SOLUTIONS MANUAL for Crime Victims An Introduction to Victimology 8th Edition by Andrew Karmen Download at: http://downloadlink.org/p/solutions-manual-for-crime-victims-an-introductionto-victimology-8th-edition-by-andrew-karmen/ TEST BANK for Crime Victims An Introduction to Victimology 8th Edition by Andrew Karmen Download at: http://downloadlink.org/p/test-bank-for-crime-victims-an-introduction-tovictimology-8th-edition-by-andrew-karmen/
CHAPTER 2 THE REDISC OVERY OF CRIME VICTIM S
LEARNI NG OBJECTI VES Upon compl eti ng thi s ch a pter the student sho uld be able : 1. To trace ho w chan ges in t he crimi nal j usti ce s yste m over the centu ries hav e im pacted the rol e of victi ms i n the legal pr ocess. 2. To discover how and wh y the pli ght of victim s ha s been redisco ver ed in re cent dec ades b y various social movement s and groups. 3. To become f ami li ar wit h the stages of the r ediscov er y proc ess. 4. To appl y the conc ept of r ediscover y to sp e cific gr oups of victi ms m enti oned in t he news.
KEY TERMS street crim es Engli sh comm on law civi l court tort law publi c prosecutors plea ne goti ati ons law-and-o rder mov ement
women’s movement civi l l iberti es mov ement chil dren’s ri ght m oveme nt ga y rights m ovem ent
elder ab us e s el fh el p m o v
ement sensati onali sm self-definiti on o f the vict im iz ati on process const ructi onist approach conflict appro ach sti gma contests moral entrepr eneu rs claims -making t ypificati on traffickin g in hum an bein gs
CHAPTER OUTLI NE THE D IS C OVERY O F C R IME V IC T IMS THE DEC LINE O F C R IME V IC T IMS THE RED IS C OV ERY O F C R IME V IC T IMS S ocial Movements: Taking up the Vi cti ms’ C ause
Chap ter 2 : T he Red isco ver y o f Cr i me Victi ms
Major S ources of Inspi ra ti on, Guidance, and S upp ort Additi onal C ontribut ions b y other S o cial Moveme nts Elected Of fi cials: Enacti ng La ws Named After C r im e Victi ms The News M edia: P ortra yi n g the Victim s’ Pl ight C omm ercial Inter ests : S ell ing P roducts and Servic es to Vi cti ms V IC T IMO LOG Y CONT R IBUTES TO THE RED IS C OVERY P R OCES S S tage 1: C all ing Attention t o an Overlooked P robl em S tage 2: W inni ng Victori es, Impl ementing R e for ms S tage 3: Em e r genc e of a n Opposit ion and Develo pment of R esis tance to F urther Chan ges S tep 4: R esearch and Te mporar y R esolut ion of D isput es R ED IS C OVER IN G AD D IT ION A L GROUP S O F V IC T IMS
CHAPTER OVERV I EW Each law that p rohibit s a certain a ct as bein g ha rm ful defines the w ron gdoe r as a c rimi nal subj ect t o punis hment and specifies the inj ured p a rt y is a victi m dese rvin g some sort of redr ess. La ws forbiddin g what ar e now call ed st r eet c rime s can be t r aced b ack to bi bli cal t im es. W hen the thirteen Ameri can col onies were s ett led b y im mi grants f rom Gre at Brit ain, t he earliest pe nal codes we re bas ed on reli gious v alues as well as E ngli sh comm on law. In p ast centuries, vi cti ms pl a ye d a le ading role in t h e resolut ion of crimi nal matters. To discoura ge r etaliation b y victim s and their fami li es, societi es in s im pler ti mes establis hed dire ct repa yment sch emes. Ov er tim e, howeve r, industr ializ ati on and urbaniz ati on im pacted the tradit ions and beli efs that were the foundati on of v ictim -oriented just ice. After the Am erican R evo lut ion and the adopti on of the Const it uti on and Bil l of Ri ghts, crimes wer e r e-con ceptu ali z ed as host il e acts di re cted a gainst the autho rit y of the go vernment. Addressi n g the suff erin g of indivi duals was deeme d to be less i mportant t han deali ng with t he s ymbol ic thre at t o the social order pos ed b y lawbr eakers. Pros ecutors r epr esenti ng so ciet y wer e given the po wers and duti es that were p revious l y the responsi bil it y of victi ms. For much of Americ a’s h ist or y, the pen al s yst em f ocused on the goals of re habil it ati ng offende rs and prot ecti ng societ y b y d eterrin g o r incapa cit ati ng othe r would - be offend ers. It has onl y be en relativel y rec e nt vi cti ms have rec eived renew ed att enti on. C erta in a cti vist s, journali sts , crimi nal j ustice offi cials, and lawmak e rs have brou ght t he pli gh t of crime victim s to the att enti on of the public. These acti vist s promoted the messa ge 15
Chap ter 2 : T he Red isco ver y o f Cr i me ms process whos e ne ed s and crime vi cti ms were fo r gott en figur es in t he crimi nal j uVicti sti ce wants had be en s ys temati call y overlooked.
