St Louis Stratified City by Huzefa jawadwala

HUZEFA JAWADWALA

DESIGN THINKING / SPRING 2021 SAM FOX SCHOOL OF DESIGN & VISUAL ARTS

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T I would like to express my deepest appreciation for my mentor, Donald Koster. His tireless commitment to the process and his ability to synthesize my meandering thoughts into weekly actionable plans drove the project forward. His feedback was invaluable in shaping the content, format and the material of the book. I am extremely grateful to Hallie Nolan for going above and beyond in coaching me throughout the thinking and visualizing process. Our weekly meetings were insightful and I am very thankful for her positive attitude and uncanny ability to direct to me the exact resource as I developed the book. The idea for this project originated in a seminar taught by Robert Moore. I am indebted to him for his guidance, advice, and valuable context about the topic. His generosity and access to his time are deeply appreciated. I am thankful to Julie Bauer, Zeuler Lima, Douglis Beck and Jessica Vanecek for coordinating the course. This research would not have been possible without the library resources at Washington University. I am very grateful to the library staff. Lastly I owe a ton of gratitude to my family, friends and peers who have supported me and been a constant source of joy and encouragement.

MOUND CITY MONK’S MOUND AT CAHOKIA, EAST ST LOUIS, IL1

THE BUILT AS UNBUILT REMNANTS OF THE BUILT FABRIC OF ST. LOUIS, NATIONAL BUILDING ARTS CENTER, SAUGET, IL

IS EVERYTHING MYSTERIOUS VALUABLE?

WHAT DEFINES A CULTURE ?

HOW OLD DOES IT HAVE TO BE TO BE OURS ?

WHO CURATES OUR HISTORY ?

TO BUILD

HUZEFA | CUSTOMS | AR TRACES

TOLERANCE VS THRESHOLD VS TIPPING PT

PROGRESS IS MEASURED BY WHAT ?

WHAT GIVES WAY FOR WHOM ?

REVERENCE VS RESPECT VS CURIOSITY

RCHITECTURE | SOCIETY TO SYNTHESIZE

BUILT. CUL.TURE2 /bild/ /‘k ǝlCHǝ r/ 1. noun : the style or form of 1. noun : the customs, arts, social construction of something institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other 2. verb : construct (something) by social group. putting parts or material together CREATE | PRODUCE | CRAFT CUSTOMS | TRADITIONS | HABITS THE CLASSIFICATION OF AN IDEAL CREATED BY A GROUP OF PEOPLE ESTABLISHED VIA A SHARED WAY OF LIFE, THAT CAN BE OBSERVED VIA REMNANTS OF THEIR ARCHITECTURAL PURSUITS

CONTENTS

1 2 3 4 5 6

HISTORY OF TRIBES IN THE MIDWEST TRACING NARRATIVES and looking at the proliferation of native communities in

the Midwest. What were their settlement patterns and how did they live ? Describe the images and the extent of their CIVILIZATION AND SOPHISTICATION in terms of trade and cultural practices.

MOUND CITY | CONTESTED SITES How did St Louis get the moniker ? Why was it so keen to erase it ? Why does it call itself the Gateway City now ? The narrative of the city is heavily based on the Westward expansion expedition. Investigating historic MOUND SITES and how they were developed and are used today.

WESTWARD EXPANSION : GATEWAY ARCH Monumentality in Downtown St. Louis. Monuments celebrating various eras but all of them are distinctly Anglo-American in imagination. How can we expand that narrative ? The Gateway Arch has a section of its museum dedicated to the Tribal cultures found in the region. It is placed below grade and out of view. The museum is EQUAL PARTS about the arch as well as the native American culture.

PROGRAMMATIC STUDIES Embrace the historic tribal ties of the city by building a visual marker in the form of a memorial. The program could be a combination of EDUCATIONAL dissemination coupled with a MUSEUM and a research center for ARCHAEOLOGY. Create a place where citizens can reflect and understand what it means to live in St. Louis

SITE OPPORTUNITIES Which sites can have the most meaningful impact for the city to reckon with its tribal heritage. What are some preliminary site considerations ? How can it be placed such that it gains prominence in the skyline but also offers refuge for people to meet and reflect on past attitudes and historic wrongs.

DESIGN POSSIBILITIES There is an inherent tension to reclaiming a site which is centrally located and would become a prominent part of the Gateway mall. How can the neighboring public places add to the vitality of the project ? Should the project extend into the lawns and public promenade along the mall ?

PREMISE

AN ADDITIVE IDENTITY

The metro region of St. Louis has seen people from several cultures live here over time. A geological section of the city would reveal the number of distinct cultures which have resided here and built upon prior groups. My goal through this project is to celebrate and honor the memory of these past peoples and highlight their rich heritage of built culture. As the title suggests, the idea of this city has been created and assembled after multiple generations of settlements in the region. To me it is critical to examine what we define and include as being part of the city and its shared imagination. Far too often we have and continue to use exclusionary practices that define what is important to the central narrative. I am interested in exploring the following questions and my project will attempt to answer these as it

develops; what defines culture? How old can a tradition be for it to be regarded as “ours”? Who curates “our” history? Huzefa (traces) customs (to) build architecture (to) synthesize society. The intention for the project is to take cognizance of the fact that there was a thriving sophisticated urban center for tribal peoples situated at Cahokia. These people built over time (700-1300ce) several large mounds and pyramids in the location of what is downtown st. Louis today. Some of these structures served to define the hierarchy in these societies whereas others were built to study astronomy or as solar observatories. These were also used as burial mounds for important figures in their society.

These mounds were such significant visual landmarks that the city was known for a long time as “mound city” today that moniker is all but erased. I want to examine the reticence of the city to accept that identity and document how it systematically disregarded the history of an earlier people and instead strives to create a new identity, separate from the native tribal which was once part of the people who lived on this land. As a counterpoint to the mounds, is the gateway arch. Ever since it was built, a modern engineering marvel the city has gravitated to and adopted that nickname. The city thinks of itself as the launching pad for the exploration of the great western mainland. It has deliberately through large and small infrastructure projects both vital and mundane sought to abolish

the memory of the tribes that once lived in these regions. The museum under the arch grounds celebrates the technical brilliance of the arch and only after its recent renovation has added a small portion describing the indigenous people of this region. My premise is that the city should build a project which rightfully restores and proudly celebrates the existence of an earlier civilization. I believe that a visual marker in downtown would be a necessary step in the right direction. It would tell future generations to embrace multiplicity. It is a way to acknowledge historic injustices and set the stage for accepting and coexisting with societies which may be far apart in time, custom and appearance from us.

