DISSERTATION ON URBAN RECREATIONAL SPACES

URBAN RECREATIONAL SPACES

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the academic requirement of Graduation in Architecture.

By Harshwardhan Singh Rathore

0809AR191032

Under the Guidance of Ar. Shailja Soni School Of Architecture

IPS Academy, Indore

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartily gratitude and acknowledge the contributions to all those who enabled me to complete and present this dissertation work.

First of all, I am grateful to my guide Ar. Shailja Soni for guiding me for the proper methodology of the research. I am thankful to our coordinators Ar. Anugya Sharan and Ar. Yashika Garg for their valuable guidance.

I am also thankful to my other faculty members of our college who contributed to my dissertation by their advice. Moreover, I am thankful to my parents for their encouragement and financial support and friends for emotional support that leads me to the completion of this work.

I must express my deep gratitude towards Dr. (Prof.) Manita Saxena, Principal IPS Academy for providing us proper guidance.

Harshwardhan Singh Rathore

B.Arch. VII Sem

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY & ETHICS DECLARATION

I declare that the research entitled “Urban Recreational Spaces” is the Bonafede research work carried out by me, under the guidance of Ar. Shailja Soni, further I declare that this has not been previously formed the basis of award of any degree, diploma, associateship or other similar degrees or diplomas and has not been submitted anywhere else. I hereby, give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopy and inter library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to other organizations.

Place: Indore HARSHWARDHAN SINGH RATHORE

Date: 05/12/2022 B.Arch. VII Sem

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Urban Recreational Spaces” is the Bonafede work of Ms. Harshwardhan Singh Rathore, in partial fulfilment of the academic requirements for the award of “Bachelors of Architecture Degree”. This work is carried out by him, Under the guidance and supervision of HarshwardhanSingh Rathore

B.arch VII Sem Ar. Shailja Soni (Dissertation Guide)

Place: Indore Date: 05/12/22

Dr. (Prof.) Manita Saxena (Principal SOA IPS Academy)

INTRODUCTION:

Recreation is defined as an activity done for enjoyment when one is not working. Recreation phenomena occur in physical and social environment called recreational spaces. Currently urban recreation spaces taking more and more experimental unique forms. It is also important that this particular space is being equipped with appropriate elements of infrastructure, making it more attractive.

This term recreation is usually associated with physical activity, but it has been increasingly suggested that its meaning should also include creative activities, which occupy people in their free time.

Creativity in terms means to develop distinctive places, landscapes and tourist destinations, transforming them into creative spaces. They are defined as places where creative production and performances occur. They are socially constructed products of physical facility, place, people and operational resources.

Recent population aging trends have received increasing attention from landscape practitioners, who need to develop elderly friendly environments to improve their access to and experience on nature based recreation In many countries, the term “elderly people” refers to the population above the age of 60 or 65according to the census; the term is also related to retirement and a decline in functional capability.

AIM:

To analyse ordering of recreational spaces in urban areas and design values imparted by recreational spaces.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To study the functioning of the recreational space and impacts of it on the society.

2. To recognize the leisure time of a person how it affects recreational spaces.

3. To analyse the trends adopted by the designers and study the timeline from the start of recreational spaces.

SCOPE:

Aesthetic

Define classification of recreational spaces.

Art and cultural consciousness

Manifested values

Ordering and sequence of spaces

Supplementary impact on society

LIMITATIONS:

The research aims to study recreational public spaces and not private residential places. Public recreational places of cultural and societal importance are studied.

METHODOLOGY:

The first stage includes the research paper of different expert on the introduction of recreation spaces. Then submerging the referred book and research paper data and making chapters on recreational spaces with context of urban areas.

Third stage includes the results of the dissertation, which answers the following questions:

Q1. What are the manifested values integrated in recreational spaces that affects the aesthetics and ordering of spaces?

Q2. Can recreational or leisure space be a platform for art and cultural consciousness through the idea of space?

CHAPTER 2:INTRODUCTION TO RECREATIONAL SPACES

The term recreation means comes from Latin Language, which means ‘act of restoring’ to make new, revive and restore.

A philosophical lens to recreation is, ‘Re-creation’ is the act of Re creating something. It can be rejuvenating, recreating experiences, recreating memories, re creating entertainment, re creating fun and joy, re creating cultures, re creating art and many more.

1. Outdoor 2. Indoor 3. Natural 4. Man made 5. Formal 6. Informal

7. Active 8. Passive 9. Organized 10. Unorganized

City-wide parks:

Large, flat and open expanses of land that accommodate events and celebrations that attract people living in all parts of the city.

Linear Greenways: Characterized by pathways that provide recreational, health and social opportunities, as well as transportation linkages. they are the “lungs” of the city and serve to connect people to nature.

Neighbourhood Parks: Family focused, with playgrounds, picnicking, swimming, tennis or basketball, as well as un programmed open space areas which provide recreational opportunities for a neighbourhood.

Public sitting area in a pedestrianwalkways: Sitting areas on a sidewalk of a pedestrian oriented street.

