ISSUE I: Black Lives Matter

No.1

B L A C K L I V E S M AT T E R

Photo Attributions Klaus Berdiin Jensen Leonhard SchÜnstein Hyungwon Kang Ryan Dalton via Twitter Camilo Jimenez Clay Banks Sean Lee Joan Villalon Gabe Pierce Chesnot Meg Kinnard James Eades Evan Vucci Michael M. Santiago Š Humanite Team

Table of Contents 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 34 35 36 37

Brief Historical Background about BLM In defence of ACAB Reassessing the validity of riots How media may be manipulating your understanding of BLM Why All Lives Matter is Problematic The Role Of Asian Americans In BLM LGBTQ+ In BLM How Brands/Celebrities Have Reacted to BLM How Trump has Opened our Eyes to Racism We Need More Than Black Faces in High Places Excerpt from Fighting Racism Through Political Means Interviews Phenomenal Woman The Negro Artist And The Racial Mountain The Fire Next Time, 1962 Give Me the Red On the Black of the Bullet

A Brief History of the Racist System Aimee Choi & Rachel Yoon

After police officers took the lives of unarmed black citizens like Breonna Taylor and George Floyd, millions of protestors gathered in solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement, rekindling the long-overdue battle against racism in the US. Yet, this movement is not simply addressing police brutality on black people in recent decades; it is rather calling for a change in the institutionalized racism off of which America has built its country for centuries, and for a sincere recognition of black history.

Systemic racism in America stems from the enslavement of millions of African captives, which began in 1619 and remained a national institution for nearly three centuries. Slavery was vital to many states, particularly of the South, for slave labor was the most intrinsic component of the tobacco and cotton industry, America’s first major industry, which began in 1793. It allowed white slave owners to profit from cotton that was picked by slaves, who were brutalized, sexually assaulted, and treated as property. This industry was crucial in boosting white America’s economy and international prestige, yet it was almost entirely made by the very hands of slaves. Even after the prevalence of slave labor diminished, the legacy of this capitalistic exploitation of black people has remained in America’s racially unequal economy and industry.

In 1704 arrived the early form of policing: slave patrols, who had the rudimentary version of modern police badges. The essential purpose of these patrols was to legally enforce the physical restriction of black people’s rights by chasing slaves who tried to escape from their owners and by preventing slave revolts through force.

This system of law enforcement, as well as the

Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, which punished those who helped slaves escape, became greatly relied upon around the 18th century when slave rebellions spread. Hence, the early form of modern American policing, which is widely condemned for failing to serve all races equally, was obligated to oppress black people.

However, anti-slavery and abolitionist beliefs gradually spread, especially in the North, as a result of strengthened resistance from black people. For instance, the single effective slave revolt in US history took place in 1831, led

by Nat Turner, who was later caught, tried, and executed. Free black people and other Northern abolitionists also actively fought the corrupt institution by helping slaves escape through the notable Underground Railroad.

Eventually, these efforts reached the Civil War in 1861, although slavery was merely a minor question of the war.

After the Civil War, the 13th amendment abolished slavery–but not absolutely. There exists a loophole in the amendment, which states that slavery or involuntary servitude is legal as the punishment of a subject’s crime.

This has served as a basis by which people could perpetuate systems resembling slavery. Some have unjustly found reasons to arrest black people for their “crimes”, partially accounting for why black people have often been wrongfully convicted and disproportionately incarcerated in prison labor for decades. Thus, while the nationwide scale of slavery is gone, systems that were designed to continue the oppression of black people, like the criminal justice system, remain.

“History of BLM” Vivienne Chung

Hatred and discrimination continued to maintain the treatment of African Americans as “inferior to the white man”. Segregation was a practice that many Americans did not recognize as unjust while racism was justified.

A set of laws called the Jim Crow Laws, in short, “legalized racism” and purposefully valued the rights of white people over those of black people. By breaking these laws, a black man could be sent to jail and even sentenced to death. In countless cases, people would report outlandish claims without evidence and have the accused indicted for the crime, despite them actually being innocent. Today, similarly, a black man can be sentenced to several years for the possession of drugs while his white counterpart would get a much shorter sentence, if any at all. Much of modern racism is in accordance with the legalization of segregation that lasted until as recent as 1968.

The removal of the Jim Crow Laws allowed a glimpse of an integrated and equal America.

Subsequently, a groundbreaking case Brown vs. the Board of Education was brought to the Supreme court a few years later. Justices came to a unanimous vote that declared that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, putting an end to an era that valued the rule “separate but equal”. It soon marked the unofficial start of what became to be known as the Civil Rights Movement. There were quickly many acts demanding change to follow, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycotts, sit-ins in restaurants, the Freedom Riders, the March on Washington, etc.

The Civil Rights movement slowed down after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., one of the pioneers of the movement who believed in peaceful protest. Yes, on paper, African Americans were equal to white people, but the foundation of prejudice on which America was built on still existed under a veil of secrecy.

Even today, unnecessary violence and police brutality are issues that are still from advocates of the BLM movement. It started in 2013, in the form of a protest after black teen Trayvon

Martin was killed by George Zimmerman. The young man had been walking back to his house from the store when Zimmerman opened fire and murdered him. This instance led to national outrage over the senseless killing and showed America that racism still had its grip on its social demographic. Thousands marched, calling for action and in an effort to get justice for Trayvon Martin.

Over the years, the lives of hundreds of innocent black men and women have been taken by bigotry and its dangerous prevalence in society today. With every new murder, more people join in solidarity for the Black Lives Matter movement. Internalized racism has taken root in so many Americans, making it harder for them to recognize and fix their own behavior, even in this political climate.

However it may seem, especially in the 21st century, the oppression of minorities is still tolerated in many aspects of our society. A deeper inspection into the system shows how everything that America first worked to resolve is still one of the largest social issues today.

Defund or Defend: The Origins of ACAB Rachel Yoon

After another black man fell victim to police brutality, activists have brought back the Black Lives Matter movement in hopes of justice. In past movements and events related to BLM, the general masses demanded justice in the form of provisions to pre-existing laws to curb discrimination and racially motivated crimes carried out on members of the black community. However, the Black Lives Matter movement itself is nothing new- it is its goal that has changed.

The idea of police reform is gaining a lot of attention, as it is a solution that may be able to prevent, or at least aim to prevent, police brutality. Despite this, those who don’t know much about the movement may misinterpret what the police reform will actually accomplish.