HISTORY OF TRIBES IN THE MIDWEST SETTLEMENTS THROUGH TIME

SETTLING THE MIDWEST PEOPLES AND PRACTICES PROLIFERATION OF MOUND SITES ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI IN VICINITY OF ST LOUIS 3

ABRIDGED TIMELINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 4 THE NARRATIVE OF SETTLING AMERICA IS TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE VOYAGES OF THE ITALIAN SAILOR, CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. THE LAND HE, “DISCOVERED” WAS ALREADY KNOWN TO MANKIND. IT WAS SETTLED BY A LARGE AND DIVERSE GROUP OF PEOPLE SPREAD ACROSS THE AMERICAS. THESE GROUPS ARE TODAY COLLECTIVELY REFERRED TO AS TRIBAL PEOPLES. IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSCORE THIS GROUPING WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THIS WASN’T A MONOLITHIC, SYNCRETIC CULTURE. IT WAS MADE UP OF MULTIPLE GROUPS EACH WITH THEIR OWN SET OF CUSTOMS TRADITIONS AND PRACTICES. THE LANDS AROUND ST LOUIS WERE SETTLED BY A GROUP WE CALL THE MISSISSIPPIANS. THEY WERE A SET OF COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENT SOCIETIES AND BUILT LARGE EARTHEN MOUNDS AS PART OF THEIR ARCHITECTURE. THESE MOUNDS ARE DOTTED IN AND AROUND THE METRO ST. LOUIS REGION AS SHOWN IN THE MAP.

“CAHOKIA MOUNDS COMBINED WITH THE SURROUNDING SATELLITE MOUND CENTERS ARE AMERICAS FIRST CITIES - EMERGING AS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT AND UNSURPASSED EXAMPLE OF ITS TIME PERIOD.” 5 15

MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE BUILDING AND SOCIAL PRACTICES

MISSISSIPPIAN CHIEF7

RECREATED SCENE OF A MISSISSIPPIAN TRIBE6 16

MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURES WERE SOPHISTICATED AND COMPLEX. THEY HAD A TIERED SOCIAL HIERARCHY AND HAD INTERESTING SEASONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS. “FARMERS GREW CROPS TO FEED THE CITYDWELLERS, WHO INCLUDED NOT ONLY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND RELIGIOUS LEADERS BUT ALSO SKILLED TRADES WORKERS ARTISANS AND EVEN ASTRONOMERS. THE CITY WAS THE CENTER OF A TRADING NETWORK LINKED TO OTHER SOCIETIES OVER MUCH OF NORTH AMERICA. CAHOKIA WAS, IN SHORT, ONE OF THE MOST ADVANCED CIVILIZATIONS IN ANCIENT AMERICA”10. HIERARCHY OF TRIBAL COMMUNITY9 THERE WAS A LOT OF MISINFORMATION ABOUT THE MOUNDS IN THIS REGION. THERE WERE SOME SUSPICIONS THAT THESE WERE BUILT BY THE SAME PEOPLE WHO BUILT THE PYRAMIDS IN EGYPT. DR. MONTROVILLE WILSON DICKESON. WAS AN ARCHAEOLOGIST WHO MADE A SERIOUS EFFORT TO STUDY THE MOUNDS. HE CLAIMED TO HAVE EXCAVATED OVER 1000 MOUNDS. THE IMAGE ON THE LEFT IS PART OF A 348 FEET LONG PANORAMA IMAGE COMMISSIONED BY DICKESON WHO USED IT TO DELIVER LECTURES AND DEMYSTIFY THESE MOUNDS. THE ARTIST WAS JOHN EGAN AND HE PAINTED IT IN 1850 BASED ON SKETCHES MADE BY DICKESON ON HIS TRAVELS ACROSS THE REGION. SECTION OF A BURIAL MOUND8 17

MOUND CITY | CONTESTED SITES

EVOLUTION OF THE MOUND SITES IN DOWNTOWN & USA

BEARS EARS MONUMENT STRUGGLE FOR PROTECTED STATUS

CULTURAL SITE IN BEARS EARS NATIONAL MONUMENT

VALLEY OF THE GODS 11 20

BEARS EARS LOCATION MAP14

“MOST TRIBES FEEL THAT NORTH AMERICA IS STILL THEIRS, THAT IT’S BEEN STOLEN FROM THEM BY THE GOVERNMENT, BY WHITE PEOPLE. WE STILL WORSHIP IN THOSE LANDS. THE BEARS EARS IS OUR CHURCH, OUR CATHEDRAL.”13

SOUTHERN UTAH THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT USING POWERS UNDER THE ANTIQUITIES ACT DESIGNATED THE BEARS EARS REGION IN SOUTHERN UTAH AS A PROTECTED NATIONAL MONUMENT. THIS WAS ACCOMPLISHED IN DEC, 2016. IT WAS CELEBRATED AS THE FIRST TRIBAL MONUMENT DEDICATED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. SUBSEQUENT ADMINISTRATIONS HAVE SEEN THE DESIGNATED LAND REVERSED UNDER PRESSURE FROM THE OIL MINING LOBBY. THE SIGNIFICANT QUESTION THIS RAISES IS THAT EVEN INTO THE THIRD DECADE OF THE 2000S WE ARE VICTIMS OF A SINGLE NARRATIVE FOR THE LAND THAT WE OCCUPY AND HAVE MONOPOLIZED. 21

MOUNDS TODAY ECONOMICS OVER CULTURAL HERITAGE

WALMART PARKING LOT TAKING OVER A HISTORIC MOUND16

TJ MAX BUILT ON A MOUND, OXFORD ALABAMA15 22

MOUND SITE IN FENTON, MO18

BY THE TIME EXCAVATIONS WERE COMPLETED IN AUGUST 1998, THE REMAINS OF 154 PEOPLE INCLUDING CHILDREN HAD BEEN TAKEN FROM THEIR GRAVES, ACCORDING TO THE ALLIANCE FOR NATIVE AMERICAN RIGHTS.

A TRIBAL BURIAL GROUND WAS DISCOVERED DURING CONSTRUCTION OF A WALMART SUPER CENTER IN THE NORTHERN CALIFORNIA COMMUNITY OF ANDERSON.