Plaza: They are primarily hard surface spaces which often provide retail space, often food service, in a portion of the area, and function as a place to gather or sit outside.

Theme parks: They are primarily places for amusement for children and adults having games, rides and spaces for social interactions.

Gardens and Parks:

They are the places having heavily soft and hard landscaped spaces having serene aesthetic quality.

Benefits of open spaces:

1.Social and cultural values. 10. As History of Urban

2. For health. Landscape. 3. Recovering and Rehabilitation. 11. As a social function. 4. To give beauty and Comfort. 12. Providing a reserve. 5. To give room for passivity and activity. 6. A cultural heritage.

7. As an arena for citizenship. 8. For education. 9. Gardening and Allotments.

It is critical to understand these spaces as necessary breaks in the diary life of those who inhabit the cities; to value them as oases that provide health and beauty to urban landscapes, without which, life becomes hard, dry and sometimes even violent and hopeless.

As the world’s cities continue to grow, it is vital to value the recreational urban spaces, but it is also a challenge, particularly in developing nations where there is a lot of pressure to transform these places and use its resources to full fill the demands of progress.

Urban planning is a relatively new profession that has emerged from the concern for the health and welfare of the inhabitants of the cities, which seeks the prevention and eradication of illness and diseases associated with overcrowding conditions, lack of sanitation, and exposure to environmental pollution in them.

A network of parks and open spaces (which may include Protected Natural Areas and other green areas) is essential to provide healthy habitats for humans, wildlife and flora in these densely populated places.

Natural landscapes are vital to the preservation of regional ecosystems, especially in growing cities.

In the same way that was described before, growing communities need to upgrade and expand their built infrastructure of roads, sewers, and utilities; but they also must

upgrade and expand their green infrastructure (understood as the interconnected system of recreational spaces and parks that conserves natural ecosystem values and functions, sustains clear air and water, and provides a wide array of benefits to people in the cities in all fields.)

2.1 Classification of recreational spaces:

There is a classification of in respect to the required properties and characteristics of space, degree of enclosing, presence of different sort of content, time of usage, manner of linking, accessibility level, number of users, position. It is also possible to have a classification of the recreational spaces depending on to how large housing group within the housing zone they belong.

The different categories assume different functions and contents, which are affected by the gravitational area and needs for everyday or occasional usage of the open space.

2.1.1 Recreational spaces as the integral part of the residence:

This category consists of gardens, balconies, roof terraces

2.1.2 Common recreational spaces of the residential unit group:

Recreational spaces of the primary housing group: Belong to the housing group up to 1000 residents, and they are located immediately near to the housing structures, at 50 100 m distance. There is the free space with the sitting benches, greenery and central fountain for a group of residential buildings in Berlin.

Recreational spaces of the neighbourhood :- Belong to the residential neighbourhood with around 4500 8000 residents, and the walking distance is 250 300 m. An example of the recreational space of neighbourhood with 6 primary residential groups whose open spaces are open towards the central open space, a park intended for recreation and isolated from the motor traffic.

Recreation spaces of the housing complex : Belong to the residential community with residents, and the walking distance radius is 500 600m.

2.1.3 Tertiary open spaces :

Open spaces of the residential district :- Are intended for the residential district with 30000 50000 denizens. In case of larger cities, up to 150000 inhabitants. The service radius is 1000 1500 m, and the walking distances are 15 20 minutes. Those are specialized or multi purpose independent recreational spaces, open recreational spaces which are not a part of the residence.

2.2 Leisure time in recreational spaces :

Recreation may be equivalent to another English word leisure. Leisure involves a set of activities which an individual may indulge in voluntarily, to relax during the time free form work, family and social duties.

Leisure time is time spent away from work and duties. It is time for satisfying personal needs, amusement, complete rest, creative labour and self development.

Active recreation is usually understood as physical recreation, whose basic component is physical efforts. It is a sport, tourist or hobbyist activity, compensatingfor movement deficit.

2.2.1 Leisure time centre :

They represent the recreational spaces of the cityand they are intended for the dailyuse and the spare time during the weekends, for the rest, sport, recreation, entertainment. Apart from the greenery for the passive rest, they also contain the sports terrains and the spaces for the child's play, as well as the covered sport arenas, so that they can be used regardless of the season.

2.2.2 Leisure : Activity

The way in which person chooses to spend his leisure time can be identified through leisure activity. Hence, it can be observed as set of activities that people are involved in during their leisure time. The choice of leisure activity is not only based on socio demographic structure such as income, education or age but also depends on individual’s personality, interests and inspiration.

Leisure activity provides the choice of freedom because on can subjectively choose how to spend the leisure time on the basis of their personal interests.

Active Rest (recreation)

Passive Rest e.g. nap, sunbathing, staying on the beach.

