INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICDER - 2014
ANALYSIS ON PACKET SIZE OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 1
P. Venkatesh, PG Scholar,
Dr. M. Prabu, Professor
Department of CSE,
Department of CSE,
Adhiyamaan College of Engineering,
Adhiyamaan College of Engineering,
Hosur-635109, Tamil Nadu, India.
Hosur-635109, Tamil Nadu, India
1
venkimahalakshmi10@gmail.com
2
prabu_pdas@yahoo.co.in
Abstract--The foremost and important issue in wireless Sensor networks is energy constrained. Packet Size plays an important role in Wireless Sensor Networks. Large Packet Size may cause data bit error and also needs higher frequency for Re-transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks. Compared to large packet size, small packet size is quite easy-way and also produces an efficient result in Wireless Sensor Networks. But creation of short packet size might cause problems like higher overhead and startup energy consumption for each packet. Consecutively to develop energy efficient Wireless Sensor Networks, an optimal packet size must be chosen. In this paper short analysis of various techniques developed by researchers in this area and computing the performance of Wireless Sensor Networks has been carried out. Index Terms--Packet length optimization, link estimation, aggregation, fragmentation, wireless sensor networks.
I. INTRODUCTION Wireless Sensor Networks is collection of sensing devices that can communicate wirelessly. Each device can perform three important tasks such as, Sense, process and talk to its peers. Hence it has centralized Collection point (sink or base station). A WSN can be defined as network devices, denoted as node, which can sense the environment and communicate through wireless links. The data is forwarded, possibly via multiple hops to sink, that can use it’s locally or is connected to other network (e.g. internet) through gateway. The node can be Stationary or moving. They can be homogeneous or not [1]. The traditional single-sink WSN may suffer from lack of scalability. So by increasing large number of nodes, amount of data gathered by sink increases and once its capacity is reached, the network cannot be increased. Furthermore, for reasons related to MAC and routing aspects, network performance cannot be considered independent from the network size.
Fig.1. Architecture of wireless sensor network
As there are many problems in the single sink scenario, moving to multiple sink scenario can be scalable and also increase the performance of the WSN in terms of increasing the number of the nodes, which it not possible in the single sink scenario. In many cases nodes send the collected data to one sink, select among many, which forward data to the gateway, towards the final user. The selection of sink is based on certain suitable criteria that could be, for example, minimum delay, maximum throughput, minimum number of hops etc., Hence the presence of multiple sink ensures better network performance with respect to single sink case where designing part is more complex for communication protocol and must design according to suitable criteria[2]. The WSN can be used for a variety of applications such as Environment monitoring [3], healthcare, positing [4]and tracking [5] etc., The applications of the wireless sensor network can be classified according to the Event Detection (ED) and the Spatial Process Estimation (SPE) .
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT 35
www.iaetsd.in
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICDER - 2014
short packet size degrades the performance of the WSN. Also management of packet at each node will become complicated. So many techniques were developed so far to get an optimal packet size for the WSN, but most of the researchers suggest fixed packet size [7].The minority researchers are promoting the use of the dynamic packet length [8] i.e. variable size of data packets in WSN. In this survey report numbers of techniques have been discussed to obtain an appropriate data packet size in WSN and finally the conclusion for each technique. III. DISCUSSION AND RESULT Various techniques are used for packet size optimization for wireless sensor networks. A range of techniques were developed by the different researcher for the packet size optimization in WSN.The researchers have majorly focus on the two approaches which is, either fixed packet size or variable packet size approach. In this section we discuss those approaches and results. A. Fixed size packet in WSN Fig. 2. Left side Single-sink scenario and Right side Multi-sink-scenario] [2]
In the ED scenario, the sensor is deployed to detect the events such as, fire in the forest, Earthquake. In SPE scenario it is deployed to monitor the physical phenomenon (for example atmospheric pressure in a wide area or temperature variation in a small volcanic site), which can be modeled as a bi-dimensional random process (generally non-stationary). Power consumption plays an important role in the WSN, so the designers are now mainly focusing on the power aware- protocol and algorithm for design of energy efficient sensor network. For all the operations to be performed in the network, such as sensing information, processing the information and forwarding to the sink node. Hence the power consumption and power management are more important in the wireless sensor networks [1]. II. RELATED WORK In the WSN packet size is a major problem, which will directly affect the reliability and the performance of communication between the nodes. However choosing the packet size must be optimal. According to the first scenario the packet size is long in WSN that causes data bit corruption and data packet retransmission [6]. Power consumption is also high during the transmission of data packet to the sink which in turn ultimately loses the performance of the WSN when the packet size is long. In second scenario the packet size is small, which increase the data transmission reliability and reduces the data bit error. But
In the [7] they have used the fixed packet size in WSN rather than the variable packet size. Even though the variable packet size will increase the throughput of the channel and enhance the wireless sensor network transmission mechanism the simplicity of such independent system is also compromised. Since choosing the variable packet size leads to the resource management overhead they choose the fixed size data packets for energy efficient WSN. Basically, there are three fields in the data packet. 1) Packet header. 2) Payload/Data Segment. 3) Packet Trailer. The packet header contains many fields that are usually less important for WSN nodes and removing those will help us to reduce the packet size in the WSNs. Those fields include current segment number, total number of segments, packet identifiers, source and destination identifiers [7].By employing these method the overall throughput and efficiency is increased.