HISTORICAL IMAGE OF THE MOUND19

THE COMPANY PROCEEDED WITH THE PROJECT ANYWAY, OPENING THE STORE IN 2007. TO MAKE UP FOR THE SITE’S DESECRATION, THE COMPANY ERECTED A BRONZE STATUE OF A NATIVE WINTU FEATHER DANCER THAT WAS VANDALIZED BEFORE THE DEDICATION CEREMONY COULD TAKE PLACE.

WALMART BUILT AND MOUND ERASED17 23

DOWNTOWN ST LOUIS HISTORIC MOUND GROUP

PRESENT DAY LOCATION OF THE MOUNDS 20

LOCATION OF ST LOUIS MOUND GROUP IN RELATIONSHIP TO GROWING CITY. MAP DRAWN IN 1853 24

DOWNTOWN ST LOUIS LITHOGRAPH BY JOHN CASPER WILD (1840) 21

CONJECTURAL IMAGES PAINT A PICTURE OF THE NUMBER OF MOUNDS AND THEIR SCALE RELATIVE TO THE EARLY SETTLERS OF THE CITY. UNFORTUNATELY SINCE THEY WERE NEVER UNDERSTOOD COMPLETELY TODAY THEY HAVE BEEN ALMOST COMPLETELY ERASED

CONJECTURAL DRAWINGS OF THE MOUNDS WITH THE NIGHT SKY SUGGESTING ASTRONOMICAL TIES22 25

DOWNTOWN ST LOUIS DESTRUCTION OF BIG MOUND

DRAWING PUBLISHED BY CONANT, 1869 “THE BIG MOUND IN ST LOUIS”24

BIG MOUND SKETCH23 26

C.E. 185225

THE DOWNTOWN MOUNDS WERE SEEN AS A SOURCE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND GOOD SOIL. THERE WASN’T A WIDESPREAD UNDERSTANDING OR COMMONLY HELD BELIEF OF THEIR CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OR VALUE TO FUTURE GENERATIONS. MOST OF THE MOUNDS MADE WAY FOR MAJOR RAIL AND ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS. C.E.186926

“WHILE DEMOLISHING THE MOUND FEW ARTIFACTS WERE RECOVERED BUT THERE WAS NO SYSTEMATIC AND SCIENTIFIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIG DURING THIS PERIOD”

C.E. 200027

GEOLOGICAL STRATIFICATION HISTORICAL RECORDS UNDER THE EARTH

EXCAVATION NEAR THE BIG MOUND LOCATION29

ANCIENT MOUND LOCATION NEAR DOWNTOWN28 28

LAST EXISTING MOUND : SUGARLOAF MOUND32

SUBTERRANEAN CAVE DISCOVERED AT A MOUND LOCATION NEAR DOWNTOWN31 A BLOCK EXCAVATED NEAR THE ESTIMATED FOOTPRINT OF BIG MOUND DISPLAYED VARIOUS HISTORIC FEATURES. THESE INCLUDED A LIMESTONE FOUNDATION FROM A LATE 19TH CENTURY FACTORY AND A HISTORIC MIDDEN ZONE. DUG INTO THE NATURAL LOESS. BELOW THE MIDDEN THERE ARE A SERIES OF HISTORIC TRENCHES

LAYERS EXPOSED DURING A MSD PROJECT30

WESTWARD EXPANSION : GATEWAY ARCH SYSTEMATIC RE-BRANDING OF THE CITY

JEFFERSON NATIONAL EXPANSION MEMORIAL GENESIS OF THE GATEWAY CITY 1947-1965

“POSSIBLE RE-ERECTION AND REPRODUCTION OF A FEW TYPICAL SMALL BUILDINGS SUCH AS STOOD IN OLD ST LOUIS ” 34

COMPETITION PROPOSAL DOCUMENT: 194733

GATEWAY ARCH UNDER CONSTRUCTION35 32

GATEWAY ARCH TODAY WITH NEIGHBORING GEYSER ON THE ILLINOIS SIDE OF THE RIVER36 THE GATEWAY ARCH IS A MODERN ENGINEERING MARVEL. IT IS ELEGANT IN DESIGN AND SPECTACULAR IN FORM. IT IS A MEMORIAL TO PRESIDENT JEFFERSON AND HIS ACT OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE FROM THE FRENCH. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF SELECTIVE HISTORY BEING CELEBRATED. IT IS USED INTENTIONALLY TO OBFUSCATE THE HISTORY OF THE CITY AND THE LAND IT OCCUPIES. TODAY IT IS CELEBRATED AS THE DE FACTO BEGINNING TO THE STORY OF ST LOUIS.

THIS ATTITUDE AND FOCUS SHOWCASES HOW ONE SINGLE NARRATIVE IS REINFORCED AND SYSTEMATICALLY DISREGARDS THE MULTIPLICITY OF THE CULTURES WHICH INHABITED THESE LANDS BEFORE IT. 33

JEFFERSON NATIONAL EXPANSION MEMORIAL RENOVATION OF THE MONUMENT 2009

PETER WALKER DESIGN FOR 2010 GATEWAY ARCH RENOVATION PROJECT37

PETER WALKER DESIGN FOR 2010 GATEWAY ARCH PROJECT38

THE ARCH GROUNDS AND MUSEUM BUILDING WERE RENOVATED AS RECENTLY AS 2010, AND INTERESTINGLY THERE WAS A PROPOSAL WHICH ADVOCATED PAYING HOMAGE TO THE MOUNDS IT DID NOT WIN THE COMPETITION. THE CURRENT DESIGN HAS WONDERFUL MOMENTS IN ORDER TO PEDESTRIANIZE THE RIVERFRONT IT IS AN OPPORTUNITY LOST TO CREATE A CONNECTION THROUGH TO THE LAND’S RICH PAST. THE FINAL DESIGN INCLUDES USING MOUNDS FOR PROGRAMMATIC REASONS. YET IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO FIND MENTION OF THE MOUND BUILDING CULTURE OR THE PRESENCE OF HISTORICAL MOUNDS IN DOWNTOWN ON THE OFFICIAL ARCH WEBSITE, THE ARCHITECTS OR EVEN THE MASTER PLANNERS DESCRIPTION OF THEIR DESIGN INTENTIONS.

