a Syrian poet
THE PEDAGOGY FOR THE REFUGEE THROUGH THE HOUSE-WORKING EXPERIENCE
hussainjamalullail 13162351
CONTENT 3
LIVE - WORK : USE Atelier’s approach to the new way of living.
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The Refugee Crisis in Berlin : The unaccepted accepted crisis : Result on alienation and segregation
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The Syrian Refugee- The Memory : The journey, memories, symbols and genious loci as point of similarities
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Educate - Recollect - Work - Dwell: The future self reliance process
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The Site : Nucleus of future assimilation
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The Site : Fragments of war and history
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The Interchange Journey :
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EDUCATE: The exchange of intellect, emotion & senses
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RECOLLECT : The tower of memory, war and emotion
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WORK : The tangible form of memory
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DWELL : The house house dreamer
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GEOMETRY : The geometry as cultural declaration
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Program Plan : Space and its use
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Physical Model 1 : Experimenting the arrangement of spaces
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Ground Floor Plan : The relation to the context
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Plans : The GA drawing
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Atmospheric Section : The concretization of memory and emotion
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Side Elevation : The concretization of memory and emotion
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Exploded Axonometric : The layering of tectonic
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Technology : The proposed strategy
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Detail Drawing: The overal
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Physical model 2: The layering of structure
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Solar Shading : The geometry as the recollection of memory
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The Red Rose Pigmented Concrete : The emotion of love, war and hardship
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The Visual : The visualisation of spaces
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Construction Sequence : The proposed plan of work
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References
Hierarchical order of Interchange
envelope strategy
LIVE - WORK USE Atelier’s approach to the new way of living.
USE- Urban Spatial Experimentation Atelier Experimentation Stages
USE Atelier aproach of live and work apart from being site specific, is the ability of moving away from conventional live-work typology. The atelier aim is to redefine and redraw the line between live and work- to come out with a new theory and programme. The atelier ought to tackle live-work relationship based on specific issue. During the initial stage, we conducted a very intense discussion on what is the definition of live & work and how both may and may not be interconnected. I personally was quite interested with the definition of dwell & dwelling as described by Martin Heidegger in his writing Building Dwelling Thinking, 1993.
Eams Housea form of live-work typology
dwelling- dweller relation - dwelling - first cosmos of the dweller - a place of solitude and silence - hold the dreamer - direct relation to the dweller - arrangement and symbolism
- dweller - human being with specific values - specific needs - his own relationship to the environment - relationship to his memory and childhood - symbols and senses
Heidegger proposed a new way of looking at building not as a way of how bulding’s tectonic constructions are assembled, but rather traced its origins and the connection of what everything belongs. Of how the human/dweller/ being is connected to a building.
Louis Kahn; Dhakadwelling - dweller relation
victorian era living conditions
We then conducted a very site specific analysis generally Berlin, and particularly the area that we are looking at, Perleberger Str. 62A 10559 Berlin, Germany. Berlin itself is a very interesting site with its long history of war and segregation of different groups. The segregation as a result of war. The segregation as a result of the way one is perceiving the other groups as alient.
Live- work and site specific 3
Berlin as the site
The Refugee Crisis in Berlin : The unaccepted accepted crisis : Result on alienation and segregation
I looked specifically at the refugee crisis in Berlin and how the crisis had lead from just another group seeking asylum to the increase of crime rate due to the inability for them to work. There are generally two groups of perceiver: 1) The one who accepted them as their own- a human being seeking help 2) The one who doesn’t - refugees gonna cause trouble. The inability to accept is the inability to perceive the other group as a part of human being with values and needs. Perceiving the other group almost alient to their own group. Zahra, 5 years old (left) is one example of the act of alienation toward a another group. Because of the differences in her physical representation people failed to see the similarities. People failed to see her values as another being.The result will lead to a more severe problem which is the segregation of the groups. Segregation and secterian will then perhaps lead to the increase of crime rate etc.. My interest is to find the point of similarities that may be celebrated by both groups in one particular spaces, humanizing both the oppressor group and the oppressed group.