To completely analyze the principles of these ideas and why they are becoming increasingly popular in response to the BLM movement, we must examine the history behind the police force as we know it.

Police reform is being demanded due to the long history of discrimination and abuse of power related to the police force. In fact, policemen were created in the South to find and return runaway slaves to their masters or prevent the revolting of slaves. Sheriffs actively enforced segregation, whilst also preserving their role in an institution that prioritized their privilege and rights. The “police force” as we may know and recognize today is a development of what was originally a slave patrol. The first slave patrol was created as early as 1704 to ensure the continuation of slavery. Of course, the police force has been branded the agency for “performing a wide variety of public safety, law enforcement, traffic management, counterterror, and emergency response roles”,

as described on the about page of the New York Police Department(NYPD).

Now, supporters of the BLM movement have come to accept that calling for law reform won’t help as long as the government condones the ongoing police brutality. They are starting to target the structure of the government itself, starting with the methods of how “law and order” (the role that police are supposedly given to play) are meant to be kept. As a result, the expressions, “ACAB” and “defund the police” have become familiar during this time of civil unrest. ACAB, for instance, stands for All Cops Are Bastards. It doesn’t necessarily attack the actual character of the person in the uniform, which is what many believe. Instead, it directly references how, in a system designed to oppress a certain population or group, cops can’t be “good” as they are enforcing the will of the “oppressors” on behalf of them. The uniform itself is the theoretical weapon that the “system” uses to preserve discrimination.

“Origins” Rachel Yoon

Reassessing the Validity of Riots Isabelle Lee

Over the past few months, the countless incidents of police brutality, including but not limited to the deaths of Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery, have brought forth outrage in the hearts of millions. Recently, the final blow was served when George Floyd, an African American man, died of cardiac arrest after MPD officer Derek Chauvin knelt on Floyd’s neck for nearly eight minutes.

Consequently, Americans have taken to the streets in cities all over the United States to condemn the prevalent institutional racism and police brutality. Notwithstanding the basis of the actions, the destruction of property and accompanying vandalism has aroused a debate of whether riots as a whole are just.

Looking back, one of the most notable racerelated riots are the 1992 Los Angeles riots, which were a series of riots and civil disorder in response to the acquittal of four police officers who had inflicted brutal violence upon Rodney King, a black man. Forms of violence similar to those present in the George Floyd riots, such as looting, arson, and assault, prevailed at this time. At the time, estimated property damage summed up to about $1 billion, as well as the deaths of 63 people, injuries of 2383, and arrests of more than 12,000. Furthermore, looting was undeniably concentrated in Koreatown, as a result of the racial tension between Koreans and African Americans that had been building up prior to the riots. Ultimately, the riots concluded with King receiving a $3.8 million settlement from Los Angeles, as two officers who had beaten him were convicted in a civil suit.

As previously mentioned, even though the number of participants is trivial relative to the number of protestors, riots are undoubtedly

present in all parts of the nation. Starting from breaking windows and destroying store merchandise to robbing luxury retailers and committing arson, rioters have advanced in their ways. In New York City, according to Eyewitness News ABC7NY, in lower Manhattan, Verizon stores, Urban Outfitters, Apple Stores, and countless more were broken into, spray-painted on, and stolen from.

Similarly, in Minneapolis, the city where George Floyd was murdered, Target stores were robbed, unfinished construction sites were burned down, a high tech factory turned into flames, and the city turned into mayhem. In some cases even more extreme, random police cars were bombed. Regardless of location, riots have consumed the cities altogether.

For those in support of the riots, there are reasons for doing so. Throughout the history of the United States, black voices have been oppressed and quieted, resulting in a lack of change. This silencing is one of the major reasons that guided black rioters: it seems there is no other way to make themselves be heard.

Riots, their nature being violent and massive, captures much attention and therefore allows black voices to be heard. Since it allows more people to witness the call for action and realize how imminent change must occur, rioters are motivated to loot cities. Another factor guiding the actions of the rioters is the opportunist appeal of vandalism. As mentioned previously, rioters have been looting luxury stores, from Gucci to Louis Vuitton, as well as independent stores on Rodeo Drive. To many, it may seem that some rioters are leaning more towards the concept of luxury goods rather than spreading the message of the movement. Adding on, according to the Atlantic, some find looting to be a release valve to let go of any negative

emotions built up during the quarantine.

Since riots are damaging property as well as hurting lives, they face severe opposition.

For one, according to the New York Police Department, for the first six months of 2020, there were 176 murders, which is an increase of 23 percent killed during the same period last year. Furthermore, the number of shooting victims increased by 51 percent, and burglaries increased by 119 percent. Aside from the actual damages itself, a leading opinion of the opposition is that riots in the past have not been successful in swinging public opinion toward the rioters’ favor. In the 1960s, white voters voted for politicians who aimed to solve crime, as a result of the problems that were perpetrated by rioters. Additionally, some also believe that the continuation of riots may lead to the legal militarization of police forces, whi-

-ch would make reality more despondent than it is now. Even so, their paramount argument is that innocent people who are in no direct relationship with the cause should be harmed in the process of achieving equality.

The recent news of the deaths of George Floyd and Elijah Mcclain are heartbreaking, and enough to stir up a whirlwind that could possibly revolutionize the system of the United States. Indeed, systemic racism is an existing elephant in the room, and not acknowledging it is no better than spitting out racist remarks. While it is true that the masses should not presume the motives of the rioters, it seems that it is the duty of looters to understand the means in which no more human lives are devastated.

“Looting in BLM� Vivienne Chung

How Media May Be Manipulating Your Understanding of BLM Woojune Kim

There has been lots of media coverage on BLM over the past several months, but not all of it has been truthful. As with any controversial story, some details have been sensationalized while others have remained under the radar.

Here, the effects of media are analyzed and helps the reader identify potential biases in reporting.

212 Democrats in congress have mentioned BLM on social media, whereas only 24 total Republicans have done so. Such a figure presents possible biases for people associated with either party; Democratic supporters may have an inflated sense of how prevalent the movement is, while Republicans could be quite unaware of the protests.

Though BLM only burst into the international spotlight a few months ago, perhaps everyone should have been much more familiar with it.

