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DESIGN, ENGINEERNING AND ANALYSIS OF UTILITY SCALE SOLAR PV POWER PLANT M. Srinu1, S. Khadarvali2. 1 2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Madanapalle Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Madanapalle Email: srinu.happytohelp@gmail.com, khadar.vl@gmail.com.
ABSTRACT-The objective of this paper is study to design, engineering and analysis of 25MW solar Photovoltaic (PV) power plant. Standard procedures of solar PV power plant shall be studied. PV syst software model shall be used in studying the performance of solar PV power plant with state of art components including solar modules, inverters. The performance of the proposed 25 MW solar PV power plant shall be modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK tools and analyze the results. The system performance can be presented. Key words: photovoltaic, utility scale
I.
under actual working circumstances with changeable irradiance as well as major temperature changes in the ground most profitable modules do not automatically perform as in the condition given by the manufacturers [11]. II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Several components are needed to construct a grid coupled PV system to perform the power generation and conversion functions shown in fig.1.[6].
INTRODUCTION
In the most recent time, fresh energy sources have been planned and urbanized due to the need and regular increase of expenses of vestige fuel. On additional hand, vestige fuels have an enormous pessimistic blow on the atmosphere. In this circumstance, the novel energy sources are basically non-conventional energies [1]. It is predictable that the electrical energy generation from non conventional energy sources will boost from 19% in 2010 to 32% in 2030 most important to a subsequent decline of CO2 emission [2]. The planetary PV systems have established that they can produce power to extremely minute electronic devices up to utility range PV power plant. The current power system is more and more attractive benefit of solar power systems incoming the marketplace. Solar PV power systems setting up in the region of the universal demonstrate a almost exponential boost. Utility-scale PV plants are typically owned and operated by a third party and sells the electricity to a market or load serving entity through a Purchase Power Agreement (PPA). Utility scale systems that can reach tens of megawatts of power output under optimum conditions of solar irradiation [3]. These systems are usually ground mounted and span a large area for power harvesting [16]. The feat of a PV system is in general evaluate under the standard test condition (STC), where an regular planetary spectrum at AM1.5 is used, the irradiance is standardize to 1000W/m2, and the cell hotness is defined as 25oC [10] [11]. On the other hand,
Fig.1.Grid connected PV power plant topology.
A PV array is used to transfer the light from the sun into DC current and voltage [3]. A three phase inverter is then attached to perform the power conversion of the array output power into AC power appropriate for injection into the grid [16] [15]. A harmonics filter is additional after the inverter to diminish the harmonics in the output current which result from the power conversion process [17]. An interfacing transformer is connected after the filter to step up the output AC voltage of the inverter to match the grid voltage level. III.
SYSTEM DESIGN
This segment highlights several of the key issues that need to be considered when designing a PV plant. The
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electrical design of a PV plant can be split into the DC and AC systems [8]. Sizing the DC component of the plant the maximum voltage and current of the individual strings and PV array(s) should be calculated using the maximum output of the individual modules. For mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline silicon modules all DC components should be rated as follows to allow thermal and voltage limits. minimum voltage rating = VOC(STC) ×1.15 (1) minimum current rating = I SC ( STC ) 1.25 (2) For non-crystalline silicon modules DC component ratings should be calculated from manufacturer’s data taking into account the temperature and irradiance coefficients. A.
Solar pv module selection and sizing
Poly crystalline silicon cell type solar PV modules are now -a –days becoming best choice for most of the residential and commercial applications [23]. Recent improvements in the technology of multi-crystalline or poly crystalline solar modules which are having better efficiency, size and heat tolerance levels than their mono crystalline counterparts. A central power generation system with a set of solar PV arrays has been considered for the 25 MW solar PV plant. For the proposed system power output required from solar PV arrays would be approximately 25 MW peak. In this paper CANADIAN SOLAR CS6P-250P solar modules have been selected and the electrical specifications for the module are given below table 1 [23]. By using the PV syst software the sizing of the 25 MW PV plant can be done and the results are shown in fig.2.from the fig.2 the number of series connected modules per string is 20 and the total number of strings per inverter is 100. Here we required 50 inverters each of capacity 500kW so the total number of modules for designing a 25MW PV plant are 1, 00,000. Table 1 Parameters of a CS6P-250P solar module under Standard test condition (STC) [23]. Maximum Power (Pmax ) Rated power @ PTC (W) Module efficiency (%) Power tolerance Maximum Power Voltage (Vmpp )
250W 227.6W 15.54% +2% 30.1 V
Maximum Power Current ( I mpp) Open Circuit Voltage ( Voc)
8.30 A 37.2 V
Short Circuit Current ( Isc) Voltage/Temperaturecoefficient(Kv ) Current/Temperaturecoefficient ( Ki)
8.87 A -0.0034 V/K 0.00065 A/K
Series Connected cells ( C)
60X1
B.