Collage: compilation of news about the unaccaotence of the refugees in Berlin
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The Syrian Refugee- The Memory The journey, memories, symbols and genious loci as point of similarities. THE HOUSES
THE DAILY OBJECTS THE STREETS
THE SYMBOLS
The refugees: Having to travelled acrossed the globe, carrying with them a unique background to a new place. Their background consisted of fragments of memory, culture, faith, history, language - peculiar but forced to fused with the Berliner. The fusion although necessary, was very hard to smallow by both of the groups. It is within these differences that we week to find similarities.
THE MEMORY OF SYRIA
THE TEXTURES
Norberg Schulz talks about the phenomenology of a ‘place’ as the idea of space and character coming together. space : denotes the three dimentional organisation of things/elements. character : denotes the atmosphere of the space. The real presence of the space. The identification. The environment.
above : the miles that they took to arrived in Berlin
The Berliner : The main settler. Although in this case that I am studying ; the oppression towards the refugees- the oppressor characteristics and demands should not be taken into granted. The connection and the assimilation is a two way condition between the oppressor and the oppressed.
Khaled Albassir, a garden furniture designer and manufacturer who had two factories in Damascus, fleeing to Berlin seeking for future Monis Bukhari/Al Jazeera
But why Berlin? - The refugees perceive the city as a city prospered with facilities which can be utilies for their future self reliance and self sustain. Although there are plenty of facilites, however the policy is not allowing most of the refugees to have a formal work.
THE FLEEING
THE JOURNEY
THE ASYLUM
THE MEMORY OF WAR
THE PRESENT
above : facilities and connection for the refugees in Berlin
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THE FEARFUL
EDUCATE - RECOLLECT - WORK - DWELL The future self reliance process tan gib uct rod le p
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The first cosmos, this is where the refugees will stay, allowing privacy for them. Interaction amogst them will occur through communal spaces allocated in between the houses. Local Berliner will also be able to use the communal spaces for a direct interaction witlh the refugees.
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above : 4 interconnected criteria of assimilation
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WORK comprises of two aspects- refugees self reliance and producing tangible product. The refugees will be able to work, produce and sell their craft which is also a direct translation of their memory and thought into something tangible and perceived. The refugees will work closely with product designers from local Berliner.
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With the theme ‘‘memories’ of war, RECOLLECT will concretize the memories that all Syrians hold in the atmosphere of the space. The users (Berliner, Refugees or any) will experience the memories through light and shadow and also tangible product produced by the refugees. The exchange of memories, distinct and exclusive to the refugees occured between both groups.
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EDUCATE bring about the idea of moving away from just a marketplace to provide work to the refugees. EDUCATE will be focusing on the direct interaction between the refugees and the community through various formal and informal communal activities, music, art and others. EDUCATE becomes the focal point of the refugees activities and their future self reliance integrated with the local community.
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reference : ‘Refugee Self-Reliance Moving Beyond the Marketplace’ RSC Research in Brief 7, October 2017
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The integration of the refugees into the local community (Berliner) is parallel to the group’s self reliance and their future self sustained. The integration is classified into 4 different criterias; EDUCATE, RECOLLECT, WORK & DWELL - of which not just focused from economic perspective but also social. Integration itself however is a product of both groups’ ability to recognice the others as equal and the ability to exchange intellect, spiritual, thought and memory of their own. The exchange will occur in many directions, interchanged & layed between the 4 criterias.
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THE SITE Nucleus of Future Assimilation
The site is briefly connected to several refugee-friendly facilities but lacking of any centre or a focal point. A centre that will organised and connect these points together. A centre strong enough to pull and curate the Berliner-refugee connection in surrounding context. A centre that works as if it is a centre of a city. To connect everything together with one point of nucleus. Then grow the connection back horizontally. The growth of assimilation of refugee into the city of Berlin. The growth of acceptance of the refugees as part of Berliner.
