E Eliza Qi (Huiyan) Student Number 691822
Week1—Knowledgemap: Construction Overview
Loads
Forces
Material s
Dead Loads (Static)
Live Loads (Moving)
Dynamic Loads (Moving)
Strength
Stiffness
Shape
Material behaviors
Economy & Sustainability
Tension
1)Static load are applied slowly to the structure until it reached its peaked value without fluctuating rapidly in magnitude or position (Ching, 2008). 2) Dynamic load is a variable weight on a structure suddenly apply to a structure which is movable so also been called dynamic load (Ching, 2008). 3) Tension force stretch and elongate the material. 4) Compression force refers to the capacity of a material to withstand pushing forces that are axially directed.
Compres sion
This tower has been made by processed wood which is the sawdust been crushed together. The advantage for this kind of material is stable and light in the weight. It is often been used for table.
Here is the basic structure for the tower above. The good point for this structure is to save the material and flexible. Also the bad thing is they are not quite stable and we can see the corners are not completely connected. What we do to fix that is after few levels we use another structure to improve it.
When we apply force on this way, the block would fall down. It is not very stable.
AS show in the left, we use them to connect every side and stable the tower each four levels of the tower.
Here at right is the base of tower. Our concept for the tower is to build the pyramid. The reason we varied to the triangle base which is because it is hard to build the tower to our expected height with limited materials. There is an obvious defect is the corner. It is not well-connected.
After finishing the tower, we tried to remove as many as blocks we can. Like the following pictures.
It finally collapsed which the reason I assume is that while we took the blocks out we were breaking the structure of the whole tower. It’s like when we are building no matter the skyscraper or bungalow, it would have the load bearing wall which is the most important wall in the whole structure that is able to stand the most force. However While the tower is still standing, the loads are being evenly distributed like the figure showed left so structure is able to compensate and allow for opening.
what we did to the tower is destroying the “load bearing wall� of it.
Glossary Term: Load Path--- The arc traced by a turn of logs along a skyline and generally plotted graphically to determine ground clearance (Kun S., S. Venkataraman, 2014).
Masonry---Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar. Compression--- the result of the subjection of a material to compressive stress. Reaction Force--- related to the fact that a force results from the interaction of two objects. Point Load--- refers to a point where a bearing or structural weight is intense and transferred to the foundation. Beam--- capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. Referencing: Francis D.K. Ching, (2008), Loads on Building, Building Construction IllustratedďźˆFourth editionHoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley& Sons, Inc.2.08-2.1 Kun S. Marhadi, Satchi Venkataraman (2014) Comparison of load path definitions in 2-D continuum structures, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/235973285_Comparison_of_load_path_definitions_in_2-D_continuum_structures
Week2 Knowledge Map Construction system
Enclosure system
ESD and selecting materials
Structural system
Service system
Structural connection
Roller joints
Pin joints
Fixed joints
Solid structure
Surface structure
Skeletal structure
Membrane structure
Hybrid structure
For this tower, our original concept is the China Bank in Hong Kong, like the picture down.
Firstly, we use the cross as our base of the tower. The advantage is the tower more likely stable and balance for the higher tower and can stand more force.
Then we start to build it higher. We can see at the above picture. Between two stickers, we use some short stick to connect them for
At the beginning, we use the structure
more stable.
like the picture shows above for each side. Then what we found is that this kind of structure is too weak to stand the high tower. So we change the concept to right.
The final step is put force on it to see what is going to happen to it. I assume the main problem is that the material is to skinny. Every material has its own load capacity, for the stick we use maybe the load capacity is not that good.
ESD and selecting material ESD here refers to the environmentally sustainable design.
Structural system &form: Solid system---early building (arch), compression is the man structural action. E.g. Great Wall of China (stone, mud and brick structure) Surface system---plane structure (opera house) Skeletal system---is transferring loads down through to the ground. E.g. Eiffel tower Membrane system---usually used for covering large are which are efficiently and cheaply e.g. sail, catch the wind Hybrid system--- e.g. National Swimming Center in China
Structural connection: Rolled joint
Pin joint (commonly in trusses system)
Fixed joint
Construction system: enclosure system, structural system, service system Consideration of which system to choose
Performance requirements-easily maintained, resistance of sound, surface easily repaint and replace Aesthetic qualities---highly polished wall Economic efficiencies---budget Environmental impacts---building affordable, initial cost to fit budget, how well building performance in future
Glossary termďźš Structural joint--- a joining of two pieces of material in wood, metal or plastics by mechanical. Frame--- a rigid structure that surrounds something such as a picture, door, or windowpane. Stability--- the state of being stable. Bracing---- (of a support) serving to brace a structure. Tension--- the state of being stretched tight. Column--- an upright pillar, typically cylindrical, supporting an arch, entablature, or other structure or standing alone as a monument.