Inverter selection and sizing
Grid connected inverters are necessary for dc-ac conversion. To avoid the power distortions the generated
currents from these inverters are required to have low harmonics and high power factor. PV system inverters can be configured in four general ways. Those are central inverter, string inverter, multi string inverter and ac module inverter configurations [14]. This kind of inverters has enough voltage on its dc side i.e. from 150V to 1000V and there is no need to use an intermediate dcdc converter to boost the voltage up to a reasonable level. Central inverter has got the advantage of high inverter efficiency at a low cost per watt. As efficiency is one of the major concern in the PV system, central inverter based PV system is a better economical choice [14]. Therefore it is the first choice of medium and large scale PV systems. In this paper SMA SOLAR TECHNOLOGY 500 kW solar inverter has been selected and, electrical specifications for the inverter are given below table 2. Table 2 electrical specifications SMA SOLAR TECHNOLOGY 500 kW solar inverter. Maximum PV power (Pdc) kW Maximum open circuit voltage (Vdc) MPPT range(Vdc) Maximum DC input current (Idc)
560 1000 430-850 1250
Maximum Output power(Pac) KW Nominal output voltage (Vac) AC output wiring Maximum Output current (Iac) Maximum efficiency (%) CEC-weighted efficiency (%)
500 243-310 3wire w/neut 1176 98.6 98.4
It is not possible to formulate an optimal inverter sizing strategy that applies in all cases. While the rule of thumb has been to use an inverter-to-array power ratio less than unity this is not always the best design approach. Most plants will have an inverter sizing range within the limits defined by 0.8 < Power Ratio < 1.2 Where P Power Ratio = inverter DC rated P PV Peak (3) P Pinverter DC rated = inverter AC rated η100% (4) Inverters can control reactive power by controlling the phase angle of the current injection. The array to inverter matching can be done by the following way.
Maximum number of modules per string Maximum input voltage for an inverter is a hard stop design limit. Exceeding the maximum inverter operating voltage can result in catastrophic failure of the
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inverter and also in some cases result in National Energy Commission (NEC) violations [23]. Therefore, when designing a PV array the maximum open circuit voltage plays a vital role. The number of modules in series determines the array open-circuit voltage (Voc).The maximum numeral of modules connected in series for an inverter can be calculated as maximum dc input voltage for the inverter N max maximum module voltage(Voc max ) (5) temperature temperature Voc_max = Voc +{( )×( )} coefficient of Voc difference (6) temperature
Voc-max = Voc +{(T_min - T_STC )×( )} coefficient of Voc (7) Where N max Voc
without the need for temperature correction. To calculate the maximum number of parallel strings, divide the maximum inverter input current by either the module Maximum power current (Imp) or Short-circuit current (Isc). maximum inverter input current N maximum power current at STC (11) Where N = Maximum number of Strings in Parallel
C.
Dc cable selection and sizing
In the selection and sizing of DC Cables in general, three criteria must be observed. Those are the cable voltage rating, the current carrying capacity of the cable and the minimization of cable losses [20]. DC cabling consists of module, string and main cables as shown in fig.2.
= Maximum number of Modules in Series. = Open circuit voltage of the module.
Voc_max = Maximum module voltage. T = Minimum temperature for the site. _min T_STC = Temperature at Standard Test condition.
Minimum number of modules in a string Excessively low array voltage can have a dramatic negative impact on PV system energy production. If the array voltage falls below the minimum operating voltage the inverter may not be able to track the array maximum power point [23]. The minimum number of modules for an inverter can be calculated as fallows. minimum dc input voltage for the inverter N min maximum expected module maximum power voltage(V ) mp_min (8) temperature temperature Vmp_min = Vmp +{( )×( )} coefficient of Vmp difference (9) temperature Vmp_min = Vmp + {(T_max - T_STC ) × ( )} coefficient of Vmp (10)
Where Nmin = Minimum number of Modules in Series Vmp = Maximum power voltage Vmp_min = Minimum expected module maximum power voltage T_max = Maximum temperature for the site T_stc = Temperature at Standard Test Conditions
Number of strings in parallel per inverter The maximum number of parallel strings that can be connected to the inverter without causing current limiting can usually determined by a simple calculation
Fig.2. PV array showing module, string and main Cables.
