4.2 Conclusion and closing remarks

4.3 Conclusion and closing remarks

CULTURAL + SOCIAL FUNERAL RELATED

CEMETERY PATH ECONOMICAL ACTIVITIES

Figure 4.2.1: Illustration of architectural planning. Source: Author

To emphasize the vision of the project is to redefine the meaning of the architecture of the cemetery as well as redesign its role to the urbanites in the metropolitan. Treating the project as part of main pedestrian access, a spatial strategy to connect multicultural, multi-ethnic, multi-religion Malaysian dissolving racism issue.

With that in mind, having to say there are still several topics that need to be further researched before or along with the design development. Other than the linear structure design, the interest in the design element of organic burial would be further researched. Also, the possibilities of designing the realization of the project in phases and last but not least, the micro-site study in terms analysis of transport circulation, infrastructure, environment and etc.

a

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Tran, V. D. (2015, December 12). The Most Beautiful Monuments in Perè Lachaise Cemetery. Culture Trip. https://theculturetrip.com/europe/france/ paris/articles/the-most-moving-monuments-inpere-lachaise-cemetery/ Vassilopoulou, J., Brabet, J., & Showunmi, V. (2019). Race Discrimination and Management of Ethnic Diversity and Migration at Work: European Countries’ Perspectives (International Perspectives on . . . on Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 6) [E-book]. Emerald Publishing.

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Figure 0.1: A series of compilation of visualization of socio-economic crisis in Malaysia. Source : Google image

Figure 0.2: Thesis framework Source : Author

Figure 1.0.1: Mapping of origin of the ethnic group in Malaysia. Source: Author

Figure 1.0.2: Mapping of origin of the ethnic group zoom in to Malaysia. Source: Author

Figure 1.0.3: The reference of distribution of ethnic group according to economical activities in Malaya, 1935 Source: Kaur, A. (1999). The rail network and the distribution of rubber in Malaya, 1935 [Map]. ResearchGate GmbH. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amarjit-Kaur/ publication/260643711/figure/fig1/AS:281711326842917@ 1444176622748/The-rail-network-and-the-distribution-ofrubber-in-Malaya-1935SourceKaur-1999-147_W640.jpg

Figure 1.0.4: Malay Reservations in Peninsular Malaysia Source: Voon, P. K. (1997). Malay Reservations in Peninsular Malaysia [Mapping]. Semantic Scholar. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Rural-Land-Ownership-and-Development-in-the-Malay-Voon/a9e45a9d3c9e72743e2ccfaedd2fe2aaa84cd665/figure/0

Figure 1.0.5: Dense infrastructure of Primary highway implies a better accessibility for people to reach the area. Source: Google Map (n.d.). [Map]. https://earth.google.com/web/@3.18235093,101.5971146 ,146.11246198a,301868.35306842d,35y,0.00000006h,8.30 079988t,360r

Figure 1.0.6: The growth of human settlement 1985-2015 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Source: European Space Agency - ESA. (2021, November 11). The growth of human settlement 1985-2015 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [Giphy]. ESA. https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2021/11/Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia#.YgKLa2kMjBI.link

Figure 1.0.7: Demographic study of Malaysia in 2013. Source: Author (Based on Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal. (2021, July 15). Current Population Estimates, Malaysia, 2021 [Press release]. https:// www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 Figure 1.1.1: The announcement of special privilege to Malay group people at the same time upon the Independence of Malaysia. Source: Malaysia Independence Day. (2011). [Photograph]. Malaysia831. http:// www.malaysia831.com/article/Malaysia+Independence+Day

Figure 1.1.2a: Early results showed the Alliance lost much ground to Chinese-dominated opposition parties DAP and Gerakan. In Selangor - where KL was located - the assembly was hung. Source: May 13: Before and After. (2019, May 13). [Photograph]. MalaysiaKini. https://pages.malaysiakini.com/may13/en/

Figure 1.1.2b: The 13th May racial riots happen in 1969, took place in Kuala Lumpur. Eventually lead to the implementation of the New Economic Policy. Source: Liang, I. H. (2020, October 23). 13th May Racial Riot [Photograph]. Malaysian Public Law. https://malaysianpubliclaw.com/the-declaration-of-emergency-an-exigency-or-travesty/