Aside from su ff erin g har m at the hands of crimi na ls, vi cti ms as a group ma y hav e li tt le else in comm on. The y di ffer in te rms of a ge, s ex , race/ ethni cit y, r eli gion, s ocial class, poli ti cal orientation, and man y ot her important cha ract eris ti cs. These diffe ren ces h ave made it diffic ult for victim s to b e or ganiz ed and to emer ge int o a p oli ti cal force fo r chan ge. The guidi n g prin cipl e holdi ng thi s di verse grou p togethe r is the beli ef vi cti ms who ot herwise wo ul d feel powe rless and enra ged can att ain a sens e of empowe rment and r e gain control over their li v es through p ra cti cal assi stance, mut ual supp o rt, and invol vement in t he crimi nal j usti ce proc ess .
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I nstr uc to r ’s Ma nua l
The “law and orde r” mov ement gained stren gth i n the 1960s as man y Ameri cans bec ame alarmed at rising c rime r ates and dis sati sfied with a s ystem t hat se emed to favor the of fend ers. In the ea rl y 1970s, t he fe mi nist movement focused att enti on on the plight of female crime victim s. It was durin g th is t im e rape crisis cent ers and safe hous es for b att e red women proliferated. These are e x ampl es of social movements and acti vist s call ing att enti on to t he iss ue. During th e 1980s, officia ls enga ged in t he poli ti ca l process of en acti n g new laws helped to rediscover and publ iciz e the plight of innocent victim s. The y r eali z ed nami ng a p roposed ne w law afte r someone who s uffer ed terribl y in an inci dent rec eived a great de al of media cove ra ge to buil d support for its passage. Le gisl ators are unli kel y to a r gue or vot e a gai nst s uch bil ls, for fear of being brand ed “anti -vi cti m.” Probabl y the b est known ex ampl e of a law bearin g the nam e of a crime victim is t he Brad y Bil l. Another ex ampl e is t he legisl ati on providi n g f eder al fundin g for the nati onwide Amber Al ert s ystem, n amed f or a n ine - ye a r-old who w as ab ducted and kil led in Tex as, that enables the a uthorit ies to use the media to qui ckl y diss emi nate descriptio ns of a kidnapper, the chil d, and an y v ehicle the y m a y be traveli ng in. In New Yo rk St ate, J enna’s Law hono rs a twent y- two- ye ar -old colle ge stud ent m urdered b y a p arole e. Kath y’s La w is i n memor y of a com atose woman in a nursin g home who was raped and im pr e gnated b y a h ealt hc are wo rker an d then died afte r chil dbirth. Le e -Ann e’s La w is a re gulation t hat prohibi ted impris oned fathe rs wh o kil led their spouses fro m demanding visi tation rights t o see their chil dren. K endra ’s Law is named in memor y of a youn g woman who was pushed in front of a speeding sub wa y tr ain b y a man who had not t ak e n his prescribed medicati on for schi z ophr enia. This l aw empow er ed courts to i mpos e com pulso r y tr eatm ent on mentall y il l patients. S tephanie’s Law is n amed f or a woman whos e peepi ng -tom landlord placed a hidd en came ra i n her apa rtment. Thi s la w made it a felon y to se c retl y videot ape a person in a plac e whe re t here is re asonable ex pectation of privac y. V aS ean ’s Law is named in honor of an el even - ye ar - old child who was run ov er b y a drunk d river. Thi s law sti ffened penalt ies for se rious inj uries and deaths c aused b y int oxicated motorist s. The news media d eserv e a great d eal of credit for r ediscoverin g victim s. In the past, offende rs re ceived the li o n’s share o f media cov er age of a crime. Du e in p art to m edia att enti on, those who are on th e re ce ivi ng end of crimi nal beh avior ar e no longer “invi s ibl e” or for gott en. Details about i njured part ies are now routinel y in cluded in cover a ge to i njec t som e human int erest i nto crim e stories . Balan ced a ccounts c an vivi dl y d escrib e the victi ms’ pli ght. In hi ghl y publi ciz ed cas e s, int erviews ca rried out b y journali sts have enabl ed victim s to have a voic e in how their cases a re r esolved in cou rt and about ot her issues of importance to victim s and others conce rned about c rime in our s ociet y. Th e media h as 17
