English Pronunciation in Use Elementary Book by 華泰文化 Hwa Tai Publishing

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-40352-8 — English Pronunciation in Use Elementary Book with Answers and Downloadable Audio Jonathan Marks Table of Contents More Information

Contents To the student To the teacher Map of contents

5 7 9

Section A Sounds and spelling 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

How many letters, how many sounds? Spelling and pronunciation Pizza for dinner /iː/ and /ɪ/ A spoonful of sugar /uː/ and /ʊ/ Father and mother /ɑː/ and /ʌ/ A dog in the corner /ɒ/ and /ɔː/ Bread and jam /e/ and /æ/ My birthday’s on Thursday /ɜː/ Here and there /ɪə/ and /eə/ Have a great time! /eɪ/, /aɪ/ and /ɔɪ/ Old town /əʊ/ and /aʊ/ Pack your bags /p/ and /b/ Twenty days /t/ and /d/ Cats and dogs /k/ and /g/ November the irst /f/ and /v/ Both together /θ/ and /ð/ It’s the wrong size, isn’t it? /s/ and /z/ Fresh ish, usually /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ Chips and juice /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ My hungry uncle /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/ How many hours? /h/ That’s life! /l/ What terrible weather! /r/ What’s the news? /w/ and /j/ Sunglasses or umbrella? Consonant groups in the middle of words Train in the rain Consonant groups at the beginning of words Pink and orange Consonant groups at the end of words Last week Consonant groups across words

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62

Section B Syllables and words 28 29 30 31 32

One house, two houses Syllables Wait a minute – where’s the waiter? Strong and weak vowels Single or return? Stress in two-syllable words Begin at the beginning Stress in longer words Where’s my checklist? Stress in compound words

64 66 68 70 72

Section C Phrases, sentences and grammar 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Phrases and pauses Reading aloud Speak it, write it, read it Linking words together 1 Me and you, you and me Linking words together 2 Take me to the show, Jo Rhythm Hey, wait for me! Strong and weak forms 1: Pronouns And what’s his name? Strong and weak forms 2: Possessives, conjunctions, prepositions There’s a spider Strong and weak forms 3: Articles, comparatives, ‘there’ Who was that? Strong and weak forms 4: Auxiliary verbs

74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88

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41 42 43

They’re here! Contractions It’s George’s birthday Pronouncing -s endings I looked everywhere Pronouncing past tenses

90 92 94

Section D Conversation 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Not half past two, half past three Intonation for old and new information And suddenly … Intonation in storytelling Really? That’s amazing! Being a good listener I know when it is, but not where Important words in conversation 1 Finished? I’ve just started! Important words in conversation 2 No, thanks, I’m just looking Intonation in phrases and sentences 1 Fine, thanks Intonation in phrases and sentences 2

96 98 100 102 104 106 108

Section E Reference E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8

Chart of phonemic symbols Guide for speakers of speciic languages Sound pairs From spelling to sound The alphabet Pronouncing numbers Pronouncing geographical names Homophones

110 111 113 127 130 132 135 137

Key

138

Acknowledgements

166

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1 A

How many letters, how many sounds? Spelling and pronunciation All sections with this symbol ‫ ﲵ‬are on the recording. Listen to them while you read this page.

are 26 letters in the English alphabet. ‫ ﲵ‬There ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ‫ ﲵ‬There are five vowel letters. A E I O U ‫ ﲵ‬And there are 21 consonant letters. B C D F G H J K L M N P Q R S T V W X Y Z there are more than 40 vowel and consonant sounds in English. ‫ ﲵ‬But In some words, the number of letters is the same as the number of sounds. A2a

A2b A2c

A2d

best

4 letters, 4 sounds

b 1

e s 2 3

t 4

dentist

7 letters, 7 sounds

d 1

e n 2 3

t 4

i s 5 6

t 7

But sometimes the number of sounds is different from the number of letters. In green, ee is one sound, and in happy, pp is one sound. ‫ ﲵ‬green 5 letters, 4 sounds A3a

bread, ea is one sound. ‫ ﲵ‬Inbread 5 letters, 4 sounds A3b

g 1

r e e 2 3

n 4

b 1

r e a 2 3

d 4

h 1

a p p 2 3

y 4

some words there are silent letters (letters with no sound). In listen, t is silent. ‫ ﲵ‬Inlisten 6 letters, 5 sounds. A3c

l 1

i s 2 3

t -

e n 4 5

one letter is two sounds. The x in six is two sounds like k + s. ‫ ﲵ‬Insixsome words,3 letters, 4 sounds A3d

s 1

i x 2 3

We sometimes write the same sound differently in different words. For example, the e in red sounds like the ea in bread. two words have the same pronunciation but different spellings. (See Section E8 ‫ ﲵ‬Sometimes Homophones.) A4a

know – no A: Do you know? B: No, I don’t. sometimes two words have the same spelling but ‫ ﲵ‬And different pronunciations. A4b

read (infinitive and present tense) – read (past tense) A: Do you want to read the newspaper? B: No, thanks, I read it this morning.