A number of cable connection systems are available those are i. Screw terminals. ii. Post terminals. iii. Spring clamp terminals. iv. Plug connectors. Plug connectors have become the standard in grid connected solar PV plants due to the benefits that they offer in terms of installation ease and speed. For module cables the following should apply Minimum Voltage Rating = VOC (STC) ×1.15 (12) Minimum Current Rating = ISC (STC) ×1.25. (13) In an array comprising of N strings connected in parallel and M modules in each string, sizing of cables should be based on the following. Array with no string fuses (applies to arrays of three or fewer strings only). Voltage: VOC (STC) ×M×1.15 (14) Current: ISC (STC) × (N - 1) ×1. (15) Array with string fuses Voltage Rating = VOC (STC) ×M×1.15 (16) Current Rating = ISC (STC) ×1.25 (17) The formulae that guide the sizing of main DC cables running from the PV array to the inverter, for a system are given below. minimum voltage rating = VOC(STC) × M ×1.15
(18
minimum current rating = ISC(STC) × N ×1.25
(19) In order to reduce losses, the overall voltage drop between the PV array and the inverter (at STC) should be
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minimized. A benchmark voltage drop of less than 3% is suitable. D.
Junction boxes/combiner box
Junction boxes or combiners are needed at the point where the individual strings forming an array are marshalled and connected together in parallel before leaving for the inverter through the main DC cable. As a precaution, disconnects and string fuses should be provided. E.
String fuses
The main function of string fuses is to protect PV strings from over-currents. Miniature fuses are normally used in PV applications. The faults can occur on both the positive and negative sides, fuses must be installed on all unearthed cables. To avoid nuisance tripping, the nominal current of the fuse should be at least 1.25 times greater than the nominal string current. The string fuse must be rated for operation at the string voltage using the formula. String Fuse Voltage Rating = VOC(STC) Ă&#x2014; M Ă&#x2014;1.15 (20) F. Ac cabling
Fig.4. Sun path diagram for utility scale solar PV plant [26].
Cabling for AC systems should be designed to provide a safe, economic means of transmitting power from the inverters to the transformers and beyond. Cables should be rated for the operating voltage. Cables should comply with relevant IEC standards or national standards. Examples of these include. IEC 60502 for cables between 1 kV and 36 kV. IEC 60364 for LV cabling (BS 7671 in UK). IEC 60840 for cables rated for voltages above 30 kV and up to 150 kV. G.
Sizing of transformer
The purpose of transformers in a solar power plant is to provide suitable voltage levels for transmission across the site and for export to the grid. In general, the inverters supply power at (LV) Low Voltage. But for a commercial solar power plant, grid connection is typically made at upwards of 11 kV. It is therefore necessary to step up the voltage using a transformer between the inverter and the grid connection point. Cables, fuse, switches are standard components meeting with (NEC) National Energy Commission requirements. The proposed 25MW system needs 1, 00, 000 solar PV modules with 250 watts of power generation at STC arranged 20 solar PV modules in series for each string and total of 100 strings connected to one inverter of 500 kW. The selected and simulated components are given in fig.3.
Fig.3.Solar PV power plant component sizing [26].
IV.
ENGINEERNING
A. solar fixed layout The general layout of the plant and the distance chosen between rows of mounting structures will be selected according to the specific site conditions and location on earth, plotting its altitude and azimuth angle on a sun path diagram as shown in Fig.4 [20]. Computer simulation software could be used to help design the plant layout.
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Tilt angle Every location will have an optimal tilt angle that maximizes the total annual irradiation (averaged over the whole year) on the plane of the collector [20]. For fixed tilt grid connected power plants, the theoretical optimum tilt angle may be calculated from the latitude of the site. Panel tilt angle(β) = Φ - δ (21) 360(284+ n) Declination angle(δ) = 23.45sin 365.24
(22)
where β tilt angle δ declinationangle
Fig.6.Aggregations of losses in the large scale PV plant.
Φ latitude of the site n number of days in that month
Inter-row spacing The choice of row spacing is a compromise chosen to reduce inter-row shading while keeping the area of the PV plant within reasonable limits, reducing cable runs and keeping ohmic losses within acceptable limits. Inter-row shading can never be reduced to zero [24]: at the beginning and end of the day the shadow lengths are extremely long, so we can maintain the inter row spacing amoung arrays is two times to its height. Orientation
Fig.7.Percentage representations of various losses in the large scale solar PV power plant.