Figure 1.1.3a: The mapping of the relative population of each ethnic group in Malaysia. Source: Author (based on Lewis, M. W. (2015, November 14). Controversies over Ethnicity, Affirmative Action, and Economic Development in Malaysia. GeoCurrents. https://www.geocurrents. info/cultural-geography/controversies-ethnicity-affirmative-action-economic-development-malaysia)

Figure 1.1.3b: Map of Bumiputra and Chinese registered voters according to 2008 electoral district. This can be taken as a close approximation to the actual ethnic distribution in Malaysia. Source: A. (2008, April 19). Estimated population density in Malaysia in 2010 [Mapping]. Wikipedia. https://aseanup.com/market-analysis-malaysia/

Figure 1.1.4a: An example of a neighbourhood recreational park is in Shah Alam, Malaysia which is designed as a playground area for children rather than a communal bonding space. Source: Shah Alam Community Forest. (n.d.). Community Park [Photograph]. Blogspot. https://authorond.blogspot.com/2019/11/ shah-alam-community-forest.html

Figure 1.1.4: Mapping of Recreational Park in Kuala Lumpur Source: Author (Based on Mansor, M., Zakariya, K., & Harun, N. Z. (2019). Challenges on Use of Recreational Parks in Kuala Lumpur. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 24(1), 141–162. https://doi.org/10.21315/ jcdc2019.24.1.8 )

Figure 1.1.5: The mapping of urban transformation of Kuala Lumpur 1988-2014. Source: Nor, A. N. M., Corstanje, R., Harris, J. A., & Brewer, T. (2017). Impact of rapid urban expansion on green space structure. Ecological Indicators, 81, 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.05.031

Figure 1.1.6: Landuse study of Kuala Lumpur Source: Author (Based on Kuala Lumpur City Hall. (2008b). Kuala Lumpur Existing Land use [Mapping]. KUALA LUMPUR CITY. https://kualalumpurcity.my/info-from-kuala-lumpurstructure-plan-2040-that-helps-you-decide-the-best-location-for-your-home/ )

Figure 1.2.1: Mapping of Afforfable housing in Kuala Lumpur. Source: Author (Based on Affordable Housing Affordable Housing Low-Cost Housing Home Projects. (2021, June 4). [Mapping]. Malaysewuse. https://malayusew.blogspot.com/2021/06/16-sierra-puchong-south-selangor.html )

Figure 1.2.2: Mapping of High school with ethnic labels of Kuala Lumpur. Source: Author (Based on Google Earth. (n.d.). Google Earth. Retrieved 2022, from https:// earth.google.com/web/search/highschool/@3.147261,101 .686539,49.95393067a,92847.80231113d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CigiJgokCXgH_DE_aApAEXrND-ju8gdAGd5DMX1rdllAIbZTbgR1YVlA )

Figure 1.2.3: Mapping of Heritage Zone of Kuala Lumpur. Source: Author (Based on Veritas Design Group. (n.d.). Heritage zone in Kuala Lumpur [Mapping]. City Plan Kuala Lumpur 2020. https://theveritasdesigngroup.com/ wp-content/uploads/2021/05/KLCP-2020.pdf )

Figure 1.2.4: Mapping of Place of Worship in Kuala Lumpur. Source: Author (Based on Based on Google Earth. (n.d.). Google Earth. Retrieved 2022, from https:// earth.google.com/web/search/place+of+worship/@3.10581 55,101.697363,33.40346506a,46425.73548554d,35y,0h,0t ,0r/data=CigiJgokCaG5iL215glAEfK9Lye2ygdAGcvW1chTdVlAIZJhAWjvY1lA )

Figure 1.2.5: Mapping of Cemetery in Kuala Lumpur. Source: Author (Based on Based on Google Earth. (n.d.). Google Earth. Retrieved 2022, from https://earth.google. com/web/search/cemetery/@3.1058065,101.697363,33.41 780935a,46425.73588123d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CigiJgokCSsBMgux5glAEbyHnGmxygdAGQ7fAslTdVlAIVRZ1GfvY1lA )