‫ ﲵ‬Because there are more sounds than letters, we use symbols for pronunciation. A4c

/best/ best /'dentIst/ dentist /gri:n/ green /'h{pi/ happy /'kÅfi/ coffee /'lIs@n/ listen /Tri:/ three /sIks/ six /sÅks/ socks /bred/ bread /n@U/ no /n@U/ know /red/ red /red/ read (past tense) /ri:d/ read (infinitive and present tense)

The symbol (look at the beginning of the symbols for dentist, happy, coffee, listen) comes before stressed syllables (see Section B Syllables and words). 10

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Section A Sounds and spelling

Exercises 1.1

Write the number of letters and the number of sounds in these words.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

green all back could knee sixty thing who address

letters 5

sounds 4

‫ﲵ‬

Check with the Key (on page 138). Then listen and repeat.

1.2

Some pronunciation symbols are easy. Write these words in their normal spelling. best EXAMPLE /best/ 1 /bIg/ 2 /dres/ 3 /frend/ 4 /gIv/ 5 /help/ 6 /nekst/ 7 /'veri/ 8 /wel/

‫ﲵ‬

Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

1.3

All five words in each group have the same vowel letter – a, e, i, o or u – but one has a different vowel sound. Circle the word with the different vowel sound in each group.

EXAMPLE on 1 give 2 apple 3 much 4 many

top time bad bus maths

stop sit wash sun man

one think catch push hat

gone rich bank up flat

‫ﲵ‬

Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

1.4

Write words that rhyme (the end part of the word sounds the same).

EXAMPLE red 1 key 2 blue 3 not 4 one 5 date 6 lie 7 so 8 beer

‫ﲵ‬ A8

e _d b_ tr_ _ sh_ _ w_ _ _ r_ _ w_ _ _ w_ _ sh_ _ n_ _ _

Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

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Pizza for dinner /i / and // How to make the sound /i:/

‫ﲵ‬ A9a

• /i:/ is a long sound. Look at the diagram. Listen and then say the sound. Make your mouth wide, like a smile. Your tongue touches the sides of your teeth. Target sound: /i:/

front of tongue up

wide mouth

Sound and spelling

/i:/ is usually spelled ee or ea. Listen and say these words. ‫ • ﲵ‬see agree eat seat team and say these other words with /i:/. ‫ • ﲵ‬Listen ie field piece A9b

A9c

e ey i eo

these metre secret evening equal Peter museum European Chinese Japanese complete key Can you see the sea? ski kilo litre pizza police machine magazine people

listen and say these sentences. You will need to pause ‫ • ﲵ‬Now the recording to give yourself enough time to repeat. A9d

1 2 3 4 5

Can you see the sea? A piece of pizza, please. Peter’s in the team. A kilo of peaches and a litre of cream. Please can you teach me to speak Portuguese?

How to make the sound //

sound. Look at the diagram. Listen and then ‫ • ﲵ‬/I/sayisthea short sound. Make your mouth a bit less wide than for A10a

/i:/. Your tongue is a bit further back in your mouth than for /i:/. Target sound: /I/

front of tongue up

Sound and spelling

‫ • ﲵ‬/I/ is usually spelled i. Listen and say these words. if listen miss dinner swim ‫ • ﲵ‬Listen and say these other words with /I/. busy business building system ‫ • ﲵ‬Now listen and say these phrases. A10b

jaw down (a little)

A10c

A10d

1 2 3 4 5

fifty-six dinner in the kitchen a cinema ticket a picture of a building big business

Eight letters of the alphabet have the sound /i:/. Listen and repeat. ‫ ﲵ‬Note: BCDEGPTV Note: Units 2 to 10 focus on vowel sounds in stressed syllables (see Section B Syllables and words). ‫ ﲵ‬Vowel in unstressed syllables often have the weak vowel /@/. Listen and repeat.  agree sounds equal kitchen museum Peter picture pizza There is sometimes an /i/ sound at the end of a word in an unstressed syllable (see Section B ‫ ﲵ‬Note: Syllables and words), e.g. happy, coffee, busy. This sound is like /i:/ but shorter. Listen and repeat. A10e

