getaway project-fluidity therefore when driver drive through they will see the consistent change of water flowing.

Different views on the perforation surface was created everytime when car pass by.

Prototype TWO This prototype is developed from the research of exploring light. Sun path is the driver which helps to create the effect of change on the surface. The perforation on the surface appears to be regular and consist throughout as to maximize the effect of shadow cast on the surface. The curvy form of prototype is arranged close to each other in order to increase the possibility for shadow to cast on the surface next to it. Some problems were faced such as the shadow always cast on the surface at back of drivers. This is because when driver travel to work in the morning, they will drive along the highway to city which face to west which is the direction of sunrise. Hence, the shadow will always cast at the back of the driver. The same thing happen during sunset when they are travelling back home. Meanwhile, material used is important in influencing the effect produced. We found that fabricated in plywood sheet demonstrated limited elasticity and hence restricted from more â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;aggresiveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; bending. As a result, it is hard to achieve an organic form created in the digital model.

The idea of fluidity was fail to be expressed in term of visual presentation. The prototypes produced look rigid and inflexible, which was totally different from what we are trying to achieve. The photographing technique and images edition skill should be further developed in order to enhance the visual quality for presentation. More experiments due to different field should be carried out to explore different possibilities of outcome as the prototypes exhibited the same result and showed the same field of experimentation. Rather than sun light, experiment on addition features such as wind, water, or even weathering is encouraged for more design possibilities. It was recommended that the idea of fluidity can be expressed by means of wind rather than sunlight and shadow. Wind is chosen to be further exploited as it is related to the idea of air where the natural phenomenon of air (natural effect of air on building design) produce design effects which would not be possible without collaborating participation of the atmosphere surrounding the building.

A model was produced after getting the feedback from tutor. In order to increase the sense of fluidity, small pieces of perforated membrane were placed on mounting board which make it floats on the water. Each perforated membrane was joined together by needles. Once putting these membranes in a box filled with water, they float on water surface. As wind blow through, the model started to move continuosly. The movement keep changing according to the strength of the wind blow. This model indicated the integration of air into the design as it is the driver for changing effect. This model have to be further developed for the Getaway project while the way of installation at the site is quiet difficult. Without any trees and buildings at the site, the site might experience high wind blow as it is flat and empty. Hence, wind will be a good and suitable key element to create changing effect for the model at the site.

P r o t o t y p e 3

A slow motion video was taken to record the influnce of air in the model. Each membrane was moving as the wind blow, although the changing effect is not obviously, it is believed that the model will work better in large scale with more membranes.

Influence of AIR 60

Learning outcomes This course focused on digital architectural design which was introduced at the beginning of this subject. The contemporary of computer design is emphasized while it is significance to engage computational design in both theories and practical work. The implication of these technologies creates new attitudes towards architectural design. As always, new approaches generate new problems along with new benefits. Traditional paper-based design process is considered obsolete while digital computational design is argued to be a more vibrant and promising approach for contemporary architectural discourse and practice. With the readings in accordance to the lectures content, digital design is clarified as the key that we started to get on track with the subject objectives. By doing researches on precedents, case studies and architectural discourse, it provided me basic idea in developing an argument for the case innovation. It also gave the basis of the controversies and contradiction of such approach in architectural field. It also contributed a better insight into what digital architectural design is capable of in terms of their application and advantages. The learning of matrix combination proved how unpredictable results could be made possible by digital means. The definitions provided were combined in certain manners for examining its possible outcomes and the some of the results turn out to be surprisingly innovative and inventive, just as what has stated in the project brief. According to Kalay (2004), this is a design process under the catagory of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;searchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; when the outcome of an action cannot be fully decided in advance. From this design method, it was realised that this method is more productive when done digitally. Not only it provided great amount of possibilities, it also helped to reduce amount of time consumed in search of a favourable design possibility. Through those possibilities, more choice were presented for the best to be chosen and be developed into something promising, thus contributes to the final design outcome. Also, digital fabrication was explored for the first time as an architectural student by fabricating one of the CUT projects in the case studies. Progressively, slowly though, weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve developed the capability to work in various three-dimensional media as specified in the course objectives.

PART II: Project Proposal

Wyndham City Getaway Project Architecture Design Studio AIR

In response to the design brief, a field of rotatable poles are proposed for the Gateway project. These rotatable poles will rotate everyday follow the direction of the sun in order to achieve the effect never twice the same over a day. Inspired by the natural behaviour of sunflower towards sun, the design is generated based on the angle of the sun over the course of the day. Dynamism and changes are created where every pole will rotate in relation to the position of sun during the day by incorporating solar panel into one side of the structure. The series of distinctively rotated structures will thus engender an interesting visual perception and subsequently overcome the existing mundane landscape.