THIS IS AN INTENTIONAL MOVE TO RE-BRAND THE CITY AS THE GATEWAY CITY AND BURY THE MONIKER OF THE MOUND CITY 35

PROGRAMMATIC STUDIES PRECEDENT STUDIES AND FRAMING A PROGRAM

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN ARCHITECTURE FORM REFLECTS NATIVE PRACTICES

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN39

“I THINK MUSEUMS, INCLUDING OURS, HAVE PROCEEDED BEYOND THE POINT OF ADDRESSING THEIR VISITORS AS SIMPLY BEING DISPLAYERS OF OBJECTS”41

OUTDOOR PUBLIC SPACES TO CONGREGATE40 38

POTOMAC ROOM A LARGE ATRIUM TO ENABLE PARTICIPATORY TRIBAL GATHERINGS43

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN LOCATION: WASHINGTON DC MALL ACCESSIBILITY : ACCESS BY ROAD AND PUBLIC TRANSIT. DESIGN IDEA : THE DESIGN PROCESS FOR THE MUSEUM WAS COLLABORATIVE AND INCLUSIVE. THE TEAM RESPONSIBLE FOR IMAGINING AND CRAFTING THE VISION FOR THE CENTRE WAS COMPRISED OF SEVERAL TRIBAL MEMBERS. THE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN WAS DONE IN COLLABORATION WITH TRIBAL ARCHITECT DOUGLAS CARDINAL

FORM REPRESENTS CHANGE OVER TIME42

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN LOCATION AND SITE ANALYSIS

“THE NMAI BOTH SYMBOLICALLY AND PHYSICALLY RECLAIMS WASHINGTON DC AS INDIAN COUNTRY”44 AERIAL VIEW OF CAMPUS45

“NEW NATIVE AMERICAN MEMORIAL OFFERS PEACE IN THE HEART OF ONE OF THE CITY’S FEW WILD SPACES”47

WAR MEMORIAL TO HONOR TRIBAL SERVICE46 40

LOCATION ON THE WASHINGTON DC MALL50

2 NMAI COMPLEX US CAPITOL BUILDING LINCOLN MEMORIAL

WASHINGTON MONUMENT WHITE HOUSE THE LOCATION OF THE CENTER IS IMPORTANT AS IT OCCUPIES THE LAST SPACE AVAILABLE ON THE NATIONAL MALL. IT IS A POWERFUL AND SYMBOLIC SPACE. IN CREATING THE MUSEUM GREAT CARE WAS TAKEN TO ENSURE THAT THE TRIBAL CULTURES WERE INCLUDED IN THE THOUGHT PROCESS OF CRAFTING A NEW MEMORIAL. TO REFLECT THE LANDSCAPE OF THE LAND BEFORE EUROPEAN CONTACT, 4 DISPARATE ZONES WERE DESIGNED. A WETLAND, A FOREST, A MEADOW AND A TRADITIONAL CROPLAND ENVIRONMENT WAS CREATED.

CAFE SERVING TRIBAL INSPIRED FOODS48

“THE RECLAMATION IS MADE EVER MORE APPARENT BY THE DISTINCTIVE ELEMENTS OF THE LANDSCAPE SURROUNDING THE BUILDING AND THE BUILDING ITSELF” INSPIRED AND INFUSED WITH FLAVORS49 41

1 2 3 4 5

CAHOKIA MOUNDS STATE HISTORIC SITE PRECEDENT STUDY

DEMONSTRATION OF BUILDING TECHNIQUES51

CAHOKIA INTERPRETIVE CENTER52 42

MONK’S MOUND 54 CAHOKIA MOUNDS INTERPRETATION CENTER ACCESSIBILITY : ACCESS BY ROAD PRIMARILY MISSION : “DISSEMINATE INFORMATION TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC TO EDUCATE AND INFORM THROUGH OUR INTERPRETIVE CENTER EXHIBITS, EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS, SPECIAL EVENTS, EDUCATIONAL LITERATURE AND OTHER INTERPRETIVE ACTIVITIES” THE SITE USES THE INTERPRETIVE CENTER AS WELL AS THE SURROUNDING LANDSCAPE TO TEACH AND INFORM THE PUBLIC ABOUT THE MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURES.

CAHOKIA INTERPRETIVE CENTER53

AREA DIAGRAM 43

HEARD MUSEUM

PRECEDENT STUDY, PHOENIX ARIZONA 1 2 COFFEE SHOP 3 BOOK STORE 4 COLLECTORS ROOM 5 AUDITORIUM 6 LEARNING CENTER 7 AMPHITHEATER 8 MUSEUM SHOP

COURTYARD CAFE

FACILITIES

SITE PLAN VIA SATELLITE IMAGERY55 44

WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP HOOP DANCE 200756

SINCE ITS FOUNDING IN 1929, THE HEARD MUSEUM HAS GROWN IN SIZE AND STATURE TO BECOME RECOGNIZED INTERNATIONALLY FOR THE QUALITY OF ITS COLLECTIONS, WORLD-CLASS EXHIBITIONS, EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMING AND ITS UNMATCHED FESTIVALS. THE MISSION OF THE HEARD MUSEUM IS TO BE THE WORLD’S PREEMINENT MUSEUM FOR THE PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF AMERICAN INDIAN ART, EMPHASIZING ITS INTERSECTION WITH BROADER ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL THEMES.

THE RELATION OF THE INDOOR AND OUTDOOR SPACES IS INTERESTING. IT MIGHT BE A CLIMATE CONSIDERATION AS WELL AS THE FACT THAT THE MUSEUM HAS GROWN WITH TIME AND HAS SEEN MULTIPLE ADDITIONS

GALLERY & EXHIBITION GALLERY & EXHIBITION SCULPTURE GARDEN GALLERY & EXHIBITION MULTIMEDIA DISPLAY GALLERY & EXHIBITION GALLERY & EXHIBITION GALLERY & EXHIBITION GALLERY & EXHIBITION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

GALLERY & EXHIBITION 10 ENTRANCE LOBBY 11 FACILITIES 12 ADMIN & SERVICES 13 CIRCULATION 14 GALLERY & EXHIBITION 15 GALLERY & EXHIBITION 16 LIBRARY & ARCHIVE 17 FACILITIES 18 MUSEUM LEVEL 157

MUSEUM LEVEL 258 46

ADMIN & SERVICES 19 CIRCULATION 20

THE RELATION OF THE INDOOR AND OUTDOOR SPACES IS INTERESTING. IT MIGHT BE A CLIMATE CONSIDERATION AS WELL AS THE FACT THAT THE MUSEUM HAS GROWN WITH TIME AND HAS SEEN MULTIPLE ADDITIONS