A10f

A10g

happy coffee busy sixty 12

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Section A Sounds and spelling

Exercises 2.1

Put these /i:/ words in the dialogues. email

evening

police

secret

Steve

1 A: What shall we do this ? B: Let’s stay at home and watch 2 A: Let me read that . secret B: No – it’s a ! 3 A: You know my friend ? B: Yes. A: Well, he’s got a new job. He’s joined the

‫ﲵ‬

Listen to check your answers. Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

2.2

Find the /I/ words from these clues.

A11

1,000,000

million EXAMPLE A thousand thousand is a . 1 You can use a to go up and down in a building. 2 There are sixty seconds in a . 3 A is a book of words to help you with your English. 4 It’s too warm in here – open the . 5 Would you like a with your coffee? 6 Birds and planes have . 7 You can see yourself in a . 8 Don’t drop – put it in a bin!

‫ﲵ‬

Listen to check your answers. Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

2.3

Circle all the /i:/ sounds and underline all the /I/ sounds.

A12

big busy dinner please repeat six

give tea

green three

listen

meet

office

Listen to check your answers. Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

2.4

Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences. for dinner EXAMPLE Let’s have pizza . 1 We’re always busy 2 Would you like tea 3 Give me that big 4 There were only three 5 Listen and 6 Let’s meet at

a b c d e f g

1 2

‫ﲵ‬ A13

What shall we do?

people

pizza

repeat. people in the museum. six o’clock. in the office. or coffee? green book, please. for dinner.

‫ﲵ‬

Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

2.5

Listen and circle the word you hear. Check with the Key. If any of these are difficult for you, go to Section E3 Sound pairs for further practice.

‫ﲵ‬

1 leave / live 2 knee / near 3 litter / letter

A14

A15

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A spoonful of sugar /u / and /υ/ How to make the sound /u /

‫ﲵ‬ A16a

• /u:/ is a long sound. Look at the diagram. Listen and then say the sound. Make your lips into a tunnel shape. Your tongue is a long way back in your mouth. Target sound: /u:/

back of tongue up

lips rounded

lips forward

Sound and spelling

/u:/ is often spelled oo, ou, oe, u, ue or ew. Listen and say ‫ • ﲵ‬these words. A16b

too

group

shoe

blue

the spelling is u or ew, there is often a /j/ sound before the /u:/. Listen and say these ‫ • ﲵ‬When words. A16c

music

new

‫ • ﲵ‬There are also other spellings of /u:/. Listen and say these other words with /u:/. A16d

two

fruit

juice

‫ • ﲵ‬Now listen and say these phrases. A16e

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

me too work in groups new shoes red and blue listen to the music forty-two fruit juice

 Note: /ju:/ is the name of the letter U in the alphabet. How to make the sound /υ/

‫ﲵ‬ A17a

• /U/ is a short sound. Look at the diagram. Listen and then say the sound. Your tongue is not so far back as for /u:/. Target sound: /U/

lips rounded (a little)

lips forward (a little)

Sound and spelling

back of tongue up

‫ • ﲵ‬/U/ is often spelled u, oo or ou. Listen and say these words. A17b

full

sugar

book

foot

would

‫ • ﲵ‬Listen and say this other word with /U/. A17c

woman

‫ • ﲵ‬Now listen and say these phrases. A17d

1 2 3 4 5

My bag’s full. Where’s my book? my left foot a kilo of sugar Who’s that woman?

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Section A Sounds and spelling

Exercises 3.1

Circle the words with /u:/. (There are nine.) food four June Tuesday two

look

news

room

school

soup

‫ﲵ‬

Listen to check your answers. Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

3.2

Put the /u:/ words from Exercise 3.1 in the sentences. food 1 Do you like fast ? 2 Are you coming to ? 3 It’s the second of . 4 Let’s watch the . 5 is over there. 6 Here’s a for your .

‫ﲵ‬

Listen to check your answers. Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

3.3

Circle the words with /U/. (There are six.)

A18

A19

book cookery cough thought through

could

good

looking

lunch

‫ﲵ‬

Listen to check your answers. Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

3.4

Put the /U/ words from Exercise 3.3 in the sentences.

