Part 1 Introduction and background Since 1986, when Vietnam introduced major economic and political reforms, the country has transformed from a low-income country to a middle-income country. In addition to its thriving economic development, Vietnam has also achieved notable social progress, and enjoys relatively high levels of gender equality in economic participation, employment, health care and education. The Communist Party and the State of Vietnam have demonstrated a strong commitment to promoting gender equality in political leadership. This has been seen through the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and through the design and dissemination of guidelines, policies and laws to promote gender equality in politics. The Vietnamese Communist Party’s commitment to promoting women’s leadership and management is reflected in Party guidelines and government policies and laws including the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam which declares that ‘[w]omen and men have equal rights in all aspects of politics, economics, culture, society and family’. Article 11 of the Law on Gender Equality further affirms that: • men and women are equal in participating in state management and social activities • men and women are equal in participating in the formulation and implementation of village codes, community regulations, and agency and organisation regulations • men and women are equal in self-nominating as candidates or in nominating candidates to the National Assembly and People’s Councils; and are equal in self-nominating as candidates and in nominating candidates to leading agencies of political organisations, socio-political organisations, socio-political and professional organisations, social organisations, and socio-professional organisations, and • men and women are equal in terms of professional qualifications and age when they are promoted or appointed to the same posts of management and leadership in agencies and organisations. The Law on the Election of National Assembly and the People’s Councils also includes gender equality provisions. Most recently, the Secretariat issued a notification on ‘Strengthening the Party’s leadership on gender equality and advancement of women in the new situation’.5 The Party’s commitment to the implementation of gender equality measures is also included in various decisions and decrees.6 In 2015, the Party Secretariat further affirmed that ‘Party Committees, executives, Fatherland Front and People’s Unions should identify the tasks of gender equality and the advancement of women as strategic, long-term and regular tasks at each level and sector’. Alongside these laws and policies, in 2007 the Party issued Politburo Resolution No. 11 on ‘Women’s work in the period of accelerating national industrialisation and modernisation’. This resolution is particularly important as it sets specific targets for gender equality to be reached by 2020 (see Table 1). These efforts suggest that gender equality is recognised as a strategic and long-term task of Vietnam.7 Despite wide-ranging efforts, however, the proportion of women leadership in elected bodies and public administration has failed to meet the targets set by the Party and State of Vietnam. This failure has been recognised by the Secretariat of the Communist Party who concluded in a 2015 report that ‘targets about women’s participation in leadership and management… set by the Politburo are not met and have tended to decrease’.8
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