VISUAL AREA DIAGRAM

MACRO PROJECT IDEALS MEMORIAL AND RESEARCH CENTER BUILD A NATIONAL MEMORIAL DEDICATED TO TRIBAL PEOPLE CREATE A VISUAL MARKER IN DOWNTOWN TO REINFORCE AN INCLUSIVE READING OF HISTORY FOR THE CITY ESTABLISH A EDUCATIONAL CENTRE WHICH EXPLOITS AND EXPLORES THE REGIONS RICH GEOLOGY FOR STUDENTS INTEGRATE THE PROJECT INTO THE URBAN FABRIC AND MAKE IT A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE FREQUENT TO REFLECT AND CELEBRATE

PROGRAM SIZING BY COMPONENT

PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS

PROGRAM STATEMENT NATIONAL MEMORIAL AND RESEARCH CENTER FOR TRIBAL PEOPLES PROGRAM STATEMENT 5.12.2021 ID

E N C L O S U R E

DESCRIPTION

A A.1 A.1.1 A.1.2 A.1.3 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.5.1 A.5.2 A.6 A.6.1 A.6.2 A.7 A.7.1 A.7.2 A.7.3 A.8 A.9 A.9.1 A.9.2 A.9.3 A.9.4 A.10

MUSUEM WELCOME FOYER LOBBY TICKETING + INFORMATION CLOAK ROOM GALLERY EXHIBTION SPACE MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION ADMINISTRATION PRIVATE OFFICES OPEN OFFICE CAFÉ SEATING AREA KITCHEN LIBRARY AURAL ARCHIVE TRADITIONAL ARCHIVE STUDY/READ ROOM STORAGE FACILITIES PUBLIC WASHROOMS STAFF WASHROOM SERVICE FACILITES MECHANICAL ROOMS

B B.1

RESEARCH CENTER ARCHAELOGY LAB

SQ.FT

‐

1 1 1 2 1 1

5000 500 250 10000 5000 1500

3 1 ‐ 1 1

150 1000

450 1000

7500 2500

1 1 1 1

1500 3000 750 5000

2 1 1 1

350 100 50 2000 TOTAL

700 100 50 2000 56800

1500

3000

‐

COMMENTS

5000 500 250 20000 5000 1500

1500 3000 750 5000

sq.ft

A.9.2 STAFF WASHROOM A.9.3 SERVICE FACILITES A.9.4 MECHANICAL ROOMS A.10

L A N D S C A P E

B B.1 B.2 B.2.1 B.2.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.6 B.6.1 B.6.2 B.6.3 B.6.4 B.7

RESEARCH CENTER ARCHAELOGY LAB MAKER SPACE WOODWORKING DIGITAL FAB LAB LECTURE ROOM SUPERVISOR OFFICE ADMIN OPEN OFFICE STORAGE FACILITIES PUBLIC WASHROOMS STAFF WASHROOM SERVICE FACILITES MECHANICAL ROOMS

C C.1 C.2

MISCALANEOUS CIRCULATION

D D.1 D.2 D.3 D.3.1 D.3.2 D.4

MEMORIAL MONUMENTAL MARKER GATHERING SPACE (AMPHI) FACILITIES WASHROOMS SERVICE ROOMS

E E.1 E.2 E.3

SITE IMPROVEMENTS LANDSCAPED GARDENS PARKING SPACES

F F.1 F.2

SUMMARY INDOOR AREA OUTDOOR AREA

F.3

1 1 1

100 50 2000 TOTAL

100 50 2000 56800

1500

3000

1 1 2 1 1 1

750 1200 500 350 750 1000

1 1 1 1

100 50 25 1000 TOTAL

‐

TOTAL 1 1

7500 20000

‐

sq.ft

750 1200 1000 350 750 1000 100 50 25 1000 9225

sq.ft

19808 19808

30% OF B+C sq.ft

7500 20000

1 2

500 500 TOTAL

500 1000 29000

sq.ft

1 100

10000 180 TOTAL

10000 18000 58000

sq.ft

‐ ‐

85833 87000

A+B+C D+E

172833

sq.ft

TOTAL

SITE OPPORTUNITIES

POTENTIAL LOCATIONS FOR DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

MEMORIAL IN-SITU HISTORIC MOUND LOCATIONS IN ST LOUIS59

{.}

1 4 *

[.]

3 54

GATEWAY ARCH FOREST PARK

[.]

CAHOKIA MOUNDS

{.}

ST LOUIS MOUND GROUP

1 2 3 4

EAST ST LOUIS MOUNDS SUGARLOAF MOUND GATEWAY MALL

CONTEMPORARY LOCATIONS IN ST LOUIS60

[.]

{.}

5.1 NORTH OF DOWNTOWN LOCATION OF HISTORIC MOUNDS IN ST LOUIS

LOCATED AT THE WEST ARM OF THE STAN MUSIAL VETERAN’S BRIDGE CENTER PT TERMINAL COMPLEX AREA: 1,595,196 SQ. FT. LOCATION: BOUND BY MOUND ST. & BROADWAY + FLORIDA ST.& RIVERFRONT ACCESSIBILITY : ACCESS BY ROAD, COULD BE A POTENTIAL SITE ON THE RIVERFRONT BIKE TRAIL MILESTONE STRUCTURES : PRIVATE BUSINESSES LIKE THE CENTER PT TERMINAL COMPANY, WEDDING VENUE THE CARAMEL ROOM AND A CIVIC COMMUNITY TRANSITION CENTER. CENTER PT TERMINAL COMPLEX

ANALYSIS : THIS LOCATION WOULD BENEFIT FROM A PUBLIC PROJECT AND ALLOW REVITALIZATION ALONG THE RIVERFRONT DISTRICT. THERE ARE SOME DOWNSIDES TOO AS THE REGION IS QUITE INDUSTRIAL AND WOULD TAKE AWAY FROM THE SANCTITY OF A MEMORIAL.

ASHLEY POWER BUILDING 57

5.2 EAST ST LOUIS PROXIMITY TO HISTORIC EASTERN ST LOUIS MOUND GROUP

SKETCH OF THE EAST ST LOUIS MOUND GROUP61 EAST ST LOUIS AREA: 18,200,278 SQ. FT. LOCATION: BOUND BY I-40 & INDUSTRIAL AVE + I-70 & RAIL LINE ACCESSIBILITY : ACCESS BY ROAD PRIMARILY MILESTONE STRUCTURES : HISTORIC SITE OF THE EAST ST LOUIS MOUND GROUP, A RECENT STRUCTURE WAS THE NATIONAL STOCKYARDS BUILDING. MAY BE A GOOD TIE BACK TO THE STRATIFIED CONCEPT OF THE PROJECT. NATIONAL STOCKYARDS BUILDING62

HAS DECENT ACCESS VIA PUBLIC TRANSIT BUT NOT THE MOST IDEAL, SUPPLEMENTARY SHUTTLES MIGHT BE NEEDED TO FERRY VISITORS TO THE SITE ANALYSIS : THE HISTORIC TIES MAKE THIS AN IDEAL SITE. THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT AND ORGANIZED DIG ON THIS LOCATION WHICH YIELDED SEVERAL BURIED ARTIFACTS. THE DISADVANTAGES OF BEING BASED HERE ARE THAT IT IS NOT INSIDE ST LOUIS AND IT WOULD BE A MISSED OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE A CONNECTION WITH THE ARCH.