Week3 knowledge Map
Linear Elements
Structural
Footing &
Mass
Geometry &
Elements
Foundation
Construction
Equilibrium
Surface Elements
Volumes
Shallow
Deep
Moment of Force
Joints
During week3’s studio, we have done the visit around the buildings of school. The picture left give us the comparison of two different joints. One is control joints and one is expansion. As Ching (2008) introduced to us expansion joints are continuous, unobstructed slots constructed to close slightly to accommodate the moisture expansion of brick and stone masonry. However, control joints are constructed to open slightly to accommodate the shrinkage of a concrete masonry wall as it dries after construction. There are four different Joints are not only use to connect walls, but also like the picture show at left, these are steel joints use to connect beams and walls.
types of joints.
Structural elements---are used in structural analysis to split a complex structure into simple elements. Within a structure, an element cannot be broken down (decomposed) into parts of different kinds (e.g., beam or column) （John， 1916）.
Struts or Compression members –compressive loads
Linear Elements
Rod – axial loads Beam – axial and bending loads Ties, suspension cables or wire ropes-tension loads Membrane Shell
Surface elements
Concrete slab Deck Shear panel
Volumes:
Axial, shear and bending loads for all three dimensions
Footing & Foundation Foundation as the lowest part of the building, the settlement occurs early that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded. There are shallow footing and deep footing. Shallow foundation is used on the stable soil with adequate bearing capacity. However the deep foundation is employed when soil is unstable or inadequate bearing capacity. Footings are standing on the foundation. The types of footing is going to use for the building is depends on the soil condition.
Shallow foundation
Deep foundation
Ching, “Building Construction illustrated� p3.05
Bricks--- is a traditional and old fashion material for construction but still have a place. The standard size for a brick is with 230mm length, 76mm height and 110mm width. Following are few types of course for bricks.
Stretcher course
Header course
Brick–on-edge course
Soldier course
Glossary Term: Moment---tendency to male an object or a point rotates. Retaining wall--- is structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes. Pad footing--- This carries point loads where the columns come down and is used a lot in portal frames. Piles can be placed on problem sites under the pad. This system allows the portal frame to be put up quickly with the slab able to be placed after.
Strip footing--- This runs under load bearing walls which need supporting along their whole length. Strip footing would be used for example under pre-cast concrete panels. The general maximum depth is 900mm. An Example 600deep * 300 wide (CAD)
Slab on ground--- This is the cheapest type of slab and has a minimum depth of 150mm and is used with pad footings as an infill slab. There is a 10mm expansion joint between the pad footing and infill slab to allow the pad to move independently from the slab.
Substructure--- the supporting structure.
Referencing： Francis D.K. Ching, (2008), Expansion & Control Joints, Building Construction Illustrated（Fourth edition）Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley& Sons, Inc.5.22 John Alexander Low Waddell (1916), Bridge Engineering, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Volume 2 p. 1958.
Week4 Knowledge Map
Concrete
Flooring and framing system
Span and spacing
Beams and cantilevers
In situ concrete
Per cast concrete
Floor and framing system The material we normally bused for floor and farming system is concrete, steel and timber. Concrete floor has one way or two way span between structural supports. Timber floor are used by combination of bearers (primary beams) and joists (secondary beams). Steel farming includes heavy gauge structural steel member and light gauge steel framing.
Beams and Cantilevers Beams (mostly) are horizontal structural element. They carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical supports. Cantilevers are created when a structural element is only one end. They carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to the support.
CONCRETE In situ concrete are poured into formwork and cured on the building site. They are widely in footing, retaining walls and all bespoke (not standard) structural elements.
Figure of pouring concrete
Pre cast concrete are used for ensuring a much more standardized outcome that avoids many of quality control issues associated with in situ concrete.