A20

1 Do you take ? 2 you help me? I’m

for a

spoon

soon

Listen to check your answers. Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

3.5

Circle the words that have /u:/ or /U/, then put them in the correct column. 1 2 3 4 5

Is it really true? You’re standing on my foot! Are you a good cook? Where’s my toothbrush? Do you push or pull to open this door? /u:/ true

6 7 8 9

town

sugar

cookery

‫ﲵ‬ A21

sugar

I’ll be ready soon. Here’s your ticket – don’t lose it! Go through that door over there. My keys! Where did I put them?

/U/ foot

‫ﲵ‬

Listen to check your answers. Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

3.6

Listen and circle the word you hear. Check with the Key. If any of these are difficult for you, go to Section E3 Sound pairs for further practice.

‫ﲵ‬

1 pool / pull 2 look / luck 3 soup / soap

A22

A23

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Father and mother /ɑ / and / / back of tongue down

How to make the sound /ɑ:/

is a long sound. Look at the diagram. Listen and then ‫ • ﲵ‬/A:/ say the sound. Open your mouth wide. Target sound: /A:/ A24a

jaw down (a little)

Sound and spelling

is usually spelled a or ar. Listen and say these words. ‫ • ﲵ‬/A:/ after afternoon ask answer bath bathroom A24b

father

glass

tomato

bar

car

card

far

can’t class dance park star start

fast

and say these other words with /A:/. ‫ • ﲵ‬Listen aunt laugh heart half (The letter l in half is silent.) and say these sentences. ‫ • ﲵ‬Listen 1 How far’s the car park? A24c

A24d

2 We went to a large bar full of film stars. 3 We’re starting in half an hour.

‫ﲵ‬ A24e

Important for listening

‫ﲵ‬ A24f

• In words with a letter r after the /A:/ sound, most Americans and some British people pronounce the r. Listen to the same sentences, this time with the letter rs pronounced. • Some people, especially in the north of England, pronounce the letters a or au as /{/ in some of these words. Listen. after afternoon ask answer aunt bath bathroom class dance fast glass laugh

to these sentences, first with /A:/, then with /{/. ‫ ﲵ‬Listen 1 See you tomorrow afternoon. 3 We were laughing and dancing in the classroom. A24g

2 I’ll ask my aunt.

4 I left my glasses in the bathroom.

Note: The name of the letter R is pronounced /A:/ or /A:r/.  Note: The word are is often pronounced /A:/ or /A:r/. (See Unit 40.)

How to make the sound / /

tongue down

is a short sound. Look at the diagram. Listen and then ‫ • ﲵ‬/√/ say the sound. Open your mouth wide. Target sound: /√/ A25a

relaxed lips

Sound and spelling

is usually spelled u, but sometimes ou or o. Listen and ‫ • ﲵ‬/√/ say these words. A25b

bus colour come cup front London luck Monday much nothing number run study sun uncle under

relaxed jaw

month

mother

Note: The words son and sun have the same pronunciation.  Note: The number one is pronounced /w√n/. and say these sentences. ‫ • ﲵ‬Listen 1 Good luck with your exam next month! A25c

2 Take the number one bus. 3 I said ‘Come on Monday’, not ‘Come on Sunday’. 4 My brother’s studying in London.

‫ﲵ‬ A25d

Important for listening

Some people, especially in the north of England, say /U/ instead of /√/. Listen to the same sentences, this time with /U/.

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Section A Sounds and spelling

Exercises 4.1

Listen and write the words in the correct column.

‫ﲵ‬ A26

artist

garden

words with /A:/ artist

March

part

square

talk

warm

watch

words with other vowel sounds square

Check with the Key. Then listen again and repeat.

4.2

Listen and write the words in the correct column.

‫ﲵ‬ A27

business

country

words with /√/ country

fun

home

lots

money

mother

push

words with other vowel sounds business

Check with the Key. Then listen again and repeat.

4.3

Complete the sentences with one /A:/ word and one /√/ word. butter 1 2 3 4

carpet

dark

hard

husband

butter’s too The I’d to buy that Their ’s got I first met my in

love

Prague

son

. ! hair. .

‫ﲵ‬

Listen to check your answers. Check with the Key. Then listen again and repeat.

4.4

Listen and circle the word you hear. Check with the Key. If any of these are difficult for you, go to Section E3 Sound pairs for more practice.