Sun Pole

Placement of poles at the site The site A is chosen for Getaway Project due to its strategic location where will primarily be viewed by motorists or drivers who are travelling at high speed and provide the first indication of arrival into metropolitan Melbourne. Poles are aligned follow the contour of the site formed the slightly undulating pattern as view from top. The repetition of poles along the site create an effect similar to the sunflower field and also boost the iconic effect as a whole. The poles were aligned followed the contour of the site to create hierachy and prevent collision of each pole. There are total 70 poles arranged at both side of the site close to the road.Every single pole has constant distance between each other to ensure it has sufficient space for rotating. The pole will only rotate during daytime follow the sun direction while it becomes a static sculpture at night and light up the surrounding of freeway. The middle part of the site was left empty due to the largescale of the design and eye-level and position of the drivers. It would be uneconomical to built more poles at the middle part of the site as the poles at the back (middle part of the site) will be blocked by those at the front. Besides, the possible eye-level and position of drivers inside the vehicle was considered. The drivers can only see most to the third rows, where the placement of any poles further from road could hardly create any visual effect for the drivers. Therefore, it is unnecessary to built more poles at the middle part of the site.

The sun diagram shows the direction of sun rise, sunset and the movement of sun during daytime. The poles were aligned in the way to maximise the sunlight hit on the surface.

Development of form ( Twisted Pole) The form was inspired by the idea of fluidity. As taken the form of water from the previous experiment on pouring water in different ways, the chosen form was further simplified and refined to create the twisted form.

The initial form of pole is developed from two lines intersect with each other to create the curvy pattern, then being simplified and evetually form the twisted form.The form is twisted in multiple directions and in curved shape which allow it to produce overhang effect due to specific angle of rotation.

Final form ( Twisted Pole)

The ltwisted poles was made in different sizes, the shortest is 10 meters height(close to the road),middle 15 meters height followed by 20 meters height(furthest from the road). Such scale is applied due to the consideration of driverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s view from far to near. The gradually increase in the size of poles also reflect the growing in population and development at the Wyndham city.

Site Plan

Site plan showing three rows of the pole structure in different sizes placed along the site close to the road for both direction to and from CBD. The final form was developed by rhino which has thicker base and graduallty thinner top. It is twisted in a way that the specific face for placing solar panel will be perpendicular to the direction of sunlight. The cantileverd part of the form creates visual experience as the poles rotate follow the position of the sun, the cantilevered part will change as well. Twisted form is chosen over a normal strip as is that it allows a viewer to be able to get a glimpse of the different surfaces at one point. In addtiiton, the twisted form makes it interesting as viewer will find it hard to trace which side of the rectangular ends at which side of the form as a whole. The twisted form looks simple but it is actually illustrates complexity as it is twisted in multiple directions to create more than two surfaces can be viewed from one point. Each face exhibits different appearances and helps in enhancing sense of changes with the surfacial differences. By viewing from different angles, the twisted form presents changeable pattern which further increase the complexity of the form.

Sun Path Diagram in Melbourne Sunpath at Werribee is important to be analyzed as it is the key element for our team to achieve the changing effect of the Getaway Project. The changing effect of the poles is more obvious during morning while after 12 afternoon, the pattern of poles created by rotation become less obvious. The driver will be able to see the poles appear differently during different times in a day. The hovering part of the poles changed due to the rotation of poles that provide different driving experience for the driver as they pass through. For example, at around 12pm to 1 pm, the hovering parts extent out of the site to the road due to sun direction and create overhang effect as the driver pass through. Afterwards there is no overhang on the road as the hovering part will rotate facing in the side and appear only as a majestic iconic landmark. This might creates discourse among the residents in Wyndham city on overhang structures at Princes Freeway.

Sun Path Diagram-Winter

Sun path diagram Series of sun path diagram were produced as simplificed from the rhino outcome to provide a clearer idea of how the poles are changing over the day follow the position of the sun.