Prior to the Trump administration, it had still received regular attention from mainstream media, at least compared to after the 2016 election. In both cable news clips and online newspaper articles, BLM was mentioned less than half as frequently from 2017 to 2019 compared to that of 2014 to 2016. Since there was an acquittal of a police officer who was charged with first degree murder and the shooting of Stephon Clark, assuming that the past few years have simply been devoid of controversial events would be amiss.

Unfortunately, news coverage didn’t focus on those incidents, and BLM was relegated to a thing of the past for most people. w Many reasons are behind the inadequate reporting. At the time, newspapers were also covering the Unite the Right rally, which might have drawn attention away from BLM and towards white supremacy. But another likely cause, one that is still likely to affect people’s opinions, is the different approaches towards the movement taken by political parties. Although the media is not controlled by politicians, less mentions of BLM from Republican legislators certainly could have contributed to the insufficient reaction following heinous crimes by police officers. Studies have shown that

Yet another reason one’s view of BLM could be skewed is the over-reliance on a single source of information. A study of MSNBC, CNN and Fox revealed that the protests are discussed a comparable number of times in each network, but Fox focuses much more on looting and rioting. So, viewers of Fox, or any other news station that concentrates on the harmful aspects of the movement, would get the impression that BLM is a disruptive, harmful protest without taking anything else into consideration. Fox might be a slightly extreme example, as it’s already known for heavily endorsing Trump (though they had a falling out in early 2020), but it should be noted that a similar bias could be present in left leaning media as well. While right-favoring media reports on violence from protestors, the media on the left might focus on violence from police, ultimately creating some bias either way.

The irony of misleading news coverage is that knowing it exists does nothing to protect people from bias. Though readers may be aware of sensationalism and censorship, how would that knowledge actually help them isolate the truth from hoax? What’s dangerous is that we often read what we want to believe–articles that align with our political beliefs. In order to counteract that desire, there are many measures we can take. One is to refrain from trusting headlines too easily. Every article should be read with

some skepticism and in the context of the sociopolitical landscape as a whole. It’s also wise to draw knowledge from as many credible sources as possible, since it’s unlikely for all of them to have the same leanings. This process is undoubtedly demanding; however, in an age where an influx of information inundates us every day, discerning the truth is of paramount importance. We must focus on finding out the truth no matter how much effort it takes.

A Countering Slogan Aimee Choi

The problem with saying “All Lives Matter” is in its dismissive way of usage and irrelevance to reality, not in its literal meaning. We know that all lives matter. Our society simply doesn’t treat them that way.

The slogan surfaced through media, hashtags, and speech in response to the rising popularity of the BLM movement. There have been countless incidents where the seemingly harmless “All Lives Matter” was invoked to symbolically and literally counter BLM. In 2016, “Black Lives Matter” that was written on the Facebook company’s signature wall was crossed out and replaced with “All Lives Matter”, a dismissal which many, including Facebook’s CEO Mark Zuckerburg, condemned for silencing a legitimate movement. More recently, as protests ignited by the death of George Floyd escalated, critics of the movement wrote the slogan on public spaces, such as the Main Street of Tiburon, California. Notable figures like Prince Jackson, Senator Rand Paul, Remigio Pereira, and Hillary Clinton have, at some point since 2015, displayed their support for “All Lives Matter.”

Then, what are the common justifications for using this term? Some supporters of “All Lives Matter” claim that BLM aims to elevate black people over other racial communities, making the movement inherently divisive and racist, like Trump asserted. They have accused the movement of actively perpetuating antiwhiteness and terrorism. Others believe BLM does address discrimination against black people, yet fails to acknowledge the plight of other minorities like Asians and Latinos, and is thus an unbalanced, illegitimate fight for equality. Rand Paul stood against BLM, saying, “I think they should change their name maybe–

if they were All Lives Matter or Innocent Lives Matter,” representing the view of many.

But consider these commonly used metaphors that question such an ideology. If several of your friends got papercuts, wouldn’t you stick band-aids only on them, not those without papercuts? Or if some houses of your neighborhood are on fire, wouldn’t you spray water only on them, not those unburned?

BLM is simply not about bringing one race above others nor about proactively attacking the white community. It is about combating the evident disparity in the treatment of black people and white people, the disproportionate rates of incarceration, education, and health care, and the stigma of violence and aggressiveness attached to the black community. The phrase, “Black Lives Matter” was coined to remind us that they do, indeed, matter and deserve equal treatment. It calls for equity, not black superiority.

Saying “All Lives Matter” in response to BLM, therefore, is blatantly counter-productive in achieving true equality. It fails to recognize that, unlike racial minorities, white people are already considered to matter in societal systems and institutions. It fails to take into account the concept of white privilege, which is that the skin color of white people is not one of their life struggles. It fails to understand that BLM means black lives matter too, not black lives matter more. As Alicia Garza, co-founder of the BLM movement, said, “We are clear that all lives matter, but we live in a world where that’s not actually happening in practice. So if we want to get to the place where all lives matter, then we have to make sure that black lives matter, too.”

Ensuring the equal treatment of racial minorities is an essential step to secure the literal “All Lives Matter sentiment.” Hence, the phrase “Black Lives Matter” should not upset you if you truly believed that all lives matter. B-

ut if you still feel impelled to say the countering phrase with good intentions, discern whether your words actually bring a true impact on the fight for equality.

“Why All Lives Matter is Problematic” Vivienne Chung

The Role Of Asian Americans In BLM Woojune Kim

In light of the BLM protests, Asian Americans find themselves in a very unique position. The history between Asian Americans and black people is complex, with an entanglement of both beneficial and harmful interactions.

The Civil Rights Movement helped abolish the National Origins Formula, an American system of immigration that was discriminatory towards Asians. Japanese Americans were also inspired by the Civil Rights protests to demand justice for mistreatment following WWII. While seeking equality, African Americans helped further the cause for other races as well.

Such comments demonstrate how much work is left to be done. On the other hand, a single group of students hardly represents an entire community. Most prominent Asian American organizations, including AAPI (Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders) and CAAL (Coalition of Asian American Leaders), are actively supporting BLM. They have each released several messages calling for unity with the movement, as well as providing their respective communities with toolkits and resources to increase awareness about the matter.

But the Rodney King protests manifested the hostility between the two groups. In the 1992 Los Angeles riots, fueled by underlying themes of racism and police brutality, the majority of the damage was inflicted on Koreatown.