Figure of precast concrete
Glossary Term: Joist---a joist is one of the horizontal supporting members that run between foundations, walls, or beams to support a ceiling or floor. Steel decking---a deck is a flat surface capable of supporting weight, similar to a floor, but typically constructed outdoors, often elevated from the ground, and usually connected to a building.
Span--- the distance between two supports. Girder--- a support beam used in construction. They often have I-beam cross section for strength, but also have box shape, z shape and others.
Concrete plank---A hollow-core or solid, flat beam used for floor or roof decking. Concrete planks are usually precast. Spacing--- the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements. Referencing: Figure of pouring concrete, working with concrete requires, http://www.livingstonsconcrete.com/printable/doItYourself.html Figure of pre cast concrete, precast takes the lead, http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-17403-precast-takes-the-lead/
Week5 Knowledge Map
Columns
Wall system
MaterialďźšFrom Wood to Timber
Short columns
Long columns
Structural framing
Load bearing walls
Stud wall
Season timber
Quarter sawn
Radial Sawn
Green sawing
Back sawn
(Figure1, Dual frame-wall system)
(Figure2, building a staggered stud wall)
Glossary Term: Stud--- a timber member in construction usually for connection two sides. Axial load--- is a combination of primarily vertical and horizontal members that are designed to transmit applied loads to the ground. Nogging--- is used for the filling in-between wall framing in buildings Lintel---can be a load-bearing building component, a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. It is often found over portals, doors, windows, and fireplaces.
Seasoned timber---dried timber Referencing: Figure1,Dual frame-wall system, https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=5UyEoWea5orh_M&tbnid=wqvIQO7 SZcqA8M:&ved=0CAEQjxw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nexus.globalquakemodel.org%2Fgem-building-taxonomy%2Foverview%2Fglossary% 2Fdual-frame-wall-system--ldual&ei=cdF2U7aVJ4melQXj-oHYBw&psig=AFQjCNHG-o84ynUm1EmsF53GSKF16Rp3jQ&ust=140038215700488 5 Figure2, building a staggered stud wall, 2010, http://www.diy-home-theater-design.com/staggered-stud-wall.html
Week6 Knowledge Map
Roofing system
Concrete roof
Structural steel framed roof
Spanning space
Trussed roof
Light frame roof
Mental
Ferrous
Non-ferrous
Alloys
During this week’s studio, we do the presentation of our first time site visiting to introduce our site and explain the thing we learn from site. My site is a secondary floor dwelling house located at Brunswick. Our foundation is based on the soil of Class P which has a poor capability for bearing load. At the same time, there is a great tree just behind the house. According to the builder, the roots have the effect to the foundation. The house is mostly build by timber (mgp 10 pine wood); the only steel material is the steel bracing help to carry loads. Between few bricks, they use the expansion joint because brick be will expanded by temperature. Wall is covered by the sisalation paper foil for controlling of moisture. They use the steel angle brace to connect two walls. Compare to another site which is a refurbishment house. Their site is based on the shallow foundation and the lowest shallow foundation are spread footing. The house used to be timber practices. It is now doing the brick laying process and brick arrangement. They use the solid masonry as the load bearing wall. Movement joints are used to connect each side.
Spanning space --- 3D plate type structures that are long spanning into two direction.
figure1
Roofing system There are two types of roof. 1) Flat roof, pitch 1’-3’; 2)pitched and slopping roofs, pitch greater than 3’ Rafters Concrete slab Beams and purling Flat trussed / space frames
Beam and decking Trusses
Joists and decking / roof frames
*Trussed roof are framed roofs constructed from a series of open web type steel or timber elements.
Different types of roofs
（Figure2,Mountain high roofing）
(Figure3,electric transform Philippines)
(Figure4, Truss Form » Trussed Rafters (Roof Trusses))
Metals: 1) Ferrous : iron 2) Non-ferrous : all other metal 3) Alloys: combinations of two or more metals (Ferrous alloys if it contain iron. Non-ferrous alloy if it does not) Iron is one metal with magnetic properties and reactive chemically with good compressive strength. Wought iron is form when iron is heated and hammered into the desired space. Case iron is form when iron is melted and poured into moulds to cool. Iron alloys are alloys of iron with carbon. Other alloy elements contain manganese, chromium, boron and titanium among others. They usually used by structural steel framing, like hot rolled steel, cold formed steel and reinforcing bars. Also steel sheeting for cladding and roofing and stainless steel alloys. Non Ferrous metal usually will formed into Aluminum, Copper( traditionally roofing material), Zinc, Lead, Tin, Titanium, Bronze(copper &tin) and Brass(copper &zinc).