Sports recreation Tourist recreation

Social recreation (e.g. meetings, games, plays)

Cultural-entertainment

Self-development e.g.voluntary language learning, courses

(e.g. going to the cinemas, theatres, museums, amateur artistic activity)

recreation

Virtual recreation (computer, on line games)

Hobbyist recreation (e.g. amateur activities, mushroom picking, fishing)

Active rest:

Active rest is also referred to as active recovery. It refers to the process of improving your body and recovering during a workout. Active rest not only helps you regain lost energy but also burn excess calories effectively.

Instead, an active rest day is meant to be a light or easy day where you’re still moving, but not at the intensity level you normally move. “Involves performing light exercises (often swimming or cycling) that stimulate the recovery process without imposing undue stress on the injured body part

When you are running, active rest can include activities such as jumping jacks, brisk walking, or running recovery between reps. For example, if you were doing half mile repeats on a track, you would warm up, run two laps fast as part of your repeat, and then jog a lap for recovery before starting your next repeat.

There are many ways you can spend your active rest days, but here are a few suggestions: Go for an easy to moderate hike with your friends or family. Take an easy bike ride. Go for an easy swim. Do some light stretching and foam rolling (highly recommended on rest days) Take a walk. Play with your dog/kids.

Passive rest:

Passive rest is usually an activity that allows your heart rate to drop as quickly as possible. When you are running, active rest can include activities such as jumping jacks, brisk walking, or running recovery between reps.

Passive recovery methods are those that focus on stillness and inactivity. 5 main forms of passive recovery include: A big focus on rest days should be on managing your stress. The body is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which has two branches: the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

If you were weight lifting, then you could use supersets and circuits as a form of active rest. By doing exercises back to back that do not use the same muscle groups, you can rest your muscles while continuing on your workout. This has the advantage of giving you an aerobic workout for an anaerobic activity, as well as cutting down on the total time needed to complete your workout. A circuit with four exercises back to back and one minute of rest between circuits for 3 sets will only have 2 minutes of passive rest, rather than 11 minutes if you were to do each exercise and then rest.

2.2.3 Open and recreational spaces concept

Open spaces are significant for the establishment and strengthening of interpersonal relations and contribute to socializationand getting people together

Greenery, as an element of open space, has the manifold importance for the human health. Greenery reduces radiation, improves the chemical composition of air, protects the sidewalk and asphalt covered surfaces from heating up.

Basic concept behind all the open and recreation spaces is combination of green elements and human psychology. Human psychology is more important aspect in designing the space because the person who comes to look around and chill around recreational space is an unknown person and his/her mood is not predictable so studying human psychology is more important concept while designing a recreational space.

2.3 Principles of organization, arrangement and usage of the open and recreational spaces:

The initial point in design of the open and recreational spaces are the properties of the urban landscape and the specifics of the each urban environment..Each recreational space is unique in terms of the sort contents, manner of activities unfolding there, intensity and the way of usage, size, capacity, interrelatedness with other urban content. The required size and capacity of the recreational space are conditioned with: sorts of activities, manner of unfolding, specifics of the environment, time spatial organization, environment protection, ambient values.

In order to use the open spaces on a daily basis, it is necessary that there exist a culture and a habit of using them, which is affected by the proximity, accessibility, knowledge that they may be used at any time of day, the attractiveness of the open space ambient and its vital value. Attractiveness is contributed by the intimate environment character, domestic garden, isolated from the traffic routes and dynamic urban life, as well as the varied offer of the recreational content. The noisy sport playgrounds should be located between the primary open spaces, at a sufficient distance from the buildings.

The qualitative presence comprises equally rich and complex structures of various spaces harmonized with the requirements of the users. This comprises that there should be terrains for sport and gymnastics, that is, tennis, volleyball, basketball courts, football pitch, bowling hall, table tennis facilities, a solarium and it is desirable to design a small pool which would create an attractive space for children and the adults. It is very important to provide the constant change of the activities sorts, and the ways of using the space, and as many different activities for the individuals as possible, according to the change of life sty le and the needs of the inhabitants and the new discoveries. The changes also appear due to the growth of greenery during a year, and it is very necessary that the users of the space are commonly interested in the maintenance of the greenery.

Chapter 3: Geographical space and trends in recreational space

Despite the fact that recreation and tourism can be understood as partly separate phenomena, they take place within the same space, which is often referred to as recreational tourist space. Recreation develops in the physical and social environment, consisting of natural, objective and human components, developing as a result of their coexistence and cooperation.

Due to spatial aspects of recreation recreational behaviours, the term recreational space is more commonly used. It as a part of geographical space displaying qualities that enable and favour practicing different forms of rest and involving socially and spatially significant recreational processes. As a part of social space, where natural and cultural elements are the basic factors determining its recreational potential and location of infrastructure.

Recreation develops in the physical and social environment, consisting of natural, objective and human components, developing as a result of their coexistence and cooperation. Toczek Werner refers to them as the recreational environment. Due to the spatial aspects of recreational behaviours, the term recreational space is more commonly used.