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THE SITE Fragments of war and history
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The site is nestled between existing building; residential blocks with shopfront on the ground floor facing the streets respectively and a private garden on the other site. With 6 metres wide and 96 metres deep the site itself plays a major role in shaping the whole scheme.
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THE SITE
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History of war History of war plays a very important role in this refugee & Berliner dialectic with both having similar emotional attachment to it. The site itself is relatively close to the main centre of Berlin and just within few meters away from historical Berlin wall.
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Fragments of war and memory There are 2 listed fragments of war that must be retained if any constructions are planned to done.
1) the wall- separating the site and the residential blocks 2) the paving stone starting from the entrance to site and run about 32m deep into the site.
These fragments of war are connected to my whole proposal and served well to my overall scheme of memory and
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To further sit into the site, the 4 main programmes (Educate, Recollect, Work, Dwell) are places according to their hierarchical order based on the urgency to have a direct interaction with the Berliner. The public is expected to start from the street (north) before going deeper into the scheme and started to unpack the scheme layer by layer. The exchange between the refugees and the Berliner happened almost linear with points of interaction situated within each programme.
EDUCATE Exchanging of intellect and emotion: - Library - Performance area - Language classes - Discussion area
RECOLLECT Exchange of senses & emotion: -concretize the connection and present it back in a form of architecture.
WORK
THE JOURNEY OF EXCHANGE THAT OCCURED BETWEEN THE BERLINERS AND
The Interchange Journey Hierarchical order of Interchange
EDUCATE
RECOLLECT
WORK
DWELL
Exchange of senses, emotion & Intellect : - Product making studio - Display shelves - Exchange well
DWELL Exchange of senses, emotion : - Using Syrian architecture as precedent - Windows - Balcony
scale 1:500 @A2 EDUCATE
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RECOLLECT
WORK
DWELL
Educate The Exchange of Intellect, Emotion & Senses
Educate consisted of a several pockets of spaces and are connected vertically through staircase. The concept is almost an open block with shell on the outside allowing the staircase to be expressed vertically.
pockets of spaces
Vertical corridor Mimicking a corridor with sets of spaces, the idea is to have a long vertical corridor with connecting several spaces. Spaces as point of interaction The spaces is a point of exchange between the refugee and the Berliner. There, both groups will meet and greet and exchange their intellect, emotion and senses through the activities taken place at these pockets of spaces.
vertical corridor
Staircase as connector The staircases are exposed to highlight the interconnectivity of the pockets of spaces. The staircase will be the element of journey- inviting and drawing the users to continue unpacking the layers of this scheme.
staircase as the connector
Library as embedded intellect Another special characteristic of EDUCATE is the library that is placed on one of the spaces that in a way offering an intellectual discource between both groups. Performance as a two way interaction Several performance spaces are included in the scheme, of several scale. The idea is to allow the direct exchange through social interaction by bringing the groups together in art and performance.
exposed circulation Vertical Loft / Shift Architecture Urbanism
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Recollect The tower of memory, war and emotion
Recollect consisted of a tall and thin tower block to gather around all of the spectator senses and connecting them back to the memory of war that both had experienced. Users would walk on an outdoor terrace before passing through the tower and experience the atmosphere inside.
section : human scale in relation to overal height
Scale The tall and thin tower block in relation to the human scale is crutial to remove the (unnecessary) ‘human’ perspective of the users. Inside, the idea is to numb the users (other) senses and focused to only what is being offered by the architecture. The users would not going to able to relate to any other unnecessary connection in relation to their ‘human’ scale. Light well The light well will allow just a slight amount of light to enter into the tower. The light will illuminate the necessary focus that architecture is offering. The light will direct users to it and to the point it is illuminating. The light will offer hope and path to the users. Users will then walk to the next section of the scheme with a completely different play of emotions.
light well strategy of RECOLLECT
Material One of the most crutial aspects of the tower is the use of the rose pigmented concrete. The material itself is unique suggesting the idea of bravery and hope to the whole refugee and war crisis. With just a slight amount of light entering the tower, the material will be at its best state to be appreciated by the spectator.
initial collage for the atmosphere inside the tower
staircase & material 11
WORK The tangible form of memory
WORK consisted of 2 main areas : 1- The product making studio 2- The display shelves area The whole idea is to create a more physical interaction with tangible forms of memory of the refugees. After the walk throught the memory tower, the users will then be mezmerized by the rows of shelves with object of memory nestled within and the play of light and shadow casted from the solar shading outside. Light well The idea of light well is to create a connection between the spectator and the one who is making. To remove the idea of server and servant. While the refugee s are making the object of memory, visitors are allowed to take part into the making through either by spectating or perhaps by joining.