Fig 3. Packet format [7]
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT 36
www.iaetsd.in
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICDER - 2014
B. Variable Size packet in WSNs In the [8] variable packet size in WSNs plays a vital role and this paper describes the creation of packet size according to the channel condition i.e. in a dynamic manner, they developed a scheme called dynamic packet length control. In the WSNs if the channel is noisy or busy (means it is congested having lots of packets) it will automatically create small packets. When the channel is empty or channel if it is capable of processing large packet means it will automatically generate the large packet size. By using this method they are increasing the overall throughput and efficiency. C. Framework for optimization of packet size There are various researchers who developed lot of frameworks for creating or generating an optimal packet size for reducing the energy consumption and to increase the throughput and energy efficiency in WSN. In this framework [9] for packet optimization in WSNs, they are describing that the longer packet size is more appropriate than the shorter packet size in some case. In certain situation this may lead to inefficiency in the WSNs. The framework must be employed there to find an appropriate method for optimal solution to the problem in wireless sensor networks. The paper [9] used a framework to find the optimal packet size based on some performance metric. The metric consists of the throughput, energy consumption per bit, latency, and packet error rate. D.
Various packet size used in different techniques
Fig. 4. Effect of packet size on the ESB [10] There are some other packet formats designed by the researchers for energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. In the paper [11] they describe different header formats and researchers could use predefined formats for designing their own packets. Designers have to design their packet header using common header format that is shown in the figure below
In this paper [10], they describe that if small packet size produces more energy efficient in WSN, overhead of each packet is ignored. Tracking per packet overhead created in WSN will lead to favor large size packet for this type of resource constrained in tiny sensor node. So it depends on overhead produced by each packet generation in WSN. There are some suggested packet sizes as follows
Fig. 5. Packet header format [11]
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT 37
www.iaetsd.in
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICDER - 2014
In the paper [12], they describe the Dynamic Packet length control scheme that provides more efficient terms of channel utilization than the paper [8]. They provide two services, i.e., small message aggregation and large message Fragmentation. By using those services they provide better performance compared to the previous works. The two service are shown clearly in the below figure.