Recreational space gives space a sociological sense; it creates the concept of rest space. It is a space perceived by an individual from the point of view of their recreational needs. It encompasses behaviours connected with activities serving the purpose of getting away from it all, becoming free from an effort which requires mental engagement, relaxing, psycho physical slow down, the sense of joy and satisfaction.

Recreational space is undeniably a part of geographical space in the physical sense, and at the same time a part of leisure space (Fig. 2). In this way, it refers to active recreation and is divided into urban, suburban and rural recreational space. In the case of the endogenous functions, also home space and the immediate house surroundings are significant. This particular space lends itself to “rest of short and medium duration”.

3.1 Residential geographical spaces:

In design of the open spaces, it is necessaryto take into account the position of standing traffic. In the recent period, in residential areas, very often the standard of the parking space is neglected, especially in the central city zones. The insufficient number of the parking lots has a consequence of the people parking in the open spaces, sidewalks,

green surfaces, which functionally and aesthetically spoil the concept of a residential area. For the new residential areas, it is possible to design parking of up to 1/3 of vehicles in the garages, and the rest outdoors

The dominant form of parking, and the cheapest one are the open parking lots, which can be solved as separate surfaces out of the running traffic or as allocated lanes within the traffic roadway profiles

3.2 Recreation in geographical space:

It should be noted, that not every geographical space is connected with recreational activities. Non recreational space is a part of geographic area not used for recreational purposes due to its inaccessibility.

Recreational space is undeniably a part of geographical space in the physical sense, and at the same time a part of leisure space. In this way, it refers to active recreation and is divided into urban, suburban and rural recreational space.It must be stressed that it may perform both the endogenous functionsand the exogenous functions

In the case of the endogenous functions, also home space and the immediate house surroundings are significant. This particular space lends itself to “rest of short and medium duration”

3.3 Innovative Trends:

The transformations taking place in the urban space regarding the development of recreation infrastructure are very rapid. Cities are becoming creative and inspiring.They are used not only in new forms of tourism, but also for their inhabitants everyday recreation. Therefore, the role of public spaces in cities is more and more appreciated

In times of globalization and growing consumerism, urban space is becoming a kind of “entertainment machine”. Along with the decline of the industrial function of cities, they are assuming new roles, based on their local specificity cultural resources, natural assets, attractive. The elements which is becoming increasingly important for the economic development of cities is leisure space, satisfying the sophisticated recreational needs of the city dwellers. City inhabitants want to live in places where they can spend their free time in an interesting way.

Hence, it seems essential to care about the public spaces in cities, including the form and aesthetics of recreational spaces. Cities which are attractive to their inhabitants are becoming more and more attractive to tourists.

The subject of the study were the trends in the formation of recreational spaces in the urban environment, taking into account the modern features of its formation.

Based on new urban planning conceptions in cities, new recreational spaces are appearing, and public space is becoming an important element of the cityscape and the suburbs.It is important to shape spaces which blend well into the landscape, with a heavy load of symbolical content. Innovative trends in the development of recreational space include new solutions as regards its infrastructure, as well as forms of urban greenery as “urban decor”.

Urban green areas, performing significant recreational functions, have a positive influence on the aesthetic assets of the city and its inhabitants’ standard of living.

They have a strong impact on the spatial composition, shape the city’s physiognomy, as well as introduce the additional asset of, so called, “deeper views”.

Utilizing Parks and Recreation Spaces

Building a Sense of Community

Technology in Parks and Recreation

Growth of Esports

Re imagining Parks and Recreation features

Making parks Insta worthy or Social Media friendly

Park Revenue Trends

The innovative solutions include elements such as vertical gardens, gardens arranged on the rooftops, city meadows or green walls Other new components of urban space include observation decks and platforms, waterfronts, pocket parks or parks above streets, set up on former rail viaducts.

Urban gardening is also gaining significance. It includes ideas like community gardens, Family Allotment Gardens, as well as innovative social movements, such as landsharing or guerilla gardening.Apart from important recreational, social and ecological functions, these concepts are of great aesthetic, educational or creative value.

Chapter 4: Recreation in urban spaces

Urban recreational spaces mean any part of a city used for recreational purposes during leisure time and appropriately developed for recreational purposes. Urban recreational spaces include parks and urban forests, sports fields, beaches and bathing areas, sports and recreation facilities, playgrounds, as well as facilities or areas where cultural, entertainment and social activities take place (including restaurants, clubs, cinemas, theatres, art galleries and museums). Such a broad approach to recreational spaces suggests that the concept of recreation is very capacious, and its significance is very broad while primarily identified with physical recreation, it is currently gaining more and more forms and meanings.

To the understanding of recreation in the narrow sense, functions in the areas of culture, art and sports can be treated as endogenous factors in the development of urban space Therefore, they play a significant role in the development of recreation, satisfying the needs of urban residents. In the value system of residents of large urban centres, the needs associated with entertainment and visiting restaurants, as well as with sightseeing, are gaining more and more importance.