(Figure5, Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Metals and their Uses | Blog | Castle Metals)
Glossary Term: Rafter--- A rafter is one of a series of sloped structural members (beams) that extend from the ridge or hip to the wall plate, down slope perimeter or eave, and that are designed to support the roof deck and its associated loads(Woodward,1861).
Eave--- The eave is the bottom edge of a roof. The eaves normally project beyond the side of the building forming an overhang to throw water clear of the walls.
Purlin--- a purlin is any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof except a type of framing with what is called a crown plate. Alloys--- An alloy is a mixture or solid solution composed of a metal and another element (Metal and alloys, 2014). Cantilever--- A cantilever is a beam anchored at only one end. Soffit--- describes the underside of any construction element. Portal frame--- a method of building and designing structures, primarily using steel or steel-reinforced precast concrete Top chord--- The top beams in a truss Referencing: Figure1, grasshopper. (2009). http://www.grasshopper3d.com/photo/81-image02-4 Figure2, mountain high roofing, http://www.mountainhighroofing.com/concretevsclaytile.htm Figure3, electric transform Philippines, http://alphaomega07.wix.com/007#!__page-5 Figure4, Truss Form Âť Trussed Rafters (Roof Trusses). (2006).http://trussform.co.uk/content.php/info_id/323 Figure5, Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Metals and their Uses | Blog
|
Castle
Metals.
(2012).http://www.castlemetalsuk.com/blog/ferrous-nonferrous-metals-uses/ Geo. E. Woodward (1861), “‘Balloon Frames’ - 9th Article”, The Cultivator third series, Vol. IX no. 1. Metal and alloys, 2014, http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/ocr_gateway_pre_2011/rocks_metals/4_metals_alloys2.shtml
Week7 Knowledge Map
Arches, domes and shells
Flashing
Detailing for heat and moisture
Eaves
Rain screen
Thermal insulation
Rubber and plastics
Thermal breaks
Double glazing
Provenance
Properties
Paints
Detailing for moisture There are two kinds of opening can cause water leaking into the house. One is the planned opening, like window, door skylight. Another is unplanned opening, for example poor construction workmanship or deterioration of material would cause it. To remove the opening, Sealant (like silicone) and gaskets (like preformed shaped made from artificial rubbers) can help.
The picture left shows a house with the moisture system. At the left side of this house, is base on the dry soil condition. So for the drainage, normally use the agriculture drainage with the plastic pipe. Any water get carry out of house will into a store water pipe. At the let roof, they use the eave (help protect wall surface and keep water away from opening) and double skin for the wall. For the chimney, the flashing is required. At the right side of the building, is built on a pretty wet condition which we need to use the full tank rubber for the basement to prevent the water go in.
Keep water out of building!!! By force. (Gravity, surface tensioned capillary action , momentum and air pressure differential)
Gravity strategies: Flashing (slopes & overlaps)
Surface tensioned capillary action strategies
Momentum strategies
Air pressure differential strategies
For controlling heat, it is based on the same theory with control moisture. ---Heat us conducted through the building envelope. ---The building envelope and building elements are subjected to radiant heat sources (reflection surfaces, e.g. low e-glass; shading systems, e.g. verandahs, eaves). ---Thermal mass (absorb and store heat for period of time) is used to regulate the flow of heat through the building envelope. It is good for large difference between day and night. Thus we control heat by 1) thermal insulation 2) thermal breaks 3) double glazing Another important part for controlling heat is air leakage which is avoiding air leaking out of the building envelope caused the space drafty in cold weather and uncomfortable
Rubber Natural rubber: rubber tree (tree’s sap) Synthetic rubber: by laboratory generating a range of variations Good waterproof 1.5×density of water Low embodied energy Recyclability durable Easy to cause damage by sunlight High flexibility Low fragility poor conductor of heat and electricity
(Figure1, rubber roll)
Sourcing ---carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chloride. 1) Thermoplastics---moldable when heated and become solid again when cooled can be recycled 2) Thermosetting plastics---can only be shaped(molded) once 3) Elastoners( synthetic rubbers)---refer to separate e-module Not fragility High flexibility Need check and maintain Poor conductivity heat and electricity
(Figure2, plastic pipe for construction)
Glossary term: Drip--- The edge of a roof from which rainwater drips into a gutter or away from the structure. Down pipe--- a pipe for carrying rainwater from a roof gutters to the ground or to a drain. Also called: rainwater pipe or drainpipe Vapor barrier--- is any material used for damp proofing, that resists diffusion of moisture through wall, ceiling and floor assemblies of buildings and of packaging.