WORK scheme
Light and shadow Throughout the journey, visitor will be bombarded with the play of geometrical light and shadow casted from the solar shading outside. The geometrical shadow will play a major role in connecting the visitor emotion into the whole architecture. display shelves - exhibiting form of memory Scale The display space will be installed with rows of tall shelves in relation to human scale. The idea is to mezmerize the visitor with hundreds form of memory casted by syrian refugees. The shelves however will be withing the human reach to allow them to take delight in the small details of the object of memory. Repitition The idea of repition is about repeating the rows of the object of memory. Visitor will be able to walk pass these repeatition but in smaller scale, the object of memory are all unique.
light well & production studio Terra Cotta Studio by Tropical Space
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DWELL The house house dreamer
scale
The last part of the scheme is the dwelling. The idea of dwelling is a place that house the dweller with his or her value and background, In this case the Syrian refugee. The ‘symbols’ of their previous culture is reassemble in the detailing of the dwelling.
Window The design of the window is based on the old Syrian window details. The use of geometrical shape of rectangle, square and circle were again shown in the new proposal but with a modern and minimalist touch.
window details proposal
Window of the Great Mosque, Damascus, Syria 691
The Details My proposal is to design a specific window and balcony details to address the the Syrian background of the refugee. It is in this tiny details, of windows, materials and texture that somehow connect us emotionally to this place of solitude, our dwelling. The place that house our dream and future.
The balcony Using the Syrian old house architecture as the precedent, the dwelling scheme would be installed with the same balcony strategy- jotting out as if reaching to the public space outside. The use of materials is also crucial to rejuvenate the similar atmosphere in a new architecture.
geometrical shape
window and usage
Balcony of an old house, Aleppo, Syria.
Entrance to an old house, Aleppo, Syria.
balcony in relation to human scale 13
GEOMETRY The geometry as cultural declaration
Geometry is another thing that I had explored because of its strong connection to the Islamic and Syrian culture. I started with looking at the construction lines when drawing the geometry- the simplification of it and how can it be repeated to form the facade for my scheme.
4 FOLDS
5 FOLDS
6 FOLDS
BASIC CONSTRUCTION OF THE COMPLEX GEOMETRY OF ISLAMIC DESIGN
Geometry as symbols of memory The usage of geometry is widely known in the history of Islamic architecture. The proposal is to bring this connection of the Syrian towards the usage of geometry in their culture. A new strategy had been conducted to creatively emboss this mark of history to a new context: Berlin.
Light and shadow The play of light and shadow is one of the way that this geometrical pattern would be incorporated into the whole scheme. The constant changing of the geometrical pattern casted by the light and shadow would form an active play towards the memory and emotion of both Berliner and the refugee. Repitition The geometical pattern is repeated throughout the whole sheme to really give a huge impact to the visitors thus creating a spark of connection between both groups.