Figure 1.3.1: Mapping of Four Cemeteries as case studies. Source: Author

Figure 1.3.2: Site Plan of Jalan Ampang Muslim Cemetery, KL. Source: Author Figure 1.3.2a: Section drawing of Jalan Ampang Muslim Cemetery, KL. Source: Author

Figure 1.3.2b: Plan zoom into public walkway. Source: Author

Figure 1.3.2c: Public walkway surround Jalan Ampang Muslim Cemetery, KL. Source: Google Map Image

Figure 1.3.3: Site Plan of Kwong Tong Chinese Cemetery, KL. Source: Author

Figure 1.3.3a: Section drawing of Kwong Tong Chinese Cemetery, KL. Source: Author

Figure 1.3.3b: Plan zoom into road side. Source: Author

Figure 1.3.3c: Low visual connectivity from roadside to the Kwong Tong Chinese Cemetery, KL. Source: Google Map Image

Figure 1.3.4: Site Plan of Damansara MBPJ Hindu Cemetery, PJ. Source: Author

Figure 1.3.4a: Section drawing of KDamansara MBPJ Hindu Cemetery, PJ. Source: Author

Figure 1.3.4b: Plan zoom into informal pedestrian access. Source: Author

Figure 1.3.5: Site Plan of Cheras Christian Cemetery, KL. Source: Author

Figure 1.3.5a: Section drawing of Cheras Christian Cemetery, KL. Source: Author

Figure 1.3.5b: Plan zoom into Hoghway edge of the site. Source: Author

Figure 1.3.5c: Visually open from the Highway to the Cheras Christian Cemetery. Source: Google Map Image

Figure 1.3.6: Sectional analytical drawings of all cemetery studies. Source: Author

Figure 1.4.1: A couple of images of Malaysians from different ethnic with different religions vision on the possibilities of living together by respecting each other culture. Source: Norizan, A. (2020, December 6). A Unity Message From Malaysians To Malaysians. | New Malaysia Herald. https://www.newmalaysiaherald. com/2020/12/04/a-unity-message-from-malaysians-to-malaysians/

Figure 1.4.2: Compilation of the comparison of religious understanding and cultural ritual of funeral. Source: Author (Based on Bhd., F. M. S. (n.d.). Funerals Malaysia. Funerals Malaysia. Retrieved 2022, from http://funeralsmalaysia.com/en/services/muslim-funeral )

Figure 1.4.3: Diagram presentation of simplified funeral procedure of each ethnic group/ religion. Source: Author

Figure 1.4.4: Images of crematorium, columbarium and repast catering after funeral ceremony. Source: Shah Alam Crematorium. (n.d.). [Photograph]. Foursquare City Guide. https://foursquare.com/v/shah-alam-crematorium/50fb683fe4b0aae3aa4af579 // A. (2006, November 15). Christian Columbarium [Photograph]. Unam Sanctam. https://andrew4jc.blogspot.com/2006/11/western-road-christian-cemetery.html )

Figure 1.5.1: Illustration of design hypothesis derived from the chapter of discovery of border. Source: Author (Elaborated from Mapping Race + Ethnicty. (n.d.). Digital Content. Retrieved 2022, from https://kristen-gillette-crnt. squarespace.com/mapping-race-ethnicity )

Figure 2.0.1: A perspective rendering of House of One, Berlin that is still under construction. Source: K.M.D.A. (2021, May). Rendering Kuehn Malvezzi House of One / Petriplatz [Illustration]. House of One. https://house-ofone.org/de/presse/pressebilder

Figure 2.0.2: Aerial view of Pere Lachaise Cemetery taken from Montparnasse. Source: Aerial view of Pere Lachaise Cemetery taken from Montparnasse. (2018, October 30). [Photographi]. Mieux Vivre. https://www.mieuxvivre-votreargent.fr/aerial-view-of-pere-lachaise-cemeterytaken-from-montparnasse-to/

Figure 2.0.3: Aerial view of Luchtsingel Footbridge. Source: Ossip, D. (n.d.). LUCHTSINGEL SCHIEBLOCK [Photograph]. Ossip. https://ossip.nl/gallery/luchtsingel-schieblock/