Flashing--- construction material used to prevent the passage of water around objects Gutter--- is a narrow trough or duct which collects rainwater from the roof of a building and diverts it away from the structure, typically into a drain.
Insulation--- materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer Parapet--- a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure. Sealant----seal two sides together and prevent water get into the building Referencing: Figure1, Rubber roll, http://www.rubbersheetroll.com/rubber-roll.htm Figure2, Plastic pipe for construction, http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photography-plastic-pipes-construction-materials-image2828267
Week8 Knowledge Map
Doors and windows
Deformation
Geometry and moment of inertia
Terminology
Frames
Glass
Door terminology: door leaf; handle, latch &lock; door swing; rough opening; head; jamb; stop; architrave; sill/threshold. Three types of door: Timber doors& frames Aluminum doors & frames Steel doors &frames
(Figure1, solid timber door)
(Figure3, steel door)
(Figure2, door)
Aluminum
sliding
Window terminology: Window head, sill, jamb. Three types of window: Timber window& frames Aluminum window & frames Steel window &frames (Figure4, timber window in dorset)
(Figure6, steel windows)
(Fingure5, manufactures)
aluminum
window
Curtain walls Window?
OR
Exterior wall system? Curtain walls is a combination of window and wall system. Window systems is hang off the concrete sturucture of the building. It carry its own load transfering its load back into the concrete structure. It need to ensure load has been carry around window opening rather than through wndows.
(Figure7, NYC Curtain Wall | Glass Facade | Glass Envelope)
Glass Components: Formers---silica Fluxes---sode ash/potash/lithium carbonate Stabilizers---limestone/alumina/magnesia Porperties: non-porous/waterproof; medium-high density; hard; fragility; transimit heat and light but not electricity; low ductility; high flexibility; very durable There are two types of glasses, flat glass (sheets of clear or tinted float, laminated, tempered, wired,etc.) and shaped glass (curved, blocks, channels, tubes, fibres). Float glass is the most common way to manufactor flat glass. For example, clear float glass, laminated glass, tempered glass.
Double and triple glazing:
(Figure8, double glazing glass)
(Figure9,triple glazed window)
Glossary term: Window sash--- a framework that holds the panes of a window in the window frame. Door furniture--- the handles, lock, and other fixtures on a door. Deflection--- is the degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load. Stress---load per unit are that tend to deform the body on which it acts. Moment of inertia--- is the mass property of a rigid body that defines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about an axis of rotation.
Shear force--- is the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or structural failure where the material or component fails in shear. Referencing: Figure1, Solid timber door. (2012).http://doorwarehouse.com.au/products/solid-timber-doors/ Figure2, Aluminum sliding door. (2014). http://wanjiadoor.en.made-in-china.com/offer/rqFxnchOfHks/Sell-Aluminum-Sliding-Door.html Figure3, Steel door. (2014). http://www.arborcrest.com.au/steel-doors/ Figure4, timber window in dorset.(2014). http://www.dovetail-joinery.net/page/timber_windows Figure5, aluminum window manufactures.(2014).http://www.globalsources.com/manufacturers/Aluminum-Window.html Figure6, steel windows,http://summerfielddesign.wordpress.com/2012/06/07/steel-windows/ Figure7, NYC Curtain Wall | Glass Facade | Glass Envelope.(2012). http://www.nyccurtainwall.com/ Figure8, double glazing glass, http://www.ecoglazingwindows.co.uk/double-glazing-windows.html Figure9, triple glazed window.(2014). http://tripleglazedwindows.net/
Week9 Knowledge Map
Construction detailing
Composite Materials
Stress and structural members
Fibrous
Laminar
Particulate
Hybrid
Construction detailing
Compressed
As installed
Elongated 1) Movement joints 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
Detailing to the suit construction expertise Off the shelf items Constructability maintenance access Cleanable surfaces Repairable surface and resistance to damage Ageing gracefully Health and safety
（Fingure1，Construction details）
Composite materials There are two styles of material, monolithic and composite. Monolithic material is the single material or material combined so the components are indistinguishable (e.g. metal alloys). Composite materials are two or more materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain easily distinguishable.