The aggregation of losses in the large scale power system using PV syst software is shown in the fig.8.
In the northern hemisphere, the orientation that optimizes the total annual energy yield is true south [20] with tilt angle of 35˚is shown in fig.5.
Fig.5.Collector plane orientations [26].
B. Loss analysis There are various losses are occurred in the large scale solar pv power plant, the aggregation of those losses in the large scale power system are shown in the fig.6 and the percentage representation of losses in the system are also shown in the fig.7.
Fig.8. Detailed power losses considered in sizing the power plant [26].
V.
MATLAB/SIMULINK MODELLING
The Matlab/Simulink model of a 25MW utility scale solar PV plant is shown in fig.9.
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parallel to allow the system to produce more current. The equivalent circuit of PV array is shown in fig.11 [6] [8] [9].
Fig.11. Equivalent circuit of a PV array.
From the above fig.10 I A = (I ph N p ) - Ish - Id
(23)
I ph = I rr (Isc + K i (Top - Tref )) [
V + IR S
I d = IS N P {{exp VT = Fig.9.Simulink model for the 25 mw solar PV plant
In fig.9 we have 25 sub systems each of capacity 1 MW, from which a 1.25 MW, 744/25kV transformer for step up the voltages and these are fed to the utility grid through a transmission lines to transfer the power to the utility grid. Each sub system has two solar PV panels, two inverters and two LCL filters to minimizing the harmonic contents that are present in the systems due to PWM inverters as shown in fig.10.
NS n
(24)
] × VT × C} - 1}
(25)
KTOP q
(26) 2
q Eg T 1 1 3 IS = I rs [ OP ] (exp ( )) Tref Kn Tref Top I sc
I rs = exp(
ISh =
qVoc ) KCTop n
(27)
-1
(28)
IR S + V RP
(29)
KTOP VT = q
(30)
Where IA PV array output current IPh Solar cell photocurrent Ish Shunt current of PV array
Fig.10.1MW subsystem for 25 MW pv plant A.
PV array
A Photovoltaic (PV) cells are used to convert the sunlight into direct current (DC). Due to the low voltages and current generated in a PV cell several PV cells are connected in series and then in parallel to form a PV module for desired output. The modules in a PV array are usually first connected in series to obtain the desired voltages and individual strings are then connected in
Id
diode current of PV array
N p number of modules in parallel VA array output voltage R s series resistance of the PV module R P parallel resistance of the PV module Irr cell reverse saturation current at temperatureTref Isc short circuit current of the PVcell
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICDER - 2014 Ki
short circuit current temperature coefficient
Top operating temperature of the PV cell in Kelvin’s T reference temperature of the PV cell in Kelvin’s ref Is
Reverse saturation current equation at Top
Vt
terminal voltage of the pvcell
Irs cell reverse saturation current at temperature Tref E G band gap of the semiconductor used in the cell K Boltzmann's constant, 1.380658e – 23 J / K q Electron charge, 1.60217733e – 19 Cb Ns number of modules in series N p number of modules in parallel n p - n junction ideality factor C total number of cells in a PV module
By grouping all the above equations from (23) – (30) and the data available in the table 1 gives the Simulink model for PV array is shown in fig.12.
The modulation index [19] is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of output voltage generated by SPWM to the fundamental peak value of the maximum square wave. Thus, the maximum modulation index of the SPWM technique is Vdc VPWM π MI= = 2 = 0.7855=78.55% 2Vdc 4 V max-sixstep π (31) Where VPWM is the maximum output voltage generated by a SPWM and Vmax sixstep is the fundamental peak value of a square wave. C.
Filter
In the grid-connected inverter all the controlled power electronic devices like IGBT and GTO are to be used which are modulated by the high frequency PWM. As a result the du/dt and di/dt are ever large [25]. Due to the occurrence of some drifter parameters the current incorporated high order harmonic flow into the power grid this made the harmonic pollution. The most ordinary filter is L filter in the grid-connected inverter [27]. In order to reduce current ripple, the inductance have to be increased. As a result, the volume and weight of the filter increased. While the arrangement and the parameter of the LC filter are easy the filtering effect is not good because of the uncertainty of network impedance. LCL filter had an naturally high cut-off frequency and strong penetrating capability in low frequency. So LCL filter has come into extensive use in the inverter [27]. Filter inductor design
Fig.12.Simulink model of a PV array.
B.