ARTIFACTS DISCOVERED DURING AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIG IN 201163 59

5.3 SOUTH ST LOUIS LOCATION OF SUGARLOAF MOUND

SUGAR LOAF MOUND WITH PRIVATE HOME, THE STRUCTURE HAS SINCE BEEN RAZED64 SUGAR LOAF MOUND (OSAGE NATION) AREA: 76,000 SQ. FT. LOCATION: BOUND BY I-55 & THE RIVER ACCESSIBILITY : ACCESS BY ROAD. MAY NEED TO PLAN FOR A PUBLIC PARKING FACILITY

ANALYSIS : THE OSAGE NATION HAS FINALLY GAINED CONTROL OF THE PROPERTY AFTER VARIOUS ATTEMPTS. IT MIGHT NOT BE PRUDENT TO LOCATE A MEMORIAL / RESEARCH CENTER BEFORE THEY HAVE FINALIZED THEIR PLANS TO COMMEMORATE THE SPACE.

MILESTONE STRUCTURES : SUGARLOAF MOUND, COMMEMORATIVE PLAQUE SITE CONDITIONS : IN AN INDUSTRIAL NEIGHBORHOOD. RAILWAY TERMINAL FOR INDUSTRIAL GOODS, PINNED ON ONE SIDE BY INTERSTATE FREEWAY.

MEMORIAL ON THE MALL ARCH TO PARK AXIS AND PROXIMITY OF OTHER MEMORIAL LOCATIONS

GATEWAY GEYSER MISSISSIPPI RIVER JEFFERSON MEMORIAL OLD COURTHOUSE SOLDIERS MEMORIAL TRIBAL MEMORIAL SOCCER STADIUM ST LOUIS MOUND GROUP

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

GATEWAY MALL MASTER PLAN DOWNTOWN MALL PLANS

ORIGINAL DOWNTOWN VISION PLAN ‘0966

MODIFIED VISION PLAN WITH STADIUM (2020)65 64

SUGGESTION OF A MOUND TYPE PLATFORM TO FORM AN AXIS WITH THE ARCH67

GATEWAY MALL VISION PLAN 2009 THE IMAGES ON THIS SPREAD ARE EXCERPTS FROM THE VISION PLAN ADOPTED BY THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS IN 2009. THE PLAN WAS MEANT TO BE A DOCUMENT WHICH CONSIDERED THE IMPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS STRUCTURES ON THE MALL AND HOW VACANT LOTS SHOULD BE DEVELOPED IN THE FUTURE. THE DOCUMENT PREDOMINANTLY THOUGHT OF THE MALL AS A PUBLIC SPACE. IT WAS KEEN TO POPULATE THE LINEAR AXIS FROM THE ARCH WITH PARKS, PUBLIC SCULPTURES AND RELATED PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

SITE AXONOMETRIC68

THE ORIGINAL PLAN PROPOSED THE BUILDING OF A PLATFORM INSPIRED BY THE TRIBAL MOUND BUILDING CULTURE AT CAHOKIA AS A BOOKEND TO THE ARCH. THIS HAS SINCE BEEN MODIFIED TO INCLUDE THE NEW SOCCER STADIUM. 65

5.4 18TH STREET GARAGE PARKING GARAGE, PROMINENT LOCATION ON THE MALL

1 3

7 8 66

10 67

SOLDIERS MEMORIAL BUILDING70

DOWNTOWN USPS BUILDING69 68

18TH ST PARKING GARAGE BUILDING

18 ST GARAGE AREA: 75,000 SQ. FT LAWNS: 130,000 SQ.FT.. LOCATION: BOUND BY CHESTNUT & MARKET ST. + N18TH & N17 TH STREETS ACCESSIBILITY : ACCESS BY PUBLIC TRANSIT, PROPOSE TO REPLACE PARKING GARAGE I

18TH ST PARKING GARAGE BUILDING71

MILESTONE STRUCTURES : FOUNTAIN TO MEMORIALIZE THE MISSISSIPPI AND MISSOURI RIVERS. (CARL MILLES) BUILT IN HONOR OF A FORMER ALDERMAN OF THE CITY (LOUIS P ALOE 1940) ANALYSIS : THE SITE IS AN IDEAL LOCATION FOR A MORE PUBLIC PEDESTRIAN ACTIVITY THAN A PARKING GARAGE. THERE ARE MULTIPLE PARKING GARAGES AND SURFACE LOTS IN THE VICINITY.

MEMORIAL PLAZA72 69

5.5 1900 CHESTNUT STREET GATEWAY MALL MEMORIAL AXIS

3 5

SECTION ACROSS THE SITE

1900 CHESTNUT STREET AREA: 50,000 SQ. FT. LOCATION: BOUND BY CHESTNUT & MARKET ST. + N20TH STREET & THE STADIUM ACCESSIBILITY : ACCESS BY PUBLIC TRANSIT, PROPOSE TO REPLACE SURFACE PARKING

NEIGHBORING NEW MLS STADIUM73

MILESTONE STRUCTURES : FOUNTAIN TO MEMORIALIZE THE MISSISSIPPI AND MISSOURI RIVERS. (CARL MILLES) BUILT IN HONOR OF A FORMER ALDERMAN OF THE CITY (LOUIS P ALOE 1940) NEIGHBORING THE NEW MLS STADIUM PROJECT, UNION STATION HOTEL AND MEMORIAL PLAZA FOR VETERANS

STREETSCAPE AND ACCESS POINTS74 71

CORNER OF CHESTNUT & N20TH ST

CORNER OF N 20TH & MARKET ST 72

3.4

HISTORIC PICTURE OF THE UNION STATION AND THE LANDSCAPED PARKS75

UNION STATION AND FOUNTAIN76

CARL MILLES FOUNTAIN77 73

DESIGN POSSIBILITIES PRELIMINARY DESIGN STUDIES

6.1 POSSIBILITIES NEIGHBORING NEW MLS STADIUM

CONTEXT VIEW 76

AXO MONTAGE 1900 CHESTNUT ST THIS PROPOSAL CREATES A BUILDING WHICH CREATES A SEPARATE MEMORIAL IN THE PARK AND A BUILDING WHICH HELPS CONTEXTUALIZE THE PROJECT. THE PROJECT IS PROPORTIONED TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE ACTIVE PUBLIC PLAZA CREATED BY THE STADIUM