In the rush to build homes for a rapidly growing urban population, we often neglect the need for green space. Even where we do plan rigorously, only an average of 15% of the land is public. In poorly planned cityscapes, this falls to just 2%. In such locations, cities are unable to accommodate critical infrastructure, safe pedestrian areas, and green space. Indeed, we find that just 15% of public space is allocated to green space.

Public space in cities is a kind of media that influences users’ consciousness. If it is developed in an interesting manner, with a well thought out urban composition, referring to local heritage and history, it can constitute an educational factor. If it is detached from the urban tissue, it is chaotic and incomprehensible. This research has shown the importance of treatments associated with aestheticization, underlining the visual image layer and making reference to spatial values. When designing public spaces in cities, including recreational ones, it is particularly important to deliberately extract particular values from the city. While the first two analysed spaces constitute a considered continuation of the environment, the third of the discussed cases is not ‘anchored’ in the local environment, instead constituting a foreign element within it. In spite of the high attractiveness of the space emphasized by respondents, which is

expressed mainly in its novelty and an element of surprise in its concept, it does not maintain the continuity of the place’s identity; thus, it does not facilitate the users’ identification with the place. While it provides the opportunity for various forms of recreation for residents of the area, it is a foreign, incomprehensible element taken out of the context of the large blocks surrounding it.

sports recreation (recreational sports disciplines, such as golf, tennis, horseback riding, beach volleyball, cycling, running), tourist recreation (practicing all forms of tourism in the sense of recreation sensu largo, as superior to tourism), cultural and entertainment recreation(includingvisits tocinemas, theatres, museums, participation in workshops, reading books),

social recreation (meeting other people, social trips to clubs, eating venues, cooking and eating meals together), virtual recreation (using the Internet social media, browsing, playing computer games, e tourism)

4.1 Attractiveness and identity of urban recreational spaces:

Recreational spaces in cities are gaining increasingly diverse forms, and are therefore no longer based onlyon functional, but also on aesthetic aspects.The need for aesthetics and order in public spaces lies deep in human nature and should not be underestimated. Urban compositions, relationships between buildings and devices, their form and scale, the distribution of accents, proportions, the background and rhythms all of these elements are becoming important.Small architecture and light illuminations, which form a complementary whole and shape the aesthetics, identity and uniqueness of public spaces, are gaining importance.

As a result, daring projects are created in the form of vertical parks, recreational terraces, viewing platforms, creative playgrounds, marinas for boats, beaches on riverside boulevards and parks over streets, built on former railway bridges. In order to increase their attractiveness, interesting solutions appear, such as innovative surfaces and topographies, original forms of lighting, urban furniture with ever more interesting design, the use of interactive installations and street art, the introduction of water elements such as water curtains, artificial rivers or street hydrants, and creative playgrounds. These are examples of the so called artistic aestheticization which dynamizes the repairprocessesofspaces throughthereconstructionof thevisual image layer

There are also new creative spaces that are provoking surprise and stimulating interaction between people and spaces. Such spaces are multifunctional and open to various activities and events, concentrating physical, intellectual and creative energy. Artistic, cultural or educational functions develop in such spaces and the spaces themselves stimulate the need for their exploration.Recreational spaces in cities are becoming differentiated, taking on unprecedented and experimental forms and meanings. Increasingly, they refer to the urban tissue, the cultural heritage of the city, existing in numerous material and immaterial contexts. As a result, it seems important to create identity and identification with places (dialogue with the environment). The symbolic dimension and intangible features hidden in the physical form of buildings are also important here

City landscape design should be connected with what is contained in cities, not only on the physical but also the perceptual and imaginary layer. This ensures the easy identification of users with places. Thus, urban spaces have not only a technical aspect, but also an immeasurable one, associated with the city’s genius loci, its history and culture, and even the lifestyle of its inhabitants.

4.2 Preserving the identity of space:

Preserving the identity of spaces means referring to the spatial values of given places. It is the maximization of the value of places, giving spaces their individual character, highlighting their local specificity. As a result, new spaces are a considered

continuation of the environment. Among many good practices in the creation of urban recreational spaces relating to the cultural and natural heritage of a place and taking into account its original character, one can note the aforementioned High Line in New York a linear park which is a continuum of the former railway tracks. Many noteworthy solutions were applied, such as the use of old railway tracks and raw steel structures for recreational purposes and the cover of natural plants which grew on the track after the cessation of its use. The use of spot lighting exposes the former steel structure and greenery, as well as elements of small architecture. The special planting of grass, perennial and shrub species which are resistant to the difficult growing conditions is combined with natural vegetation

In conclusion, urban recreational spaces should therefore meet several basic criteria: be unique, stand out from other spaces and be consistent with current development trends, constitute a thought through continuation of the environment, taking into account the local heritage have an individual functional programme, have easy and subtle access for people with disabilities, be divided into leisure zones for various social groups, be activating provide the opportunity for developing various forms of psychological and physical activity, be interestingly designed in terms of architecture, urbanism and aesthetics (including layout, surface, colours, lighting, and elements of small architecture).