Sun Path Diagram-Summer

The rotation of poles are similar to sun flower field which are gradual and consistent follow the position of the sun over the day. The slow changing effect might be criticized by some people, as the poles rotate slowly based on the sun movement and unable to create an obvious effect in short period. However, due to the gradually changing effect, each indivually distinctive faces of the twisted form can be observed clearly and creating different visual effects to drivers who drive in different speed and see the structures from different angles. Besides, the slow and graduallly changing effect is more suitable to be implemented at the site to avoid of causing distraction to drivers as they drive through. It is believed that the design will create a strong impact for drivers who travel to CBD and back to Wyndham City everyday. This is because the to and fro journey during different time of the day will definitely provide them with different views of twisted poles and impose a sense of curiousity for the people. Despite of the changing effect created by poleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rotation, the twisted pole which is cladded with different materials illustrates different appearances when people view from different angles further enhance the changing effect. New discourse will be created as residents in Wyndham City might discuss on how exactly the structures look like as everyone see it differently.

Stop motion diagram Summer To CBD

Summer to Wyndham City

9am

12pm

2pm

4pm

6pm

Winter To CBD

Winter To Wyndham City

9am

12pm

2pm

4pm

The diagrams show the reaction of poles according to the angle of sun and the amount of sunlight received by the poles. For example, during a period of day,some poles move according to the sun position while some poles remain static as they do not receive much sunlight. Thus, the poles appear to be creating pattern throughout the day. The position of sun during summer and winter is different which cause slightly different on the rotation of poles over the day. As shown in the diagram, the journey return to Wyndham City create more interesting and obvious view. Dynanism was archieved by the rotating poles which makes the journey on freeway more excited and interesting. However, the movement of poles was restricted during cloudy or rainy day without sunlight, The sensor at the bottom of pole will only produce movement when sufficient amount of sunlight was received. The poles will act as a static sculpture during the day without sunlight and also contribute in creating visual effect at the site.

Perspective view

The key perspective view illustrates the scale of poles on the site and compared to the car. As mentioned before, the range of pole size was between 10 to 20 meters. The hierarchy in term of size prevent collision between poles when they rotate. This also create layering effect where drivers can see different rows of poles cleary as they passing through. Due to the high speed of vehicle pass through the site, the poles were constructed in grant scale in order to make it become an eye-catching icon at the site.

The image shows the night perspective view at the site. The poles was lighted up at night by using the solar enegry which stored during day time. As one of the faces of pole was made by solar panel, it receives solar energy and generates movement for the poles and also stored energy for generating electricity for lighting at night. The sculpture not only act as an iconic element of Wyndham City, it also generating electricity at the site. In this way, the idea of sustainability was incorporated into the design with the use solar power. It also conveys the idea of green energy at Wyndham City.

Perspective view from CBD

Perspective view to CBD

Perspective view in the car

Rhino + Grasshoppper These two design softwares were introduced at the begining of the sememter were used to achieve the dynamism effect for the digital model. It proved the advance of technology helps in designing process. When developing the form of pole, it can be easily modified and edited by using rhino. Many possibilities of form can ce created by slightly change the twisted angle of the pole in rhino. Once the final twieted form was created, it is replicated by copying and adjusting its scale until desirable size was created. Besides, the twisted pole was multiplicated and placed along the site contour. In addition, the movement of poles in respond to the sun position was achieved by incorporating rhino with grasshopper. Firstly, a pseudo-sunpath diagram is created in rhino with both during summer and winter. Sunpath in Rhino

Digital model (Rhino) shows the the rotation of twisted poles in relation to sun position.

Summer sunpath Winter sunpath

Secondly, a series of points are drawn in rhino which indicate the expected location for the poles with sufficient space for its rotation. These location points are referenced into Grasshopper while the twisted poles are placed exactly on the points. The twisted poles are also referenced into Grasshopper as Brep. The location points are then connected to the Vector 2 Points. A Move component is applied to place the pole to each location points. After that, an attractor point which act as the position of sun is referenced into Grasshopper. It can be moved and located on the sunpath which was drawn at the beginninng. A Vector 2 Points component is used to connect a vector between the location points and the attractor point. Rotate component is connected at the end to allow the pole to rotate at specific angle. Now, poles will rotate follow the attractor point which indicate the possible rotation of poles in reality follow the position of sun.

Grasshopper definition

Construction Process Steel Truss

Welded structure The pole was made of lightweight steel truss system to reduce its overall weight because heavy weight structure will make it hard to rotate in real construction. The lightweight nature allows the structure to rotate more easily according to the sun position.

Complex shape formed by lightweight steel truss system

Steel trusses welded to form the skeleton of the twisted pole

Cladding

Truss system is used to achieve constructibility of the design as it is strong to support the whole structure especially the cantilevered part .Besides, the flexibility of it enable it to form the twisted skeleton for the pole. The lightweight truss skeleton was cladded with different materials for each of the four faces. The use of solar panel for one face, reflective mirror for one face while copper cladded at two faces in between mirror and solar panel. The use of different materials generate different appearances and visual effect for the surface.