There had been racial tension stirring in the years prior due to the murder of an African American high schooler at the hands of a Korean shopowner. Korean Americans had also reportedly been racist to Black customers since immigrating to the neighborhood, all of which culminated in rioters targeting Asian, and specifically Korean, shops. Though some Korean Americans looked to coalesce with other minorities afterward, others felt that the riots only exacerbated conflict between the racial groups.

History is bound to repeat itself today. The singular circumstances surrounding Asians, as another discriminated group without direct connections to the movement, force them to confront an age-old issue at last. As shown in the fraternity in New York, it could be a repetition of the divide between two minority groups. Or Asian Americans could voice solidarity with BLM, similar to the way the Civil Rights Movement brought reform to oppressed Asians.

Traces of that past remain. An Asian fraternity in New York University was recently suspended for their leaked racist messages, which mentioned that African Americans did little to help achieve equality for Asians, even suggesting that police brutality on black people was necessary for safety.

But in the face of shared persecution, interminority racism has no place in the United States. For meaningful change, these times are more pivotal than ever for all groups to unite.

The place for Asian Americans, then, becomes clear: at the heart of BLM protests.

BLM and the LGBTQ+ Community Aimee Choi

One of the major questions that have arisen with BLM is the inclusion of all black lives, including those of non-binary genders or nonheteronormative sexualities. This controversy surfaced as certain activists noticed how some supporters of BLM have demonstrated narratives focused only on cisgender people, whose gender identity corresponds with their birth sex, and straight people, who are attracted to people of the opposite sex.

Strained by traditional norms, society has had slow progress in including black people of the LGBTQ+ community.

Why exactly is this an issue? Queer black people embody two identities that have been oppressed and silenced in a heteronormative and predominantly white U.S. As a result, they experience heightened bias and discrimination in the workplace, health care, education, and other vital places of life. “The sexual question comes after the question of color; it’s simply one more aspect of the danger in which all black people live,” said James Baldwin, a famous gay African American writer. A direct example of this augmented danger is how, among at least 27 transgender or gender non-conforming Americans murdered in 2019, 91% of them were black transwomen. With black transgender people like Riah Milton, Dominique Fells, and Tony McDade falling victims to fatal police brutality on top of daily discrimination, public concern over this “epidemic” of violence against the trans community, as the American Medical Association calls it, has grown.

The relationship between these two causes boils down to the concept of intersectionality: the overlapping nature of social identities.

In this case, it is the unique combination of marginalized sexualities and race that affects

individuals’ positions in the movement.

Hence, it is crucial to recognize that black rights and LGBTQ+ rights are closely knitted together and cannot come separately. For one thing, “Black Lives Matter” would be a misnomer if the movement actually meant “Black Cisgender and Straight Lives Matter.”

But more importantly, queer black people have historically made monumental contributions to fighting for the rights of either group. The Stonewall uprising of 1969, a pivotal point in the LGBTQ+ rights movement that resulted in the formation of Pride Month, was led by two transwomen of color, Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera. Without them, the gay narrative could have been completely different today.

And, indeed, two of the three founders of BLM identify as queer. To deny the legitimacy of queer black people, then, would be to undermine and invalidate these figures’ efforts in either cause.

Other than those who support neither identity, many have accepted only one of the causes: either LGBTQ+ or black. Some who have stood in solidarity with BLM have been reluctant to support the LGBTQ+ community as a whole, claiming that their religious beliefs enforce heterosexuality. On the other hand, certain LGBTQ+ allies generalized and criticized BLM protesters for resorting to violence and looting to convey their message. Either way, these beliefs raise the question: can these selective activists really be called “BLM supporters” or “LGBTQ+ allies” if they do not accept people who belong in both groups?

After all, this question applies to any social movement in the world. To truly advocate for equal human rights means to acknowledge that individuals belong in multitudes of social

identities, not just one or two. Hence, selective advocacy only feeds onto the exclusive and discriminatory atmosphere, rather than making any change. “Unheard Cries� Rachel Yoon

How Brands/Celebrities Have Reacted to BLM Bryan Kim

In an age when social media is booming, the BLM has become widely known through the spreading of images and videos that reveal the sad reality full of racial discrimination that was thought to be “solved”. However, this spreading of information wouldn’t have as great an impact without action from those that represent the voices of millions. Celebrities and companies have been taking upon such roles in the movement. By making use of their large platforms, many companies and celebrities have been able to raise awareness dealing with the BLM movement, as well as demonstrate the injustice that has been directed towards darkskinned people for past decades.

Companies have significantly impacted the BLM movement by creating viral campaign videos and posts. Despite the marketing risks of doing so, companies have been able to demonstrate the importance of addressing racial injustice. For instance, Netflix, a streaming company, has managed to create a separate genre of films named “Black Lives Matter” with the sole aim of raising awareness about the “racial injustice and Black experience in America.” Netflix has been able to capitalize on its unique connection to its younger fan base, and have a significant impact on society.

Another company that has used its influence to further BLM is Nike, which has consistently championed equality by featuring celebrities, such as Colin Kaepernick, who actively voice their opinions on racial injustice. With one of the largest followings and marketing success in the clothing industry, Nike often has its actions put under the spotlight. Having addressed racial injustice before the rise of BLM, Nike has already seen success in 2016 with its Colin Kaepernick campaign, and has seen success with its “Don’t Do It” campaign in 2020. Its

most recent campaign was centered on an alteration of its notorious slogan “Just Do It,” surrounded by a series of powerful statements such as “don’t turn your back on racism,” and “don’t accept innocent lives being taken from us” which caught the attention of many.

With the support of other companies such as Adidas and Converse, Nike’s campaign video went viral, and has acted as a model for other companies to follow.

Not only have companies taken action, but athletes have also taken advantage of their platforms to promote BLM. The rising usage of social media has given people the ability to scrutinize every minor action their idols take.

While such a spotlight can be discouraging, athletes have embraced the added attention to make efforts to support the movement and encourage their followers to do the same.

Athletes’ engagement in the enlightenment of black lives started when Kaepernick took a knee during the national anthem in 2016, before the rise of BLM, refusing “to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color,” as he told NFL Media in an exclusive interview. Kaepernick’s actions took the world by surprise, as he didn’t show any concern for his jeopardized football career, saying, “if they take football away, my endorsements from me, I know that I stood up for what is right.” Kaepernick immediately turned people’s attention to the racial injustice that had been neglected for past decades. 4 years after the incident, more athletes have taken action in support of BLM. The National Basketball Association(NBA) and Women’s National Basketball Association(WNBA) have taken action: the NBA painted “Black Lives Matter” on its court and has allowed players to kneel during the anthem, while the WNBA

has projected videos about victims of police brutality, such as Breonna Taylor. In addition, NBA superstar LeBron James has created his own voting organization ‘More Than a Vote’, aimed at inspiring and educating dark-skinned people so they vote. As the face of the NBA, LeBron’s actions have a greater influence on many, making the creation of the voting organization that much more important.