FORMATION OF 4 FOLDS GEOMETRICAL PATTERN
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REPETITION OF 4 FOLD PATTERN & FUTHER FORMATION
Program Plan Space and its use
EDUCATE
RECOLLECT
WORK
DWELL
LIBRARY PERFORMANCE AREA 2
LANGUAGE AREA OUTDOOR TERRACE LIGHT WELL
THE DWELLING THE SHELVES COURTYARD
ENTRANCE
OUTDOOR TERRACE
CAFE
PRODUCTION STUDIO
PERFORMANCE AREA 1
PRODUCTION STUDIO BACK OF THE HOUSE
MEMORY TOWER
Lining all of my collective thought about the 4 criteria Educate, Recollect, Work & Dwell had resulted the scheme to this linear yet interconnected design. The scheme works in in horizontally for most of the part and vertically for some. The next stages was to assigned right specific programme for spaces in all 4 criteria. (as shown above)
RECEPTION
EDUCATE
COMMUNAL SPACES
RECOLLECT
WORK
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DWELL
Program Plan Space and its use
This visual was made prior to my initial attempt to put the design back in context of the surrounding. The site having its linear profile- compliment to my design for the placement of the 4 criteria and scheme. The large ‘face’ facing the park will be utilized indirectly to the whole scheme. The scheme then was developed more to make it workable.
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Physical Model 1 Experimenting the arrangement of spaces
1:100 model EDUCATE
RECOLLECT
WORK
DWELL
solar shading
Initial model that had been made to understand the spaces in relation to the context.
listed wall
1:500 scale massing model
listed paving stone
The massing model was made with and intention to learn how can I best suit my design scheme into the site. Other intention as well to know how much volume can I add up into my scheme with all the constrain that I have with the site.
1:100 spatial arrangement model The model was crucially made to understand the flow of my proposed programme. The programme is interlayered thus making it hard to understand without any visual aid.
1:500 massing model
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Ground Floor Plan The Relation toThe Context
After few session of discussions- the design are now fully resolved. The scheme will sit next (wall to wall) to the building beside but having its own load bearing structure. The ground floor area is partly insulated and partly with the listed paving stone retained.
scale 1:100 @A0 18
Plans The GA drawing
scale 1:100 @A0
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Plans The GA drawing
scale 1:100 @A0 20
Plans The GA drawing
scale 1:100 @A0 21
Plans The GA drawing
scale 1:100 @A2
scale 1:100 @A2 22
ATMOSPHERIC SECTIONS The concretization of memory and emotion
The concretization of emotion is the most important in this scheme to allow the two interaction between the two groups. The more obvious atmospheric proposition are in the use of materials in the tower and the facade. And the less obvious, subtly in the play of geometrical shadow casted from the solar shading.
scale 1:200 @A2 23
SIDE ELEVATION The concretization of memory emotions
There are basically 2 different type of envelope proposed for this scheme.
1- The geometry solar shading 2- The red pigmented concrete
On the lower part of the envelope, a horizontal type of solid concrete is proposed to show that the whole scheme is of one and to mimic the 2 different scale widely used in Syrian architecture. The lower horizontal part will address the users/human in smaller scale.
scale 1:200 @A2
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EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC The layering of tectonic
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The main load bearing structure of the scheme will be steel structure sandwiched by either glass of concrete. The usage of steel structure is to reduce the space consumption for overall structure. The scheme will have its own independent structure and wall although the ‘educate’ part of the scheme will sit wall to wall next to the neighbouring building.
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1 - concrete wall enveloping the structure 2 - steel structure 3 - the facace 4 - steel frame 5 - glass cladding 6 - glass cladding enveloping the steps 7 - steel structure 8 - steel structure 9 - glass cladding 10 - frame to hold the glass cladding + the facade 11 - the facade 12 - steel frame 13 - glass roof 14 - solar shading ( geometry) 15 - horizontal structured floor
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layers of skin
Technology The proposed strategy
typical solar gain on every floor
Berlin weather condition is generally with a min of -1 °C during winter and max temperature 25 °C during summer which giving a huge different between two conditions.
load transfer
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Solar Shading The main strategy to address the weather condition is by using active solar shading. The operable solar shading is designed by using the simpe umbrella system that is controlled from the main centre depending on the current solar condition. During winter with less sunrays- the shading will close to allow more sun penetrating in. During summer it will open to reduce the solar gain.
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operable solar shading
Glass as envelope Triple glazed glass is expected to be used as the main envelope throughout most of the faces to allow plenty of solar gain during winter.