Truss system

Joint between steels to form truss structure

Materiality Copper Copper

Solar panel

Copper

Mirror

Solar panel Mirror

Copper Mirror

Dynanism In order to archieve dynamic design rather than a static sculpture, technology mechanism and materiality is explored for generating movement for the Getaway Project. With the advaced of solar system, it inspired my team to install the pivot together with the sensor to generate rotation for the poles in relation to the direction of sun. The poles will only move when sufficient amount of sunlight was detected by the sensor. The proposal of Sun Pole further credited by the chosen material which is sun panel was incorperated into one of the pole surfaces to absorb and store solar energy, eventually generating electricity for lighting up the site at night. This has definitely addressed the design brief asking for an innovative approach for the Western Gateway.

Materiality

Copper is chosed to clad on two faces of the pole to incorporate weathering effect as it is well known as a great oxidization metal. It is applied for the design to create changes on the structure over years by weathering process. The weathering effect on the copper cladding will make the whole structure look different over the years and it act as a subapproach for the Getaway project to create changes in long term.

Mirror is used for the pole surface which is facing to the road so that driver can easily see it as they drive through. It is chosen for creating distorted images with the help of the twisted/curved surface of the pole enhancing the excitement at the site. It establishes a sense of curiosity when the car passes through the structure with the reflection of distorted image on the mirror. Besides, the mirror will also reflect the adjacent structures and surrounding environment at a certain position of rotation. This allow the whole structure blend into the environment create a sense of harmony to the site. The mirror which reflects the adjacent structure enhance the repetitive effect of the poles and eventually boost the visual effect as whole.

Another face of the pole is cladded with solar panel, which is being manufactured in order to clad on the twisted surface. Solar panel is the most crucial material for this design because it allows the poles to act as solar tracker which enables it to rotate in respond to the sun position. Solar energy is promoted through this Getaway sculpture as it is environmental friendly and conserves resources which effectively reduce emissions. Solar energy systems significantly contribute to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and therefore help in the fight against global warming and provide a clean and green environment for future generations. The Getaway conveys the idea of sustainability of the Wyndham City.

Detail of Joinery

The ability of rotation of pole follow the sun position is the main consideration for this design. Structural engineering details are important to ensure the constructability of sun poles. As the whole structure is rotated follow the sun position, a sensor is install at the bottom of the pole to detect the sunlight and generate movement to the pole. The pole is holded by pivot which allow the rotation of it and suppoted by deep concrete footing. The advance of mechanism of solar system technology nowadays enable to create such rotatable poles.

Structural detail as a whole

Connection between steel structure and spherical rolling joint via pivot point Detail of Pivot and Footing connection with structure

Weathering effect

8 months

1 year

3 years

5 years

7 years

Weathering effect is incorporated with the use of copper cladding for two faces of the structure where the bright copper colour will gradually changes into verdigris patina. This gives sense of ageing and thus associating the design with the growth of the Wyndham municipality over the years. This also cause changes in appearance of the structures over the time. The changing effect over days and years make the Getaway always remain lively .

Construction Process (Physical model) 1

The digital model of the twisted forms with three different scales, each face of the form are unrolled into 2D flat surfaces in Rhino. Due to the advance of computational architecture design, the unrolled process is fast and easy, a large amount of unrolled 2D strips were duplicated quickly and created in rhino. As the structures cover large area of the site, only a portion of site with structures is made into physical model. This process proved to us the advantages of computational design which really save up lot of time consuming when doing a model.

The unrolled 2D strips are printed out and cut out according to its outline. The strips are then categorized into different sizes and pasted on different paper which represents different materials. Because of the time constraint, the design was made manually by hand without fabricated in FabLab. The process of scoring, cutting strips and tabs are carried out. After all strips are being cut and folded into curve shape, the four different strips with tabs cut were then glued together and finally form the twisted form same as in Rhino. All these process took about 2-3 days in order to produce the twisted form. The hardest process is to stick the four faces together as they are curvy and twisted in different direction which made us confuse when sticking it. Some mistakes made during the scoring and cutting process had caused some flaws on the strips produced. The physical model making is really time consuming and tired. Besides, human error and lack of model making skill caused the imperfection of the physical model. Again, this shows us the contemporary of digital technology for example, laser cutting and 3D printing, which contribute in producing better physical model that avoid mistakes made, create high precision and accuracy in scale, save up energy and time consumed.