‫ﲵ‬

1 2 3 4 5 6

A28

A29

heart / hat far / four cat /cut look / luck luck / lock butter / better

(fi sound pair 7) (fi sound pair 8) (fi sound pair 9) (fi sound pair 5) (fi sound pair 10) (fi sound pair 18)

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A dog in the corner /ɒ/ and /ɔ / How to make the sound /ɒ/

‫ﲵ‬ A30a

• /Å/ is a short sound. Look at the diagram. Listen and say the sound. Round your lips a little. The front of your tongue is low and towards the back of your mouth. Target sound: /Å/

front of tongue down

lips forward

Sound and spelling

‫ﲵ‬ A30b

lips rounded (a little)

jaw down

• /Å/ is usually spelled o, and sometimes a. Listen and repeat. bottle box chocolate clock coffee copy cost cross got holiday hospital hot job lock long lost lot possible shop song sorry stop top wrong quality want wash wasn’t watch what

doctor dog gone not off often

The word cough is pronounced /kÅf/.  Note: Note: The word was is sometimes pronounced with /Å/. (See Unit 40.) listen and say these sentences. ‫ • ﲵ‬Now 1 Have you got a lot of shopping? 3 How much did your holiday cost? A30c

2 John’s gone to the shops.

‫ﲵ‬ A30d

Important for listening

4 She said the coffee wasn’t very good, but I thought it was.

Most Americans pronounce these words differently. Listen. 1 Have you got a lot of shopping? 2 John’s gone to the shops.

3 How much did your holiday cost? 4 She said the coffee wasn’t very good, but I thought it was.

How to make the sound /ɔ /

is a long sound. Look at the diagram. Listen and say ‫ • ﲵ‬/O:/ the sound. Round your lips more than for /Å/. Target A31a

front of tongue down

lips very rounded

sound: /O:/ lips foward

Sound and spelling

‫ﲵ‬ A31b

jaw down

• /O:/ has different spellings. Listen and say these words. ar a all ball call fall tall wall water or al talk walk au autumn oor aw saw ore augh caught daughter taught our ough bought thought

quarter warm born corner forty short sort door floor before more four

horse

listen and say these phrases. ‫ • ﲵ‬Now 1 quarter past four 4 walking on water A31c

2 born in autumn 3 have some more

‫ﲵ‬ A31d

Important for listening

5 the fourth door on the fourth floor

When there is a letter r after /O:/, most Americans, Scots and Irish, and some other English speakers pronounce this r. Listen. 1 quarter past four 2 born in autumn

3 have some more 4 walking on water

5 the fourth door on the fourth floor

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Section A Sounds and spelling

Exercises 5.1

Write these words. box

EXAMPLE /boks/ 1 /klÅk/ 2 /gÅn/

3 /wÅnt/ 4 /'wÅntId/

5 /'sÅri/ 6 /wÅt/

‫ﲵ‬

Listen to check your answers. Check with the Key. Then listen again and repeat.

5.2

Listen and complete the dialogues with these /Å/ words.

A32

‫ﲵ‬ A33

box chocolates what what

clock

What 1 A: time is it? B: I don’t know. The 2 A: have you B: A of 3 A: Where’s the ? B: He’s

doctor

gone

got

’s

holiday

stopped

. ?

. .

Check with the Key. Then listen again and repeat. What time is it?

5.3

Write the underlined verbs in the past tense. EXAMPLE We buy everything at the supermarket. 1 I think about you every day. 2 We always walk home from school. 3 I catch the first bus in the morning. 4 My daughter teaches English.

bought Æ We everything at the supermarket. ÆI about you every day. Æ We always home from school. ÆI the first bus in the morning. Æ My daughter English.

‫ﲵ‬

Check with the Key. Then listen and repeat.

5.4

Write the names of the things in the picture. (They all have /Å/ or /O:/.) bottle EXAMPLE

A34

7 1 3

Check with the Key. 2

5.5

‫ﲵ‬ A35

Listen and write the missing /Å/ and /O:/ words. This is our kitchen. On the table there’s a big wine and some and pepper. There’s a ’s asleep in the corner behind the

full of shopping, a on the .

of and the

Check with the Key. Then listen and speak together with the recording.

5.6

Listen and circle the word you hear. Check with the Key. If any of these are difficult for you, go to Section E3 Sound pairs for more practice.

‫ﲵ‬

1 not / note 2 luck / lock 3 coat / caught

A36

(fi sound pair 11) (fi sound pair 10) (fi sound pair 12)

4 shot / short 5 walk / work

(fi sound pair 13) (fi sound pair 14)

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