PLAN DIAGRAM

STACKING DIAGRAM

6.2 POSSIBILITIES NEIGHBORING NEW MLS STADIUM

PLAN VIEW 78

AXO MONTAGE 1900 CHESTNUT ST THIS POSSIBILITY PROPOSES A BUILDING WHICH EXTENDS THE LARGE PUBLIC PLAZA CREATED BY THE STADIUM. THIS ALSO OPENS UP A SECONDARY PUBLIC AXIS ALONG N 20 TH STREET. THE MEMORIAL MOUNDS CREATE A BOOKEND TO THE GATEWAY ARCH

PLAN DIAGRAM

STACKING DIAGRAM

NOTES 1.

Mound city

26. Moore, ibid. 17

Oxford English dictionary

27.

“Heartlands Conservancy and the Mounds Initiative - Sappington-Concord Historical Society,” accessed April 26, 2021, http://www.schs.ws/schs2/ heartlands-conservancy-and-the-mounds-initiative/.

28. Moore, ibid. 17

Eric Mumford, “Architecture and Social Engagement in STL: A Historical Overview” (St Louis, February 7, 2021)

Moore, ibid. 17

29. Moore, ibid. 17 30. Moore, ibid. 17 31. Moore, ibid. 17

Eric Mumford, “Architecture and Social Engagement in STL: A Historical Overview” (St Louis, February 7, 2021)

32. Sugarloaf Mound,” Osage Nation, accessed April 28, 2021, https://www. osagenation-nsn.gov/who-we-are/historic-preservation/sugarloaf-mound.

Robert Moore, “Mississippian City” (St Louis, September 2020)

Moore, ibid. 6

33. The Architectural Competition Booklet - Gateway Arch National Park (U.S. National Park Service),” accessed April 28, 2021, https://www.nps.gov/jeff/ blogs/the-architectural-competition-booklet.htm.

Moore, ibid. 6

10. “WashingtonPost.Com: Ancient Cahokia,” accessed April 27, 2021, https:// www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/march/12/cahokia.htm. 11.

Image courtesy : Tim Peterson

12. Image courtesy : SUMIKO SCOTT / MOMENT, VIA GETTY IMAGES 13. David Roberts, “Opinion | A Sacred Place Undone by Trump Must Be Saved by Biden,” The New York Times, February 26, 2021, sec. Opinion, https://www. nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/bears-ears-trump-biden.html. 14.

“Bears Ears: America’s First Truly Native American National Monument,” Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance, accessed April 27, 2021, https://suwa. org/issues/bearsears/.

15. Moore, ibid. 17 16. Robert Moore, “The St Louis Mound Group : Evidence of an Ancient Culture Erased” (St Louis, October 2020) 17.

Moore, ibid. 17

18. Moore, ibid. 17

34. ibid. 34 35. Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (U.S. National Park Service),” accessed April 28, 2021, https://www.nps.gov/articles/jefferson-nationalexpansion-memorial.htm. 36. Gateway Geyser | Malcolm W. Martin Memorial Park,” Malcolm W. Martin Me, accessed April 28, 2021, https://www.theparkwithaview. com/gatewaygeyser. 37.

Merlin Fulcher, “Foster + Partners Shortlisted in Contest to Revamp St Louis Gateway Arch,” The Architects’ Journal (blog), August 19, 2010, http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/uncategorised/ foster-partners-shortlisted-in-contest-to-revamp-st-louis-gateway-arch.

38. ibid. 38 39. Carol M. Highsmith, “National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C.,” still image, 1980, District of Columbia--Washington (D.C.), https://www. loc.gov/pictures/resource/highsm.12698. 40. “National Museum of the American Indian,” SH Acoustics, accessed April 28, 2021, https://shacoustics.com/portfolio-item/ national-museum-of-the-american-indian/.

20. Mark Leach, Uncovering Ancient St. Louis, 2009.

41. Jacqueline Trescott, “History’s New Look,” Washington Post, September 13, 2004, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/09/13/ historys-new-look/e45f2c0a-ee57-4354-98a7-e06bd9743011/.

21. Moore, ibid. 17

42. Image courtesy : Terria Smith

22. St. Louis Mound Group,” accessed April 28, 2021, http://users.stlcc.edu/ mfuller/StLouisMound.html

43. Image courtesy : Katherine Fogden, Smithsonian

19. Moore, ibid. 17

23. Moore, ibid. 17 24. Moore, ibid. 17 25. Moore, ibid. 17

44. Kevin Gover, “Opinion | A New Memorial Honors the Military Service of Native Americans,” Washington Post, accessed April 28, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/11/11/ honoring-service-native-americans/.

45. Anonymous, “National Museum of the American Indian,” Smithsonian Institution Archives, April 18, 2011, https://siarchives.si.edu/history/ historic-pictures-smithsonian/national-museum-american-indian. 46. Image courtesy :Michael Perrin 47.

ibid. 47

48. “About Mitsitam Café & Chefs,” Mitsitam Native Foods Cafe, March 16, 2017, http://www.mitsitamcafe.com/content/about.asp. 49. ibid.40 50. Satellite image : Google Earth 51. “Picture Gallery – Cahokia Mounds,” accessed April 28, 2021, https:// cahokiamounds.org/gallery/. 52. Image courtesy : Mitchell Phelps 53. “PLAN YOUR VISIT – Cahokia Mounds,” accessed April 28, 2021, https:// cahokiamounds.org/visit/. 54. Image courtesy : Ira Block, Nat Geo Image collection 55. Satellite image : Google Earth 56. “Hoop_2017_WideShot_FadeIMG_1787.Jpg (760×300),” accessed April 28, 2021, https://heard.org/home/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Hoop_2017_ WideShot_FadeIMG_1787.jpg. 57.

“Museum Maps,” Heard Museum, accessed April 28, 2021, https://heard.org/ visit/gallery-maps/.