Physical Model

This photo shows the reflection of adjancent structures and surrounding environment on the mirror surface of the poles create an interesting visual effect

The site contour with pins on it indicate the placement of poles

The pin acts as the pivot hold the poles and allow it to rotate as follow the position of sun

The scoring on surface in order to make it easier to be twisted to form the pole

As driver on the other side of the road will see the back view of the poles with curvy shape and cantilevered form.

solar panel copper mirror

Hovering effect create great experience as the driver pass by

The pole was made by different paper while white represents solar panel, dark blue represent copper and

The contour of site was made in scale of 1:100 and painted with water colour. After all strips have been made to form twisted poles, we tried to figure out how to make the twisted poles able to rotate on the site model. We used the pin as the supporting elements to hold the pole and made them stand on the site. We thought the pins might act as a (pivot) rolling joint that allow twisted poles to be able to rotate. At the beginning, the pin did work and the twisted poles can rotate manually. However, this did not last for long time as the pin started to lost its function and it failed to hold the largest poles. The largest poles lost it stability and fall toward its cantilevered part. We realized that the pins unable to support such a big structure. At the end, we decided to stick the poles on the site by glue to ensure its stability but they lost their rotatable feature which was showed in digital model. The process of physical model making reminds us the issue of constructability of the structure in reality. The stability of the structure should be ensure as the twisted form with cantilevered feature make it hard to reach the center of gravity and stand stably.

Perspective view of the physical model with the scale 1:100

Under light condition, the reflective surface reflects light on the floor of the site.

View of car travel from CBD to Wyndham City

Conclusion (Design Proposal) The main criteria of the design which are iconic, dynamism and changing effect were archieved by this design proposal. The Getaway was designed in large size (from 10 m to 20m high) in order to make it become an iconic element at the flat site and able attract driversâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; attention once they drive through the site . Besides, The repetitive structutre cover large area of the site further enhance its visual and landscape experience at the site which made the whole site look like a sunflower field. This design proposal promotes vast quality structure in order to boost the iconic effect as whole. Secondly, dynamism can be archieved by the advance of solar technology and mechanism system nowadays. By incorperating solar panel into the design, it allows the movement of the twisted poles. The poles will rotate everyday in respond to the sun position and forming various different pattern and arrangement. It presents different views for the people over the days which might be also affect by viewing angle and driving speed. The most obvious changing effect is the overhang effect during some specific hours in a day. For example, the overhang of the pole at the cantilevered part might be seen by drivers who travel to CBD to work in the morning, but when they travel back from CBD during evening, the overhang effect cannot be seen. The dynamism effect further enhanced by the twisted form of the pole which creates different views from one view point. As the poles rotate, the twisted nature make it look dynamic and depicted a new visual effect for the site. Dynamism contributes to the changes over time which fulfill the third citeria.

View of car travel from Wyndham City to CBD

Changing effect was archieved by three different ways in this proposal : dynamism, materiality and weathering. Materiality was chosed to clad on the four different faces of the poles to make the changing effet more obvious. One face of the pole was clad with solar panel to store energy and generate electricity for lighting at night. This promote the idea of green energy at Wyndham City. By using different materials for every surface, once the pole rotate, the surface will change position which increase the curiosity of people who saw it differently every time. Weathering effect was incorporate into the design through the material used for cladding which is copper on two faces of the poles.Weathering process help to demonstrate changing effect over the years. Copper will change colour once it weathered and create a new different appearance for the structure. As the design rely heavily on sun to perform, there are some unavoidable problem such as raining or cloudy day, the poles will act as a static sculpture at the site increate visual experience with its interesting twisted form. In addition, solar power system will be further developed to make it able to store and generate electricity at the site. Thus, help to create movement for the poles during cloudy day by converting solar energy to kinetic energy. In conclusion, this design proposal has archieved the design criteria and fulfilled the requirement to making an innovative design for the site. It is believed that this design will be able to increase new excitement and visual experience for the site.