Yet, although the impact of athletes may be as substantial as others, people in the music industry have also been vocal within the progression of BLM. Beyonce and Jay Z, both highly successful artists have expressed their disgust towards racial injustice in different ways. While Beyonce held a minute’s silence in the middle of a concert in Glasgow to honor the deaths of Philando Castile, Alton Sterling, and other victims, and also paid tribute to the BLM movement on YouTube’s ‘Dear Class of 2020’ video, Jay Z released a separate song ‘Spi-

-ritual’ in honor of Alton Sterling and Philand Castile, and in response to the racial injustice against dark-skinned people. Meanwhile, BTS, the most popular boy band in the world, donated one million dollars towards the BLM movement. In response, however, BTS’s fans, called the ‘ARMY’, started to use the hashtag #MatchAMillion, and within a few days, the ARMY had voluntarily raised one million dollars to go along with BTS’s donation, demonstrating the impact that BTS has on people worldwide.

The boy band has been able to make much out of its massive fan base, and play a significant role in the BLM movement.

Putting their marketing image at risk, companies and celebrities have been able to convey the severity of the problem of racial injustice, and have definitely had an unprecedented impact on the progression of BLM, making the movement more widely known.

How Trump has Opened our Eyes to Racism Woojune Kim

With the presidential elections on the horizon, it’s only fair to wonder whether any president would have been capable of containing a global pandemic and pacifying a widespread social movement this year. But while numerous countries struggled to handle the coronavirus, the Black Lives Matter movement was specific to America. To a certain extent, we can see how Trump shaped a turbulent sociopolitical atmosphere, which led to BLM - so should we thank him for it? The cruel irony that a controversial, ignorant president inadvertently instigated much-needed protests is one Americans will have to consider for years to come. But surprisingly, incompetent leadership has historical precedence for bringing significant social reform.

Any case of inept administration paired with social uprising has parallels with the era before the Civil War. The three presidents preceding Abraham Lincoln (Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan) are regularly ranked among the worst presidents of all time. However, they aren’t quite the same as Trump, since their fault was failing to mediate disputes between northern and southern states.

Rather than the presidents themselves, it was the southern plantation owners who forced northerners to recognize slavery as wrongful institution. Their actions became so blatant that it couldn’t remain unaddressed. Today, it’s not a group of greedy bigots who boast America’s racism: it’s the president himself.

In many ways, Trump’s election served as an ominous reminder of the division that had always been lurking in the corners of the country. Those who were against Trump should have realized that America, despite having seen the first black president take office

12 years ago, is far from dismantling its racism.

Perhaps Obama’s presidency even blinded us to the issue, since it was easy to point to the White House as proof that racism was a bygone issue.

But such mindless acceptance, fueled by our perpetual desire for complacence and aversion to confrontation, is exactly what allowed racism to foster under Obama. What we see today is simply a consequence of years spent ignoring cries of help - only look as far as the number of executives resigning due to claims of racial discrimination.

So is Trump to thank for bringing out the ugly aspects of America that needed to be confronted? Or is everyone simply too afraid to acknowledge problems until they are exacerbated to an unbearable degree? The truth is, it is simply too easy to gloss over these kinds of issues. Even today, the issue of BLM leads to uncomfortable conversations and heated debates among friends and family. No one wants to deal with these. But we cannot wait for the next racist president to remind us how messed up our country is. It is our responsibility - no matter who is sitting in the oval office to eradicate social injustices whenever they arise. Even if the Trump administration has had miserable achievements the past year, it has taught us something important: we have been over-reliant on a bad leader to serve as a reminder of our prejudices. This must be the last administration where such a reminder is necessary.

We Need More Than Black Faces in High Places Nathan Ko

During the last decade, we have seen more Black faces in high places. We’ve seen the second inauguration of Barack Obama, the diverse 116th Congress, and the recent nomination of Kamala Harris to be Vice President on Joe Biden’s presidential ticket. It should be exciting for all Americans that more and more Black politicians are in positions of power. It should also be exciting that there is a greater chance that our lawmakers may be as diverse as the people living in our counties one day. Yet, the purpose of diversity in politics is to not only represent, but also fight for the disadvantaged and subordinated communities. By this logic, we should expect change based on policies and record over skin color. This view is why we should not be deluding ourselves to believe that having neoliberal politicians or even Black neoliberal politicians would eradicate all social inequalities faced by Black and Brown people.

This notion is especially true when it looks like without radical change, the system cannot reform itself. To prove my point, I will examine the politics of some Black neoliberal politicians.

While in a time of social unrest, Kamala Harris, the Senator of California, has been chosen to be Joe Biden’s pick for Vice President. Last year, Harris faced an unsuccessful presidential campaign, dropping out months earlier before primaries had even started. There was one distinct crucial moment that attributed to Harris’ unsuccessful campaign. This particular moment was when Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard sharply criticized Kamala’s record as a prosecutor. Gabbard cited how Harris put many in jail over marijuana violations, blocked evidence that would have freed an innocent man from death row, kept people in prison beyond their sentences, and fought to keep the cash bail system in place. To be frank, the response Kamala gave to Congresswoman

Gabbard’s criticism avoided many of Gabbard’s claims, continuing to state that she was proud of her record. All of Gabbard’s accusations proved to be factually correct. In fact, by taking a more in-depth look, there are more problematic instances in Harris’ record. For example, Harris had jailed parents for their children’s truancy and was proud of this particular program.

Our criminal justice system is one that continues to disproportionately subordinate Black and Brown people. Rather than focusing on individual guilt or innocence, the American justice system focuses on continuing the oppression of Black and Brown people. Unfortunately, it seems as if Harris’ record provides a different story than that of a progressive prosecutor.

I am aware that I may receive criticism regarding my methodology. The only Black neoliberal politician I have focused on so far is Kamala Harris. In response, I will quickly examine the most prominent neo-liberal Black politician, Barack Obama, to see the changes in social inequalities faced by Black and Brown Americans.