October 21, 2011, Own work, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_ Louis_main_post_office.jpg. 70. “Soldiers Memorial Military Museum,” Explore St. Louis, accessed April 28, 2021, https://explorestlouis.com/partner/ soldiers-memorial-military-museum/. 71. Missouri Historical Society, “East End of Aloe Plaza, with Edison Hotel (107 North Eighteenth Street), 18th Street Parking Garage, and Princess Hotel (14 North Eighteenth Street).,” The Missouri Historical Society is ... Missouri Historical Society and was founded in 1866., accessed April 28, 2021, https:// mohistory.org/collections/item/resource:144435. 72. Image courtesy : Mark Groth 73. “St. Louis CITY SC Reveals Updated Plans and Renderings for New MLS Stadium,” HOK, December 2, 2020, https://www.hok.com/news/2020-12/ st-louis-city-sc-reveals-updated-plans-and-renderings-for-new-mls-stadium/. 74. Ibid. 73 75. “Look Back: Aloe Plaza, 1939 | News | Stltoday.Com,” accessed April 28, 2021, https://www.stltoday.com/news/look-back-aloe-plaza-1939/ collection_4e7007b2-9b86-11e1-84af-0019bb30f31a.html#2. 76. Ibid. 75. Image courtesy : Arthur Witman 77. Meeting of the Waters Fountain,” 22, stlouis-mo.gov, accessed April 28, 2021, https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/planning/culturalresources/city-landmarks/meeting-of-the-waters-fountain.cfm.

58. Ibid. 57 59. Moore, ibid. 17 60. Satellite image : Google Earth 61. Moore, ibid. 17 62. Moore, ibid. 17 63. Moore, ibid. 17 64. ibid. 32 65. Don Roe, “St. Louis Gateway Mall Master Plan Ammendment #1” (Planning & Urban Design Agency, January 2020). 66. Thomas Balsley, “St. Louis Gateway Mall Master Plan” (Planning & Urban Design Agency, July 2009 67.

Ibid. 66

68. Ibid. 66 69. Nyttend, English: Front of the Main Post Office in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Built in 1935, It Is Located at 1720 Market Street., October 21, 2011,

REFERENCES BOOKS 1.

Gordon, Colin. Mapping Decline: St. Louis and the Fate of the American City. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.

Lonetree, Amy, and Amanda J. Cobb. The National Museum of the American Indian : Critical Conversations. 1st ed. USA: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.

WEBSITES 1.

“About Mitsitam Café & Chefs.” Accessed April 28, 2021. http://www. mitsitamcafe.com/content/about.asp.

Heard Museum. “About the Heard Museum.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https:// heard.org/about/.

“Anthropology, B.A. < Saint Louis University.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https:// catalog.slu.edu/colleges-schools/arts-sciences/sociology-anthropology/ anthropology-ba/.

“Archaeology | Washington University in St. Louis.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://bulletin.wustl.edu/undergrad/artsci/archaeology/.

“Department of Anthropology | Smithsonian Fellowships and Internships.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://www.smithsonianofi.com/ department-of-anthropology/.

“Gateway Arch Museum - Trivers.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://trivers. com/project/gateway-arch-museum/.

Gover, Kevin. “Opinion | A New Memorial Honors the Military Service of Native Americans.” Washington Post. Accessed April 28, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/11/11/ honoring-service-native-americans/.

Heim, Joe. “The Head of National Museum of the American Indian on What We Should All Know.” Washington Post, November 23, 2016, sec. Magazine. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/ the-head-of-national-museum-of-the-american-indian-on-what-we-shouldall-know/2016/11/21/746c9c22-a109-11e6-a44d-cc2898cfab06_story.html. “Home Page | National Museum of the American Indian.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://americanindian.si.edu/.

10. Kennicott, Philip. “Review | New Native American Memorial Offers Peace in the Heart of One of the City’s Few Wild Spaces.” Washington Post. Accessed April 28, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/ native-american-veterans-memorial/2020/12/30/0aded0b8-43cb-11ebb0e4-0f182923a025_story.html. 11. Louis, Mailing Address: 11 North 4th Street St, and MO 63102 Phone:6551600 Contact Us. “The Significance of the Gateway Arch Landscape - Gateway Arch National Park (U.S. National Park Service).” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://www.nps.gov/jeff/planyourvisit/the-significance-of-the-gatewayarch-landscape.htm. 12. “Mapping Decline: St. Louis and the American City.” Accessed April 28, 2021. http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/866.

13. “Memorial in Alabama Acknowledges Violence against African Americans.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://www.dezeen.com/2018/04/23/ national-memorial-peace-justice-acknowledges-violence-against-africanamericans-montgomery-alabama/. 14. “Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, Inc.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https:// www.mvvainc.com/project.php?id=74&c=competitions. 15. “National Native American Veterans Memorial | National Museum of the American Indian.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://americanindian.si.edu/ visit/washington/nnavm. 16. Native-land.ca - Our home on native land. “NativeLand.Ca.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://native-land.ca/. 17.

“Opinion | Biden Must Restore the Bears Ears Monument - The New York Times.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/ opinion/bears-ears-trump-biden.html.

18. “Parque – FUMDHAM.” Accessed April 28, 2021. http://fumdham. org.br/parque/. 19. Society, Missouri Historical. “Gateway Arch and Proposed Mall Area, Market and South Twenty-Second Streets.” The Missouri Historical Society is ... Missouri Historical Society and was founded in 1866. Accessed April 28, 2021. https://mohistory.org/collections/item/resource:897558. 20. “Spiralling Memorial by Kimmel Eshkolot Is Dedicated to Israeli Soldiers.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://www.dezeen.com/2018/02/26/spirallingmemorial-for-israels-fallen-soldiers-by-kimmel-eshkolot-architects/. 21. “St. Louis Mound Group.” Accessed April 28, 2021. http://users.stlcc.edu/ mfuller/StLouisMound.html. 22. Osage Nation. “Sugarloaf Mound.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://www. osagenation-nsn.gov/who-we-are/historic-preservation/sugarloaf-mound. 23. “The American Continuum.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://www.gahtc.org/ modules/preview/30. 24. St. Louis, MO Patch. “The Indigenous Peoples Who Once Lived In St. Louis: Map,” November 21, 2018. https://patch.com/missouri/stlouis/ indigenous-peoples-who-once-lived-st-louis-map. 25. Trescott, Jacqueline. “History’s New Look.” Washington Post, September 13, 2004. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/09/13/ historys-new-look/e45f2c0a-ee57-4354-98a7-e06bd9743011/. 26. “Where Are My People? Native and Indigenous in Architecture Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture.” Accessed April 28, 2021. https://www.acsa-arch.org/resources/data-resources/ where-are-my-people-native-indigenous-in-architecture/.