Concrete and thermal mass Concrete is used as the main cladding on the dwell and the side facing the residential blocks. This will balance the thermal mass stored within the building to heat up during cold weather. Steel Grid structure Throughout the scheme, steel structure is used and is placed on grid. This all allow structure efficient for the whole scheme.
solar shading mechanism thermal mass
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Detail Drawing The overal envelope strategy
Rough metal
Textured concrete
scale 1:20@ A2 side partial elevation to show the materials
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Physical model 2 The layering of structure
During the design stage a few models were made and tested for the tectonic mechanisms of the parts.
1:20 scale structural model This was very crucial model for me to understand how is the main steel structure would be going to be installed with the external mullions and extended solar shading. The layers within the floor are also included as for me to understand how the layers go.
1:10 solar shading mechanism The model was made and tested to learn how the mechanism of the solar shading would be. The idea is to make it as simple and practical as possible. The mechanism is borrowed from the umbrella mechanism. 28
Solar Shading The geometry as the recollection of memory The canopy - metal sheet
Upper structure - steel
Lower structure - steel
2 Cross structure
Main structure
The operatable solar shading is designed using the concept of geometry that is widely being used by the Islamic and also the Syrian civilisation. The idea is to recollect the memory of the refugee in a new ingenious way by the assemblance of the geometrical pattern. The geometrical ‘umbrella’ is designed so that it can expand and close by using a simple concept as widely being used in umbrella. 1. A variation of the geometrical pattern 2. Exploded solar shading (1:20) 3. Top view of a panel of the solar shading (1:10) 4. Exploded isometic drawing of the umbrella (1: 5)
The canopy
Main structure - steel
Cross structure - steel
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THE RED ROSE PIGMENTED CONCRETE The emotion of love, war and hardship
The rose pigmented concrete
Concrete
The Memory Tower The idea of using rose pigmented concrete when I was looking at pictures of crumbled city of Syria and former Berlin. The redness of the texture is to stimulate the connection of both memories. Red also (as prescribe by many) celebrated the idea of bravery and love to the celebrate the interaction of both Berliner and Syrian refugee. 30
EDUCATE
The combination of the 4 criteria is crutial for the future self sustained of the refugee and as well the assimilation of the group into Berlin. All of the 4 criteria are designed to remove the idea of server and servant, oppressor and the oppressed & the alienation of any opposing groups. The proposal seeks for a harmony between both groups having to stand on the same ground.
The Visual
Educate : The visualisation of the library
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The Visual
Work : The visualisation of the display shelves
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The Visual
Dwell : The visualisation of the window details
In the small details we seek to address the differences and propose a celebration of our similarities. The details that connect us back to our memory of our childhood. The memory of happiness and peacefulness. The time when nobody looks down upon anybody.
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Strategic De nition
Preparation and Brief
Concept Design
Developed Design
Technical Design
Core Objectives
Identify client’s Business Case and Strategic Brief and other core project requirements.
Develop Project Objectives , including Quality Objectives and Project Outcomes , Sustainability Aspirations , Project Budget , other parameters or constraints and develop Initial Project Brief Undertake Feasibility Studies and review of Site Information .
Prepare Concept Design , including outline proposals for structural design, building services systems, outline specifications and preliminary Cost Information along with relevant Project Strategies in accordance with Design Programme . Agree alterations to brief and issue Final Project Brief .
Prepare Developed Design , including coordinated and updated proposals for structural design, building services systems, outline specifications, Cost Information and Project Strategies in accordance with Design Programme .
Prepare Technical Design in accordance with Design Responsibility Matrix and Project Strategies to include all architectural, structural and building services information, specialist subcontractor design and specifications, in accordance with Design Programme .
Procurement
Initial considerations for assembling the project team.
Prepare Project Roles Table and Contractual Tree and continue assembling the project team.
Stages
0
Tasks
*Variable task bar
Programme
Establish Project Programme
. Review Project Programme
The procurement strategy does not fundamentally alter the progression of the design or the level of detail prepared at a given stage. However, Information Exchanges will vary depending on the selected procurement route and Building Contract . A bespoke RIBA Plan of Work 2013 will set out the specific tendering and procurement activities that will occur at each stage in relation to the chosen procurement route. Review Project Programme
.