PART III : Learning Objectives and Outcomes

Personal background and learning objective Before learning this subject, I had no idea about what parametric design was. I had heard of computational design but never tried to explore its function and possibility outcome. One of the learning outcomes from this course is the understanding on parametric design. Since the beginning of the semester, when the idea of computational design was introduced, I tried to explore more on the advantages of parametric design. Many readings and personal researches on the application of parametric design by architects nowadays have been done in order to further understand what parametric design will do and can be applied for the final Getaway project. Besides, the objectice of understanding architectural discourse caused by computational design is archieved. It focuses on digital architectural design because digital architectural design constitutes one of the most vibrant and influential areas in contemporary architectural discourse and practice. From this course, I learnt to develops an ability to generate a variety of design possibilities for a given situation by applying parametric modelling with its intrinsic capacities for versioning. In addition, the course also provided a chance for developing some skills in various three-dimensional media such as using dynamic 3D modelling, digital fabrication, dynamic diagramming which contribute great help in the future work. Lastly, the course provided a chance for us to develop an ability to make a case for proposals by engaging us in the controversies and contradiction of contemporary architectural discourse on digital architectural design.This learning objective was archieved at the end of the semester,we are able to develop a case of proposal of a design and also develop the capabilities for producing conceptual design, technical work and design analysis.

Learning progress This course has exposed me to new digital software for instance, grasshopper (visual scripting tool) and rhino (modeling tool). Learning digital architectural design is a difficult but hugely exciting challenge. At the beginning, I felt difficult to pick up two software at the same time as I have no basic for these two software. Luckily, as follow to the videos provided every week, I learn rhino and grasshopper step by step and research more on how they work together. I tried to understand how a particular component in Grasshopper is used and why they are input to another component. After the whole semester, it is glad that Grasshopper and Rhino is able to be fully utilized as the main designing tools for the Getaway Project. It is undoubtedly that learning new design software is very time consuming and lots of effort have to put in for exploring its functionality. It also require lots of patience to redo it once a mistake occur and try to find out the solution.

As Rhino is further explored, it is useful as in developing curvy and irregular form. The twsited form in Getaway project was created in Rhino which showed its complexity. Rhino also helps to convey ideas clearly through play animation which briefly give us the idea of how the real life experience as we see the digital model. Rhino helps a lot for the final Getaway project as we can experience the Getaway in driverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s view through play animation. By doing this, we can adjust the position of poles on the site to avoid they blocking each other and ensure they can be see clearly by the driver. I also learned about the constructibility of digital model which is very important to ensure the model can be built in reality. Digital models allow ideas to be visualised, but sometimes it may be impossible to construct the ideas in reality due to technical problems. Therefore, when incorperating computer software into the design process, constructibility is the key issue to be considered properly.

Learning Outcomes After Mid-semster submission, I found out that there are still a lot issues have to be explored and solved for example,materiality, constructibility, and digitalisation. Lots of effort had been put in to search and find solution for those issues. I learnt the importance for chosing materials in order to create the desire visual effect. My awareness towards materiality and the potential of materials for innovative solutions have been raised through researching and integrating a theme of materiality. As the main design criteria for Getaway project is changing effect, I had learnt different way to create dynamism in order to make the Getaway look lively and interesting. I learned and started to fathom the foundational computational principles behind digital geometry, data structures, and programming via those mistakes I made. Apart of the theoretical aspect, opportunities to develop practical skills using parametric modeling in Rhino together with visual scripting via Grasshopper is offered in this course. Making a case for the proposal was initially challenged for me as my limited experience with Grasshopper and the concepts relating to parametric design. The initial restrictions of developing technical skills forced me to work harder and apply what I had learned at the particular stage.

Despite the theoretical knowledge of the advantages of digital computational technique, as novices, the design process turned out to be the complete opposite and demonstrated the argument against computational design well enough. This was because enormous amount of technical problems were faced due to insufficient understanding on the algorithm behind the software. With all the knowledge and practices learned so far, a strong argument is formed for defending the inevitable role of digital architectural design as an alternative for traditional approach in this field. In conclusion, the learning is interesting and challenging, digital architectural design has stimulated a sense of curiosity for further exploration. This course provided a valuable platform to explore an interesting approach. In the future a greater time commitment and a wider variety of practices could allow me to gain a deeper knowledge of the digital tools.

Future Work The course provided a great opportunity to explore computational design and understanding on how a design proposal can be done which benefit the future work in architecture career. By learning Rhino and Grasshopper from online videos, it can be learnt more effectively by figuring out the logics and function of Grasshopper definition. This software will be applied in the coming studio in order to enhance the technical skill. In addition, the learning of making stop-motion video and function of play animation will definitely be used for the future work like presentation as it able to convey the design ideas clearly and effectively. Also, the learning of photography taking skill and angle will be useful in the future work. This course showed and proved the contemporary of digital architectural design which undoubtedly will be applied in my future career.