Through management and localization in the urban structure, public spaces affect the quality of interpersonal contacts. In numerous spatial planning documents (development strategies, local programmes, conditional studies), it is important that cultural and natural heritage are taken into account, being the basic carriers that maintain the form and identity of a given place. Urban recreation spaces arranged in this way make passers by stop, reflect and feel an interaction with the elements of the space, and even with their creators. The synthesis of spatial values creates the identity of places. Together with the layer of the past and the future, they determine the genius loci, whose identification should constitute the basis for designing and drawing up a good project for the development of socially friendly spaces.

4.3 Types of recreation in urban areas:

According to the form of space, there are two ways to divide urban recreation: one is inside recreation and outside recreation; the other is ground recreation and underground recreation.Amongthem,undergroundrecreationisthemost easilyignoredbutthemost importantconcept. Aseveryoneknows,thesignificanceofacityliesin gathering.When the city reaches a certain level, it will inevitably appear underground recreation space. The underground recreation space plays a key role in enriching the recreational life of urban residents, improving the quality of urban residents’ life, improving the image of urban tourism and prolonging the stay time of tourists.

1. Underground spaces 2. Ground recreation

4.3.1 Underground spaces:

Underground pedestrian passageways for pedestrian crossing the street, there were no commercial activities on the passageways. Later the advertisement boards and indirect commercial application appeared. Then counters were added to both side of the streets for selling goods and increased the trade. Railway transportation also added to the underground passageways and it becomes station for metro and also continues the trading.

Above are some examples of underground streets in japan

The typical underground streets are composed of three main parts, such as the part of the walking traffic, the part of the store and the parking lot, and the auxiliary parts of the machine room and the management room. The pedestrian traffic part includes the passageway, square, entrance and exit, and the auxiliary parts, such as the air conditioning room, power generator room, distribution room, pump room, central control room, disaster prevention centre, computer room, value class room, warehouse, toilet and so on.

4.3.2 Ground spaces:

Ground recreation spaces includes all parks and also indoor spaces like sports activities in malls and kids play areas and so on. In older times the parks are only a ground space which doesn’t include the play areas for kids and age factor is not bifurcated. But as the time changes the playgrounds and parks are updated and changes themselves into age limit factor and now there are zones which divides the people as per there age factors for non disturbing nature of the park.

Chapter 5: Needs for recreation and influnce factors:

5.1 Classification of needs for recreation:

5.1.1

Recreation to meet physical needs:

Design and management of public spaces is associated with encouraging physical activity. Creating attractive streets, parks and outdoor spaces provide to increase physical activity level.

Children, teenagers and adults have little opportunities in participating for recreation activities such as trees for swinging, hills for climbing, rocks for leaping, and pools for swimming. Many of what we term the conveniences of city life have removed the need of physical exertion and, at the same time, the activities which are important for physical well being. One of the major goal for municipal recreation is restore some of this missing experience and provision of sports programs for all ages is a primary responsibility.

There are some differences in recreation and park movement. Some physical activities are achieved thorough the presence of physical resources, such as parks, sports arenas, courts or pools. From this point of view, some special populations such as disabled, poor or people of different age groups, must be considered at the planning stage.

5.1.2

Recreation to meet social needs:

People need places and opportunities to socialize, such as meeting each other and spent time together. Many people do not have opportunities for socializing near their home or neighbourhoods with each other. One of the goal of the municipality is to meet this deficiency.

Appreciation of art can be gained through well designed programs carried out in parks and playgrounds. Self expression through arts and crafts programs, the satisfaction, the skills that are learned and the socialization are all desirable.

5.1.3

Recreation to meet emotional needs:

Some authorities suggested that recreation should be approved not as an activity, but rather as the psychological or emotional outcome of participation.

Recreation refers an emotional situation within the body of an individual human being that is derived from well being or self satisfaction. It can be diversified by feelings of satisfaction, pleasure, mastery, success, and personal worth. Emotional outcomes refer

to aesthetic experiences, achievement of personal goals and positive feedback from others. It is independent of activity, leisure or social acceptance.

5.1.4 Providing education with recreation:

Recreation programs offer many opportunities to encourage education. Preschool programswhichareoperatedonplaygroundscanpreparechildrenforworkingtogether, and can develop skills that will be needed in reading, arithmetic, and so forth. Recreation leaders who are part of a sustained program, can use sports activities to motivate reading and number ability, to improve leadership and confidence that will increase learning capacity.

5.2 Factors influence recreation participation:

Many particular and often interrelated factors influence in participation. Some factor, such as personality, user needs, socio economic situation, physical and social ability, cultural identity, personal goals and the other personal facts, could influence recreationalparticipation.Thereisastrongrelationshipbetweenrecreationandallthese factors.

5.2.1 Age and recreation participation:

Age is an important factor on recreation participation. A person’s age and life cycle, such as marriage, parenthood and retirement affect opportunity and participation.

Recreation activities vary by people from child to elder. Torkildsen (2005) stated that there is a rapid change for children in the space of a few years from toddler to pre school junior to adolescence each calling for very different kinds of provision. Also

there has been a significant change in adults along with the aging. As people get older recreation participation to activities decline sharply.