*Variable task bar
(Town) Planning
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Construction
Handover and Close Out
In Use
O site manufacturing and onsite Construction in accordance with Construction Programme and resolution of Design Queries from site as they arise.
Handover of building and conclusion of Building Contract
Undertake In Use services in accordance with Schedule of Services
Administration of Building Contract , including regular site inspections and review of progress.
Conclude administration of Building Contract .
The procurement route may dictate the Project Programme and may result in certain stages overlapping or being undertaken concurrently. A bespoke RIBA Plan of Work 2013 will clarify the stage overlaps. The Project Programme will set out the specific stage dates and detailed programme durations.
Pre-application discussions.
Pre-application discussions.
Set up project team, discussion on programme to address the client’s brief and requirement.
The initial project brief. Refer page 8 for site constrains and details.
The concept design: outline structural design, preliminary material cost information and the end of project brief
The developed design: structural and mechanical services strategy. Drawing package starting from page 18.
Planning applications are typically made using the Stage 3 output. A bespoke RIBA Plan of Work 2013 will identify when the planning application is to be made.
*Variable task bar
Key
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The technical design of consultant aspects in sufficient details to enable construction or specified work to start.
As per constructed information
Formal hand over, documents and inspection
U K G ov e rnm e n t In fo rm a tio n E xch a n g e s
Not required.
Required.
Required.
Required.
Not required.
Not required.
Required.
Duration
1 week
2 weeks
2 weeks
2- 3 weeks
3 - 4 weeks
12 - 16 weeks
2 weeks
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Constructed information updated in response to on-going client feedback. Assert management updates and facilities management info
As required.
© RIBA
References
WEBSITE 1. Arriving-in-berlinde. 2017. ARRIVING IN BERLIN. [Online]. [September 2017]. Available from: https://arriving-in-berlin.de/ 2. Architectureforrefugeescom. 2017. Architecture for refugees. [Online]. [September 2017]. Available from: http://architectureforrefugees.com/ 3. Huffingtonpostcom. 2016. HuffPost. [Online]. [October 2017]. Available from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/prat-panda/what-refugees-really-want_b_9458694.html 4. Timecom. 2017. Time. [Online]. [3 October 2017]. Available from: http://time.com/4960627/promised-land/ 5. Nationalreviewcom. 2017. National Review. [Online]. [4 October 2017]. Available from: http://www.nationalreview.com/article/424001/europe-making-fatal-mistake-dennis-prager 6. Tedcom. 2017. TED-Ed. [Online]. [November 2017]. Available from: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-complex-geometry-of-islamic-design-eric-broug 7. Archdailycom. 2016. ArchDaily. [Online]. [November 2017]. Available from: https://www.archdaily.com/791997/the-rose-of-vierschach-pedevilla-architects 8. Archdailycom. 2010. ArchDaily. [Online]. [November 2017]. Available from: https://www.archdaily.com/91273/ad-classics-jewish-museum-berlin-daniel-libeskind 9. Archdailycom. 2016. ArchDaily. [Online]. [November 2017]. Available from: https://www.archdaily.com/791430/terra-cotta-studio-tropical-space 10. Archdailycom. 2012. ArchDaily. [Online]. [November 2017]. Available from: https://www.archdaily.com/280815/vertical-loft-shift-architecture-urbanism BOOK AND ARTICLE 1. Freire, P. (1981). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum. 2. Norberg-Schulz, C. (1996). Genius loci. New York: Rizzoli. 3. Heidegger, M. (1993). Building Dwelling Thinking 343-364 in Poetry, language, thought. New York: Harper Colophon Books 4. Bachelard, G & Maria, J (1994). The Poetics of Space. England: Beacon. 5. Rsc research in brief 7 (2017). Refugee Self-Reliance Moving Beyond the Marketplace. University of Oxford: Refugee Studies Centre.
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