Inverter
A three phase inverter is attached to carry out the power change of the array output power into AC power appropriate for injection into the grid [19]. Pulse width modulation control is one of the techniques used to shape the phase of the inverter output voltage. The sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) method produces a sinusoidal waveform by filtering an output pulse waveform with varying width. A high switching frequency leads to a better filtered sinusoidal output waveform. The most wanted output voltage is achieved by changeable the frequency and amplitude of a reference or modulating voltage. The variations in the amplitude and frequency of the reference voltage change the pulsewidth patterns of the output voltage but keep the sinusoidal modulation.
For the given circumstance of DC bus voltage and AC output voltage and current as the L value is increasing the ripple content decreases, tracking speed of current is reduces, weight, volume and cost increases. Under the idea of the price economy how to design the inductance parameters for the best consequence is the key question. Based on great reference, the constraints could be got as 1) Under the rated circumstances the voltage drop of the inductive filter is smaller than 5% of the network voltage. 2) The peak to peak amplitude of harmonic current will be prohibited within 10%~20% of the rated value of the inverter. 3) The inrush current of inverter should be as small as possible. 4) In order to attain the best presentation of LCL filter, in the low frequency range the current should be as smooth as possible and in the high frequency range the shrinking rate should be as fast as possible. 5) Let the high order harmonic flow through the capacitance, and the low order harmonic flow through the inductance.
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XC =
1
; X L2 = SL 2
CS (32) Therefore, f is bigger and XC is as smaller as better or both the f and X L2 is as smaller as better. P is defined as the rated output power of three-phase grid-connected inverter cos is power factor, V is rated network voltage, and f is driven frequency. Then equation (33) can be derived from the constraint 1). 4πfPL (33) 5% 2 3V cosφ
2Vdc Δi max = 3 + V 2L f
Δi max
(34)
2P
* (0.1 0.2) (35) 3Vcosφ Equations (34) and (35) can be derived from constraint 2) and reference [25].The constraints 2) -5) show that the values of L and C are as bigger as better.
f1 λ
How to design the capacitance parameters is one more key question. If the Xc value is more, the high frequency harmonics that flow through the shunt capacitor branch is not enough. As a result, the great highfrequency harmonic current flow into the grid [27]. If the Xc got too small, which will lead to the great reactive current flow though the capacitor branch thereby increasing the inverter output current and increasing system losses. In general when the resonant frequency of filter capacitance and inductance is inside the range 1/4 to 1/5 carrier frequency then the filtering performance is bet. The resonant frequency of LCL filter could be described as
1 2π
L1 + L 2 L1L 2C
grid connected phase voltage, is the fundamental frequency of the grid, is the ratio of fundamental power absorbed by the filter capacitor to total power.
D.
GRID IMPEDANCE
The grid impedance was the leakage impedance of the 25MW distribution transformers [25]. It is calculated according to (39) using the transformer parameters. 2 V V Lg = cc . 1L (39) 2πf PNT Where Lg leakage impedance of the transformer PNT power of the grid connected transformer V1L primary side line voltage of the transformer f
Filter capacitance
f =
Considering the equations (37) and (38), the filter capacitance value can be calculating the filter capacitance value. Where Em is the root mean square values RMS of
grid frequency
Vcc voltage tolerance of the transformer The cable impedances of the PV plant and most parasitic impedances were neglected. These parasitic impedances mainly affect the high-frequency range and are difficult to estimate.
VI.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
(36)
Generally, the resonant frequency is bigger than the 10 times the power frequency and smaller than 1/2 times the switching frequency. 1 (37) C= 2 4πf L In order to avoid the low power factor of gridconnected inverter the reactive power that is absorbed by filter capacitance should not exceed 5% of the rated active power. λP (38) C 2 6πfE M
Fig.13.500kW inverter output voltage
Fig.14.500kW inverter output current
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICDER - 2014 Fig.20.Transformer output current
Fig.15.500kW inverter output power Fig.21.Transformer output power
Fig.16.Transformer input voltage Fig.22.Grid voltage
Fig.17.Transformer input current
Fig.23.Grid current
Fig.18.Transformer input power Fig.24.Power fed to the Grid
CONCLUSION
Fig.19.Transformer output voltage
For developing a 25MW utility scale PV power plant in this paper a site which has a GHI of 5.65 kWh/m2/day, it requires total area of 160582m2 and annual yield is 41313 MWh. In this paper sizing of basics components of solar PV plant can be designed using the PV syst software. The present study of engineering analysis of 25MW solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant includes the losses analysis and the module orientation of the PV plant, these are also done by using PV syst software. The modeling of 25 MW solar PV power plant is done in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
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