5.2.2 Gender and recreation participation:

There are some similarities and differences between women and men in participation in recreational activities. None the less, because of family commitments and their children, women may not be able to participate outdoor activities.

The similarities in participation rates between women and men are more striking than the differences. There are many specific differences in arts and sports, and inequalities both and within between the sexes.

it was found that gender makes little difference in participation rates for either full day or half day trips and excursions, but that there is a marked contrast to the impact of gender on sport and physical recreation. Also found similar results with this findings which show that of all the sporting activities, only keep fit/yoga had a higher participation rate among females.

With a further aspect, in studies related to the differences of men and women it has seen that women are mostly related with cultural activities, men are more interested to hear sportive activities than women. Despite the differences, similarities between women and men are also striking.

5.2.3 Socio economic factors influence in recreation participation:

Recreation participation is also related to how people are paid for the activities. Especially to increase the participation of people with low income, free or cheaper opportunities should be created.

If lower income groups are to be attracted in larger numbers in community recreation, than greater social service approaches would need to be applied, such as, cheaper administrations, positive discrimination towards those who are disadvantaged, outreached programmes, the loaning of the equipment free of charge, taster courses at minimal costs, community programming application, community bus services to facilities.

The money how much people spend on for recreation activities, equipment, entrance fees, is dependent on the financial opportunities and lifestyle. On the other hand, car ownership is effective in recreational activity diversity, with the decreasing importance of the concept of distance.

Income level of users directly affects their preference of recreational activities. An increased income increases participation in activities spending money, as well as leads to preference of more passive recreational activities. The medium and low income individuals do not have many alternatives for leisure activities and recreational needs and therefore,themost convenientandeconomical recreational wayforthemto interact with nature and spend their leisure is to visit parks.

Chapter 6: Case Study: Super Kilen:

Project Info:

Architects: BIG Architects, Topotek 1, Superflex

Location: - Nørrebro, Copenhagen / from Norrebrogade to Tagensvej

Client: Copenhagen Municipality, Realdania

Budget: 11 MIO USD

Area: - 30,000 sqm.

Project Year: 2012

Superkilen is a public park in the Nørrebro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. The park is designed to bring immigrants and locals together, promoting tolerance and unity in one of Denmark's most ethnically diverse and socially challenged communities.Not only is the park a meeting place for local residents, it is a tourist attraction for Copenhagen. Designed by the arts group Superflex with the collaboration of Bjarke Ingels Group and Topotek, a

German landscapearchitecture firm, the park was officially opened in June 2012. The almost kilometre long park's name refers to its shape, "kilen" meaning "wedge".

Superkilen is a half a mile long urban space wedgingthrough one of the most ethnically diverse and socially challenged neighborhoods in Denmark. It has one overarchingidea that it is conceived as a giant exhibition of urban best practice a sort of collection of global found objects that come from 60 different nationalities of the people inhabiting the area surrounding it. Ranging from exercise gear from muscle beach LA to sewage drains from Israel, palm trees from China and neon signs from Qatar and Russia. Each object is accompanied by a small stainless plate inlaid in the ground describing the object, what it is and where it is from in Danish and in the language(s) of its origin. Asortofsurrealistcollectionofglobalurbandiversitythatinfactreflectsthetruenature of the local neighborhood rather than perpetuating a petrified image of homogenous Denmark.

6.1 Three zones, three colours one neighborhood: -

The conceptual starting point is a division of Superkilen into three zones and colours green, black and red. The different surfaces and colours are integrated to form new, dynamic surroundings for the everyday objects. The desire for more nature is met through a significant increase of vegetation and plants throughout the whole

neighborhood arranged as small islands of diverse tree sorts, blossom periods, colours and origin matching one of surrounding everyday objects.

6.2 Market/culture/sport the red square: -

As an extension of the sports and cultural activities at the Norrebrohall, the Red Square is conceived as anurban extension oftheinternal lifeof thehall.Arange of recreational offers and the large central square allows the local residents to meet each other through physical activity and games. The coloured surface is integrated both in terms of colours and material with theNørrebrohall andits newmain entrance, wherethesurfacemerges inside and outside in the new foyer.

Facades are incorporated visually in the project by following the colour of the surface conceptually folding upwards and hereby creating a three dimensional experience. By the large facade towards Norrebrogade is an elevated open space, which almost like a tribune enables the visitors to enjoy the afternoon sun with a view. In addition to the culturalandsportsfacilities,theRedSquarecreatesthesettingforanurbanmarketplace which attracts visitors every weekend from Copenhagen and the suburbs.

A meeting place for residents of Denmark’s most ethnically diverse neighbourhood and an attraction for the rest of the city, this project was approached as a giant exhibition of global urban best practice.

Apublicspacepromotingintegrationacrosslinesofethnicity,religionandculture

In the spring of 2006 the street outside the architects’ Copenhagen office erupted in vandalism and violence

Having just gone through the design of a Danish mosque in downtown Copenhagen, BIG chose to focus on those initiatives and activities in urban spaces that work as promoters for integration across ethnicity, religion, culture and languages.