Figure 2.0.4: Aerial view of happening Indian Street in Kuching. Source: Noni, M. A. (2019, February 22). The crowd that has gathered at India Street Pedestrian Mall during the Chap Goh Mei 2019 celebration. [Photograph]. New Sarawak Tribune. https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/ do-more-for-india-street-govt-urged/?amp Figure 2.0.5: ‘Street of Harmony’. Here, houses of worship representing various world religions are lined up along an axis. Source: Goh, H. M. (n.d.). World Religion Walk, Penang [Photograph]. Global Ethnic Penang. http://www.globalethicpenang.net/webpages/act_02a.htm

Figure 2.0.6: Perspective photograph of the happening Plaza Arcadia, Desa Parkcity. Source: A fun filled evening at World Children’s Day in Plaza Arkadia, Desa ParkCity. (2019, November 25). [Photograph]. Plaza Arcadia, Desa Parkcity Specialist Facebook. https://www.facebook. com/plazaarkadia/photos/pcb.3490573937621123/349057 3350954515/

Figure 2.1.1: Site plan of House of One, Berlin. Source: Author

Figure 2.1.1a: Sectional analytical drawing of House of One. Source: Author

Figure 2.1.1b: Interior perspective to the central hall. Source: Malvezzi, K. (n.d.). House of One - Zentralraum [Illustration]. House of One. https://house-of-one.org/en/ file/3100

Figure 2.1.2: Site plan of Pere Lachaise Cemetery Park, Paris Source: Author

Figure 2.1.2a: Père-Lachaise Cemetery Park with garden landscape concept Source: V. (n.d.). Famous cemeteries in Paris: Pere Lachaise [Photograph]. Itinari. https://www.itinari.com/famous-cemeteries-in-paris-perelachaise-gcs5

Figure 2.1.2b: Street pattern to spatial experience analysis Source: Author

Figure 2.1.3: Site plan of Luchtsingel Footbridge, Rotterdam. Source: Author

Figure 2.1.3a: Sectional analytical drawing of Luchtsingel Footbridge. Source: Author

Figure 2.1.3b: Central public space design to response to the urban playground. Source: Ossip, D. (n.d.). LUCHTSINGEL SCHIEBLOCK [Photograph]. Ossip. https://ossip.nl/gallery/luchtsingel-schieblock/

Figure 2.2.1: Site Plan of Indian Street, Kuching. Source: Author

Figure 2.2.1a: The pedestrian mall where any ethnic group people would visit for affordable shopping. Source: Kino. (2020, March 26). India Street: A Heritage Rediscovered. KINO | Kuching In & Out. https:// kuchinginandout.com/2020/03/26/india-street-a-heritage-rediscovered/

Figure 2.2.1-P1: Zoom-in plan and elevation sketch of entrance statement to Indian Street. Source: Author

Figure 2.2.1-P2: Zoom-in plan and section sketch of the tropical canopy in Indian Street that prevents people from rain and sun. Source: Author

Figure 2.2.1-P3: Zoom-in plan and elevation sketch of entrance statement to another popular cultural street, Carpenter Street. Source: Author

Figure 2.2.2: Site Plan of Street of Harmony, Penang. Source: Author

Figure 2.2.2a: Street of Harmony where everyone regardless of ethnicity like to visit especially during festive season. Source: Culture vulture. (2018, June 29). [Photograph]. Traveloka. https://www.traveloka. com/en-sg/explore/activities/asias-best-summertime-festivals-2018/48428

Figure 2.2.1b: Architecture elements and decoration that symbolise the history and identity of the ethnic groups. Source: Indian Street. (2019, November 6). [Photograph]. R.G. Car Hire. https://rgcarhiretour.com/index. php/component/spsimpleportfolio/item/7-india-street

Figure 2.2.2-P1: Zoom-in plan and site section sketch of St George’s Church. Source: Author

Figure 2.2.1-P2: Zoom-in plan and site section sketch of Kuan-Yin Temple Goddess of Mercy Temple. Source: Author

Figure 2.2.1-P3: Zoom-in plan and site section sketch of Sri Mahamariaman Hindu Temple. Source: Author

Figure 2.2.1-P4: Zoom-in plan and site section sketch of Kapitan Keling Mosque. Source: Author