Many factors of American life disproportionately affect Black and Brown people. Another element of this institutional subordination is the way we fund public education schools. It seems as if it has been a long-standing norm that we disproportionately fund public schools depending on the district.

As lots of funding of a specific public school come from the property tax, the richer the district, the richer the public school. The way we fund schools is why there is substantial disproportionate funding of public schools if you look around cities such as Chicago, Illinois,

or Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The Obama administration did not change much regarding school funding. The administration did emphasize charter schools, which is debatable whether charter schools are effective alternatives for disadvantaged communities. Obama gave some modifications on the works of Bush’s No Child Left Behind Act, but he also continued to emphasize Common Core and standardized testing. The reason why this could be problematic is that having an emphasis on standardized testing and proficiency makes the federal government dictate how satisfactory a particular public school is by the results of the student body. If a public school is not “proficient” enough, in many cases, they continue to be underfunded until forced to close. The way we dictate the quality of schools hurts the uninvested districts or communities that could be considered “too risky” for infrastructure. Yet, of course, compared to what Betsy DeVos has prioritized, this seems minor.

To make my argument clear, I am not arguing that we should not have more Black and Brown politicians. I am advocating to focus more on the specific politics of each politician, rather than his or her skin color. It is a time of identity politics when we assume that skin color will translate over to policies. When racial issues tie in with voting, we should vote for politicians based more on who will fight for disadvantaged communities over who are politicians who are from underprivileged communities. Of course, in many cases, these two factors work together.

In conclusion, we need more than Black faces in high places. That is the idealistic concern.

We need politicians who will contend with poverty, wall street greed, wage stagnation, the criminal justice system, and the privatization of schools to end the social inequities that Black and Brown people faced for far too long.

Excerpt from Fighting Racism Through Political Means Nathan Ko

“But if race is a political system, then we must use a political means to end its harmful impact on society. So we cannot ditch the concept of race altogether. Paying attention to race as a political system is essential to fighting racism.”

There are many parts of this Dorothy Roberts quote that is highly discussable. Like Haslanger, Roberts emphasizes the sociopolitical nature of race. Yet, the key distinction is this: Roberts believes that though even with the systematic subordination and privilege, we can still keep the concept of race. This falls into one condition: we need to also use a political means to end racism. If racism first started with political motivations, then we must also use political motivations to end it. The reasons for this are very clear. Even if we all choose not to be socially racist, we will still be living in a racist world due to political structures. Social inequities such as the asthma rates I mentioned earlier do not go away when we choose not to be socially racist. They go away when we fight through a political means to end many structures’ unjust nature.

I’m not suggesting that we should stop the conversation regarding racism as a social issue.

I believe the concept of race most aligns with a socio-political construction; hence the social aspect of race and racism is real. Many times racism comes in forms of individual feelings, ignorance, and morality. But if we only address the social aspect of racism, we will still be living in a racist world due to the unjust political structures. If we only address the social aspect of racism, we are being complacent with systemic racism. Hence, anti-racism should be practiced both socially and politically.

With this argument, I’m also arguing that a movement such as the Black Lives Matter

movement also needs to be a political movement. There are many instances where one would say “Black lives matter is not a political issue.” The underlying tone of this statement is that Black lives matter is a moral issue. This is mostly true, but again it has to be a political issue because systemic racism has been along for too long and we need to combat it. If this morality corresponds with politically fighting for racial justice, then this underlying tone would be correct. The other tone of this statement is that Black lives matter is not a partisan issue. Though I hope that racial justice is not a partisan issue, if it is, then it would not be surprising that the Black Lives Matter movement would support a particular party to fight systemic racism.

I would even argue that racism is embedded in our legal institutions. Our criminal justice system isn’t mainly about individual guilt or innocence; many times, it’s about controlling certain populations. We over-police certain neighborhoods while we give qualified immunities to others. 6 year old Black girls are arrested for throwing a tantrum while some of the officers who were at the murder of Breonna Taylor are still roaming around free.

This goes hand in hand with charging Black and Brown people with felonies, which many of the times are extremely minor. This can support the “controlling certain populations” theory as it controls many Black and Brown Americans through disenfranchisement, denial of educational opportunities, employment discrimination, denial of food stamps and other public benefits, and so on. Racism in our legal institutions go back to the 1800s. In 1850, prior to the American Civil War, Black people made up 2% of the prison population in Alabama.

By 1870, post American Civil War, it was 74%.

Many of these sentenced prisoners were forced to labor fields. Social inequities that have been formed through unjust structures cannot be canceled through social means. They have to be cancelled through political means. Therefore, I emphasize that we should also use political means to end racism.

The concept of race is a socio-political construct that has been given cultural meaning. This dates back to the genesis of race, when people created racial categories for political motivations. This racist stain is still left on many of our current political structures, which have formed swocial inequities. I believe that in order to properly fi-

-ght racism, we also need to use political means to end social inequities.

Racism exists socially in forms of individual feelings, ignorance, and morality. But racism also happens in our political structures that have created social inequities; hence, we should not only focus on the social aspect of racism.

Social inequities do not disappear through “tough conversations” and “understanding”.

They disappear when we use political means to end systemic racism. I advocate that while we address the social aspect of racism, we also address the political aspect of racism.

Interviews Hannah (Asian student in the US) Where are you in terms of your ethnicity/Where are you from? What do you refer to yourself as regarding your race?

My ethnicity is Korean, my entire family is from Korea and I identify as Asian.

Explain your neighborhood - Mixed Culture or Dominant race?

My neighborhood is pretty mixed. Majority are of European descent, and there is a growing population of Asians as well. Growing up as one of the few Asians in my grade didn’t really change my outlook on things, as my community does a pretty good job of being inclusive to all races and cultural backgrounds. However, that doesn’t mean I haven’t been the target to some racist jokes among my peers. When I was younger, I often wondered why I was made fun of for the way I look, and why there were expectations on what I can and cannot do.

Have you ever first-hand witnessed black people being discriminated against?

Although I have never seen anyone directly being bullied for their race, I have definitely seen other forms of racism that some people might not think are as important. At my school, there are some people that like to use derogatory terms ironically such as the n-word, and whenever I see or hear anything like that I try to shut it down. It is still a big problem and many people overlook it because they think you are cool when you use it, but in reality it is incredibly offensive and no one should use those terms except for African Americans, who have to right to use it.