Taking their point of departure as Superkilen’s location in the heart of outer Nørrebro district,thearchitectsdecidedtheywouldapproachtheproject asanexerciseinextreme public participation.

An extensive public consultation process garnered suggestions for objects representing the over 60 nationalities present locally to be placed in the area.

The 750 metre long scheme comprises three main zones: a red square for sports; a green park as a grassy children’s playground; and a black market as a food market and picnic area.

Looking a bit faded, but well used at first this feels like a long colourful playground, but as you walk through it and start to realise a multitude of foreign references it becomes more intriguing.

BIG have referenced items of street furniture from across the globe, and they are itemised in a large display board: a litter bin from USA or a belisha beacon from UK for example: “collection of global found objects that come from 60 different nationalities of the people inhabiting the area surrounding it.”

6.3 TRAFFIC CONNECTIONS: -

To create better and more transparent infrastructure throughout the neighborhood, the current bike paths will be reorganized, new connections linking to the surrounding neighborhoods are created, with emphasis on the connection to Mimersgade, where citizens have expressed desire for a bus passage. This transition concerns the whole traffic in the area at outer Norrebro and is a part of a greater infrastructure plan. Alternatives to the bus passage include signals, an extended middle lane or speed bumps.

6.4 URBAN LIVING ROOM THE BLACK SQUARE:

Mimers Plads is the heart of the Superkilen Masterplan. This is where the locals meet around the Moroccan fountain, the Turkish bench, under the Japanese cherry trees as the extension of the area’s patio. In weekdays, permanent tables, benches and grill facilities serve as an urban living room for backgammon, chess players etc.

The bike traffic is moved to the East side of the Square by partly solving the problem of height differences towards Midgaardsgade and enable a bike ramp between Hotherplads and the intersecting bike path connection. Towards North is a hill facing south with a view to the square and its activity.

The square can be spotted by the big, dentist neon sign from Doha, Qatar

Brazilian bar chairs under the Chinese palm trees, Japanese octopus playground next to the long row of Bulgarian picnic tables and Argentinean BBQ’s, Belgian benches around the cherry trees, UV (black light) light highlighting all white from the American shower lamp, Norwegian bike rack with a bike pump, Liberian cedar trees.

To protect from the street ending at the north east corner of the square and to meet the wishes from the neighbours, we have folded up a corner of the square creating a covered space.

Unlike the pattern on the red square, the white lines on Mimers Plads are all moving in straight lines from north to south, curving around the different furniture to avoid touching it. Here the pattern is highlighting the furniture instead of just being a caped under it.

Chapter 7: Conclusion:

Q1. What are the manifested values integrated in recreational spaces that affects the aesthetics and ordering of spaces?

AESTHETICS AND ORDERING OF SPACES:

1. Social and cultural values: The social and cultural values are important elements for showing aesthetics in a recreational spaces. Using different cultural elements to make a space aesthetically beautiful is a trend and it also helps people interact with different cultures.

The spaces which are designed to perform well and functionally perfect creates a person’s mind set to come over and over again to that space and perform activities as others are doing. Architecture in these spaces are specially focused on the kind of users, age groups and gender. As a person gets older the recreation participation to activities declines sharply.

2. Environmental values:The recreational space also helps in creating an aesthetical environment, if an open recreational space is designed near commercial, residential or industrial space the open space have great impacts.

Q2. Can recreational or leisure space be a platform for art and cultural consciousness through the idea of space?

As per case study different cultural and art forms changes the idea of space because the space is acting in a different way. As per case study, the space have 3 to 4 different countries cultural art, the idea of space changes due to use of different spaces if the space is a casual space like a garden a person performing in that space never know about different arts and treat it as a local garden.

In conclusion, urban recreational spaces should therefore meet several basic criteria:

BOOKS:

1. Recreation Facility Management Richard F. Mull

2. Handbook of Sports and Recreational Building Design Helen Heard

3. Design for outdoor space Simon Bell

4. Urban Recreational Travel Frank Witlox

5. The city as power Joshua Hagen

6. Public places Urban spaces Matthew Carmona

List of figures:

Fig1. ……………………………………………………. Levels of Recreation Fig2. ……………………………………………………. Themes of Recreation Fig3. ……………………………………………………. Gardens, balconies and terrace

Fig4. ……………………………………………………. Map of city

Fig5. ……………………………………………………. Lodz city residential area

Fig6. ……………………………………………………. Primary open spaces with water surface

Fig7. ……………………………………………………. Recreation and children play area

Fig8. ……………………………………………………. Open recreational areas

Fig9. ……………………………………………………. Attractive areas of recreational areas Fig10. ……………………………………………………. Interior zones

Fig11. ……………………………………………………. Ground zones

Fig12. ……………………………………………………. Japanese underground spaces

Fig13. ……………………………………………………. Super kilen