areas, lifetime and also decreases the power consumptions by the protocol. Source node sends packet to destination node where the source node has the backup and increases the networks lifetime generated and maintain by the centralized and localized algorithm. While sending the source node is in off mode and after receiving the acknowledgement it moves to on mode so, in this way the energy consumption is minimized, increases the data size and lifetime and avoids the latency. V. CONCLUSION
Fig. 6. DPLC overview [12]
IV. PROPOSED WORK The proposed work describes and improves the data aggregation i.e. decrease the power consumption and increase the life time of packet send between the two nodes using BEAR protocol. The data aggregation scheme is used to improve the network functionality with energy competence. Each and every sensor is used to minimize the energy consumption. In data aggregation there are various algorithms used to measure the performance such as lifetime, data accuracy and latency. To improve the lifetime of the mobility nodes based on the centralized and localized algorithm by using the BEAR [A Balanced Energy Aware Routing] Protocols, the dynamic fixed length packets lifetime is measured and this protocol increases the coverage areas to get better performance and where large nodes are to be used. Wireless sensor network latency refers to data transmission, data aggregation and routing. It defines the time delay between the sink and destination. This paper decides to improve the coverage
In the Wireless Sensor Networks major factor deciding the performance, i.e. to choose the packet size leads to efficiency in energy. There are so many researchers who proposed packet size format and there are also some framework approaches for the same. According to above analysis some of the researcher have encouraged fixed size packet for the data transmission in the sensor node, whereas at the same time other researchers encourage variable size packet for data transmission in the sensor node according to the channel capacity. The former approaches are easy to implement and process less overhead but they are inefficient with regards to energy efficiency, overall throughput and performance. Next approaches are capable with respect to energy efficiency, throughput and performance but major drawback is it possess a lot of overhead at each node. Each and every approaches and framework has their own negative aspect and the positive aspect. Yet we develop an optimal approach which combines the advantages of the previous approach and avoids the drawbacks in those approaches. REFERENCES 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I.F.Akyildiz, W.Su, Y.Sankarasubramaniam and E. Cayirci, “A Survey on Sensor Networks”, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 102-114, August 2002. Lin, C.; Tseng, Y.; Lai, T. Message-Efficient In-Network Location Management in a Multi-sink Wireless Sensor Network. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing, Taichung, Taiwan, 2006; pp. 1–8. Ong, J.; You, Y.Z.; Mills-Beale, J.; Tan, E.L.; Pereles, B.; Ghee, K. A wireless, passive embedded sensor for real-time monitoring of water content in civil engineering materials. IEEE Sensors J.2008, 8, 2053–2058 Lee, D.-S.; Lee, Y.-D.; Chung, W.-Y.; Myllyla, R. Vital sign monitoring system with life emergency event detection using wireless sensor network. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Sensors, Daegu, Korea, 2006. Hao, J.; Brady, J.; Guenther, B.; Burchett, J.; Shankar, M.; Feller, S. Human tracking with wireless distributed pyroelectric sensors. IEEE Sensors J. 2006, 6, 1683–1696.
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT 38
www.iaetsd.in
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICDER - 2014
6.
7.
8.
9.
Low Tang Jung, Azween Abdullah, “Wireless Sensor Networks: Data Packet Size Optimization”, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia, 2012. Y. Sankarasubramaniam, I. E Akyildiz and S. W. Mchughlin, “Energy Efficiency based Packet Size Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks”, School of Electrical & Computer Engineering Georgia, Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, 2003. Wei Dong, Xue Liu, Chun Chen, Yuan He, Gong Chen, Yunhao Liu, and Jiajun Bu,and Zhejiang Key, “DPLC: Dynamic Packet Length Control in Wireless Sensor Networks”, Lab. of Service Robot, College of Comp. Sci., Zhejiang University School of Comp. Sci., McGill University 2010. Vuran, M.C.; Akyildiz, I.F.;, "Cross-Layer Packet Size Optimization for Wireless Terrestrial, Underwater, and Underground Sensor Networks," INFOCOM 2008. The 27th
Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, vol., no., pp.226-230, 13-18 April 2008. 10. Matthew Holland, Tianqi Wang, Bulent Tavli, Alireza Seyedi, and Wendi Heinzelman, “Optimizing physical-layer parameters for wireless sensor networks”, ACM Trans. Sen. Netw. 7, 4, Article 28 (February 2011), 20 pages. DOI=10.1145/1921621.1921622 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1921621.1921622. 11. Haboub, Rachid, and Mohammed Ouzzif. "SECURE ROUTING IN WSN."International Journal 2 (2011). 12. Wei Dong, Member, IEEE, Chun Chen, Member, IEEE, Xue Liu, Member, IEEE, Yuan He, Member, IEEE, Yunhao Liu, Senior Member, IEEE, Jiajun Bu, Member, IEEE, and Xianghua Xu, Member, IEEE” Dynamic Packet Length Control in Wireless Sensor Networks” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 13, NO. 3, MARCH 2014.
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT 39
www.iaetsd.in