Have you participated in protests? What was your experience like?

I had the chance to participate in a BLM protest that was organized by my schools BSU (Black Student Union) and it was an marched and it all felt We were all there to fight for what was right, and it was very moving. It was really cool and I am so glad that I could stand up for what I believed in and help be a part of a huge change.

What do you believe is your role in supporting this movement?

I believe my role in supporting this movement is to spread awareness. As I am a part of a minority, I believe it is my duty to help other minorities in times of need. I do my research, repost important information on my story, and stand up for someone when I see anything going on. Because I am not an adult, I can not donate a bunch of money to charities or vote for change, but I can spread awareness and do all I can. I sign petitions, and do my best to educate others on what is going on.

Kamani (African American in the US) Where are you in terms of your ethnicity/Where are you from? What do you refer to yourself as regarding your race?

I am a African American born in the United States of America.

Explain your neighborhood - Mixed Culture or Dominant race? Did that affect your experiences growing up?

My neighborhood is dominantly made up of Hispanics and African Americans. This did not affect how I grew up since we were all close to each other and protected each other.

What kind of discrimination have you ever experienced? / Have you ever been in a situation in which you felt threatened because of your race?

The discrimination didn’t start until middle school then it got worse from there. For example, in 8th grade, a group of Caucasian males came up to me and my friends and started saying racial slurs and calling us “black monkeys” and we got in trouble for standing up to them while they got seats with a warning.

Have you participated in protests? What was your experience like?

I have participated in the protests, and the ones I’ve been to have always been peaceful, but the police would come in and arrest people for no reason.

How do you think other racial communities can support the movement?

Other communities can help us by simply spreading the word and helping get justice for those faced with police brutality.

Kaiden (African American student in the US) Where are you from? What do you identify as in terms of race, ethnicity, or nationality?

I am from Romulus, Michigan, and I identify as African-American.

Explain your neighborhood - are there mixed cultures or a dominant race? Did that affect your experiences growing up in any way?

My neighborhood is mostly African-American, but there is still a mix of cultures and races besides this majority. This definitely affected my experiences growing up, as I was constantly surrounded by cultural icons such as music, sports, holidays, etc. I was always aware of cultural events and happenings in the world because I was surrounded by those things.

What kinds of discrimination have you ever experienced? Have you felt threatened because of your race?

I have felt racial discrimination in school and when outside of my home. However, I have rarely felt threatened because of my race.

Have you participated in the BLM protests? What was your experience like?

I haven’t participated in BLM protests (concerned about COVID-19), but I do support the movement. Just based off of my experiences on social media and with those around me, I am glad to see so many people coming together to make the world a better place.

How do you think other racial communities can support the movement?

Other racial communities can support the movement by participating in protests (if circumstances/safety allow it) or just by being socially aware of the purpose of BLM, whether that is through reposting messages of support on social media or even just having these conversations inside their homes with their families. All efforts are helpful, no matter how small.

Anthony (Black College student in the US) Where are you in terms of your ethnicity/Where are you from?

I was born and raised in the US. I recently had a conversation about this belief: *I consider myself “Black-American”* reason not “African American” is because I can go back 4-5 generations and still have American/Cherokee roots. Although if I go back 10+ then there “may” be African roots, I cannot base “my life and situations/circumstances” on those assumptions.

There is a mixed demographic among “races” - Black, Hispanic, White, Asian, and Russian. The majority of my neighborhood are middle-class families (below and average)

Experienced discrimination? If so, briefly explain what happened, when it happened In 2010-2014, I was involved in an interracial relationship. However, that relationship went through many trials and tribulations due to the fact I was black and my partner(she) was white.

From outbursts and hatred from close ones we later terminated our relationship. I won’t say it was wholeheartedly due to discrimination, but a lot of uneasiness came from it.

Have you participated in/witnessed protests (not limited to BLM)? If so, briefly explain your experience with the protest.

I have not actively participated in protests or marches, but I have been in discussions and teambuilding situations where we promote unity and togetherness for all lives.

Can you give some more specifics regarding your engagement in these discussions and teambuilding situations where you had to promote unity and togetherness for all lives? What was it for? Whom did you work with? What did you take away from these experiences? How did your experience in such discussions impact you and your awareness of racial discrimination?

A team of four guys, two black and two white (open for all people, but started with that group, with aspirations of growing!) Our goal with “Anvil Initiative” is to sharpen and mold all Men in the betterment of spiritual, emotional, physical, and many other aspects including racial growth!

Expanding the mind, body, and soul for all people (in this case specifically Men) is a BIG step toward change and unity togetherness. Because here in the US, especially in the South “toxic masculinity” is detrimental to our inclusion and togetherness.

We have meetings with each other and other people who want to jump on board with likeminded morals and ideas. We talk about life and how can better ourselves, and we also give the option to work out and build a life long relationship with each other because that’s what life is about right? We open the floor to talk about triumphs/struggles we all may be dealing with (this

last month has been about race, equality, and etc.).

I have learned how to listen to others, and understand more. Even though the “scope” is on the black community more so right now, minorities around the world are affected, even white.

So that’s why I’m admit to All Lives Matter! We have to forgive and stand firm, but also move forward and not get so conflicted with the past and what’s still going on today. We have to move forward even when it seems impossible. God will be that extra and plus more that we need.

If you want to say anything to the world, what would you say?

The Anvil Initiative: I am a believer of God and I know he has a plan for us ALL *I am forever grateful for my roots and heritage and I do not plan to stop being a voice and advocate for ALL people. I’m not just tailored to or for the black community. I want togetherness and unity with/ for ALL people. Near and far! “Race” is a small idea to me personally. I believe in Humanity/ Mankind Human race. I know we are descendants from other cultures etc, but our “foundations and principles” mean the same or should collectively represent the same idea(Peace, Love, Happiness, and so forth)

Angry Teen Activists (@activism4teenz) What is your perspective on what is happening around the world?

I believe that the world is in a really bad state because of multiple reasons. A major reason is the fact that we are on the brink of another cold war between the United States and China, we have thousands of acts of violence happening around the world, the Uyghur crisis on us.

My perspective then is that even though a few things that are happening in the world are commendable, most are disgraceful. Bus, amidst all these upsetting situations, it’s great how people are finally taking action to actively fight and protest against inequality and injustice. The Black Lives matter movement truly helped a lot of bystanders see the truth about the racism in the system and honestly, this movement is a step closer to progress in the world.