Figure 2.2.3: Site Plan of Desa Parkcity, KL. Source: Author Figure 2.2.3a: Open space where people like to hang out with children for the water fountain playground. Source: Parkcity. (2020, December). Plaza Arcadia [Photograph]. Parklife. https://www.google.de/ url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parkcityhanoi.com. vn%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Fparklife_dec2020.pdf&psig=AOvVaw27OjauJx-R8bYVQqfPARGH&ust=1644532932189000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwjc_Jzb2PP1AhWOuyoKHf4GCOoQjhx6BAgAEAo

Figure 2.2.3b: Graph tabulated the type of program in Desa Parkcity waterfront park and Plaza Arcadia. Source: Author (Based on Desa ParkCity - The Waterfront. (n.d.). Desa Parkcity. Retrieved February 2022, from https://www.desaparkcity.com/thewaterfront.html )

Figure 2.2.3-P1: Zoom-in plan and site section sketch of open bazaar in the park. Source: Author

Figure 2.2.3-P2: Zoom-in plan and site section sketch of the Spanish steps concept “amphitheatre”. Source: Author

Figure 2.2.3-P3: Zoom-in plan and site section sketch of the water fountain playground in the plaza. Source: Author

Figure 2.3.1: Illustration of design hypothesis derived from the chapter of exploration to theory. Source: Author

Figure 3.0.1: Diagram illustration of the elements to look into about site proposed. Source: Author

Figure 3.0.2a: Mapping of cultural places (Place of worships and cemeteries) in Kuala Lumpur. Source: Author

Figure 3.0.2b: Mapping of types of Urban Sprawl in Kuala Lumpur District, Malaysia. Source: Author (Based on Rosni, N. A., Mohd Noor, N., & Abdullah, A. (2016). MANAGING URBANISATION AND URBAN SPRAWL IN MALAYSIA BY USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS APPLICATIONS. PLANNING MALAYSIA JOURNAL, 14(4). https://doi. org/10.21837/pmjournal.v14.i4.145 )

Figure 3.0.3: 1.75km radius of location plan of propose zone in Kuala Lumpur. Source: Author

Figure 3.0.4: 1.75km radius of Ethnic diversity study of the propose zone in Kuala Lumpur. Source: Author

Figure 3.1.1: Macro-analysis of traffic, transit, pedestrian and bike way of the proposed zone. Source: Author (Based on Google map. Retrieved February 2022)

Figure 3.1.2: Mapping of River of Life in the proposed zone. Source: Author

Figure 3.1.3: Perspective from vehicular bridge looking to River of Life. Source: Google Image. Retrieved February 2022

Figure 3.1.4: Redeveloped and beautification project of River of Life. Source: Ming, O. K. (2015, December 19). Why care about ‘River of Life’? Try RM4.4b for size. Malaysiakini. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/323635

Figure 3.1.5: 1.75km radius of mapping of land use study of area surround River of Life. Source: Author (Based on Isa et al. (2020) The Kuala Lumpur Heritage Agenda: Reviews and Recommendations for the Kuala Lumpur Draft Structure Plan 2040 & Kuala Lumpur City Plan 2020 by ICOMOS Malaysia. Discussion Paper. ICOMOS Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 99p.)

Figure 3.2.1: Illustration of design hypothesis derived from the chapter of context study and implication. Source: Author

Figure 4.0.1: Rough sketch of the location of linear structure on the River of Life. Source: Author

Figure 4.0.2a: Entrance of Central Market with Art-deco architecture style. Source: Q.Y.J. (2019, September 27). Central Market, KL [Photograph]. Mafengwo. https://www.mafengwo.cn/i/17170954.html

Figure 4.02b: Deserted atmosphere in Central Market. Source: Central Market. (n.d.). [Photograph]. Wonderful Malaysia. https://www.wonderfulmalaysia.com/attractions/central-market-and-kasturi-walk-in-kuala-lumpur. htm

Figure 4.0.3: Unused roundabouts space under highways in Kuala Lumpur. Source: Google Image. Retrieved February 2022

Figure 4.0.4: Plan drawing show the location of central market and one of the roundabouts. Source: Author

Figure 4.1.1: Vision in plan view. Source: Author Figure 4.2.1: Illustration of architectural planning. Source: Author