given victi ms a publi c forum and all owed th em to use their first -hand ex perienc es to campai gn fo r wider societ al reforms. The proc ess of redis cove r y usu all y un folds through a series of st eps and st a ges: S tage 1: Att enti on is call ed to an overlooked p rob lem. Often this role is playedby activistswholeadcampa igns t o chan ge laws and win people over totheirpointof view.Theseactivist s usuall y hav e firsthand ex perience withaspecificproblemas wellasdi rect, p ersonal k nowledge of the p ain and sufferin g that a ccompan y it . S tage 2: S ome victorie s a re won and refo rms im plemented. Fo r instance, af ter acti vist s created sh elt ers and rape t reatm ent c enter s, som e local gov ernment s began
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Chap ter 2 : T he Red isco ver y o f Cr i me Victi ms
funding sa fe houses wher e women and their youn g chil dren could s e ek re fu ge, and hospi tals organiz ed their own 24 -hour r ape hotl ine s and crisis -int erventi on services. S tage 3: Opposi ti on emer ges and resis tan ce to furt her chan ges dev elops. This opposi ti on comes from people or groups who m aint ain t hat t he chan ges tak ing plac e in S tage 2 hav e gone too far or are too on e -sid ed. S tage 4: R ese arch is con ducted and tempor ar y r es olut ion of disput es occur s. Neutral parties conducti n g scienti fic rese ar ch (such as vi cti mol ogist s) can provid e d ata and offer obje cti ve r ecomm e ndati ons.
MEDI A SUGGESTI ONS M.A.D.D. The stor y behin d Moth er s Against Drunk Drive rs Wit hout Warni ng The J ames Brad y S tor y
DI SCUSSI ON TOPI CS 1. How has the moderniz ati on of societ y im pacted th e decli ne as well as the r e -emer gence o f victim s? 2. Discuss a group of crime victim s not covered in t he book. Desc ribe the kin ds of seconda r y victim iz ati on thi s group mi ght be ex periencin g fr om t he media. 3. Ar gue that victim olog y would be enrich ed b y ex panding it s boundari es to i ncludes global studiesofvictimization, includi ng, but not li mi ted to, victim s of war crimes, gove rnment repressi on of poli ti cal di s sidents, and torture of pri soners of wa r.
STUDENT ACTI VI TI ES 1. R esearch a propos ed or r ecentl y passed l aw in yo ur state named in honor o f a crime vi cti m. W rite a mi ni -poli c y prop osal where you anal yz e whether thi s cu r rent l e gis lation offers specific r edress or assi sta nce for vi cti ms (outs ide of incre ased pen alt ies for offende rs). After your anal ysis of the current pol ic y, of fer su ggesti ons for ho w this poli c y could be rewrit ten to addr ess t he h arm ex perienc ed b y thes e crime victim s. 19
Chap ter 2 : T he Red isco ver y o f Cr i me
2. C hoose a group from t he li st i n Box 2.2 whose plight iVicti s curmsrentl y b ein g red iscovered. P ose questi ons resea rche rs ou ght t o ex ami ne. P rovide a sum mar y of the group i ncludi ng it s compos it ion, t he nature o f its l osses, and efforts un derwa y to add ress t he h ar m. 3. W hat social m ovements are in your loc al ar ea that address c rime victim iz ation? Using the
steps in t his chapter on the process o f discover y, il lust rate how thi s particul ar social movement came to f rame the issue of victim iz ati on.
SOLUTIONS MANUAL for Crime Victims An Introduction to Victimology 8th Edition by Andrew Karmen Download at: http://downloadlink.org/p/solutions-manual-for-crime-victims-an-introductionto-victimology-8th-edition-by-andrew-karmen/ TEST BANK for Crime Victims An Introduction to Victimology 8th Edition by Andrew Karmen Download at: http://downloadlink.org/p/test-bank-for-crime-victims-an-introduction-tovictimology-8th-edition-by-andrew-karmen/ People also search:
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