What do you believe is necessary for there to be equality for everyone?

Activism4teenz: The most necessary thing is for change in the mindset and for the society, lawmakers and laws in itself right now are mostly already very fiar, things like domestic violence, martial rape, groping have hefty jail sentences and fines along with them, the only that’s lefct is for a change from within a change within the dynamics of society so that we can educate everyone the mistake of not believing in equality for all.

What are some initiatives you believe should be taken as of now?

These initiatives can only come through calling disgusting people out, hearing the lost voices of trauma victims, but not just that, we can also use the government who should always support us, governor’s should make more speeches talking about equality, parliaments and Congress need to have more involvement in the matter of equality and need genuine researchers to come and discuss it.

What are some of your major goals regarding the police system?

Even though I support the Black Lives Matter movement, my goal with the police has never been to defund them, rather, the problem I have with the police is the fact that they allow individuals with genuine mental issues to be given an absurd amount of power, there needs to be personality tests for these people, the police need to figure out who the scumbags are from the people who genuinely want to make the police world a better for everyone, so yes, personality or psychological examinations are important. Providing them with more training and knowledge on laws is needed as well. They should be aware of the amount of power that they hold and where they stand.

What do you hope to see in the future in regards to Black Lives Matter, or other movements?

In my mind, even though 90% of the protests have been peaceful, the remaining 10% have a very disastrous impact on the movement, the main problem is, when you commit acts of violence during a protest, and the media picks up and actively reports on it, less people would be willing to join your movement because of that, more people would be willing to vote for conservative leaders ;purely because they denounce the BLM as “thugs”, so what I hope to see in the future is for such movements to at least have some type of actual representative go on stage, and give an actual speech about what they want and desire, so the world can at least understand where they’re coming from, most people don’t even know WHY these protests happen, so explaining to them why you’re protesting can genuinely lead to more change.

If you could say anything about the movement, what would it be?

This movement occurred so suddenly and it really attracted a lot of attention from the media.

I’m glad that it did because it revealed the racism and oppression that the Black community experiences daily. If not for this movement and individuals continuously protesting, signing petitions, and raising awareness on it, the victims would have probably never gotten the justice they deserve. I genuinely support what they’re doing. They are doing good in society by achieving racial equality. But, the tactics they are using are “too much violence not enough talk”.

It should be the opposite, if you want someone to hear you then don’t just riot, talk to MPs, make a BLM representative go up on stages during these protests and explain why they’re doing such things, let more people know about the horrors of police brutality and you’ll genuinely be on the road for racial equality.

Phenomenal Woman Maya Angelou, 1995

Now you understand Just why my head’s not bowed.

I don’t shout or jump about Or have to talk real loud.

When you see me passing.

It ought to make you proud.

I say, It’s in the click of my heels, The bend of my hair, the palm of my hand, The need for my care. ’Cause I’m a woman Phenomenally.

Phenomenal woman, That’s me.

The Negro Artist And The Racial Mountain Langston Hughes

One of the most promising of the young Negro poets said to me once, “I want to be a poet—not a Negro poet,” meaning, I believe, “I want to write like a white poet”; meaning subconsciously, “I would like to be a white poet”; meaning behind that, “I would like to be white.” And I was sorry the young man said that, for no great poet has ever been afraid of being himself. And I doubted then that, with his desire to run away spiritually from his race, this boy would ever be a great poet. But this is the mountain standing in the way of any true Negro art in America—this urge within the race toward whiteness, the desire to pour racial individuality into the mold of American standardization, and to be as little Negro and as much American as possible.

The Fire Next Time, 1962 James Baldwin’s letter to his nephew

Well, you were born, here you came, something like fifteen years ago; and though your father and mother and grandmother, looking about the streets through which they were carrying you, staring at the walls into which they brought you, had every reason to be heavyhearted, yet they were not. For here you were, Big James, named for me — you were a big baby, I was not — here you were: to be loved. To be loved, baby, hard, at once, and forever, to strengthen you against the loveless world. Remember that: I know how black it looks today, for you. It looked bad that day, too, yes, we were trembling. We have not stopped trembling yet, but if we had not loved each other none of us would have survived. And now you must survive because we love you, and for the sake of your children and your children’s children. ...

This innocent country set you down in a ghetto in which, in fact, it intended that you should perish. Let me spell out precisely what I mean by that, for the heart of the matter is here, and the root of my dispute with my country. You were born where you were born and faced the future that you faced because you were black and for no other reason. The limits of your ambition were, thus, expected to be set forever. You were born into a society which spelled out with brutal clarity, and in as many ways as possible, that you were a worthless human being. You were not expected to aspire to excellence: you were expected to make peace with mediocrity. Wherever you have turned, James, in your short time on this earth, you have been told where you could go and what you could do (and how you could do it) and where you could live and whom you could marry.

Give Me the Red On the Black of the Bullet Jayne Cortez

(Written in response to the death of Claude Reece jr, a 14 year old was was shot in the head by police officer Frank Bosco in Brooklyn on September 15, 1974)

Bring back the life of Claude Reece Jr. I want the bullet from his chest to make a Benin bronze to make an explosion of thunder to make a cyclone I want the 14 years of Claude Reece Jr. shot on the 15th day of september shot in the back of his head shot by a police officer shot for being black Give me the black on the red of the bullet i want to make a tornado to make an earthquake to make a fleet of stilts for the blackness of Claude Reece Jr. the blackness called dangerous weapon called resisting arrest called nigger threat I want the life of the blackness of Claude Reece Jr. i want the bullet from his chest yo make a protective staff for startled children to make hooks and studs for warrior masks Give me the bullet with the odor and the smoke and the skin and the hair of Claude Reece Jr. i want to make power to make power for the blackness of Claude Reece Jr. the blackness called pent-up frustration called unidentified negro called nigger revolutionary I want the life of the blackness of Claude Reece Jr. i want the bullet from his chest to make a protective staff for startled children to make a Benin bronze to make an explosion of thunder to make a cyclone i want the bullet to bring back the blood of Claude Reece Jr. i want to make justice I want to make justice for the blackness of Claude Reece Jr. bring back the bullet with the blood of the blackness of Claude Reece Jr. i want to make justice i want to make justice for the blackness of Claude Reece Jr.

Thank you for reading our magazine.

The Humanite Team