A compose material is formed from a: 1. Combination of materials which differ in composition or form 2. Remain bonded together 3. Retain their identities and properties 4. Act together to provide improved specific or synergistic characteristics not obtainable by any of the original components acting alone. Following are few composite material, fiber reinforced cement; fiberglass; aluminum sheet composites; timber composited and fibre reinforced polumers.
During this week’s studio, we have done the site visit for a hospital site. expansion joints
The basic material they use for this site is the concrete which the reason is concrete can have a better future performance than other material
Here are main beams made by concrete in the basement.
Those stuffs are put there temporarily. Once they finish this level; they will be move to the next level.
Glossary Term: Sandwich panel--- a type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminum sheets bonded to a non-aluminum core. Composite beam--- A steel beam, which has concrete decking above it, and which is connected to the concrete by shear connectors, Bending--- a force which let characterizes into a curve or angle. Skirting--- is a board covering the lowest part of an interior wall. Its purpose is to cover the joint between the wall surface and the floor. Cornice--- is generally any horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element Referencing: Figure1, Construction. (2013). http://www.factor9design.co.uk/construction-detailing/
Week10 Knowledge Map
Lateral supports
Lateral force
Lateral load resisting system
Timber fascia
Collapses and failures
A tale for corrosion
Flat steel sheeting on plywood
Selection material
Lateral supports
Lateral load resisting system
Diaphragms and lateral bracing Braced frame shear walls Seismic brace isolators Moment resisting frames
(Figure1, Lateral Support Condition, Design of Rolled Steel Beams)
A tale of corrosion---The statue of Liberty It constitutes by skin (copper), ribs and iron frame. The problem with this structure is the copper skin would corrode with iron frame. The first solution is separated at their junction by a layer of shellac-impregnated cloth. However the shellac-impregnated cloth became porous and actually held moisture at the joint between the two different metals. It a good condition for galvanic
corrosion.
The second decision is to replace the original iron armature frame into
a Teflon-coated stainless steel structure which can best solve the corrosion problem but still need to maintain and check in the future.
(Figure2, the statue of liberty: construction)
Collapses and failures Timber fascia--- defective: Material selection, too wide; exposure to hot north sun; painted black on outside only; fasteners. Flat steel sheeting on plywood--- considers long term performance; consider coastal marine exposure; consider exposure; Timber plywood glued to timber stud walls Flat steel sheet glued to plywood Thermal difference Blistering and peeling sheets Cut edges Critical issues for selection materials 1) sustainability of material for the application: exposure, compatibility, strength and deflection 2) Long term performance 3) Maintenance 4) Construction and detailing Timber beam窶認loor (floor joist, beamer); Roof(roof beam, rafter)
Stud for wall
Batten
for
cladding
(plywood, plasterboard)
The activity: During this week, we have brought the pin up A1 1:1 detail drawing and do the presentation. Double glazing
Flashing
Clip lock
Insulation
Metal Sheet Concrete insulation
This is the window details link to the roof.
Glossary term: Corrosion--- the process of corroding or being corroded which is a damage caused to metal, stone, or other materials by corrosion. Lifecycle--- the series of changes in the life of an organism including reproduction. IEQ--- Indoor Environmental Quality Shear wall--- is a wall composed of braced panels to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Defect--- any damage or mistake made in the construction Soft storey--- is a multi-story building with one or more floors. These floors can be especially dangerous in earthquakes, because they cannot cope with the lateral forces caused by the swaying of the building during a quake.
Fascia---is a board or other flat piece of material covering the ends of rafters or other fittings. Braced frame--- is a structural system which is designed primarily to resist wind and earthquake forces.
Referencing: Figure1,
Lateral
Support
Condition,
Design
of
Rolled
Steel
Beams,
http://www.expertsmind.com/topic/design-of-rolled-steel-beams/lateral-support-condition-914515.aspx
Figure2, the statue of liberty: construction. (2010). http://alancook.wordpress.com/2010/03/23/the-statue-of-liberty-construction-illustrations/